DOCSLIB.ORG

DNA Barcodes Reveal High Genetic Diversity in Philippine Fruit Bats

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DNA Barcodes Reveal High Genetic Diversity in Philippine Fruit Bats Philippine Journal of Science 148 (S1): 133-140, Special Issue on Genomics ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 18 Mar 2019 DNA Barcodes Reveal High Genetic Diversity in Philippine Fruit Bats Adrian U. Luczon1*, Sofia Anne Marie M. Ampo1,2, John Gregor A. Roño1, Mariano Roy M. Duya1, Perry S. Ong1, and Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla1,3 1Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines 2Rizal Medical Center, Pasig Blvd., Barangay Bagong Ilog Pasig City 1600 Philippines 3Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Fruit bats of the family Pteropodidae is the third largest family in the order Chiroptera. There are 26 recorded species in the Philippines, 17 of which are endemic to the country. However, the number of species in the archipelago may still be underestimated. With the growing threats to biodiversity and dwindling number of taxonomists, DNA barcodes can assist with the problem by providing an accurate, rapid, and effective method of species recognition. To contribute to the barcoding endeavor and determine the diversity of Philippine fruit bats, a 542-base-pair portion of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene was sequenced from 111 individuals belonging to 19 pteropodid species. A neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) tree was generated using the sequences in this study and other available sequences in Genbank and Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD). DNA barcodes were effective in delineating Philippine species. Closer inspection of the NJ tree revealed distinct [> 6% mean Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distance] Philippine lineages for Macroglossus minimus, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Megaerops wetmorei, and Cynopterus brachyotis relative to conspecifics from Southeast Asia. Between-island differentiation was also observed for the Philippine endemic Haplonycteris fischeri (> 7% mean between-island K2P distance). From this study, these species may be flagged for taxonomic reevaluation. Keywords: COI gene, cryptic species, DNA barcoding, Pteropodidae INTRODUCTION (Campbell et al. 2004, Galimberti et al. 2010). Looking at Vespertilionidae, Phyllostomidae, and Pteropodidae – the The catalog of mammalian species found in the Philippine three largest families of bats – the number of recognized archipelago is far from complete. Just recently, 28 new species in 2005 were 407, 160, and 186, respectively species of non-volant mammals were discovered by (Simmons 2005). However, based on the latest record Heaney et al. (2016a). Certainly, more species can still in 2017 (ASM 2019), the number of species increased be discovered, especially in remote and unexplored parts considerably (Vespertiolionidae, 24.07%; Phyllostomidae, of the archipelago (Heaney et al. 2010). Species with 35%; and Pteropodidae 5.4%). cryptic morphology and habits may also contribute to the number of overlooked taxa, a common occurrence in bats Nevertheless, species are still endangered throughout the world and in the Philippines through activities such as *Corresponding Author: [email protected] habitat disturbance and overharvesting of animals (Francis 133 Special Issue on Genomics Luczon et al.: DNA barcoding of Philippine fruit bats et al. 2010). Globally, a quarter of the total mammalian robust record gathered by morphological taxonomists species is threatened with extinction, and half have (Hebert et al. 2003). declining populations (Myers et al. 2000). Conservation measures must therefore be put in place to maintain the The family of fruit bats, Pteropodidae, is one of the largest local biodiversity, and proper steps cannot be taken unless bat families within the order Chiroptera having around 45 species are correctly identified. genera and about 196 recognized species (ASM 2019). In the Philippines, there are about 26 recognized species As the number of classically trained taxonomists is (Tanalgo and Hughes 2018) – 17 of which (about 65%) dwindling (Hebert et al. 2003), a molecular method for are endemic to the country. identifying species known as DNA barcoding is gaining increasing importance as source of data for taxonomy. COI barcodes for native and endemic Philippine fruit bat DNA barcoding uses a standard region of the genome as species are lacking. To contribute to current published a genetic marker for identifying species. In animals, the 5’ barcoding data for pteropodids, the study aims to end of the COI is the DNA barcode of choice. Although the obtain sequences of the COI gene of the fruit bats in the task of identifying and describing new species is ultimately Philippines. The study also aims to test the viability of the achieved through comprehensive taxonomic work, DNA marker in delineating the new COI records from existing barcoding and the data derived from it can significantly pteropodids in the database. A gene tree for Philippine bats facilitate the process by serving as a supplement to the and those in existing databases were constructed to assess identification provided by morphological taxonomists the fruit bat species diversity in the archipelago based on (Hajibabaei et al. 2007). It can also facilitate the COI. The study will not only be able to document DNA “democratization” of taxonomic knowledge by making diversity of bats but also have practical applications such expert taxonomic information available to non-experts as in wildlife forensics. in an applied context (Holloway 2006). As DNA sequences have become the major source of new information for advancing understanding of evolutionary MATERIALS AND METHODS and genetic relationships (Hajibabaei et al. 2007), the Sampling data obtained in this study may contribute substantially to current knowledge on chiropteran classification. In the Fruit bats were collected from 17 sites in the Philippines same way, DNA barcode libraries can serve as effective (see Figure 1). Samples used in this study came from identification systems for any regional bat fauna (Clare et various collections by the authors, as well as collections al. 2007). DNA barcode analysis and the methodology it by other researchers mentioned in the acknowledgments. employs can be applied in a standardized manner across large domains of life – overcoming the difficulty presented by conventional taxonomy, where multiple data types may be required, depending on the taxa being studied (Hajibabaei et al. 2007). Use of DNA barcodes translates to more species being examined in a shorter span of time with less cost. The profiles obtained from barcodes will be cost-effective in many taxonomic contexts. It is important to acknowledge that, at present, access to this new technology is not always readily available to everyone. Nevertheless, innovations in sequencing technology promise future reductions in the cost of DNA- based identifications (Hebert et al. 2003). DNA barcoding may also serve as the basis for a global bioidentification system for animals that will overcome the deficiencies of morphological approaches to species discrimination and allow single laboratories to execute taxon diagnoses across the full spectrum of animal life (Hebert et al. 2003). However, genetic differentiation has its limitations as it cannot incorporate the fossil record or older museum specimens with degraded material. A database of COI profiles coupled with other data (images, geographic Figure 1. Map showing the collection sites of specimens in this study. location, and other specimen data) can also serve as a 134 Special Issue on Genomics Luczon et al.: DNA barcoding of Philippine fruit bats Species identification was based on Ingle and Heaney Almeida et al. (2011) – was included as an outgroup in the (1992). Tissue samples collected came in the form of final data set. The list of specimens in this study can be found 2-mm wing punches from individuals that were captured in Appendix I, while the list of sequences from Genbank and released, or muscle from vouchered specimens. and BOLD used in the dataset can be found in Appendix II. Tissues collected were kept frozen or placed in a microcentrifuge tube with 95–100% ethanol. At least three The dataset was then aligned using MAFFT version 7 individuals per species were used for the study. (Katoh et al. 2017), followed by manual alignment as needed. The lengths of sequences were made uniform to 542 base pairs to accommodate sequences that were DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and shorter in length. The complete dataset included 817 Sequencing sequences, of which 111 are pteropodid sequences Genomic DNA was obtained from the tissues using the generated from this study. Promega™ Wizard® SV Genomic DNA Purification Kit (USA) following the manufacturer’s protocols. MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016) was used to calculate The COI gene was amplified using the primers VF1 pairwise K2P distances needed to construct a COI gene (TTCTCAACCAACCACAARGAYATYGG) and VR1 tree. An NJ tree (Nei and Saitou 1987) with 1000 bootstrap (TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCRAARAAYCA) (Ivanova replicates was constructed to view the groupings of the et al. 2006). Alternatively, the mammal primer cocktail sequences. An ML tree using RaxML (Stamatakis 2014) (Ivanova et al. 2012) was used for other specimens. A 30- with 1000 bootstraps (rapid bootstrap algorithm) and a μL reaction mix was prepared using the genomic DNA, best-fit model of substitution acquired from jModelTest 2 primers, and Taq dNTPack (Roche, USA). The PCR reaction (Darriba et al. 2012) was also constructed to see if there is consisted of 5 μL 10x polymerase
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Predicted the Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme-Weather Events on the Future
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.13.443960; this version posted May 14, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Predicted the impacts of climate change and extreme-weather events on the future distribution of fruit bats in Australia Vishesh L. Diengdoh1, e: [email protected], ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-0797-9261 Stefania Ondei1 - e: [email protected] Mark Hunt1, 3 - e: [email protected] Barry W. Brook1, 2 - e: [email protected] 1School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart TAS 7005 Australia 2ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Australia 3National Centre for Future Forest Industries, Australia Corresponding Author: Vishesh L. Diengdoh Acknowledgements We thank John Clarke and Vanessa Round from Climate Change in Australia (https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/)/ Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for providing the data on extreme weather events. This work was supported by the Australian Research Council [grant number FL160100101]. Conflict of Interest None. Author Contributions bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.13.443960; this version posted May 14, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Figs1 ML Tree.Pdf
    100 Megaderma lyra Rhinopoma hardwickei 71 100 Rhinolophus creaghi 100 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 100 Hipposideros armiger Hipposideros commersoni 99 Megaerops ecaudatus 85 Megaerops niphanae 100 Megaerops kusnotoi 100 Cynopterus sphinx 98 Cynopterus horsfieldii 69 Cynopterus brachyotis 94 50 Ptenochirus minor 86 Ptenochirus wetmorei Ptenochirus jagori Dyacopterus spadiceus 99 Sphaerias blanfordi 99 97 Balionycteris maculata 100 Aethalops alecto 99 Aethalops aequalis Thoopterus nigrescens 97 Alionycteris paucidentata 33 99 Haplonycteris fischeri 29 Otopteropus cartilagonodus Latidens salimalii 43 88 Penthetor lucasi Chironax melanocephalus 90 Syconycteris australis 100 Macroglossus minimus 34 Macroglossus sobrinus 92 Boneia bidens 100 Harpyionycteris whiteheadi 69 Harpyionycteris celebensis Aproteles bulmerae 51 Dobsonia minor 100 100 80 Dobsonia inermis Dobsonia praedatrix 99 96 14 Dobsonia viridis Dobsonia peronii 47 Dobsonia pannietensis 56 Dobsonia moluccensis 29 Dobsonia anderseni 100 Scotonycteris zenkeri 100 Casinycteris ophiodon 87 Casinycteris campomaanensis Casinycteris argynnis 99 100 Eonycteris spelaea 100 Eonycteris major Eonycteris robusta 100 100 Rousettus amplexicaudatus 94 Rousettus spinalatus 99 Rousettus leschenaultii 100 Rousettus aegyptiacus 77 Rousettus madagascariensis 87 Rousettus obliviosus Stenonycteris lanosus 100 Megaloglossus woermanni 100 91 Megaloglossus azagnyi 22 Myonycteris angolensis 100 87 Myonycteris torquata 61 Myonycteris brachycephala 33 41 Myonycteris leptodon Myonycteris relicta 68 Plerotes anchietae
    [Show full text]
  • Priority-Setting for Philippine Bats Using Practical Approach to Guide Effective Species Conservation and Policy-Making in the Anthropocene
    Published by Associazione Teriologica Italiana Volume 30 (1): 74–83, 2019 Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy Available online at: http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it doi:10.4404/hystrix–00172-2019 Research Article Priority-setting for Philippine bats using practical approach to guide effective species conservation and policy-making in the Anthropocene Krizler Cejuela Tanalgo1,2,3,4,∗, Alice Catherine Hughes1,3 1Landscape Ecology Group, Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province 666303, People’s Republic of China 2International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China 3Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan Province 666303, People’s Republic of China 4Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan 9407, North Cotabato, the Republic of the Philippines Keywords: Abstract asian tropics endemism National level approaches to the development and implementation of effective conservation policy forest loss and practice are often challenged by limited capacity and resources. Developing relevant and hunting achievable priorities at the national level is a crucial step for effective conservation. The Philip- islands pine archipelago includes over 7000 islands and is one of only two countries considered both a oil palm global biodiversity hotspot and a megadiversity country. Yet, few studies have conducted over- arching synthesis for threats and conservation priorities of any species group. As bats make up a Article history: significant proportion of mammalian diversity in the Philippines and fulfil vital roles to maintain Received: 01/19/2019 ecosystem health and services we focus on assessing the threats and priorities to their conserva- Accepted: 24/06/2019 tion across the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • Bat Count 2003
    BAT COUNT 2003 Working to promote the long term, sustainable conservation of globally threatened flying foxes in the Philippines, by developing baseline population information, increasing public awareness, and training students and protected area managers in field monitoring techniques. 1 A Terminal Report Submitted by Tammy Mildenstein1, Apolinario B. Cariño2, and Samuel Stier1 1Fish and Wildlife Biology, University of Montana, USA 2Silliman University and Mt. Talinis – Twin Lakes Federation of People’s Organizations, Diputado Extension, Sibulan, Negros Oriental, Philippines Photo by: Juan Pablo Moreiras 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Large flying foxes in insular Southeast Asia are the most threatened of the Old World fruit bats due to deforestation, unregulated hunting, and little conservation commitment from local governments. Despite the fact they are globally endangered and play essential ecological roles in forest regeneration as seed dispersers and pollinators, there have been only a few studies on these bats that provide information useful to their conservation management. Our project aims to promote the conservation of large flying foxes in the Philippines by providing protected area managers with the training and the baseline information necessary to design and implement a long-term management plan for flying foxes. We focused our efforts on the globally endangered Philippine endemics, Acerodon jubatus and Acerodon leucotis, and the bats that commonly roost with them, Pteropus hypomelanus, P. vampyrus lanensis, and P. pumilus which are thought to be declining in the Philippines. Local participation is an integral part of our project. We conducted the first national training workshop on flying fox population counts and conservation at the Subic Bay area.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats
    Index of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats A agnella, Kerivoula 901 Anchieta’s Bat 814 aquilus, Glischropus 763 Aba Leaf-nosed Bat 247 aladdin, Pipistrellus pipistrellus 771 Anchieta’s Broad-faced Fruit Bat 94 aquilus, Platyrrhinus 567 Aba Roundleaf Bat 247 alascensis, Myotis lucifugus 927 Anchieta’s Pipistrelle 814 Arabian Barbastelle 861 abae, Hipposideros 247 alaschanicus, Hypsugo 810 anchietae, Plerotes 94 Arabian Horseshoe Bat 296 abae, Rhinolophus fumigatus 290 Alashanian Pipistrelle 810 ancricola, Myotis 957 Arabian Mouse-tailed Bat 164, 170, 176 abbotti, Myotis hasseltii 970 alba, Ectophylla 466, 480, 569 Andaman Horseshoe Bat 314 Arabian Pipistrelle 810 abditum, Megaderma spasma 191 albatus, Myopterus daubentonii 663 Andaman Intermediate Horseshoe Arabian Trident Bat 229 Abo Bat 725, 832 Alberico’s Broad-nosed Bat 565 Bat 321 Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat 229 Abo Butterfly Bat 725, 832 albericoi, Platyrrhinus 565 andamanensis, Rhinolophus 321 arabica, Asellia 229 abramus, Pipistrellus 777 albescens, Myotis 940 Andean Fruit Bat 547 arabicus, Hypsugo 810 abrasus, Cynomops 604, 640 albicollis, Megaerops 64 Andersen’s Bare-backed Fruit Bat 109 arabicus, Rousettus aegyptiacus 87 Abruzzi’s Wrinkle-lipped Bat 645 albipinnis, Taphozous longimanus 353 Andersen’s Flying Fox 158 arabium, Rhinopoma cystops 176 Abyssinian Horseshoe Bat 290 albiventer, Nyctimene 36, 118 Andersen’s Fruit-eating Bat 578 Arafura Large-footed Bat 969 Acerodon albiventris, Noctilio 405, 411 Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat 254 Arata Yellow-shouldered Bat 543 Sulawesi 134 albofuscus, Scotoecus 762 Andersen’s Little Fruit-eating Bat 578 Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Talaud 134 alboguttata, Glauconycteris 833 Andersen’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat 109 Bat 543 Acerodon 134 albus, Diclidurus 339, 367 Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat 254 aratathomasi, Sturnira 543 Acerodon mackloti (see A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of the Mammals of South-East Asia
    A Checklist of the Mammals of South-east Asia A Checklist of the Mammals of South-east Asia PHOLIDOTA Pangolin (Manidae) 1 Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) 2 Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) INSECTIVORA Gymnures (Erinaceidae) 3 Moonrat (Echinosorex gymnurus) 4 Short-tailed Gymnure (Hylomys suillus) 5 Chinese Gymnure (Hylomys sinensis) 6 Large-eared Gymnure (Hylomys megalotis) Moles (Talpidae) 7 Slender Shrew-mole (Uropsilus gracilis) 8 Kloss's Mole (Euroscaptor klossi) 9 Large Chinese Mole (Euroscaptor grandis) 10 Long-nosed Chinese Mole (Euroscaptor longirostris) 11 Small-toothed Mole (Euroscaptor parvidens) 12 Blyth's Mole (Parascaptor leucura) 13 Long-tailed Mole (Scaptonyx fuscicauda) Shrews (Soricidae) 14 Lesser Stripe-backed Shrew (Sorex bedfordiae) 15 Myanmar Short-tailed Shrew (Blarinella wardi) 16 Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew (Blarinella griselda) 17 Hodgson's Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus caudatus) 18 Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus baileyi) 19 Long-taied Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus macrurus) 20 Lowe's Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa parca) 21 Van Sung's Shrew (Chodsigoa caovansunga) 22 Mole Shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) 23 Himalayan Water Shrew (Chimarrogale himalayica) 24 Styan's Water Shrew (Chimarrogale styani) Page 1 of 17 Database: Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne, www.jetwingeco.com A Checklist of the Mammals of South-east Asia 25 Malayan Water Shrew (Chimarrogale hantu) 26 Web-footed Water Shrew (Nectogale elegans) 27 House Shrew (Suncus murinus) 28 Pygmy White-toothed Shrew (Suncus etruscus) 29 South-east
    [Show full text]
  • Flying Foxes): Preliminary Chemical Comparisons Among Species Jamie Wagner SIT Study Abroad
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by World Learning SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2008 Glandular Secretions of Male Pteropus (Flying Foxes): Preliminary Chemical Comparisons Among Species Jamie Wagner SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Wagner, Jamie, "Glandular Secretions of Male Pteropus (Flying Foxes): Preliminary Chemical Comparisons Among Species" (2008). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 559. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/559 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Glandular secretions of male Pteropus (flying foxes): Preliminary chemical comparisons among species By Jamie Wagner Academic Director: Tony Cummings Project Advisor: Dr. Hugh Spencer Oberlin College Biology and Neuroscience Cape Tribulation, Australia Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Australia: Natural and Cultural Ecology, SIT Study Abroad, Fall 2008 1 1. Abstract Chemosignaling – passing information by means of chemical compounds that can be detected by members of the same species – is a very important form of communication for most mammals. Flying fox males have odiferous marking secretions on their neck-ruffs that include a combination of secretion from the neck gland and from the urogenital tract; males use this substance to establish territory, especially during the mating season.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Natural History of the Southeast Asian Fruit-Bat Genus Dyacopterus
    Journal of Mammalogy, 88(2):302–318, 2007 TAXONOMY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN FRUIT-BAT GENUS DYACOPTERUS KRISTOFER M. HELGEN,* DIETER KOCK,RAI KRISTIE SALVE C. GOMEZ,NINA R. INGLE, AND MARTUA H. SINAGA Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History (NHB 390, MRC 108), Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA (KMH) Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, D-60325, Germany (DK) Philippine Eagle Foundation, VAL Learning Village, Ruby Street, Marfori Heights, Davao City, 8000, Philippines (RKSCG) Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA (NRI) Division of Mammals, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA (NRI) Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Jl. Raya Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia (MHS) The pteropodid genus Dyacopterus Andersen, 1912, comprises several medium-sized fruit-bat species endemic to forested areas of Sundaland and the Philippines. Specimens of Dyacopterus are sparsely represented in collections of world museums, which has hindered resolution of species limits within the genus. Based on our studies of most available museum material, we review the infrageneric taxonomy of Dyacopterus using craniometric and other comparisons. In the past, 2 species have been described—D. spadiceus (Thomas, 1890), described from Borneo and later recorded from the Malay Peninsula, and D. brooksi Thomas, 1920, described from Sumatra. These 2 nominal taxa are often recognized as species or conspecific subspecies representing these respective populations. Our examinations instead suggest that both previously described species of Dyacopterus co-occur on the Sunda Shelf—the smaller-skulled D. spadiceus in peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo, and the larger-skulled D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Echolocation in Bats: a Comparative Approach
    The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach Alanna Collen A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London. November 2012 Declaration Declaration I, Alanna Collen (née Maltby), confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, this is indicated in the thesis, and below: Chapter 1 This chapter is published in the Handbook of Mammalian Vocalisations (Maltby, Jones, & Jones) as a first authored book chapter with Gareth Jones and Kate Jones. Gareth Jones provided the research for the genetics section, and both Kate Jones and Gareth Jones providing comments and edits. Chapter 2 The raw echolocation call recordings in EchoBank were largely made and contributed by members of the ‘Echolocation Call Consortium’ (see full list in Chapter 2). The R code for the diversity maps was provided by Kamran Safi. Custom adjustments were made to the computer program SonoBat by developer Joe Szewczak, Humboldt State University, in order to select echolocation calls for measurement. Chapter 3 The supertree construction process was carried out using Perl scripts developed and provided by Olaf Bininda-Emonds, University of Oldenburg, and the supertree was run and dated by Olaf Bininda-Emonds. The source trees for the Pteropodidae were collected by Imperial College London MSc student Christina Ravinet. Chapter 4 Rob Freckleton, University of Sheffield, and Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. 2 Declaration Chapter 5 Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. Chapter 6 Joseph W.
    [Show full text]
  • Bats of the Philippine Islands –A Review of Research Directions and Relevance to National- 2 Level Priorities and Targets 3 Krizler Cejuela
    1 Bats of the Philippine Islands –a review of research directions and relevance to national- 2 level priorities and targets 3 Krizler Cejuela. Tanalgo & Alice Catherine Hughes 4 Landscape Ecology Group, Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 5 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, P.R. China 6 7 Abstract 8 Effective science-based conservation priorities and policies are crucially important to 9 effectively maintain biodiversity into the future. For many threatened species and systems 10 insufficient information exists to generate priorities, or the mechanisms needed to effectively 11 conserve species into the future, and this is especially important in megadiversity countries like 12 the Philippines, threatened by rapid rates of development and with few overarching strategies 13 to maintain their biodiversity. Here, using a bibliographic approach to indicate research 14 strengths and priorities, we summarised scientific information on Philippine bats from 2000- 15 2017. We examine relationships between thematic areas and effort allocated for each species 16 bat guild, and conservation status. We found that an average of 7.9 studies was published 17 annually with the majority focused on diversity and community surveys. However, research 18 effort is not even between taxonomic groups, thematic areas or species, with disproportionate 19 effort focusing on ‘taxonomy and systematics’ and ‘ecology’. Species effort allocation between 20 threatened and less threatened species does not show a significant difference, though this may 21 be because generalist species are found in many studies, whereas rarer species have single 22 species studies devoted to them. A growing collaborative effort in bat conservation initiatives 23 in the Philippines has focused on the protection of many endemic and threatened species (e.g., 24 flying foxes) and their habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
    [Show full text]
  • Tongued Fruit Bat Eonycteris Spelaea Dobson, 1873, Known from India
    Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2016 | 8(11): 9371–9374 Note First record of Dobson’s Long- species of the genus Eonycteris tongued Fruit Bat Eonycteris spelaea Dobson, 1873, known from India. (Dobson, 1871) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Dobson’s Long-tongued Fruit Pteropodidae) from Kerala, India Bat Eonycteris spelaea was initially ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) known only from Myanmar, ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) P.O. Nameer 1, R. Ashmi 2, Sachin K. Aravind 3 & Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, R. Sreehari 4 Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines OPEN ACCESS (Blanford 1891; Ellerman & 1,2,3,4 Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural Morrison-Scott 1951). In India University, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India Eonycteris spelaea 2 Current address: Tranumparken 18, Brøndby Strand, Copenhagen was reported 2660, Denmark only in 1967 from the Kumaon Hills, now in Uttarakhand 4 Current address: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese State (Bhat 1968). Subsequently, this species was also Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 ashmiramachandran@ reported from other Indian states and union territories gmail.com, 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected] such as Assam (Ghose & Bhattacharya 1974) Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Bhattacharya 1975), Karnataka (Bhat et al. 1980), Sikkim (Mistry, 1991), Nagaland (Sinha 1994), Meghalaya (Das et al. 1995), and Andhra Pradesh (Bates The fruit bats of the family Pteropodidae are & Harrison 1997). an ancient and diverse group of bats, distributed Materials and Methods: The study was conducted throughout the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Indo- at the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (PkTR), which is Australia (Hill & Smith 1984).
    [Show full text]