The Horse in Human History Pita Kelekna Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73629-9 - The Horse in Human History Pita Kelekna Index More information

INDEX

Abashevo, 49 mounted herding, 41, 47 Abbas I, 327, 367, 398 mounted raiding, 44 Abbasids, 224, 231–232, 303, 331 Nanshangen mounted hunters Acre, 268 (700 bc), 138 Afanasievo, 38, 49, 55, 57, 60, 136 Pirak, 62, 109 African wild ass, 13–14. See alsoEquidae, relocation of populations, 105, 121 Equus scouting on horseback, 105 Afro-Asiatic, 390 Siyalk (800 bc), 63 Agni, 111 Ur III (2037-2029 bc), 43 agro-pastoralism, 136 Andronovo (2000-900 bc), 49–50, 136 Ahriman, 255. See also Zoroastrianism, Arabian horse, 218, 220–221 Angra Mainyu Araucanians (Mapuche), 374 akinji, 329 Archimedes, 133 Alaca Huyuk, 94 Arinna, 94 Alans, 148, 195–196 Armenians, 104, 210 Alcantara, 279 armor for the equestrian combatant, 63 Alexander the Great, 128–132 arret de cuirasse, 342 Alexandria, 130 chain mail, 190, 250 alfalfa/lucerne, 119, 190 harnois blanc, 341 Allen’s rule, 172, 218 heavy armor, 242 Almohads, 247, 251 iron helmet, 289 Almoravids, 248 Japanese steel plaque armor, 318 Marrakesh, 251 Kofun metal plaque armor, 318 Tashﬁn, Yusuf ibn, 251 lamellar leather with iron, 289 Altaic speakers, 115, 320 padded leather jerkin, 289 Amazons, 86, 178–179, 186, 292, 331, 342, quilted cotton, 250 364, 377 scale armor, 78, 86, 190 Amerindian population loss, 370 steel helmet, 342 Anabasis, 128 arms for the equestrian combatant ancient riders battle axe, 78, 86, 250, 289 Assyrian riding duo, 106 bolas, boleadora, 375 BMAC (2200-1800 bc), 43 breech-loading riﬂe, 374 Kish (2400-2300 bc), 43 broadsword, 190 Koban (1000 bc), 63 contus heavy lance, 190 Komarovka (1700-1300 bc), 53 couched lance, 164, 198–199, 241, Mesopotamia (2000-1750 bc), 43 264

449

Index

arms for the equestrian (cont.) Avesta. See Zoroastrianism curved sword, 78 Avicenna, 247 dagger, 78 Ayyubids, 266 firearms, 316, 326 Aztecs, 356 firelance, 292, 300 harquebus, 329, 385, 391 Bactria-Margiana Archaeological iron arrowheads, 78 Complex (BMAC), 43, 54 Japanese long bow, 319 Bactrian camel, 54n Japanese single-bladed sword, Baden, 48 319 Baghdad, 224 javelin, 250, 289 Barbary corsairs, 330 lance, 78, 164 Bartolomeu Dias, 351 lasso, 78, 196, 289 Basotho, 393 long spear for jabbing, 176 Battle of Hastings, 241 pistol, 391 Baybars, 274–275, 303 poisoned arrows, 78 Beakers, 165 recurved composite bow, 63, 76–77, beard, 85, 138, 143, 293 138 Beersheba, 400 saber, 164 Behistun, 123 Scythian gorytus, 77 Berbers, 236, 238 slashing sword, 172 Bergmann’s rule, 172, 218 sling, 78 bevel, 37–38 whip, 78, 339, 340 Alakul-Petrovka, 38 arrow messengers, 288 Botai, 37 Arsuf, 269 Sergeivka, 38 Arthur, 200–201, 255 Utyevka, 38 Arthuriad, 204, 320 Bhagavadgita, 111 Batraz, Nart hero, 200, 320 Biruni, 246 Excalibur, 200, 202 Bishkent, 54 Lancelot, 201, 255, 338 Blood River, 393 Ossetic Nart sagas, 203 blood-sweating horses, 146 Quest of the Holy Grail, 201–202, Boers, 219, 392 320 Bokhara, 325, 331 Round Table, 202, 337 Borjigin, 283 artisans, 310, 325 Botai, 35–37 Aryan migrations, 54, 61, 108, 116 Boudica, 186–187 Dasas, 62, 62n, 109 breast strap. See horse power, trace Asian wild ass, 13. See also Equidae, harness Equus bridling, 85 Assassins, 266, 270, 303 bit, 11, 33n, 37, 37f, 38, 41, 42, 64, 65, 74, Astarte, 95 76, 106, 142, 179, 375, 378 astragalus bone, 7 cheekpieces, 37, 52, 53, 63, 74 astronomy, 313 jointed snaffle, 106 Asvins, 112–113, 339 nose ring, 43, 52 Atahualpa, 362–363 Bubastis canal, 125, 381 Atharvana, 54 Bucephalus, 128, 131 Attila.See Huns, Attila Buddhism, 306 Australia, 394–395, 396 cakravartin, 152 Austro-Asiatic, 389 Channa, 151 Austronesian, 389 Gandara art, 154 Avars, 164, 198, 241 Gautama, Siddhartha, 151

450

Index

Kanishka, 154 chivalric bullﬁght, 348 Kanthaka, 151 chivalry, 203, 277, 336–338 Mahayana, 154 dubbing, 337 Maitreya, 155, 210 Christianity mandala, 109 Arians, 196 pagoda, 154 Donatists, 196 stupa, 151, 169 Greco-Roman, 205 swastika, 152 Greek Orthodox, 199 White Horse temple, 155 Monophysites, 217 Xuanzang, 159 Nestorianism, 158, 302, 307, 309 Buenos Aires, 375, 377, 393, 394 Papacy, 260, 263, 268, 307, 309, 367 buffalo, 372, 374 Protestantism, 329 Burkhan Khaldun. See world mountain, Cimmerians, 116 Burkhan Khaldun circuitous procession, 169, 180 bushi, 319 circumscribed alluvial states, 27, 93, 355, Buyids, 228, 233 359, 380 Byzantium, 205. See also Constantinople cold-weather adaptability, 39 Colosseum, 193 Cabral, 364 Columbus, Christopher, 351–353 Caesar, Julius, 185 Comanche, 371, 386 Cajamarca, 362 Commagene, 210–211 Calatrava, 279 Confucians, 306, 307 Cannae, 183 Confucius, 138 cannon, 276, 301, 344, 391, 400 conical hats, 50, 313 cannon bone, 7 Constantinople, 209, 236, 244, 271, 325, 328 Caper, 393 Constantine, 205 carpet manufacture, 72, 84 fortresses, 259 Carrhae, 204 Hagia Sophia, 206–208 Carthage, 182, 183–184 Heraclius, 212 castle, 276 Hippodrome, 271 catacomb (2500-1900 bc), 50 Lysippos’ golden horses, 206, 271 Cathar heresy, 279 Nika revolt, 206 cattle, 8, 23, 29, 34, 40, 48, 58, 80, 117, 136, Copernicus, 246, 366 140, 336, 348, 371, 375, 377, 392, Copts, 275. See also Christianity, 396 Monophysites cauldron, 115, 201, 320 Corded Ware, 48 Celts, 173–175, 403 Cordoba, 238, 244 centaur, 96, 176–178 Coricancha Temple of the Sun, 361 centum languages, 58 Coronado, 371 Chagataids, 324, 331 Cortes’s conquest of the Mexica, 357–359 chalan. See gaucho cosmic tent, 123, 132, 194 chansons de geste, 239, 345, 378 cosmology Charlemagne, 239 Celtic, 174 Roland, 241, 255 Indo-Aryan, 174 romances fronterizos, 348 Japanese, 319–320 Charge of the Light Brigade, 400 medieval European, 336 Charlemagne, 198, 241, 261, 343 Persian, 255 chess, 338 Scythian, 86–88 chestnuts, 10 Council of Clermont 1095, 260 Chimu, 360 courtly love, 345 Chinese dancing horses, 149 Covadonga, 238, 344

451

Index

Crassus, 185, 204 Qadasiya, 221 Crazy Horse, 374 ridda, 216 Cris (5600 bc), 29 Yarmuk, 217 Croesus, 120 early wheeled technology, 45–46 Crusades, 248, 260–272 cart, 45, 46, 55, 73, 95, 96, 111n, 141, 308, Cucuteni-Tripolye (4900-3400 bc), 376 29 crossbar type wheel, 74 Curmos, 308, 327 disc wheel, 73–74 Cuzco, 361 dispersed habitation, 45 Cyaxares, 120 draught pole, 76 Cyrus II, 86, 120, 122 early draught unsuited to horse religious tolerance, 121 anatomy, 46, 73, 96–97, 161 farm efﬁciency, 45 danastuti (coda of verses), 110 funerary models, 46 Darius I, 123–125, 126, 382 iron hoop tire, 172 Darius III, 130 lunate-opening type wheel, 74 Dark Ages, 334 Mesoamerican wheel, 354, 383 Delphi, 193 metal tire, 95 Dhar Tichitt-Walata, 219 pivoted front axle, 172 dhimmi, 222, 237 rawhide tire, 95 diastema, 11, 37 traces, 84 diet, 12, 13 transportation, 45 dismemberment, 78, 89, 122, 137, 153 wagon, 45, 46, 51, 52, 52f, 60, 68, 73, 95, Orpheus, 153 96, 172, 220n, 329, 373, 392, 393 Divine Twins. See Asvins el Cid, 255, 345 Dnieper-Donets (5100-4100 bc), 32 elephants, 131, 183, 221 dog, 22, 36, 372 encomiendas, 279 Dome of the Rock, 244 environmental devastation, 295, 386 Domus aurea, 193 ephedra, 56 Dongola, 275 Epona, 113, 188 donkey, 14, 23, 24, 40, 43, 45f, 47, 95, 141, equid hybrids 172, 335, 388, 398, 401 hinny (jennet), 24 donkey seat, 44 mule, 24, 73, 100, 104, 191, 308, 335 unsuited to riding, 24 onager bred with donkey, 24, 52 Dorians, 176 zebra bred with horse or donkey, 24 Drake, Francis, 367 equid miniaturization, 23 drift mine, 49 equid social systems, 14–15 dromedary, 212–213, 216, 219, 235 Equidae, 6–12 Druids, 174, 186 Anchitherium, 349 cursoriality, 8–9 early Islam digestion, 8 Alids, 224 Dinohippus, 10 Buraq, white horse, 214 Equus, 6, 10–12, 20 Caliph Abu Bakr, 216 Equus hydruntinus, 13, 32 Caliph Uthman, 223 Hipparion, 9, 349 ﬁve pillars of, 215 Hippidion, 10 Hashimites, 223 hypsodonty, 8 Husayn, 224 Hyracotherium, 7 jihad, 217 Leisey equids, 41 Muhammad, 214–215 Merychippus, 8–9 Nihavand, 222 Mesohippus, 7

452

Index

Miohippus, 7, 8 Reagan, Ronald, 402–403 monodactyly, 10 Scythian king, 88–89 Onohippidium, 10 Shang horse and human sacrifice, 139f Parahippus, 8 Syezzhe, 34 Pliohippus, 10 Varfolomievka, 35 tridactyly, 7, 10 Wellington’s military salute to Equus ferus przewalskii, 14, 17, 19, 40, 218, warhorse, 399 297, 403 funerary tomb tower, 311 breeding in zoos, 18–19 capturing expeditions in the wild, 18 Galileo, 366 restoration in the wild, 19–20 gang rape, 186 Eratosthenes, 133 Gansu horse, 147 ergots, 10 Garamantes, 182 Euclid, 133 gaucho, 375–377 eunuch, 121, 243, 254 Gaugamela, 130 exposure of dead, 51, 117 Geebung Polo Club, 397 Genghis khan, 281–282. See also Temujin Falz-Fein, Friedrich von, 18 exploratory probe into Europe, 295 faris, 263 funeral, 297 Fatimids, 248, 259, 265 invasion of China, 292 Fatyanovo-Balanovo, 48 invasion of Khwarizmia, 295 Fedorovo, 50 Ghana, 249 feigned retreat, 331 Ghazan, 309 Ferghana, 147 ghazi, 233, 276 Fierro, Martin, 376–377 ghulam, 232 fossil equids. See Equidae Gibraltar, 237 Frederick Barbarossa, 268 goat, 18, 22, 23, 34, 41, 58, 70n, 71, 89, 136, French fur trappers, 373 212, 285, 392 funerary ritual involving the horse, Golden Bull of Rimini, 276 33–34 Golden Horde, 301. See also Kipchak Alexander’s funeral for Bucephalus, khanate 131 Gordion knot, 129 Alexandropol, 80 Granicus, 129 Arzhan, 81 Great Mongol Shahnameh, 312 Botai horse skull circle, 36 Great Wall of China, 142, 142n Cyrus horse sacrifice, 122 Guadalete, 237 Dashly 3, 109 gunpowder, 315 Deccan horse sacrifice, 109 Gypsies, 108 Europe, paired horse skulls and chariot, 166 haciendas, 348 Gross-Hoflein, 42 Hadrian’s wall, 190 head-and-hoof offering, 34, 35f, 51, 53 Hallstatt, 171–172 Hittite horse sacrifice, 94 Han, 142, 162 Jos horse sacrifice, 182 hands (measurement), 7n Khvalynsk, 34 haoma. See sauma cult Late Maikop, 80 Hausa, 250 Lchashen horse burials, 74 heavenly horses, 146 Mongol horse sacrifice, 298 Heike Monogatari, 321 Patroclos’s funeral pyre, 103 Hephaestion, 132 Pazyryk, 86 Heracles, 112, 255, 348 Qin Shi Huangdi’s necropolis, 142 heroic poetry, 81

453

Index

high gait, 39 intensive mixed farming, 336 High Noon, 379 Kesselwagen cultic model, 172 hillfort, 172 movable forecarriage, 369 Hipparchus, 133 pack animal, 40, 44, 46, 64, 369 Hittites, 94 practice for war, 284 hloitos oath, 60 rapid horse transport, 336 Hmong-Mien, 389 saddle, 63, 85–86, 105, 142, 189, 241, Holocene, 10n, 13, 17, 21 373 honey mead (madhu), 112 saddle cloth, 85 hoof, 8 scythed chariot, 130, 133, 134 horse artillery, 393–394 speed of travel, 63, 65, 188, 308, 383 horse contests spoked wheel, 74, 75, 84, 137 buzkashi, 89–91, 398 stage coach, 370 chariot racing, 103, 170, 191–192, 206 stirrup Circus Maximus, 191 cast iron, 164 Hippodrome, 206 hook, 163 horse racing, 142, 205 nonrigid, 163, 375 naadam, 330 wooden, 164, 373 Palio of Siena, 338–341 trace harness, 162, 164, 334–336 polo, 156, 253, 274, 324, 327, 394 traces, 76 racing factions, 192, 206 Trundholm sun chariot, 171 tournament, 339 whippletree, 162 horse domestication yoke saddle, 76, 84, 85f, 97–98 Botai, 35–37 horse unsuited to humid tropics, 236, Dereivka, 32–33 250–251, 295, 363–364, 390–391, 393 eastern Europe, 41 tsetse fly, 250 horse extinction in New World, 10, 350, horseless carriage, 403 353, 384 Hospitalers, 263, 278, 330, 366, 367 horse maritime transport, 5, 127, 261–262, huaso. See gaucho 352, 353 Hulegu, 303, 309 horse power human sacrifice, 88, 137, 168–169, 182, 279, carriage, 84, 142, 162, 370, 403 285, 298, 343 cavalry, 66, 92, 106–107, 120, 125, 133, Hundred Years’ War, 342 140, 142, 144, 183, 189, 219, 221, 236, Hungary, 276 241, 263, 276, 282, 289, 309, 318, 329, Huns, 148, 195, 196–198 373, 377, 389, 394, 400, 401 Attila, 197 chariot, 51–52, 53, 66, 74–76, 96, 98, 111, Hyksos, 95 125, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139–140, 152, 176, 182, 186, 389, 403 Idrisi, 245 contoured collar harness, 162, 334–336 Iliad, 128 contoured pad, 85 Ilkhanate, 324, 331 dished wheel, 369 imam, 225, 326 dual character of, 1–2, 245, 298, 310, 318, imperial road construction, 124, 141, 188 402 incidental riding, 44, 47, 65 furusiyya, exercise for war, 274 India, 395 hipposandal, 190 Indo-European origins, 57 horse shoe, iron, 191, 241 Indra, 111 horse shoe, silver, 365 Inquisition, 348, 376 hunt, exercise for war, 289, 296, 306 instruments industrial horse transport, 369–370 flute, 90, 160 integral nave, 98 harp, 84

454

Index

lute, 321 Kusanagi, sacred sword of Japan, 320 violin, precursor of, 160 Kushan state, 151, 155, 210 wooden soundboard, 160 investiture ritual involving the horse La Tene, 173 Asvamedha, 115 Lake Baljuna, 286 Darius I, 123 Las Navas de Tolosa, 348 Epomeduos, 115 Lchashen, 74, 137 Stonehenge, 171 lead mare, 40, 64 Iron Horse, 374 Lefebvre des Noettes, 96 Isabel of Castille, 351 Legalism Isfahan, 327 Han Feizi, 139 Ismail, 326 Leibniz, 366 Issus, 130 Leopold of Austria, 269, 270 Ivan the Terrible, 331 Lepanto, 278, 367 ivory, 182 Linzhu canal, 141 Little Bighorn, 374 jade, 136 llama, 64n, 382 Japan, 318–323 llanero. See gaucho Jebei, 286, 295 long bowmen, 341 jihad, 265, 325 Los Toldos, 384 Joan of Arc, 342–343 Jones, William, 57 Macha, 113 Judaism, 261 Magellan, Ferdinand, 280, 367 Babylonian Talmud, 236 Magi, 122, 123, 143 Khazars, 158 Mahabharata, 111 Maimonides, 247 mahdi, 224, 226 midrash, 236 Mahmud of Ghazna, 233–234 Radanites, 158 Makran desert, 132 Rashid al-Din, 312 Mali, 249 Sephards, 242 Malta, 278, 366 Solomon, 100 Mamluks, 273–274, 276, 301, 303, 309, 324, 399 Kadesh, 100–101 Manco Inka, 363 Kanem-Bornu, 250 Manichaeism, 159 Karakorum, 302 Uighurs, 159 Karbala, 224, 310, 330 Manzikert, 259 Karum Kanesh II (Kultepe), 52 Mapuche. See Araucanians Kassites, 95 Marathon, 127 khagan, 287, 297 Marcus Aurelius, 190 Kharijites, 223, 248 maritime exploration, 351 Khubilai khan, 304–308, 309 maritime horse transport, 271, 272 invasion of Japan, 322 Martel, Charles, 238–239, 343 khuriltai, 287, 330 Massagetae, 116, 122, 131 Khwarizmi, 246 Massalia, 182 Kikkuli’s manual, 98–99 Masudi, 245 Kipchak khanate, 276, 301, 303, mate-defense polygyny, 39 331 mawali, 222 knight, 164, 260, 261, 271, 277, 333, Maya calendar, 355 337, 344, 353, 378 Mehmed II, 328 Kosovo, 277, 328 Menandros, 151 kurgan. See tumulus merchant associations, 308

455

Index

Mesoamerican wheel, 384 Nazca, 360 metallurgy, 25–27 Nechao, circumnavigation of Africa, 182 Ai Bunar, copper and gold, 29 Neolithic, 135 animal style art, 78–79, 138, 151 Neolithic revolution, 22–25 arsenic bronze, 360 New World agriculture, 354, 359 bauxite, 365 Amerindian crops revolutionize world bronze, 48 agriculture, 368–369 bronze and iron chariot fixtures, 76 chinampas, 356 bronze, silver, and gold horse trappings, waru-waru system, 360 78 Newton, Isaac, 366 cast iron and steel, 316–317 Nilo-Chadic Sahel, 275 copper, 354 Nisaean horse, 119, 126, 176 copper ornaments, 33 No drama, 323 gold, 48, 49, 50, 80, 81, 136, 182, 213, 236, Norse settlement in New World, 350 243, 248, 272, 302, 354, 360, 365, 367 Norte Chico, 359 iron, 48, 49, 94, 116, 145, 171, 182, 219, 319 Ogedei expansion, 298–301 lost-wax casting, 50, 80, 106, 360 Ohrmazd, 211, 255. See also metal tools, 73 Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda Potosi, 365 Old World diseases, 358 silver, 48, 272, 354, 360, 365, 367 Huayna Capac, 362 socketed spears, 50 Olmec, 354, 369 steel, 145, 342 omphalos, 339 tin, 44, 167 onager, 32. See also Equidae, Equus tin bronze, 50, 166, 360 Onate, 371 tumbaga, copper-gold alloy, 360 one-toed adaptation. See Equidae, wootz steel, 213, 223, 243 monodactyly Zacatecas, 371 opposition to early-riding hypothesis, 33 zinc, 365 antler-tine tools, 42 Ming, 350, 394 no definitive pictorial representation, Ming maritime explorations, 325 42 Mitanni, 95 pathological malocclusion, 41 Mithra, 55 Orellana, 364 mitochondrial DNA studies, 40 Ossetes, 148, 195, 200 Moche, 360 Ottomans, 277, 278, 295, 325, 326, 327, Moctezuma, 357 332, 353 Mongke, 303 Otumba, 358 Mongol decimal organization, 287 Mongol prohibition on looting, 286 padded digits, 7 Mongol winter invasion, 299 Panathenaia, 179–181 Monte Alban, 354 paper, 161, 222 Mughals, 325–326, 393 paper currency, 308, 314 Muhammad ibn Abd Allah. See early parietal art. See rupestrian art Islam, Muhammad Parthian shot, 63, 77, 106 Musa of Mali, 275 Parthians, 150, 211 passports, 161, 296 Nafi, Uqba ibn, 235 pastoral nomadism, 63 Najaf, 330 Pax mongolica, 308 Napoleon, 276, 278 Peipus, lake, 277 nasij, 285, 302, 310–311, 314 penning, 36 Natufian culture, 22 Pepkino, 44

456

Index

periphery adaptation, 28 Rgveda, 54, 109, 111, 117, 152 perissodactyl, 7 Rhazes, 247 Persepolis, 126 Rhodes, 278, 330 petroglyphs. See rupestrian art ribat, 222, 232, 248, 276 Pharusii, 182 Richard the Lionheart, 268, 270 Pheidippides, 127 Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 155 Philip Augustus, 268 Roman Pantheon, 194 Phoenicians, 182 Ron tribesmen, 182 Phrygian cap, 50, 63, 321f Rouran. See Avars pig, 23, 58, 60 rubber ball game, 355 pike phalanx, 341 Rubruk, William of, 302 Pit-grave. See Yamnaya rupestrian art, 16, 50, 76, 82, 97, 218 Pizarro’s conquest of the Inka, 360–363 sacred fire, 72, 82, 109, 112, 122, 209 Plano Carpini, John of, 302 agnicayana hearth, 152 Pleistocene, 10, 10n, 41, 384 cremation, 82, 109, 112, 153 Poitiers, 238 fire-goddess Vesta (Gr. Hestia), 112 poleaxing, 36 fire-priest Dadhyanc, 112 polo. See horse contests, polo prutaneion, 112 Polo, Marco, 307 torch race, 180 Pontic-Caspian steppe, 29 populous religions, 387 Safavids, 229, 326, 327 Porus, king of the Pauravas, 131 Sainte Chapelle, 271 practice for war, 149, 339 Sajo river, 301 Preveza, 330 Saka, 116, 125, 131, 148, 151, 254 printing, 307, 314–315 Saladin, 267 Gutenberg, 315 Salamis, 127, 399 proto-Finno-Ugric, 59 Samanids, 232, 246 proto-Indo-European (PIE), 58 Samarkand, 325 Prussians, 277 samurai, 320–322 Przewalski horse. See Equus ferus Sanhadjas, 236, 248 przewalskii Santiago, 279, 347 Przewalski, Nikolai Michailovich, 17 Santiago de Compostela, 239, 243, 252, Ptolemy, 132 344 Pueblos, 371 Saracens, 264 Sarai, 301 qanats, 124 Sarmatians, 116, 161, 190, 199, 242 Qayrawan, 247 Sasanians, 211, 254 Qin, 141–142 satem languages, 58 Qin Shi Huangdi, 389 sauma cult, 109 Queseras del Medio, 377 Sayid Alim khan, 331 quipu, 360, 382 scalping, 85, 372 Scythians, 116, 120 Rabban Markos, 307 Secret History of the Mongols, 282–288 Rabban Sauma, 307 Seima-Turbino, 50, 136 Ramayana, 111 self-sacrifice Rawlinson, Henry, 123 auto-flagellation, 228 Reconquista, 280 Constantine XI Palaeologus, 328 religious tolerance, 288, 305, 306–307 self-immolation, 112 Renaissance, 328, 332, 338 self-mutilation, 88 Repin, 38 seppuku (ritual suicide), 322 Revere, Paul, 372 Selim, 328

457

Index

Seljuks, 234–235, 259, 327 Solutre, 16–17 Malik Shah, 259 soma. See sauma cult Toghril, 234 Song, 281 seminomadic pastoralism, 45 Songhay, 250 Semirechye, 50 Spanish Riding Academy in Vienna, 366, Shahnameh, 253–259 404 Afrasiyab, 255, 258 Spartacus, 185 Firdausi, 254 Spruyyte, J., 97 Kai Khosrau, 258 Sredni Stog (4200-3500 bc), 32, 60 Rakhsh, 256, 258 Srubnaya (1800-1200 bc), 50 Rustam, 255–258, 312 Standard of Ur, 95 Suhrab, 257 standardization of measures, 124, 141, Tahminah, 256 151 Turanians, 255 Stonehenge, 169 Shang, 136 summer solstice, 170 sheep, 18, 22, 23, 34, 39, 41, 46, 47n, 56, 58, Strettweg wagon model. See horse power, 80, 88, 89, 136, 149, 207, 212, 285, 308, Kesselwagen cultic model 336, 371, 392 Subedei, 295, 299, 301 Shigi Khutukhu, 288 Suleiman the Magniﬁcent, 329–330 Shiite, Shia (shiat Ali), 223, 224, 310 Sunni, 224, 266, 326, 330 hashshashin, 266. See also Assassins suttee, 56 Muharram, 223, 228, 229 Swat, 54 Old Man of the Mountain, 266 Sevener Shiites, 226, 266 Tabriz, 309, 311, 312, 314 Taziyeh, 226–231 Tai-Kadai, 389 Twelver Shiites, 225, 326 Taj Mahal, 312 Shire horse, 369 takhi (Mongolian). See Equus ferus shogun, 321 przewalskii Sicily, 260 Talas, 222 siege warfare, 289, 292, 294 Tamerlane, 324–325 Silk Road, 148, 155, 156 architecture, 325 amber, 156 Tang, 156, 160, 281 diamonds, 156 Tanguts, 281, 297 ivory, 156 Tannenberg, 277 lapis lazuli, 156 Taoism, 306 ornamental blown glass, 156 Lao-tzu, 138 ostriches, 156 Tarim Basin pearls, 156 Europoid mummies, 55–56 silkworm eggs, 161 Tocharian, 56, 60 water sleeves, 160 tarpan, 17 Sintashta-Petrovka, 51–52 Tawantinsuyu, 361 sipahi, 329 Tazabagyab, 54 Sitting Bull, 374 tea, 149 Siyavush, 89, 227, 253, 258 Tehuelche, 375 skull trophy, 88, 144 Telamon, 175 slavery, 88, 157, 158, 160, 185, 187, 232, 234, Templars, 262–263, 264, 278 235, 236–237, 238, 244, 259, 301, 330, Temujin, 283, 284. See also Genghis khan 345, 368, 370, 392 Tengri, 287, 297 Socotra, 23 Tenochtitlan, 356 Sogdians, 131, 157 Teotihuacan, 355 sohei (warrior Buddhist monks), 321 Teutonic knights, 263, 276, 300

458

Index

textiles Maikop, 80 cotton, 80, 156, 213 Nemrud Dagi, 210 linen, 93 Pazyryk, 82–86 silk, 84, 109, 144, 149, 156, 161, 213, 289 Uighurs, 287 woolen, 72, 83 Umayyads, 223, 242–243 The Seven Samurai, 323 unicorn, 338 theological debate, 302 Urnﬁeld, 171 Thermopylae, 127 Utrar, 293 tholos, 51, 152, 193 thong smoothers, 36 Vakhsh, 54 three-toed adaptation. See Equidae, Valerian, 211 tridactyly Vandals, 195–196 timber circle, 166 vaquero. See gaucho Qawrighul, 82 Vercingetorix, 185 Stonehenge, 168 Vienna, siege of, 329 Timber-grave. See Srubnaya Villa, Pancho, 377 Tiwanaku, 360 Visigoths, 195 Tlaxcala, 357 viticulture, 172 Toledo, 260 Vucedol, 165 Tomyris, 86, 122 transmigration Waler, 395 Celtic, 153 Wari, 360 Greek, 153 warrior band Vedic, 153 Diberga, 116n travois, 372 Ephebes, 116n tree of life, 79, 80, 86, 154, 297, 402 Krypteia, 116n trellis tent, 67–73 mairiia, 116, 255, 276 ceremony, 72, 297 Mannerbund, 117 microcosm of the universe, 70 marya, 116 roof wheel, 69–71 maryannu, 95 tent wall, 68 Wellington, 399 “trick or treat” extortion, 145 White Feast, 305 Trojan war winged horse, 173 Achilles, 103, 129, 130, 255 Pegasus, 178 Agamemnon, 102, 255 wolf tooth. See diastema Hector, 103 wooly ﬂeece, 23 Menelaos, 102 world mountain, 80, 121, 293, 297 Odysseus, 103 Burkhan Khaldun, 283, 287, 298, Patroclos, 102 330 Trojan horse, 104, 151 Capitol Hill, 402 trousers, 50, 56, 64, 72, 126, 140, 142, 160, Nemrud Dagi, 210 174, 313, 403 writing systems Troy, 101–102 Arabic, 244 tugh, 283, 287, 297, 329 cuneiform, 93, 94 tumulus, 46, 48, 51, 67, 79–80, 88, 103, 114, Greek alphabet, 209 127, 142, 152, 165, 166, 174, 210, 318 hieroglyphics, 93 Alexandropol, 80–81 Latin alphabet, 188 Arzhan, 81, 166 Phoenician consonantal system, 104 cromlech, 80, 168 small seal, 141 Deccan, 109 Uighur alphabet, 287, 307

459

Index

Wudi, 146 Zama, 184 Wuling of Zhao, 140 Zapata, Emiliano, 377 Wusun/Alans, 116, 146, 148 Zarqali, 246 zebra, 12, 14, 17, 24, 219, 220n, 392. Xenophon, 128 See also Equidae, Equus, 11n Xerxes, 127 zero, 131, 245–246, 383 Xinjiang, 19, 55n, 389, 415 Zhang Qian, 146 Xiongnu, 143–145, 149, 287 Zhou, 138–139 heqin, brides for bribes, 144 Zoroastrianism, 254 Modu, chanyu, 143–144 Ahura Mazda, 117, 205 Amesha Spentas, 117 yabusame martial art, 319 Angra Mainyu, 118 yam post stations, 296, 307 Avesta, 109, 117 Yamato-takeru, 320. See also Arthur Fravashis, 157 Yamnaya (3500-2400 bc), 44–49, 60 Gathas, 117 Yasa, 288, 301 Magi, 209 Yelu Chucai, 292, 294, 304 saoshyant, 118 yeniceri, 329 Yashts, 117 Yuezhi, 143, 151, 156, 195 Zarathustra, 117, 118

460