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Biotechnology Activities in South Africa by Sector 86 1

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Biotechnology Activities in South Africa by Sector 86 1 Compiled by Dr Michelle Mulder Idea to Industry cc With contributions from Dr Torsten Henschel Biotechnology Industry Consultant National Biotech Survey 2003 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMAR Y The present survey of biotechnology activities in South Africa (SA) was aimed at establishing the current state of the industry. This report provides an outline of the biotechnology industry in South Africa, and covers activities in academia, industry, government, and support organizations, based on both primary and secondary research. Data for the survey was collected from secondary sources, an email questionnaire, and in-person and telephonic interviews. Data was accumulated for 84% of the research stakeholders and >90% of the companies. It is important that the results from the survey are interpreted within the following constraints: - biotechnology refers to a set of processes or technologies and is not an industry or output, therefore one cannot use a statistical industry-based framework for analysis - biotechnology spans a wide range of different sectors and activities and the boundaries are difficult to define - the industry in South Africa is fragmented and clouded in secrecy, which makes the identification of stakeholders and their respective activities challenging - due to the cross-cutting nature of biotechnology and the fact that it does not fall into any specific industry classifications, trade data is difficult to come by The biotechnology industry in South Africa is small by international standards but has a substantial pipeline of potential new products and processes in the research and development stage. South Africa has great potential for the further development of the industry with the following contributing factors in its favour: - a sophisticated and lengthy tradition of first generation biotechnology - world-class researchers and research institutions - a pipeline of projects that could lead to new products or processes - an unrivalled biodiversity and biological resource base - indigenous medical knowledge going back centuries - access to a large human genetic diversity pool - access to a high number of clinical samples for major infectious diseases - a relatively low cost base for research, product development and manufacturing - a sound legal and regulatory framework, and a world-class banking system and ICT infrastructure Despite these factors, IP generation and technology transfer in the biotechnology field to date have been slow and inefficient. The major factors inhibiting the biotechnology industry to date include: - a general lack of cohesion in research programmes - a shortage of market-focused research and a relatively low tendency among academics to commercialize research - a scarcity of suitably qualified R&D personnel, particularly at the MSc and PhD levels - a lack of clear IP policies that incentivize commercialization - an overall lack of confidence in African governments, which affects foreign investment - an increasing dependence on imported products, machinery, equipment, materials and technologies National Biotech Survey 2003 3 - a relatively small local market - a severe shortage of entrepreneurial and technology transfer skills and mechanisms - insufficient public and private funding for research and product commercialization Biotechnology activities in South Africa span the full pipeline from fundamental research to product development and commercialization, and include services that make use of biotechnologies as well as support services for biotechnology stakeholders. For the purposes of the survey, stakeholders were divided into the following categories: Research stakeholders Research projects • biotech projects/stakeholders - projects that are specifically intended to develop a new product or process for application in industry • potential biotech projects/stakeholders - projects that are not directly aimed at developing a new product or service but have potential applications in industry • biotech services - projects in which a service is provided in biotechnology, e.g. specific clinical trials, technology platforms etc. Biotechnology Companies • Core biotechnology companies - companies whose business is entirely or substantially biotechnology related and that have a significant commitment to technological innovation • Non-core biotechnology companies - companies that do not have biotechnology as their core focus but utilize biotechnology in some aspects of their general business activities or participate in biotechnology research and development Biotechnology can be used in a large number of different industries and processes. A comprehensive review of all potential companies in South Africa that may utilize biotechnology to some degree was beyond the scope of this survey. Instead, the survey has concentrated on core biotechnology companies and companies that are participating in or co-funding biotechnology research and development. It is therefore unlikely that the database includes all non-core biotechnology companies in SA. The survey identified 106 companies participating in biotechnology activities, including 47 core and 59 non-core biotechnology companies/organizations. Emphasis was placed on the modern biotechnology companies; therefore the list does not include the larger brewing, food & beverage, and wine companies, unless they are involved in developing innovative products using modern technologies. The majority of core biotechnology companies are situated in Gauteng (41%) and the Western Cape (37%). Kwazulu Natal also boasts a number of core biotechnology companies (15%), while the rest of the provinces do not feature significantly in this sample. The human health sector has the highest representation in terms of numbers of core biotechnology companies (39%), followed by the support services sector (13%). The rest of the companies are fairly evenly spread across the plant, animal health, food & beverage, industrial, and environmental sectors, with a small proportion of companies (3%) contributing to the “other” category. National Biotech Survey 2003 4 At least 59 non-core biotechnology companies were identified. The majority of non-core biotechnology companies in the sample are situated in Gauteng (38%) and the Western Cape (37%), and are active in the plant sector (26%). The second largest sectors represented in this sample are the human health and industrial sectors (15% each). A relatively small number of core biotechnology companies were established before 1986, followed by a period of inactivity in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, and a relatively steady start-up rate of, on average, 2 new companies per annum between 1992 and the present. An analysis of 40 core biotechnology companies reveals a relatively even distribution of new start-ups, spin-offs from research groups, and spin-offs from another enterprise. Research groups represent an important source of new innovations for commercialization in the future. In line with international trends, the majority of core biotechnology companies in SA are relatively small, i.e. have a staff complement of less than 50. The majority of core and non-core biotechnology companies in SA are involved in either the extraction or production of products using relatively “low-tech,” though modern methods. In many of these cases, the novelty is in the application of the products to new problems. This result reveals the hidden danger of excessive focus on terms such as 3rd generation biotechnology in the SA context, since our historic advantage is built on 1st generation biotechnologies, some of which are highly sophisticated and globally competitive. A total of 622 research groups were identified as being involved in biotechnology-related activities, with 296 classified as “biotech,” 205 as “potential biotech,” and 178 as “biotech services”. 57 of the stakeholders in the latter group overlap with “biotech” and “potential biotech” stakeholders. The majority of relevant research stakeholders are operating from the Western Cape, followed by Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and the Free State. Researchers developing biotechnology products are working predominantly in the human health sector, followed by the plant, industrial, and food & beverage sectors, in that order. Group leaders within departments were targeted in the survey, rather than only department heads, therefore the majority of the research groups are small, i.e. consist of 1- 10 people. A total of 911 projects relevant to biotechnology were identified, including projects undertaken by both research and industry stakeholders. The majority of research projects are being conducted in the Western Cape, followed by Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and Free State; while the dominant sector in terms of projects aimed at developing a product, is plant biotechnology, followed by human health and industrial. Research projects that have the potential to lead to a product fall predominantly within the human health sector, followed by the plant sector. The overall dominant focus areas for each of the sectors are as follows: - human health - therapeutics, diagnostics, phytopharmaceuticals, natural health products and disease physiology - animal health - vaccines and diagnostics - plant - GM crops, plant propagation, traditional breeding, and biological control - food & beverage - food ingredients, food analysis, probiotics, nutraceuticals and food processing - industrial - enzymes, bioproduction and bioprocessing - environmental - waste treatment, bioremediation and water purification National Biotech Survey 2003
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