Écosse : Migrations Et Frontières Scotland: Migrations and Borders

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Écosse : Migrations Et Frontières Scotland: Migrations and Borders Études écossaises 18 | 2016 Écosse : migrations et frontières Scotland: Migrations and Borders Cyril Besson, David Leishman et Véronique Molinari (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/1037 DOI : 10.4000/etudesecossaises.1037 ISSN : 1969-6337 Éditeur UGA Éditions/Université Grenoble Alpes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 25 avril 2016 ISBN : 978-2-84310-324-7 ISSN : 1240-1439 Référence électronique Cyril Besson, David Leishman et Véronique Molinari (dir.), Études écossaises, 18 | 2016, « Écosse : migrations et frontières » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2017, consulté le 15 mars 2021. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/1037 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ etudesecossaises.1037 © Études écossaises Numéro 18 Écosse : migrations et frontières Scotland: migrations and borders Sous la direction de Cyril Besson, David Leishman et Véronique Molinari Université Grenoble Alpes 2016 ÉTUDES ÉCOSSAISES RESPONSABLE : Cyril Besson ÉQUIPE DE réDACTION ET COMITÉ DE LECTURE : Cyril Besson, Pierre Carboni, Christian Civardi, Sylvie Kleiman-Lafon, David Leishman, Gilles Leydier, Patrick Menneteau, Gavin Miller, Véronique Molinari, Pierre Morère, Steve Murdoch, Marie Odile Pittin-Hedon, Clotilde Prunier, Bernard Sellin, Roderick Watson, John Young. Numéros disponibles No1 – Écosse, Regards d’Histoire, 1992. No 2 – Littérature écossaise : voix nouvelles, 1993. No 3 – Aspects du XVIIIe siècle ; Recherches en culture écossaise moderne, 1996. No 4 – La poésie écossaise – Lettres de la rébellion jacobite, 1997. No 5 – Une Écosse autonome ?, 1998. No 6 – Arts plastiques et cinéma en Écosse, 1999-2000. No 7 – L’étrange, le mystérieux, le surnaturel, 2001. No 8 – Le roman écossais moderne, 2002. No 9 – L’Écosse au féminin, 2003-2004. No 10 – La réputation, 2005. No 11 – L’Utopie, 2008. No 12 – La Science, 2009. No 13 – Exil et Retour, 2010. No 14 – Empire – Recherches en cours, 2011. No 15 – Ré-écrire l’Écosse : littérature et cinéma, 2012. No 16 – Ré-écrire l’Écosse : histoire, 2013. No 17 – La poésie écossaise, 2015. HORS SérIE : Actes de l’Atelier écossais de la conférence de l’ESSE. Numéro publié conjointement par le GDR Études écossaises et le Scottish Studies Centre, Centre de Germersheim (Allemagne), 1994. Commandes Ellug / Revues Tél. 04 76 82 43 75 / Fax : 04 76 82 41 12 Courriel : [email protected] Adresse postale : Université Grenoble Alpes – Bâtiment Stendhal CS 40700 – 38058 Grenoble cedex 9 Chèque postal ou bancaire à libeller à l’ordre de : M. l’Agent comptable de l’Université Grenoble Alpes Prix : 19 euros (+ 2,50 euros de frais de port et 1 euro pour les suivants) ISBN 978-2-84310-324-7 — ISSN 1240-1439 Sommaire Avant-propos de CYRIL BESSON, DAVID LEISHMAN et VérONIQUE MOLINARI 5 Migrations et frontières CARINE BERBérI The Impact of Scotland’s Prospective Membership of 11 the EU on the 2014 Referendum Debate: Concerns over Borders MICHAEL PUGH Civic Borders and Imagined Communities: 29 Continuity and Change in Scotland’s Municipal Boundaries, Jurisdictions and Structures — from 19th-Century “General Police” to 21st-Century “Community Empowerment” ARNAUD FIASSON Territorialité politique, nationalisme et traversées 51 constitutionnelles en Écosse LAUREN ANNE-KILLIAN The Homecoming of Tartan: How Scotland and 69 BRANCAZ North America Collaborate in Shaping Tartan AISLINN MCDOUGALL Loss, Diaspora, Displacement, and Parentage 89 in Alistair MacLeod’s No Great Mischief Recherches en études écossaises ChrISTIAN AUER La transgression du dogme du laissez-faire : 107 l’intervention du gouvernement britannique dans les Hautes Terres d’Écosse en 1846-1847 MARION AMBLARD Le thème du travail agricole dans les tableaux des 119 Glasgow Boys, ou l’Écosse selon des peintres victoriens JEREMY TRANMER Popular Music and Left-Wing Scottishness 133 EMERENCE HILD Renegotiating Scottish Nationalism after the 2014 151 Independence Referendum Recensions CAMILLE MANfrEDI Marie-Odile Pittin-Hédon, The Space of Fiction. 167 Voices from Scotland in a Post-Devolution Age, Glasgow, Scottish Literature International, 2015 SILKE STROH Klaus Peter Müller (ed.), Scotland 2014 and Beyond – 168 Coming of Age and Loss of Innocence?, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 2015 CYRIL BESSON Sarah Dunningan and Suzanne Gilbert (eds), The 174 Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Traditional Literatures, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2013 PIErrE CARBONI Pierre Morère, Sens et sensibilité : pensée et poésie dans la 176 Grande-Bretagne des Lumières, coédition ELLUG-PUL, collection « Esthétique et représentation : monde anglophone (1750-1900) », Lyon, Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2015 Résumés des articles 179 Avant-propos « Migrations et frontières » est l’intitulé de l’un des projets de recherche transversaux définis par l’unité de recherche Institut des langues et cultures d’Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie (ILCEA4) dont dépend la revue Études écossaises par l’intermédiaire de l’équipe interne Centre d’étude sur les modes de la représentation du monde anglo- phone (CEMRA). Nous avons voulu cette année proposer un numéro qui décline cette thématique au contexte écossais afin de contribuer à ce projet de recherche transversal tout en profitant des explorations scienti- fiques stimulantes qu’une telle thématique permet de dégager. Que nos articles portent sur l’histoire écossaise ou sur le monde contemporain, sur la littérature ou sur les études civilisationnistes, il s’agit d’une piste qui ne cesse de réaffirmer sa pertinence eu égard aux évolutions du monde contemporain. C’était le regretté William McIlvanney, disparu en décembre 2015, qui est crédité, lors d’une manifestation syndicale en soutien à l’indus- trie de l’acier en 1994, d’avoir popularisé l’expression « a mongrel nation » pour revendiquer son appartenance à une Écosse résolument hybride. La phrase de McIlvanney a connu un certain retentissement et s’est re- trouvée par la suite dans les discours d’Alex Salmond ou de l’inspecteur Jack Rebus, lui-même étant en quelque sort le fils spirituel du personnage Laidlaw crée par McIlvanney. C’est une phrase qui résume, non sans fierté, la vision romantisée d’une Écosse qui fait peu de cas de la pureté ethnique ou culturelle qui reste comme toujours le versant sombre d’un nationalisme à honnir. À l’opposé, bien que le SNP affiche une concep- tion résolument ouverte de l’appartenance à la nation écossaise, son pro- jet lors du référendum en 2014 était nécessairement clivant au sein du Royaume-Uni puisqu’il visait la création d’une nouvelle frontière poli- tique entre l’Écosse et l’Angleterre, redessinées comme deux États dis- tincts. Et si l’Ecosse, du fait de sa position septentrionale, reste en vérité relativement éloignée des principaux flux migratoires émanant du conti- nent européen, sa politique en matière d’immigration, bien que purement hypothétique, faisait néanmoins les gros titres des journaux tabloïdes britanniques qui réaffirmaient, et par là entretenaient, la centralité des | 5 ÉTUDES ÉCOSSAISES 18 préoccupations populaires liées aux questions de frontières et de migra- tions : « Prepare the Border Posts—Fears over SNP Immigration Policy » (Daily Express, 21 novembre 2013). L’enjeu combiné des politiques migra- toires et de la redéfinition de frontières politiques n’a cessé d’augmenter ces deniers mois, en passant par la crise sans précédent de 2015 provo- quée par l’arrivée de réfugiés syriens, par le référendum autour du main- tien du Royaume-Uni au sein de l’UE, prévu pour 2016, ce qui débou- cherait sur la possibilité d’un deuxième référendum sur l’indépendance écossaise en cas d’un Brexit. C’est dire que les thématiques de frontières et migration restent plus que toujours d’actualité pour l’Écosse et doivent continuer à faire l’objet d’analyses approfondies. Nous commençons ce numéro par l’article de Carine Berbéri qui s’intéresse de plus près à la dimension européenne des frontières écos- saises afin d’analyser comment celle-ci a contribué à façonner le débat sur l’indépendance écossaise. De l’adoption du SNP d’une position pro- européenne aux récents débats sur le statut de l’Écosse au sein de l’UE, il s’agit de valider ou d’infirmer la viabilité d’une Écosse indépendante en tant qu’État à part entière en examinant notamment les conséquences d’une possible appartenance à l’espace Schengen. Michael Pugh se tourne, lui, vers les frontières administratives à plus petite échelle et souligne l’im- portance des changements législatifs qui ont façonné les municipalités et régions en Écosse au fil du temps, sans perdre de vue la dimension natio- nale de ces réorganisations collectives. Lorsque Michael Pugh réaffirme comment ces changements administratifs jouent un rôle dans la formu- lation des questions identitaires en Écosse, il permet de faire le lien avec l’article d’Arnaud Fiasson qui s’intéresse surtout à l’Écosse après la dé- volution. En prenant appui sur le modèle de territorialisation de la géo- graphe Jan Penrose, Arnaud Fiasson se propose de partir de la redéfini- tion du territoire écossais en 1997 afin d’analyser comment celle-ci est exploitée par la suite par le SNP et d’étudier l’imbrication entre natio- nalisme politique et nationalisme culturel. Lauren Anne-Killian Brancaz part du même constat dans son étude sur le tartan comme symbole natio- nal, vecteur de choix pour promouvoir la scotticité à l’étranger, notam- ment sous forme d’un « Tartan Day » annuel aux États-Unis. Toutefois, l’article démontre que cette réécriture d’une identité nationale largement sous le contrôle d’une diaspora, par définition éloignée des réalités de l’Écosse contemporaine, est soutenue et reprise par les pouvoirs poli- tiques, ce qui contribue à une réévaluation plus générale du symbolisme du tartan. Enfin, pour clore la section thématique, l’article d’Aislinn McDougall prend comme sujet le roman No Great Mischief de l’auteur canadien Alistair MacLeod (1936-2014). Les liens entre l’Écosse et l’Amé- rique du Nord sont de nouveau au premier plan, le roman retraçant l’his- 6 | AVANT-PROPOS toire d’une famille de migrants écossais ayant débarqué à Cap Breton.
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