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Economic Contribution of Fruit Bats (Family Pteropodidae) Through Durian Fruit Production in the Agroecosystem in Java Island Bambang Suripto1*

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Economic Contribution of Fruit Bats (Family Pteropodidae) Through Durian Fruit Production in the Agroecosystem in Java Island Bambang Suripto1* Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 528 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics and Sciences (ICRIEMS 2020) Economic Contribution of Fruit Bats (Family Pteropodidae) Through Durian Fruit Production in the Agroecosystem in Java Island Bambang Suripto1* 1Faculty of Biology Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta Indonesia * Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Farmers in agroecosystems generally do not know that the existence of fruit bats in agroecosystems is very important because of their function as pollinators for various types of horticultural crops with high economic value, such as durian and other plants that are chiropterophilic. The purpose of this paper is to determine the types of fruit bats (Family Pteropodidae), their role in the agroecosystem, and their role as durian pollinators and their economic contribution to Java. The procedure for preparing this paper, data is collected and selected from relevant literature with the subject matter of the study, then the data is analyzed descriptively-qualitatively-comparative, then the annual economic value is calculated from the durian production produced. It turns out that Java Island is inhabited by fruit bats of 8 genera and 12 species, namely Macroglossus minimus, M. Sobrinus; Eonycteris spelaea; Aetalops alecto; Chinorax melanocephalus; Cynopterus brachyotis, C. horsfiledii and C. titthaecheil; Megaerops kusnotoi; Pteropus vampyrus; Rousettus amplexicaudatus and R. leschenaulti. Five (5) types of which are found in the agroecosystem of Kokap District, Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta. The positive role of fruit bats in the largest agro-ecosystem in Java Island is as a pollinator. Fruit bats have been shown to exclusively pollinate durian plants. On the island of Java, there is only 1 type of durian Durio zibethinus naturally found and in various areas different local durian cultivars are cultivated. The durian trade is very popular, especially during the durian season and starting in 2019 Indonesia does not import durian. If the price of durian at the farmer level is IDR 10,000 / kg, then in 2019, the economic value of durian in Java Island is at least more than 6 trillion rupiah / year), and in Kokap District, Kulonprogo Regency it is more than 10 billion rupiah / year. In conclusion, the annual local economic contribution of fruit bats in the agro- ecosystem is important, especially when the economic value of other chiropterphilus plants is added, such as petai, kapok randu. This information should be disseminated to agro-ecosystem farming communities to inspire their active roles in efforts to preserve the existence of fruit bats in their respective areas. Keywords: Economic Value of Biodiversity, Fruit Bats (Family Pteropodidae), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Chiropterophilus, Agroecosystems in Java. 1. INTRODUCTION able to survive in an agroecosystem is the types of fruit bats, members of the Pteropodidae family. In natural A wildlife must be able to survive to reproduce, and ecosystems, many plants in the forest depend on fruit it must reproduce so that the next generation can bats for their pollination and seed distribution. In agro- continue its evolutionary journey through its ability to ecosystems, fruit bats play an important role in the adapt to changes in its habitat. The pressure of natural pollination of various types of cultivated plants with selection is getting stronger when natural habitats high economic value, but there is very little attention to change rapidly such as when land is converted to the existence of fruit bats, they are even hunted and agroecosystems. One example of a wildlife group that is considered detrimental because they eat fruits [1]. This Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 8 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 528 occurs because most farmers in agro-ecosystems do not The genus Macroglossus includes two types, namely know that the existence of fruit bats exclusively M. minimus (E.Geoffroy, 1810) and M.lagochilus pollinate various types of horticultural crops that are Matschie, 1899 [11]. The concept of this species chiropterophilus which have high economic value. changed where M. minimus Geoffroy, 1810 included M.lagochilus as one of the subspecies therein and raised The purpose of this paper is to determine the types the subspecies M.m. sobrinus K. Andersen, 1912 as a of fruit bats (Family Pteropodidae), their role in the separate species [12]. Both are found on the island of agroecosystem, their role as pollinators and their Java [3]. M. minimus includes 5 subspecies, one of economic contribution in Java. which is M. minimus minimus which is found on Java The results of this research paper are expected to be Island [13] and other islands and outside Indonesia [3], used as material to convince bureaucrats, planning [5], and [11]. In Lombok Island, this species visited officials for wildlife protection and the community that petai, banana and Syzygium sp. [14]. Meanwhile, M. the existence of fruit bats in the agro-ecosystem is not sobrinus includes 2 supspecies and only M. s. sobrinus detrimental and is even very beneficial for the found on Java Island [3], and in Burma, Krakatau community economically. Island, Nias, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Thailand [13]. According to [13] in 1981 members of this subspecies are commonly found in gardens in 2. FRUIT BATS IN THE ISLAND OF JAVA Jakarta, and in Malaysia it is known to eat the pollen and nectar of three types of wild banana and soft fruits 2.1. The Diversity of Fruit bats in Java and mangroves Duabanga grandiflora (Sonneratiaceae) in dipterocarp and montane forests, and disturbed areas Bats are a group of mammals that have the ability to [15]. fly and are active at night which are included in the The genus Eonycteris includes 2 types and only E. Chiroptera Order. The number of bat species around the spelaea, the cave bats, is found on Java Island [3]. This world is 848 species [2], and about 310 species type includes 3 subspecies, and only E. s. glandifera in inhabiting Indonesia [3]. The number of species in Java Island [3]), but according to [13] E. s. spelaea are Indonesia may continue to grow because in recent years also found on Java Island in the western part. In new species have been found in various regions in Lombok, this species is found in all types of habitat, but Indonesia, for example [4] [5]. The order Chiroptera generally in banana gardens, near mango trees and on includes two suborders, namely Suborder rivers that are either filled with water or dry [5], and in Megachiroptera (fruit bats), which includes only one rock crevices such as caves and caves in coast [16]. In family, namely Pteropodidae and Suborder Malaysia, members can be found in agricultural lands Microchiroptera which includes several families. The and primary forests, seen eating flowers and nectar from revision results are based on morphological bamboo, durian, petai, guava, jackfruit, Barringtonia characteristics, behavior and molecular evidence, the spp. and mangroves that can be more than 38 km from suborder concept changes into two suborders, namely the roosting site [17]. Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera [6] [7]. However, Fenton [8] questions the consistency of this The genus Aetalops consists of only 1 species, new classification when viewed from the variation in namely Aetalops alecto which is divided into 3 the echolocation ability of its members. In this new subspecies and only A.a. acypete found in Java Island. classification the existence and position of the Their life on the island of Java is not widely known, Pteropodidae family remains unchanged. however, in Peninsular Malaysia it was found roosting in the mountain forests in small colonies consisting of 2- The family Pteropodidae is a group of bats that eat 3 individuals. Its main diet is unknown, but it is thought fruits, flowers and / or products of flowers, divided into to eat the soft fruit of trees and vines [3]. 2 subfamilies, namely Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae [9][10], or into 4 subfamilia Macroglossinae, The genus Chinorax includes only one species Pteropodinae, Harpyionycteridae and Nyctimeninae, namely C. melanocephalus which includes two however the last subfamily is not found on the island of subspecies, and only C.m. melanocephalus in Java [3]. Java. Members of the Subfamily Macroglossinae In Kalimantan members caught under the canopy of include 6 genera and 2 genera including Macroglossus dipterocarp forest [18], roosting in small groups in ferns and Eonycteris which are found on the island of Java, and shallow caves in Peninsular Malaysia [19], which are pollen and nectar-eating bats. Members of the allegedly eating fruit trees under tree canopies. Subfamily Pteropodinae in Java, represented by the The genus Cynopterus includes 4 types, and three of genera Aethalops, Cynopterus, Megaerops, Pteropus them, namely C. brachyotis, C. horsfiledii and C. and Rousettus, are fruit-eating bats that may also eat titthaecheilus, are found in Java. C. brachyotis includes pollen and nectar [3]. 6 subspecies [3] or 9 subspecies [13] which in Java Island is only represented by C.b. javanicus Andersen, 9 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 528 1910. Members were caught in gardens in Jakarta and leschenuilti and only R. l. shortridgei scattered in Java the Bogor Botanical Gardens [13]; in Kalimantan, Island [3], and other islands [13]. Members of this type habitat includes all habitat types including montane explore the area between roosting sites, consuming forest, dipterocarp forest, home gardens, mangroves and various kinds of fruits, both cultivated and wild plants coastal vegetation [19],[20]; and in Lombok caught in a [25], consuming Anarcardium occidentale, Annona wide variety of habitats, both natural and cultivated [5]. reticulata, A.
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