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Revue Française De Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique French Journal of British Studies XXIV-4 | 2019 Mutations politiques et économiques du Royaume- Uni, entre perspective britannique et angle écossais Numéro en hommage à Jacques Leruez Political and Economic Change in the UK: British and Scottish Perspectives Edwige Camp-Pietrain (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/4752 DOI : 10.4000/rfcb.4752 ISSN : 2429-4373 Éditeur CRECIB - Centre de recherche et d'études en civilisation britannique Référence électronique Edwige Camp-Pietrain (dir.), Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 | 2019, « Mutations politiques et économiques du Royaume-Uni, entre perspective britannique et angle écossais » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 18 novembre 2019, consulté le 05 mai 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/rfcb/4752 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/rfcb.4752 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 5 mai 2020. Revue française de civilisation britannique est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. 1 SOMMAIRE Avant-propos Edwige Camp-Pietrain Pour saluer Jacques Leruez Gérard Hocmard Hommage à Jacques Leruez Jean-Didier Hache Bibliographie de Jacques Leruez Edwige Camp-Pietrain Margaret Thatcher, un tournant Margaret Thatcher et les marchés financiers : le paradoxe de la déréglementation Marie-Claude Esposito From the “Thatcherisation of Europe” to Brexit Nicholas Sowels Margaret Thatcher in Spitting Image Yves Golder La Dévolution du pouvoir, source d'innovations The Scottish First Ministers from 1999 to 2014: Role, Power and Leadership Gilles Leydier Twenty Years of Devolution in Scotland: the End of a British Party System? Fiona Simpkins Devolution, the Independence Referendum and Votes at 16 in Scotland: Holyrood, a Pioneer in Democracy Leading the Way for Westminster? Sarah Pickard L'Écosse et l'Union Mise à jour de la fiche signalétique de l’Écosse Jean Berton Can the Anglo-Scottish Union Survive Brexit? Michael Keating L'Économie d'une Écosse indépendante, de la rente pétrolière au Brexit Edwige Camp-Pietrain Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 | 2019 2 Réformes et conservatismes Non, non, non ! Le Combat tory d’Enoch Powell contre les réformes de la Chambre des Lords en 1958 et 1969 Stéphane Porion From Exclusion to Inclusion: the Glasgow Magdalene Institution, an Instrument of Social Control in the Nineteenth Century Christian Auer Comptes-rendus Compte rendu de l’ouvrage L’Éveil du dragon gallois de Stéphanie Bory Moya Jones Review of British Broadcasting and the Public-Private Dichotomy by Simon Dawes Lucie de Carvalho Compte-rendu de Portraits of Violence : War and the Aesthetics of Disfigurement de Suzannah Biernoff Sophie Sibson Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 | 2019 3 Avant-propos Foreword Edwige Camp-Pietrain 1 Né en 1931, Jacques Leruez fit des études supérieures d'anglais, de droit et de science politique. Il enseigna l'anglais en collège et en lycée avant d'entrer au CNRS en 1968. Sur le plan de la recherche, il s'intéressa aux questions économiques (avec, à l'origine, une thèse sur la planification), puis au système politique du Royaume-Uni. Il publia de nombreux travaux sur les années Thatcher et sur les politiques étrangères du Royaume-Uni. Il sut par ailleurs faire connaître au public français la question de l'Écosse. Ce sujet, quelque peu marginal dans les années quatre-vingt, devint un thème à part entière de la civilisation britannique. En effet, la dévolution du pouvoir, longtemps discutée dans ses moindres détails, connut une traduction concrète à partir de 1999. De plus, loin d'endiguer la progression du SNP, parti indépendantiste, elle lui fournit un cadre pour convoquer un référendum d'autodétermination. 2 Jacques Leruez devint une référence dans ses domaines de prédilection. Outre ses articles et ouvrages (dont il faut souligner les mises à jour), il contribuait régulièrement à commentaires de l'actualité pour la Documentation française ou l'encyclopédie Universalis. C'est d'ailleurs en tant qu'étudiante que je découvris son ouvrage intitulé L'Écosse, une nation sans État peu après sa première parution. Cette lecture, rapidement complétée, suscita une passion pour les questions institutionnelles et politiques écossaises. C'est ainsi que j'eus l'occasion de travailler avec Jacques Leruez, dans un cadre universitaire ou bien au sein de l'association franco-écossaise qu'il présidait. Toujours dynamique, enthousiaste, passionné par les questions politiques et économiques, il resta actif bien au-delà de sa retraite, prise en 1997, jusqu'à son décès en 2018. 3 Membre du CRECIB depuis sa création, Jacques Leruez avait publié de nombreux articles dans la Revue française de civilisation britannique et avait appartenu à son comité de direction. Ce numéro spécial propose une thématique relativement large, afin de rendre hommage à la diversité de ses centres d'intérêts, autour de quelques grandes mutations du Royaume-Uni en général, et en Écosse en particulier. Nombre d'auteurs Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 | 2019 4 ne manquent pas de se référer au Brexit, rupture historique dont les répercussions sont attendues dans la plupart des champs de l'action publique. 4 Trois auteurs abordent des mutations dues aux gouvernements de Margaret Thatcher. Après avoir présenté le contexte des années soixante-dix, Marie-Claude Esposito évoque la déréglementation financière qui s'est accompagnée d'un durcissement de la réglementation bancaire. Nicholas Sowell analyse l'influence du Premier ministre britannique sur une étape clé de la construction européenne, le marché unique, mais aussi la prise de distance qui s'en est suivie, jusqu'au référendum de 2016 sur la maintien dans l'UE. Yves Golder s'intéresse à la caricature de la Dame de fer dans Spitting Image, en soulignant que les critiques ainsi véhiculées ont pu renforcer sa stature politique. 5 Trois articles sont consacrés aux mutations engendrées par la dévolution du pouvoir. Gilles Leydier centre son analyse sur les First ministers écossais (travaillistes puis SNP), leurs pouvoirs, leurs décisions, leur relations avec les gouvernements britanniques successifs. Fiona Simpkins s'intéresse plus largement à l'impact de la dévolution sur le système britannique de partis avec la montée en puissance du SNP et les divergences internes aux partis britanniques. Sarah Pickard analyse la décision, prise par le Parlement écossais, d'abaisser la majorité électorale lors du référendum d'autodétermination de 2014, ses effets en Écosse sur le court et le moyen terme et sa portée dans le débat britannique. 6 Trois articles abordent les relations entre Écosse et Angleterre, à travers leurs mutations, au moment où le Brexit semble fragiliser l'Union. Jean Berton a une approche historique et linguistique permettant d'apprécier les pressions anglaises et les résistances écossaises. Michael Keating traite des conséquences politiques et institutionnelles du Brexit, en particulier les risques de re-centralisation, de désintégration, voire de reconfiguration de l'Union. Edwige Camp-Pietrain analyse l'évolution du programme économique du SNP depuis le référendum de 2014, afin de pallier les faiblesses apparues pendant la campagne, mais dans un cadre désormais dominé par les incertitudes inhérentes au Brexit. 7 Ce numéro se termine par deux articles traitant de lois singulières, posant la question des conservatismes tentant d'empêcher les réformes ou de contrôler leurs effets. Stéphane Porion détaille l'opposition virulente d'Enoch Powell à l'égard de la réforme de la Chambre des Lords dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, un positionnement qui puise ses racines dans la pensée tory, de Burke à Disraeli. Christian Auer consacre un article à la Magdalen Institution de Glasgow, qu'il décrit comme un moyen de contrôle social des prostituées dans l'Écosse du XIXe siècle, pleinement intégrée au Royaume- Uni. 8 Ce numéro a été mis en forme avec le logiciel Lodel par Arnaud Page, Anne Cousson, Shirley Doulière et John Mullen. Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 | 2019 5 AUTEUR EDWIGE CAMP-PIETRAIN Université Polytechnique des Hauts-de-France (Valenciennes) Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique, XXIV-4 | 2019 6 Pour saluer Jacques Leruez In Homage to Jacques Leruez Gérard Hocmard 1 C’est avec émotion que j’ai reçu cette invitation à rédiger un hommage à Jacques Leruez, dont j’ai partagé l’amitié pendant quarante ans. 2 Je l’ai connu par l’intermédiaire de Marie-Danièle, ma collègue à Paris III dans les années 1970. Jacques avait déjà à ce moment-là opéré le virage professionnel qui l’avait amené à quitter sa carrière de professeur certifié d’anglais pour reprendre des études, à la Faculté de Droit de Caen d’abord, puis à Paris à la Fondation nationale des Sciences politiques et à la Faculté de Droit. Il en était sorti avec un DEA, passant ainsi, comme l’a si joliment dit le Professeur Laidlaw dans l’hommage qu’il lui a rendu au nom de la Franco-Scottish Society, « d’angliciste à politologue, ou plutôt à politologue angliciste ». Détaché depuis quelques années au CNRS, il venait, lorsque j’ai fait sa connaissance, d’être inscrit sur la liste d’aptitude à la maîtrise et allait bientôt être nommé maître de recherches. 3 La sympathie mutuelle entretenue par des rencontres en Val de Loire orléanais chez une amie commune et par des centres d’intérêt partagés, en l’espèce les institutions et la vie politique britanniques, ont fait qu’à partir de ce moment-là nous avons eu des contacts fréquents en dépit de parcours très divergents. C’est ainsi que nous avons tous deux fait partie du petit noyau de happy few qui, autour de Monica Charlot, a fondé le CRECIB. Jacques a poursuivi une brillante carrière universitaire qui l’a amené à faire partie du Conseil de Laboratoire du CERI, puis représentant des chercheurs du CERI au Conseil scientifique de l’IEP de Paris avant de siéger au Comité national du CNRS, indépendamment de cours dispensés dans plusieurs universités parisiennes et de nombreuses directions de thèses.
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