Poisonous Plants of Utah

Great Basin Naturalist

Volume 40 Number 3 Article 5

9-30-1980

Jack D. Brotherson Brigham Young University

Lee A. Szyska Brigham Young University

William E. Evenson Brigham Young University

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Recommended Citation Brotherson, Jack D.; Szyska, Lee A.; and Evenson, William E. (1980) "Poisonous plants of Utah," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 40 : No. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol40/iss3/5

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. POISONOUS PLANTS OF UTAH

Jack D. Brotherson.' Lee A. Szyska,' and William E. Evenson-

Abstr\ct.— a list of the major livestock-poisoning plants has been compiled for the state of Utah. Two hundred fifteen taxa representing 36 families. 119 genera, and 209 species occur within the state. Fortv-one percent are from two families, the Asteraceae and the Fabaceae. The remaining families of major imjx)rtance are: Poaceae, Ranuncu- laceae. Solanaceae. Chenopodiaceae. Brassicaceae. .\scelpiadaceae, Liliaceae. and Euphorbiaceae. Sixtv-nine percent of the genera occur with a single species. Thirty-three percent of the ta.xa are introduced to the state. .Most of the plants are insect pollinated; 57 percent are herbaceous perennials.

Most livestock poisoning occurs during the spring. This is due both to concentration of toxins in emerging vegetation and to the absence of more suitable forage on late winter and spring ranges. Green herbage is poisoning in about 80 percent of all taxa, seeds and fruits in about 15 percent, and the remaining 5 percent have toxic compounds confined to flower heads, sap. tubers, or roots. Disturbed or cultivated habitats and poorlv managed range harbor the greatest diversity of poisonous plants. Wetlands contain fewer poisonous taxa than do xeric or mesic areas. The predominating plant toxins are various alkaloids and glycosides. Sixteen percent of the plants have un- characterized toxins. Cattle and sheep are more susceptible to poisoning than are horses, swine, or poultrw

Records document man's encounters with with specialists in botany and toxicolog}-. poisonous plants since ancient times. Thev Much of the descriptive literature on poi- have played both positive and negative roles sonous plants is redundant, consequently, in human cult\ire (Dayton 1948). This con- only the more recent works are cited here. spicuous dualitv of poisonous plants remains Criteria used in compiling the list of poi- a major concern for range management. sonous plants were:

Kingsbury's (1964) manual on the poisonous 1. The ta.xon had to be sufficientlv abun-

plants of the United States and Canada was dant I either native or introduced) in designed to aid veterinarians and ranchers in natural ecosystems to constitute a legiti- recognizing poisonous plants and the svmp- mate threat to livestock or wildlife. For toms they produce in poisoned livestock. Val- example, some species of the genus As- entine (1978^ prepared an extensive bibliog- tragalus are known to be toxic but are raphv on the poisonous plants of American not abundant enough within the state to rangelands, and numerous works have been be considered dangerous (Williams and published dealing with local species lists and Bameby 1977). descriptions (Evers 1972, Mihalopoulus 1974, 2. Ornamentals were included only if they

Schmutz et al. 1968. Stoddard et al. 1949. have escaped widelv from cultivation. USDA 1968). Such plants are frequent along ecotones

The scope of this paper is twofold: to pro- or in disturbed habitats.

\"ide a list of taxa of the major poisonous 3. Suspicions of toxicity had to be reason- plants of Utah, and to present some general abh well-founded. The genus Astra- patterns observed among poisonous plants galus, for example, is represented by within the state. It is hoped that this anno- more than 100 species in Utah (Welsh tated compilation and discussion will prove 1978), but only those ta.xa demonstrably useful to range managers and biologists alike. to.xic were included in the present listing. NL\TERIALS .\.ND METHODS Additional variables considered for each Data on poisonous taxa were gleaned from taxon were: life history strategy (annual. the published literature and by consultation biennial, perennial), patchiness of distribu-

Department of Botany and Range Science. Brigham Young University, Provo, l"tah &4602. Department of Phvsics and .\stronomv. Brigham Young University. Provo, Utah 84602.

229 230 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3 tion, occurrence as a cultivar or as a common range plant, growth form (vine, forb, grass, shrub, or tree), generalized habitat require- ments including elevation, soil texture and acidity, and moisture preference, nature of the toxin and its localization within the plant, seasonality of poisoning, animals affected, specific juvenile mortality and abortifacient properties. Not all variables could be docu- mented for each species.

Results

Taxonomy

Conservatively estimated, Utah has at least 215 major toxic taxa of plants representing 36 families, 119 genera, and 209 species. Thirty- three percent of these taxa are introduced to the state. Two of these 36 families, the Aste- raceae and the Fabaceae contain 41 percent of the total known taxa of poisonous plants

(Table 1). In decreasing order of floral promi- nence, the eight next important families are: Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae, Che- nopodiaceae, Brassicaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Liliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The number

of toxic taxa within a family is not related to the degree of toxicity of individual taxa: two of the most deadly plants, rosary pea or pre- catory bean {Abms precatorious) and poison hemlock {Conium maculatum) belong to the Fabaceae and Apiaceae, one major and one

relatively minor family if numbers alone are considered.

Table 1. Poisonous plant taxa by families.

Family No. taxa Percent of taxa occurring in each family Fabaceae September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 231 serious concern to ranchers. Selenium poisoning by members of the genus Astragalus and other species is an important source of mor- tahty, as is oxalate poisoning by halogeton Halogeton glomeratus) and fivehook bassia Bassia hyssopi folia), and loss of sheep due to photosensitization by plants such as spring jarsley {Cijmoptcrus icatsonii) and St. Johns- .vort {Hypericum fowiosuui). Thus, the com- nonness of a particular plant species or toxin loes not necessarily imply high mortality.

Seasonality and Specificity

Most livestock losses occur in the early pring (Table 3) as animals are turned out into slowly greening range (Evers 1972, Kee- er 1978, Kingsburv 1964, Kreger and Sharp 978, Merrill and Schuster 1978). A second, mailer peak in mortality follows in the sum- ler as the more palatable vegetation withers ^ the heat and toxins are concentrated in ruits and seeds of poisonous species. Cattle are susceptible to poisoning by lore taxa than sheep, with consequently igher mortality rates and greater economic )ss (Nielson 1978). Most of the toxic taxa ommonly found on Utah's rangeland will 'oison all livestock but others are relatively pecies specific (such as Delphinium poison- ig in cattle—ranges infected with the vari- us species of this plant may be safely grazed y sheep). Other poisonous taxa may be razed in moderate amounts without harm if

Iternative palatable forage is available, and inie species, for example, halogeton, can be tilized by sheep if the animals are in- oduced gradually to the plant, allowing leir rumen microflora to adapt to etoxifying large amounts of calcium oxalate ameset al. 1976).

Table 3. Livestock inortalitv bv seasons.

•ason 232 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

lethality. Unless forced by hunger, livestock generally will ignore poisonous plants in favor of more palatable forage.

2. Removal of susceptible animals.

3. Provision of sufficient alternate forage

if animals must be turned onto ranges in early spring before palatable plants are abundant.

4. Scheduling of range use around livestock susceptibility patterns. There are several good reviews of management practices (Evers 1972, Keeler 1978, Knieger and Sharp 1978, Merrill and Schus- ter 1978), and the range literature abounds in articles dealing with specific plants and their effects (see Valentine 1978 for a com- prehensive listing). The purpose of the present paper is not to review management tech- niques in detail, but primarily to provide an updated listing of Utah's dangerous flora. Further research needs to be done not only in management but in toxicology and pharma- cology so that control of poisonous plants will be a matter of understanding instead of irradication and vast areas of range can again be utilized and productive.

POISONOUS PLANTS OF UTAH

The present list of plant taxa was gleaned from published literature and by consultation with experts in botany and toxicology as cited above. Certain plant characteristics are desig- nated for each taxon in parentheses immedi- ately following the taxon name. The abbre- viations are as follows:

p September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 233

Habitat: widely naturalized weed. Animals affected: sheep, cattle, goats, Animals affected: humans (dermatitis). horses, poultry. Reference: S. L. Welsh (personal commu- Reference: Huffman 1956, Kingsbury 1964. nication, 1980). Asclepias fascicularis Decne ex DC. (PNF) Slum suave Walt. (PNF) Common name: Mexican whorled milk- Common name: water parsnip, hemlock weed. water parsnip. Toxin: resinoids, glycosides and an alka- Toxin: unknown. loid. Habitat: marshy lands and wet soils. Habitat: dry hillsides and roadsides; pas- Animals affected: hogs, cattle. tures, moist streamsides. Reference: Fyles 1920, Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: sheep, cattle, goats, horses, fowl.

Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (PNF) Asclepias incarnata L. (PNF) Common name: spreading dogbane. Common name: swamp milkweed. Toxin: resins, glycosides. Toxin: resinoids, glycosides and an alka- Habitat: common weed of open places, in loid. coarse soils along streams, meadows, and Habitat: marshes. wooded hillsides. Animals affected: sheep, cattle, horses, Animals affected: cats, dogs. poultry. Reference: Moore 1909, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Hansen 1924, Kingsbury 1964. Note: The closely related species A. me- Asclepias labriformis Jones (PNF) dium Greene and A. sibericwn niav Jacq. Common name: labriform milkweed. show similar effects. Toxin: resinoids, glycosides and an alkaloid. Apocynum cannabinum L. (PNF) Habitat: in sandy soils along old stream Common name: Indian hemp, dogbane, beds. hemp dogbane. Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: resins, glycosides. Reference: Holmgren 1945, Kingsbury Habitat: common weed of open places, in 1964. coarse soils along streams.

Animals affected: cats, dogs. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. (PNF) Reference: Finnemore 1909, Kingsbury Common name: broadleaf milkweed. 1964. Toxin: resinoids, glycosides and an alkaloid. Nerium oleander L. (PIS) Habitat: dry plains in sandy soils. name: oleander. Common Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: glycosides. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsbury Habitat: cultivated plant, greenhouse 1964, Shrift 1958. street plant in St. George. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Asclepias speciosa Torr. (PNF) Reference: West 1957, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: showy milkweed. Toxin: resinoids, glycosides, and an alkaloid. Asclepiadaceae Habitat: prairies and open areas. Asclepias asperula (Decne) Woodson (PNF) Animals affected: sheep. Common name: asper milkweed, spider Reference: Fleming 1920, Kingsbury 1964. antelopehorn. Toxin: resinoids, glycosides and an alka- Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail (PNF) loid. Common name: whorled milkweed, west-

Habitat: open dry soils, flats, desert swales, ern whorled milkweed. an alka- sandy or rocky hillsides with pinyon, juniper Toxin: resinoids, glycosides and or oak. loid. 234 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40. No. 3

Habitat: dry plains and foothills; spreads Habitat: widely scattered in moist habitats. rapidlv along waterways and irrigation Animals affected: livestock. canals, forming dense stands; prefers sandy Reference: Trealease and Beath 1949. soils. Kingsbury 1964. sheep. .\niinals affected: Aster glaucodes Blake i^PNF^ Reference: Glover 1917, Kingsbiir\- 1964. Common name: gray aster. Toxin: secondary- selenium accumulator. .\steraceae Habitat: moimtains. L. iPNF) Achillea miJlefolium Animals affected: sheep. \arrow. Common name: Reference: Trelease and Beath 1949, glycosides. To.xin: alkaloids and KingsbuT)" 1964. Habitat: various. Animals affected: livestock. Aster laevis L. (PNF) Reference: Hurst 1942, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: smooth aster. Toxin: secondarv selenium accumulator. Nutt. (PNF^ Ambrosia tomentosa Habitat: widely scattered in drv to moist skeleton Common name: white ragweed, habitats. leaf bursage Animals affected: livestock. To.xin: nitrates, imder conditions of over- Reference: Trelease and Beath 1949. fertihzation with too little water. Kingsbur) 1964. Habitat: dr\" plains, hills, waste ground and occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. 6c fields. Aster Grav Animals affected: livestock. iPNF) Reference: Huffman 1956, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: western aster. To.xin: secondary- selenium acctunulator. Anthemis cotula L. (AIF) Habitat: mountain meadows at moderate Common name: dog fennel, mayweed. elevations. ma\Aveed camomile. Animals affected: livestock. Toxin: acrid substance irritating to mucous Reference: Trelease and Beath 1949, membranes. Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: weedy plant of disturbed soils, Aster pauciflorus Nutt. (PNF) fields and waste places; common weed in hay. Common name: fewhead aster. Toxin: secondary- selenium accumulator. .\nimals affected: poultry". Reference: Los Angeles Count}- Livestock Habitat: widespread in saline soils. Department 1938, Kingsbur>- 1964. Animals affected: livestock. (personal Reference: J. D. Brotherson com- Artemisia fiUfoUa Torr. (PNS^ munication. 19801 Common name: sand sagebrush, old man Bahia oppositifolia (Nutt.) DC. iPNF) sagebrush. Common name: bahia. plains bahia. Toxin: volatile oils. Toxin: cvanogenetic glvcoside. Habitat: sandy soils. Habitat: dr)' soils; plains and hills. Animals affected: horses. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. Reference: Beath 1953, Kingsbur>- 1964. Reference: Deem et al. 1939. Kingsburv Artemisia spinescens (DC.) Eaton PNS) 1964. Common name: bud sagebrush. Baileya midtiradiata Har\-. & Gray (BNF) Toxin: volatile oils. Common name: desert baileya. cloth of Habitat: dry plains and hills. gold, desert marigold. Animals affected: hvestock. Toxin: unknown. Reference: Sampson 1942, Kingsbur\- 1964. Habitat: sandy and gravelly soils in dr\' Aster chilensis Nees ssp. adscendens (Lindl.) areas. Cronq, PNFi Animals affected: sheep, goats. Common name: pacific aster. Reference: Mathews 1933, Kingsburv Toxin: secondary- selenium accumulator. 1964. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 235

Baileya pleniradiata Har\ . & Gray (ANF) Toxin: glycoside (dugaldine). name: desert marigold Common baileya. Habitat: high mountain slopes and vallevs, Toxin: unknown. often forming dense stands in moist, sunnv, Habitat: mesas and deserts of southeastern undisturbed localities.

Utah. Animals affected: sheep and cattle. Animals affected: sheep, goats. Reference: Marsh et al. 1921, Kingsbury Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. 1964.

Centaurea repens L. (PIF) Heleomeris longifolia Rob. & Greenm. var. Common name: Russian knapweed. annua (Jones) Yates (AXF) Toxin: unknown; produces nigropallidal Common name: annual goldeneye, resin- encephalomalacia. weed, talloweed. Habitat: fields, roadsides and waste places. Toxin: unknown. ^Animals affected: horses. Habitat: ranges, hills, plains, and river bot- Reference: Mecke 1979. toms. Centaurea sohtitialis L. (AIF) Animals affected: cattle. Common name: yellow star thistle, vellow Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsbury centaurea. 1964. Toxin: imknown; produces nigropallidal Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerel! encephalomalacia; also mechanically in- iPXF jurious. Common name: pingue, Colorado rubber- Habitat: waste places, fields and roadsides. weed, pingue hymeno-xys, rubberweed. Animals affected: horses. Toxin: unknown; may be associated with Reference: Mettler and Stem 1963, Kings- mineral imbalance. bur>- 1964. Habitat: dry. rocky or clay soils of plains Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britton and mountain slopes from 1500 to 12,000 (PXS) feet. Common name: rubber rabbitbrush. Animals affected: sheep, cattle, goats. Toxin: unknown. Reference: Aanes 1961, Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: dr\. open places at moderate and low elevations. Oxytenia acerosa Xutt. PXS) Animals affected: livestock. Common name: copperweed; prickly oxy- Reference: Sampson 1942, Kingsbury 1964. tenia. Toxin: unknown. Gritidelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (BXF) Habitat: alkaline soils in draws or stream- Common name: gumweed, gumplane, cur- beds of desert ranges and foothills. lycup gumweed. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. To.xin: secondarv selenium accumulator. Reference: Throp et al. 1940, Kingsburv Habitat: dr\ open places; prairies, plains, 1964. roadsides and fields. Animals affected: livestock. Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) Gray i.\XF) Reference: Trelease and DiSomma 1960, Common name: annual psathyrotes. Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: dry, sandy, often alkaline soils, es- Heleiiium autumnaJe L. (PXF^ pecially of creek beds and dr)- washes. Common name: sneezeweed. bitterweed. .\nimals affected: sheep. Toxin: unknown acrid substance. Reference: Binns et al. 1962, Kingsbur\ Habitat: moist low ground in lowlands and 1964. foothills. Animals affected: sheep and cattle. Psilostrophe sparsiflora (Gray) A. Nels. Reference: Kingsbury 1964. (PXF) Helenium hoopesii Gray (PNF) Common name: greenstem paperflower. Common name: sneezeweed. orange Toxin: unknown; induces kidney damage. sneezeweed. Habitat: dr\-, open range. 236 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Animals affected: sheep. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsburv Reference: Huffman 1956, Kingsbury 1964. 1964. Tanacetum vulgare L. (PIF) Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt. (PNF) Common name: common tansv. Common name: western coneflower, nig- Toxin: abortifacient. gerheads. Habitat: weed along roadsides, waste areas, Toxin: unknown. ditchbanks and other moist areas. Habitat: streambanks and woodlands. Animals affected: cattle, humans(?). Animals affected: generally unpalatable to Reference: Cress 1935, Kingsbury 1964. livestock; affects hogs and sheep in feeding trials. Tetradymia canescens DC. (PNS) Reference: Pammel 1911, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: spineless horsebrush, gray horsebrush. Senecio integerrimus Nutt. (PNF) Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Common name: groundsel, senecio, lambs- Habitat: dry desert and sagebrush ranges. tongue groimdsel. Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: alkaloids. Reference: Kingsburv 1964, Schmutz et al. Habitat: dry or moist open woods and 1968. slopes, from valleys to near timberline.

x\nimals affected: livestock, humans (?). Tetradymia glabrata Gray (PNS). Reference: Clawson 1933, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: littleleaf horsebrush, spring rabbitbrush, coaloil brush. Senecio longilobus Benth. (PNF) Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Common name: wooly groundsel, thread- Habitat: dry desert and sagebrush ranges. leaf groundsel. Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Reference: Kingsburv 1964, Fleming et al. Habitat: dry slopes, mesas and dry washes. 1922. Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep, goats. Tetradymia ntittallii T. & G. (PNS) Reference: Clawson 1933, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: Nuttall horsebrush. Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Senecio spartioides Torr. & Gray (PNF) Habitat: dry desert and sagebaish ranges. Common name: broom groundsel. Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Reference: Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: valleys, plains; open areas and Tetradymia spinosa T. and G. var. long- pine forests. ispina Jones (PNS) Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep, Common name: longspine horsebrush. goats, humans(?). Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Reference: Clawson 1933, Kingsburv 1964, Habitat: dry desert and sagebrush ranges. Davis 1958. Animals affected: sheep. Senecio vulgaris L. (AIF) Reference: S. L. Welsh (personal commu- Common name: common groundsel. nication, 1980). Toxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Tetradymia spinosa T. and G. var. spinosa Habitat: weed of gardens and waste places. (PNS) Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep, Common name: spinv horsebrush. goats, humans(?). Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Reference: Steyn 1934, Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: dry desert and sagebrush ranges. Animals affected: sheep. Solidago parryi (Gray) Greene (PNF) Reference: S. L. Welsh (personal commu- Common name: Parry goldenweed. nication, 1980). Toxin: unknown; causes milk-sickness or trembles. Xanthium strumarium L. (AIF) Habitat: mountains, coniferous forests. Common name: spiny clotbur, spiny cock- Animals affected: cattle. lebur. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 237

Toxin: hydroquinone. Brassicace.\e Habitat: fields and wastelands; along Brassica hirta Moench. (AIF) shores of ponds, rivers and in flood plains. Common name: white mustard. .\nimals affected: livestock, fowl, hogs, hu- Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. mans (dermatitis). Habitat: cultivated weed, escaped to waste Reference: Forrest 1938, Kuzel and Miller areas. 1950, Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. Reference: Eaton 1941, Kingsbury 1964. Xanthocephalum microcephahim (DC.) Gray (PNS) Brassica kaber Wheeler (.\1F) Common name: broomweed, perennial Common name: charlock, wild mustard. snakeweed, slinkweed, turpentine weed, Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. threadleaf snakeweed, matchweed, resin- Habitat: common weed of grain crops and weed. in waste areas. Toxin: saponin. Animals affected: cattle, hogs, sheep. Habitat: dry stony plains, slopes and mesas. Reference: Thomson and Sifton 1922, Animals affected: cattle, sheep, goats, Kingsbm-y 1964. swine, chicks, rabbits. Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. (ANF) Reference: Dollahite 1957, Kingsburv Common name: tansv mustard, pinnate 1964. tansy mustard. Toxin: unknown. Xanthocephalum sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. Habitat: heavy stands on dry, sandy soils. and Rushy (A\F) Animals affected: cattle. Common name: broom snakeweed, snake- Reference: Hershev 1935, Kingsburv 1964. weed, matchbnish. Toxin: saponin. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (ANF) Habitat: dry stony plains, slopes and mesas. Common name: wormweed mustard, Animals affected: cattle, sheep, goats, treacle wallflower. swine, chicks, rabbits. Toxin: cvanogenetic glycoside. Reference: Dollahite 1962, Kingsburv Habitat: weed of cultivation, roadsides, 1964. meadows; moist waste areas in valleys and canyons. Animals affected: hogs. BORAGINACEAE Reference: Thomson and Sifton 1922, Amsinckia intermedia Fisch, & Mey (AXF) Kingsbur) 1964. Common name: tarweed, fiddleneck, fireweed fiddleneck. Stanleya integrifolia James (PXS) Toxin: imknown; potentially lethal nitrate Common name: wholeleaf desert prince's levels, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (?). plume. Habitat: dry open cultivated ground or Toxin: primarv selenium accumulator. waste areas. Habitat: dry plains and hills. Animals affected: horses, hogs, cattle. Animals affected: Not observed to be eaten Reference: McCulloch 1940, Kingsburv bv livestock.

' 1964. Reference: Beath et al. 1953, Kingsbur\' Note: The closelv related species A. tesse- 1964. lata Gray and A. retrorsa Suksd. may show Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt. (PNS) similar effects. Common name: prince's plume, desert Cynoglossiim officinale L. (BIF) prince's plume. Common name: houndstongue. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. and mesas. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: desert soils, dry plains experimental; normally Habitat: waste places of plains and hills. Animals affected: Animals affected: livestock. unpalatable. Beath et al. 1953, Kingsbury Reference: Kingsbury 1964, S. L. Welsh Reference: (personal commimication, 1980). 1964. 238 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Stanletja viridiflora Nutt. (PNF) Caryophyllaceae Common name: greenflower prince's Saponaria officinalis L. (PIF) plume. Common name: bouncing bet, soapwort. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Toxin: saponin. Habitat: dry plains and hills. Habitat: fields, waste places; cultivated Animals affected: Not observed to be eaten and escaping. by livestock. Animals affected: sheep. Reference: Beath et al. 1953, Kingsbury Reference: Kingsbury 1964. 1964. Chenopodiaceae Thlaspi arvense L. (AIF) Atriplex gardneri Moq. (PNS) Common name: fanweed, field penny- Common name: Nuttall saltbush, Gardner cress. saltbush. Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. Toxin: secondary selenium accumulator. Habitat: Common weed of cultivated and Habitat: saline plains and hillsides. waste places. Animals affected: livestock. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Fleming 1920, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Thomson and Sifton 1922,

Kingsbury 1964. Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Volk (AIF) Common name: fivehook bassia, smoth- C.wnabinaceae erweed. Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa (AIF) Toxin: oxalates. Common name: marijuana, hemp. Habitat: dry, saline soils. Toxin: narcotic element contained in tetra- Animals affected: sheep. hydrocannabinol. Reference: Pammel 1911. Habitat: waste places. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (AIF) Animals affected: humans, livestock. Common name: wormseed goosefoot. Reference: Steyn 1934, Kingsbury 1964, Toxin: antihelminthic oil. Small and Cronquist 1976, Welsh 1980. Habitat: weed of waste places. Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (Lam.) Small Animals affected: geese, humans. & Cronq. (AIF) Reference: Bamford 1951, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: marijuana, hemp. Chenopodium album L. (AIF) Toxin: narcotic element contained in tetra- hydrocannabinol. Common name: lambsquarter. Toxin: nitrates, under conditions of over- Habitat: waste places. fertilization with too little water. Animals affected: humans, livestock. Habitat: weed of waste places. Reference: Small and Cronquist 1976, Welsh 1980. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Case 1957, Kingsbury 1964.

Caprifoliaceae Chenopodium glaucum L. (AIF) Sambucus coerulea Raf. (PNS) Common name: oakleaf goosefoot. Common name: blue elderberry. Toxin: nitrates, under conditions of over- Toxin: unknown. fertilization with too little water.

Habitat: moist soils of plains and hills. Habitat: weed of waste pmces. Animals affected: cattle, children (?) Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. Reference: Case 1957, Kingsbury 1964.

Sambucus racemosa L. (PNS) Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C. A. Mey Common name: red elder. (AIF) Toxin: unknown; concentrated in root. Common name: halogeton, barilla.

Habitat: moist forests, 7,500-10,000 ft. Toxin: oxalates. Animals affected: cattle, children(?) Habitat: dry saline plains and alkaline

Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. soils; roadsides. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 239

Animals affected: livestock, especially Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. (PNF) sheep. Common name: smooth horsetail. Reference: Cook and Stoddart 1953, Kings- Toxin: thiaminase. 1964. bury Habitat: marshes, alluvial thickets, sandy banks; weed of cultivation. Kochia scoparia L. Schrad, (AIF) Animals affected: horses. Common name: summer cypress, burning Reference: Samp.son and Malmsten 1942, bush, Mexican fireweed. Belvedere summer Kingsbury 1964. cypress. Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Habitat: dry soils, roadsides and waste Ericaceae places. Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller (PNS)

Animals affected: cattle, sheep, horses. Common name: pale laurel, bog laurel, al- Reference: Rottgardt 1944, Kingsbury pine kalmia. 1964, Schmutz et al. 1968. Toxin: resinoids, andromedotoxin. Habitat: wet meadows and bogs of high Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau (AIF) elevation. Common name: Russian thistle. Animals affected: sheep, calves, goats.

' Toxin: nitrates (?), possible oxalates (?). Reference: Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: dry soils of plains and foothills. Animals affected: livestock. Ledum glandulosum Nutt. (PNS)

Reference: Huffman et al. 1956. Common name: western Labrador tea. Toxin: resinoids, andromedotoxin. Sarcobatus vermiculutus (Hook.) Torr. (PNS) Habitat: wet meadows and bogs of high Common name: greasewood, black grease- elevation. wood. Animals affected: sheep, cattle. Toxin: oxalates. Reference: Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: dense stands confined to alkaline flats or saline soils of low and lower middle Euphorbiaceae elevations. Croton longipes Jones (PNF) Animals affected: sheep, sometimes cattle. Common name: croton. Reference: Kouch 1922, Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: croton oil (caustic). Habitat: roadsides, fields, and dry stream- Cyperaceae beds; artemisia and pinyon belts. Scirpus pungens Vahl (PNR) Animals affected: livestock. Common name: bulrush, three-square, Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, S. L. American bulrush. Welsh' (personal communication, 1980). Toxin: unknown; suspected of producing pulmonary emphysema. Croton texensis (Klotz.) Muell. Arg. ex DC. Habitat: wet or moist ground. (ANF) Texas croton. Animals affected: cattle. Common name: Toxin: croton oil (caustic). Reference: Beath et al. 1953, Kingsburv dry stream- 1964. Habitat: roadsides, fields, and beds; artemisia and pinyon belts. Animals affected: livestock. Equisetaceae Reference: Volker 1950, Kingsbury 1964, Equisetum arvense L. (PNF) Schmutz et al. 1968. Common name: horsetail, foxtail, rush, marsh horsetail. Euphorbia cyparissias L. (PIF) Toxin: alkaloids. Common name: cypress spurge, graveyard Habitat: sandy or gravelly soils along weed. streams and in moist fields and meadows. Toxin: unknown acrid principle. Animals affected: horses. Habitat: cultivated and escaping to road- Reference: Gussow 1912, Kingsbury 1964. sides and waste places. 240 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Animals affected: cattle. Astragalus convallarius Greene var. con- Reference: Muenscher 1935, Kingsbury vallarius (PNF) 1964. Common name: timber poisonvetch, lesser rushy milkvetch. (PIF) Euphorbia esula L. Toxin: produces locoism. name: leafy spurge. Common Habitat: dry hillsides, desert shrub to lower acrid principle. Toxin: unknown montane zones. field weed of roadsides and waste Habitat: Animals affected: livestock. places. Reference: Muenscher 1951, Kingsbury affected: horses, sheep. Animals 1964. Reference: Johnston and Peake 1960, Kingsbury 1964. Astragalus drummondii Dougl. ex Hook. Reverchonia arenaria Gray (ANF) (PNF) Common name: reverchonia, sand rever- Common name: Drummond milkvetch. chonia. Toxin: produces locoism. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: plains and hillsides, brushy places. Habitat: uncommon; plains and hillsides, Animals affected: livestock. sandy areas, Kane Co. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: sheep. Astragalus eastwoodae (PNF) Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsbury Jones 1964. Common name: Eastwood poisonvetch, Eastwood milkvetch. Ricinus communis L. (AIF) Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Common name: castor bean. Habitat: dry hillsides. Toxin: ricin (a phytotoxin). Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: cultivated as an ornamental. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Reference: Clarke 1947, Kingsbury 1964. Astragalus flavus Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray var. argillosus (Jones) Barneby (PNF) F.\BACEAE Common name: yellow milkvetch. Acacia greggii Gray (PNT) Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Common name: catclaw acacia. Habitat: dry plains and hillsides, salt desert Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. areas. Habitat: plains and dry canyons; forms Animals affected: livestock. thickets along Beaver Dam Wash, Washing- Reference: Welsh 1978. ton Co. Animals affected: sheep. Astragalus flavus Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray var. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsburv candicans Gray (PNF) 1964. Common name: Canada yellow milkvetch. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Astragalus asclepiadoides Jones (PNF) Habitat: dry plains and hillsides, shales and Common name: milkweed milkvetch. clays of southern Utah. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: saline desert areas. Reference: Welsh 1978. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Welsh 1978. Astragalus flavus Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray var. Astragalus hisulcatus (Hook.) Gray (PNF) flavus (PNF) Common name: two-grooved poisonvetch, Common name: yellow milkvetch. two-grooved milkvetch. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Habitat: dry plains and hillsides, saline silts Habitat: plains and bottom lands, sage- and clays in saline desert areas, south-central brush zone. Utah. Animals affected: livestock. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 241

Astragalus iselyi Welsh (PNF) Astragalus mollissimus Torr. (PNF) Common name: Isely milkvetch. Common name: Thompson woolly loco- Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. weed. Habitat: dry hillsides, salt desert areas. Toxin: produces locoism. Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: dry plains and hillsides. Reference: Welsh 1978. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. var. araneosus (Sheld.) Barneby (PNF) Astragalus pattersonii Gray ex Brand. (PNF) Common name: spider locoweed, cobweed Common name: Patterson locoweed, Pat- milkvetch. terson milkvetch. Toxin: produces locoism. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Habitat: Habitat: dry hillsides in sagebrush. dry plains and hillsides. Animals Animals affected: livestock. affected: livestock. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Astragalus praelongus Sheldon (PNF) Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. var. Common name: stinking milkvetch. palans (Jones) Jones (PNF) Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Common name: straggling milkvetch. Habitat: dry plains and hillsides, clay and Toxin: produces locoism. seleniferous soils. Habitat: salt desert areas, dry hillsides and Animals affected: livestock. canyons, mixed desert shrub communities. Reference: Welsh 1978. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Welsh 1978, S. L. Welsh (per- Astragalus preussii Gray (PNF) sonal communication, 1980), Kingsbury 1964. Common name: Preuss milkvetch. Toxin: primarv selenium accumulator. Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. var. Habitat: dry plains and hillsides, seleni- wahweapensis Welsh (PNF) ferous clays and silts. Common name: Wahweap loco, Wahweap Animals affected: livestock. milkvetch. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: produces locoism. Astragalus pubentissimus Torr. & Gray Habitat: dry hillsides in sagebrush, sandy (PNF) soils, Kane Co. Common name: Green River locoweed. Animals affected: livestock, esp. horses. Green River milkvetch. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: produces locoism. Habitat: canyons, mountainsides. Astragalus miser Dougl. ex Hook. var. ob- Animals affected: livestock, mainly sheep. longifolius (Rydb.) Cronq. (PNF) Reference: Buck 1961, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: timber milkvetch, Ryd- berg weedv milkvetch. Astragalus racemosus Pursh var. treleasi Por- Toxin: miserotoxin. ter (PNF) Habitat: widely scattered in lower mon- Common name: alkali milkvetch. tane zones. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator, Animals affected: livestock. causes "alkali disease" or "blind staggers." Reference: Williams 1969, Welsh 1978. Habitat: Uinta and Duchesne River forma- tions. Astragalus moencoppensis Jones (PNF) Animals affected: cattle. Common name: Moenkopi poisonvetch, Reference: Welsh 1978. Moenkopi milkvetch. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Astragalus rafaelensis Jones (PNF) San Rafael milkvetch. Habitat: heavy soils, salt desert through Common name: accumulator. pinyon-juniper areas. Toxin: primary selenium clays and silts, salt Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: seleniferous Co. Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. desert shrub zones, Emery Vol. No. 242 Great Basin Naturalist 40, 3

Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: rangeland. Reference: Welsh 1978. Animals affected: sheep, rats (experimental). Astragalus sabuhsus Jones (PNF) Reference: Lewis 1948, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: straightstem poisonvetch, Lupinus alpestris A. Nels. (PNF) Cisco milkvetch. mountain lupine. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Common name: alkaloids. Habitat: salt desert shrub zone on shales. Toxin: Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: mountains. Reference: Welsh 1978, Marsh 1935. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. Reference: Beath et al. 1953, Kingsbury Astragalus saurinus Barneby (PNF) 1964. Common name: dinosaur milkvetch. arbustus Dougl. ex Lindl. var. cal- Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Lupinus caratus (Kellogg) Welsh (PNF) Habitat: salt desert shrub and pinyon-juni- spurred per zone, Uintah Co. Common name: Douglas lupine, Animals affected: livestock. spur lupine. Reference: Welsh 1978. Toxin: alkaloids. Habitat: hillsides, dry soils. Astragalus tetrapterus Gray (PNF) Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep. Common name: fourwing poisonvetch, Reference: Clawson 1931, Kingsbury 1964. four-wing milkvetch. Toxin: produces locoism. Lupinus argenteus Pursh (PNF) Habitat: plains, dry hillsides. Common name: silvery lupine. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. Toxin: alkaloids. Reference: Marsh 1920, Welsh 1978. Habitat: dry flats and slopes in woods, plains and hills. Astragalus toanus Jones (PNF) Animals affected: sheep, cattle, horses, Common name: Toano milkvetch. goats, hogs, deer. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Reference: Marsh 1916, Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: clay soils, salt desert shrub zone. Kell. Animals affected: livestock. Lupinus caudatus (PNF) lupine, Reference: Welsh 1978, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: Kellogg's spurred tailcut lupine. Astragalus woodruffii Jones (PNF) Toxin: alkaloids. Common name: Woodruff milkvetch. Habitat: exposed hillsides. Toxin: primary selenium accumulator. Animals affected: cattle. Habitat: desert shnib zone on sandy and Reference: Animal Disease and Parasite sandy-silt soils. Research Division USDA 1958, Kingsbury Animals affected: livestock. 1964. Reference: Welsh 1978. Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl. (PNF) Lathyrus latifolius L. (PIF) Common name: woolly-leaved lupine, vel- Common name: perennial peavine, per- vet lupine. ennial sweet pea. Toxin: alkaloids. Toxin: alpha, gamma-diaminobutyric acid. Habitat: dry soil, foothills. Habitat: rangeland. Animals affected: sheep, cattle, horses, Animals affected: rats (experimental), goats, hogs, deer. sheep (lathyrism). Reference: Marsh 1916, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Lewis 1949, Kingsbury 1964, S. Lupinus pusillus Pursh (ANF) L. Welsh (personal commvmication, 1980). Common name: low lupine, rusty lupine. Lathyrus sylvestris L. (PNF) Toxin: alkaloids.

Common name: everlasting sweetpea, flat Habitat: dry plains, foothills. pea. Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: alpha, gamma-diaminobutyric acid. Reference: Sampson 1942, Kingsbury 1964. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 243

Lupinus sericeus Pursh (PNF) Visum sativum L. (AIF) Common name: silky lupine. Common name: garden pea. Toxin: alkaloids. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: dry hillsides and valleys. Habitat: cultivated. Animals affected: sheep, cattle, horses, Animals affected: sheep, cattle. goats, hogs, deer. Reference: Whiting et al. 1957, Kingsbury Reference: Binns and James 1961, Kings- 1964. bury 1964. Poinciana gilliesii Hook. (PIS) Medicago sativa L. (PIF) Common name: bird of paradise. Common name: alfalfa, lucerne. Toxin: unknown; green seed pods are gas- Toxin: saponin. trointestinal irritants. Habitat: cultivated and escaping. Habitat: cultivated ornamental, small pop- Animals affected: cattle, chicks, hogs, ulation established in Washington Co. sheep. Animals affected: humans, livestock. Reference: Walter 1954, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Cann and Verhulst 1958, Kings- bury 1964. Melilotus alba Desr. (BIF) Common name: white sweetclover. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (PNT) Toxin: dicoumarin. Common name: mesquite. Habitat: waste places and fields, escaped Toxin: unknown; may cause a nutritional from cultivation. deficiency. Animals affected: cattle. Habitat: dry ranges, washes and draws at Reference: Roderick 1931, Kingsbury low elevations, especially along streams

1964. where the water table is high. Animals affected: cattle. Melilotus officinalis L. Lam. (BIF) Reference: Adler 1949, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: yellow sweetclover. Toxin: dicoumarin. Robinia pseudoacacia L. (PIT) Habitat: waste ground, fields; used for for- Common name: black locust. age and fertilizer. Toxin: unknown. Animals affected: cattle, sheep, horses. Habitat: escaped from cultivation; around Reference: Roderick 1931, Kingsbury dwellings or along fencerows. 1964. Animals affected: horses, cattle, sheep, poultry, humans. Oxytropis lambertii Pursh (PNF) Reference: Power 1901, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: white loco, white paint loco, silky crazyweed. Thermopsis montana Nutt. (PNF) Toxin: unknown alkaloids; produces Common name: goldenpea, mountain ther- locoism. mopsis, yellow pea. Habitat: prairies and mountains, usually in Toxin: alkaloids. drier areas, lower to middle elevations. Habitat: common in pastures. Animals affected: livestock. Affected animals: cattle. Reference: Couch 1929, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968.

Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Trifolium hybridum L. (PIF) (PNF) Common name: .\lsike clover. Common name: white paint loco, silky cra- Toxin: photosensitizing compound. zyweed. Habitat: cultivated; escaped to roadsides Toxin: alkaloids; produces locoism. and meadows. Habitat: open gravelly or well-drained Animals affected: horses, hogs, sheep, slopes and hills at lower to middle elevations. cattle. Kings- Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Fincher and Fuller 1942, Reference: Porter 1951, Kingsbury 1964. bury 1964. 244 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Trifolium praetense L. (PIF) Haemodoraceae Common name: red clover. Iris missouriensis Nutt. (PNF) Toxin: unknown. Common name: wild iris, blue flag, fleur- Habitat: cultivated and escaping along de-lis, western blue flag. roadsides and ditches. Toxin: unknown. Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep. Habitat: moist soils along stream banks, in Reference: O'Dell 1959, Kingsbury 1964. marshes or moist mountain meadows. Animals affected: calves, laboratory ani- Trifolium repens L. (PIF) mals. Common name: white clover. Reference: Beath et al. 1953, Kingsbury Toxin: cyanogenetic. 1964. Habitat: cultivated and escaping. Animals affected: newborn pigs. Reference: Garner 1957, Kingsbury 1964. Hypericaceae Hypericum formosum H.B.K. (PNF) Vicia villosa Roth (PIF) Common name: southwestern St. Johns- Common name: hairy vetch, winter vetch. wort. Toxin: photosensitizing compound. Toxin: photosensitizing compounds. Habitat: cultivated; occasionally escaping. Habitat: moist soils of plains and hills. Animals affected: cattle, horses. Animals affected: cattle, sheep, horses, Reference: Claughton and Claughton 1954, goats. Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Harris 1951.

Fagaceae JUNCAGINACEAE Quercus gambelii Nutt. (PNT) Triglochin concinna Davy (PNF) Common name: Gambel oak. Common name: arrowgrass, goosegrass, Toxin: tannins. sourgrass, podgrass, Utah arrowgrass. Habitat: throughout the state, often form- Toxin: hydrocyanic acid. ing dense thickets. Habitat: salty marshes and ponds. Animals affected: cattle, sheep, and goats. Animals affected: sheep, cattle. Reference: Boughton 194.3, Kingsbury Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. 1964. Triglochin debilis L. (PNF) Common name: arrowgrass, weak arrow- FUMARIACEAE grass. Corydalis aurea Willd. (ANF) Toxin: hydrocyanic acid. Common name: Golden corydalis. Habitat: damp soils, marshes and sloughs;

Toxin: alkaloids. usually where the soil is alkaline or the water Habitat: woods and well-shaded mountain calcareous or brackish. slopes. Animals affected: sheep, cattle.

Animals affected: sheep, cattle. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsbury Reference: Sperry 1955, Kingsbury 1964. 1964.

Triglochin maritima L. (PNF) Gentianaceae Common name: arrowgrass, seashore ar- Centaurium calycosum (Buckl.) Fern. (ANF) rowgrass, shore arrowgrass. Common name: Buckley centaury, moun- Toxin: hydrocyanic acid. tain pink, arizona centaury. Habitat: damp soils, marshes and sloughs;

Toxin: unknown. usually where the soil is alkaline or the water Habitat: moist soil, river valleys. calcareous or brackish. Animals affected: sheep, goats. Animals affected: sheep, cattle. Reference: Dollahite and Allen 1962, Reference: Beath et al. 1933, Kingsbury Kingsbury 1964. 1964. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 245

Lamiaceae Zigadenus elegans Pursh (PNF) Lamium amplexicaule L. (AIF) Common name: death camas, mountain Common name: henbit, dead nettle. death camas. Toxin: unknown. Toxin: alkaloids. Habitat: occasional weed of fields and Habitat: prairies, meadows. waste places. Animals affected: cattle, horses, hoes, fowl Animals affected: sheep, horses, cattle. humans.

Reference: Hurst 1942, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Marsh et al. 1915, Kingsbury 1964.

LiLIACEAE Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) Wats. (PNF) Allium schoenoprasm L. (PNF) Common name: death camas, foothill Common name: chives. death camas, sandcom. Toxin: unknown. Toxin: alkaloids. Habitat: cultivated; river bars, lake shores, Habitat: dry soils; hills and plains. wet meadows. Animals affected: cattle, horses, hogs, hu- Animals affected: horses. mans.

Reference: Kobayashi 1950, Kingsbury Reference: Fleming et al. 1921, Kingsbury 1964. 1964.

Asparagus officinalis L. (PIF) Zigadenus venenosus Wats. (PNF) Common name: asparagus. Common name: death camas, meadow Toxin: unknown. death camas. Habitat: cultivated and widely escaped. Toxin: alkaloids. Animals affected: cattle and dairy cows. Habitat: moist, grassy meadows. Reference: Los Angeles County Livestock Animals affected: sheep, cattle, horses, Department 1938, Kingsbury 1964. hogs, humans. Reference: Cameron 1952, Kingsbury Ornithogalum umbellatum L, (PIF) 1964. Common name: star-of-Bethlehem, snow- drop. PiNACEAE Toxin: cholchicine alkaloid. Pinus ponderosa Doug, ex Laws (PNT) Habitat: weed of grasslands and thickets. Common name: western yellow pine, pon- Animals affected: sheep, cattle, children. derosa pine. Reference: Reynard and Norton 1942, Toxin: unknown. Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: coniferous forest at moderate ele- valleys Veratrum californicum Durand (PNF) vations; dry hillsides, plateaus, slopes, mesas. Common name: false hellebore, corn-lily, and skunk cabbage. Animals affected: cattle. MacDonald 1952, Kingsbury Toxin: alkaloids. Reference: Habitat: bogs and wet meadows from 7500 1964. to 9500 feet. Animals affected: cattle, sheep, fowl, hu- POACEAE mans. Avena fatua L. (AIG) Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968, Kingsbury Common name: wild oats. 1964. Toxin: mechanically injurious. Habitat: cultivated land and waste places. Yucca L. (PNS) Animals affected: livestock. Note: members of this genus have been re- Reference: Pammel 1911. ported to contain saponins, salicylic acid, the alkaloid imperialin, and several resins. None Avena sativa L. (AIG) oats. of the species in which these toxins have been Common name: cultivated photosensitizing com- identified are found in Utah. Toxin: nitrates, Reference: Pammel 1911. pounds, grass tetany. Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3 246 Great Basin

Habitat: open ground, grasslands, waste Habitat: unimproved pastures; wet, heavy places; lawns and golf courses. soils of high organic content. Animals affected: cattle, horses, hogs, tur- Animals affected: cattle. keys, goats, sheep and wild ruminants. Reference: Maag and Tobiska 1956, Kings- Reference: Newsom et al. 1937, Kingsbury bury 1964. 1964. Glyceria striata Lam. Hitch. (PNG) Bromus rigidus Roth (AIG) Common name: fowl mannagrass. Common name: ripgut brome. Toxin: cyanogenetic. Toxin: mechanical injury from mature Habitat: wet areas. awns. Animals affected: cattle. Habitat: common weed. Reference: Reynard and Norton 1942, Animals affected: cattle and sheep. Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Range Plant Handbook 1937. Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth ex Scribn. Bromus rubens L. (AIG) (PNG) Common name: foxtail chess, red brome. Common name: galleta grass, big galleta, Toxin: mechanical injury from mature dixie grass. awns. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: common weed, dry and saline Habitat: dry lands and desert ranges to soils. 4000 feet. Animals affected: cattle and sheep. Animals affected: cattle. Reference: Davis 1952. Reference: Quortrup and McFarland 1956, Kingsbury 1964. Bromus tectorum L. (AIG) Common name: cheatgrass, downy cheat. Holcus lanatus L. (PIG) Toxin: mechanical injury from mature Common name: velvet grass, mesquite also implicated in ergot poi- awns; may be grass, Yorkshire velvet grass. soning. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: common weed, especially in dry Habitat: open ground, meadows and moist places; plains and foothills. places; occasionally cultivated. Animals affected: cattle. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Pammel 1911. Reference: Couch 1932, Kingsbury 1964.

Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. (PIG) Hordeum jubatum L. (PNG) Common name: Bermuda grass. Common name: squirreltail grass, foxtail Toxin: photosensitizing compound. grass, wild barley. Habitat: open ground, grasslands, waste Toxin: mechanically injurious. places; lawns and golf courses. Habitat: weed in open ground, meadows, Animals affected: cattle. prairies, along streams, ditches and waste Reference: Gibbons 1953, Kingsbury 1964. places.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link (AIG) Animals affected: sheep, cattle, horses. Common name: lovegrass, stinkgrass, stick Reference: Fleming and Peterson 1919, grass. Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: unknown. Hordeum vulgare L. (AIG) Habitat: cultivated ground, gardens and Common name: cultivated barley. waste places; weed in fields and along road- Toxin: mechanically injurious. sides. Habitat: cultivated for grain and along Animals affected: horses. road shoulders; sometimes spontaneous in Reference: Gates 1930, Kingsbury 1964. waste places but not persistent. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (PIG) Animals affected: hogs, dogs, humans, Common name: fescue, tall fescue, alta fes- poultry. cue, goar fescue. Reference: Christensen and Kernkamp Toxin: alkaloids. 1936, Kingsbury 1964. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 247

Setaria lutescens (Wiegel) Hubb. (AIG) Toxin: oxalates; nitrates, under conditions Common name: yellow bristle grass, foxtail of overfertilization with too little water. grass, pigeon grass. Habitat: cultivated. Toxin: mechanically injurious. Animals affected: livestock. Habitat: common weed of cultivated and Reference: Baker and Eden 1954, Kings- waste areas. bury 1964. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Bankowski et al. 1956, Kings- Rheum rhaponticum L. (PIF) bury 1964. Common name: rhubarb. Toxin: oxalic acid, oxalates. Sorghum halpense L. Pers. (PIG) Habitat: cultivated and persisting. Common name: Johnson grass. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Toxin: hydrocyanic acid, nitrates. Reference: Hansen 1930, Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: weed of cultivated fields, waste places and along irrigation ditches and Rumex acetosella L. (PIF) stream bottoms. Common name: sheep sorrel, dock. Animals affected: cattle, sheep, horses. Toxin: oxalates.

Reference: Slade 1903, Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: common weed of acid or sterile, gravelly soils of pastures and meadows; waste Sorghum vulgare Pers. (AIG) places. Common name: grain sorghum. Animals affected: sheep. Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. Reference: Connor and Adams 1951, Habitat: cultivated. Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: cattle, sheep, horses. Reference: Slade 1903, Kingsbury 1964. Rumex crispus L. (PIF) Common name: curly dock. Stipa commata Trin. & Rupr. (PNG) Toxin: oxalates. Common name: needle-and-thread grass. Habitat: moist fields and waste places. Toxin: mechanically injurious. Animals affected: sheep. Habitat: dry plains and hillsides, sandy soil. Reference: Connor and Adams 1951, Animals affected: livestock. Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Pammel 1911.

Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. (PNG) POLYPODIACEAE Common name: New Mexican feather- Dryopteris felix-mas (L.) Schrott (PNF) grass. Common name: male fern. Toxin: mechanically injurious. Toxin: thiaminase. Habitat: common in dry rocky canyons Habitat: mountains; damp soils, deep and mesas. shaded ravines, in cliffs or tallus. Animals affected: livestock. Animals affected: horses. Reference: Pammel 1911. Reference: Harvey et al. 1944, Kingsbury Zea mays L. (AIG) 1964. Common name: com, maize. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (PNF) Toxin: nitrates, under conditions of over- Common name: Bracken fern. fertilization with too little water. Toxin: thiaminase and its coenzymes. Habitat: cultivated for grain, forage or si- Habitat: upland pastures, a.spen zone. lage. Animals affected: livestock. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Reference: Carpenter 1950, Kingsbury Reference: Brady et al. 1955, Kingsbury 1964. 1964.

POLYGONACEAE PORTULACACEAE Beta vulgaris L. (AIF) Portulaca oleracea L. (AIF) Common name: beet, sugar beet, fodder Common name: purslane, pusley. beet, mangel-worzel, mangold. Toxin: oxalates. 248 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Habitat: common weed of garden and cul- Animals affected: cattle, sheep. tivated areas. Reference: Ewan 1945, Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: sheep. Delphinium occidentale Wats. (PNF) Reference: Mathams and Sutherland 1952, Common name: duncecap larkspur, tall Kingsbury 1964. larkspur. Toxin: alkaloids. Ranunculaceae Habitat: mountain summer ranges, com- Aconitum columbianum Nutt. (PNF) mon under aspen and along streams; moun- Common name: western monkshood. tain meadows. Toxin: alkaloids. Animals affected: cattle, occasionally Habitat: mountains from 5000 to 10,000 sheep. feet; along streams and wet meadows; moist Reference: Couch 1936, Kingsbury 1964. places and thickets. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Ranunculus acris L. (PIF) Reference: Stern 1960, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: tall field buttercup, tall buttercup. Actaea arguta Nutt. (PNF) Toxin: protoanemonin. Common name: baneberry, western bane- Habitat: common pasture weed. berry. Animals affected: livestock. Toxin: irritant oil. Reference: Tehon et al. 1946, Kingsbury Habitat: mountains in rich, moist soil. 1964. Animals affected: livestock, humans. cymbalaria Pursh (PNF) Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. Ranunculus Common name: alkali buttercup; trailing Caltha leptosepala DC. (PNF) buttercup. Common name: elkslip marshmarigold. Toxin: glycosides (protoanemonin). Toxin: glycoside (protoanemonin). Habitat: muddy banks along brackish Habitat: wet mountain soils. streams and marshes. Animals affected: livestock. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. Reference: Fleming 1920, Kingsbury 1964.

Delphinium andersonii Gray (PNF) Ranunculus flammula var. filiformis Common name: Anderson larkspur. (Michx.) Hook. (PNF) Toxin: alkaloids. Common name: creeping spearwort but- Habitat: subsaline soils of plains and hills. tercup. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. Toxin: glycosides (protoanemonin). Reference: Miller 1923, Kingsbury 1964. Habitat: marshy ground of lakes, streams and ditches. Delphinium barbeyi Huth. (PNF) Animals affected: livestock. Common name: barbey, larkspur, tall Reference: Hill and van Heyningen 1951, larkspur. Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: alkaloids. Habitat: mountains; meadows and open Ranunculus repens L. (PIF) woods, summer ranges; common under aspen Common name: creeping buttercup. and along streams. Toxin: protoanemonin. Animals affected: cattle, occasionally Habitat: meadows and marshes at lower sheep. elevations; wet pastures. Reference: Cook 1951, Kingsbury 1964. Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Gilkey 1958, Kingsbury 1964. Delphinium nuttallianum Fritz. (PNF) Common name: Nuttall larkspur, low Ranunculus scleratus L. (PNF) larkspur. Nelson larkspur. Common name: celeryleaf crowfoot. Toxin: alkaloids. Toxin: glycosides (protoanemonin). Habitat: moist soils, hills, foothills, and Habitat: borders of lakes, ponds and sagebrush deserts. streams. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 249

Animals affected: livestock. Reference: Trelease and Beath 1949, Reference: Fleming 1920, Kingsbury 1964. Kingsbury 1964.

Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz (AIF) Common name: burbuttercup; testiculate SOLANACEAE buttercup. Datura meteloides Dunal (ANF) Toxin: glycosides (protoanemonin). Common name: datura, stramonium, Habitat: general in the intermountain re- thornapple, Jimson weed, Jamestown weed, gion. apple of Peru, tolgaudia, sacred datura, In- Animals affected: livestock. dian apple. Reference: Schmutz et al. 1968. Toxin: alkaloids (atropine, hyoscvamine, hyoscine). Habitat: ROSACEAE plains, dry hills and valleys; cultivated and escaping. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. (PNS) Animals affected: Common name: mountain mahogany, humans, horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, mules, chickens. birchleaf mountain mahogany, true mountain Reference: Hansen 1924, Kingsbury mahogany. 1964. Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. Datura stramonium L. (ANF) Habitat: stony hills and slopes. Common name: Jimsonweed, sacred da- Animals affected: livestock. tura. Reference: Burke 1960, Kingsbury 1964. Toxin: alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine). Prunus armeniaca L. (PIT) Habitat: waste areas, rich soils of barn- Common name: apricot. yards, heavily used portions of pastures. Toxin: cyanide. Animals affected: horses, cattle, sheep, Habitat: cultivated and persisting. hogs, mules, chickens, humans. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Reference: Hansen 1924, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Hurst 1942, Kingsbury 1964.

Hyoscyamus niger L. (BIF) Prunus persica Batsch. (PNT) Common name: black henbane, henbane. Common name: peach. Toxin: alkaloids (hyoscyamine, hyoscine, Toxin: cyanide. atropine). Habitat: cultivated. Habitat: widespread dry soils of roadsides Animals affected: livestock. and waste areas. Reference: Reynard and Norton 1942, Animals affected: humans, fowl, livestock. Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Long 1917, Kingsbury 1964. Prunus virginiana L. (PNT) Lycium halmifolium Mill. (PIS) Common name: choke cherry. Common name: matrimony vine, tea vine. Toxin: cyanogenetic glycoside. Toxin: unknown. Habitat: common in hills, mountains, along Habitat: cultivated and escaping around streams, thickets, fencerows and edges of homesites and cemetaries. woods. Animals affected: calves, sheep. Animals affected: sheep, cattle. Reference: Hansen 1927, Kingsbury 1964. Reference: Pijoan 1942, Kingsbury 1964.

Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. (.\NF) Santalaceae Common name: wild tobacco, coyote to- Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. (PNF) bacco. Common name: bastard toadflax. Toxin: nicotine. Toxin: alkaloids, glycosides, secondary se- Habitat: dry, sandy stream beds and flats. lenium accumulator. Animals affected: horses, pigs, livestock, Habitat: common weed, found in various humans. habitats. Reference: Marsh et al. 1927, Kingsbury Animals affected: livestock. 1964. 250 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal ex DC. Animals affected: horses, cattle. (ANF) Reference: Pammel 1921, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: wild tobacco, desert tobacco. Toxin: nicotine. Typhaceae Habitat: dry desert soils. Typha latifolia L. (PNF) Animals affected: horses, pigs, livestock, Common name: cattail. humans. Toxin: unknown. Reference: Marsh et al. 1927, Kingsbury Habitat: common in moist soils, marshes 1964. and ponds. Animals affected: horses. dulcamara L. (PIF) Solarium Reference: Hansen 1930, Kingsbury 1964. Common name: European bittersweet, climbing nightshade, bitter nightshade. Toxin: glycoalkaloids. Zygophyllaceae Habitat: woods, thickets and waste places; Tribulus terrestris L. (AIF) cultivated and escaping. Common name: puncture vine, caltrap. Animals affected: cattle, horses, sheep, hu- Toxin: nitrates, photosensitizing com- mans. pound. Reference: Craig and Kehoe 1925, Kings- Habitat: dry soils of waste lands, roadsides bury 1964. and deserts. Solanum eleagnifolium Cav. (PNF) Animals affected: sheep. Common name: silverleaf nightshade, Reference: Durrell et al. 1952, Kingsbury white horsenettle, trapillo. 1964. Toxin: glycoalkaloids. Habitat: serious weed of prairies, open woods and disturbed soils; dry ground; barn- Literature Cited yards. Aanes, W. a. 1961. Pingue (Hijmenoxys richardsonii) Poisoning in sheep. Am. Vet. Res. 22:47. Animals affected: cattle, sheep. J. Adler, H. E. 1949. Indigestion from an unbalanced al. Reference: Buck et 1960, Kingsbury kiawe (mesquite) diet. Vet. As- bean J. Am. Med. 1964. soc. 115:263. Alberts, H. W. 1931. Poisoning of livestock by plants. Solanum nigrum L. (AIF) Alaska Agr. Expt. Sta., Rept., 19.30:35. Common name: black nightshade. Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division. 1958. Sixteen plants poisonous to livestock in the Toxin: glycoalkaloids. western states. USDA Farmers' Bull. 2106. Habitat: fields common weed of and waste L., 1954. Studies the oxa- Baker, C. J. and A. Eden. on places. late content of the leaves of certain varieties of vulgaris. Agric. Sci. 44:394. Animals affected: livestock, humans. Beta J. Bamford, F. 1951. Poisons, their isolation and identi- Reference: Carey 1955, Kingsbury 1964. fication. Blakiston Company, Philadelphia. 3d ed. Bankowski, R. a., R. W. Wichmann, and E. E. Stuart. Solanum rostratum Dunal (ANF) 1956. Stomatitis of cattle and horses due to yel- Common name: buffalo bur, Kansas thistle, Vet. low bristle grass (Setaria hitescens). J. Am. Texas thistle, buffalobur nightshade. Med. Assoc. 129:149. Beath, a., H. F. Eppson. 1933. Ar- Toxin: glycoalkaloids. O. J. H. Draize, and row grass, physiological consid- Habitat: plains, roadsides, barnyards. chemical and erations. Wyoming Agri. Expt- St. Bull. 193. Animals affected: hogs. Beath, O. A., C. S. Gilbert, H. F. Eppson, and I. Reference: Simic 1943, Kingsbury 1964. RosENFELD. 1953. Poisouous plants and livestock poisoning. Wyoming Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 324. Solanum triflorum Nutt. (ANF) BiNNs, W., AND L. F. James. 1961. A congenital defor-

" Common name: three flowered nightshade, mity in calves, similar to "crooked calf disease, cutleaf nightshade. has been experimentally produced by feeding heifers lupine and lead. Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Toxin: glycosides. Prod. (Western Sect.) 12(66): 1. Habitat: prairies, fields and waste places; BoucHTON, I. B. 1943. Oak bmsh poisoning. Texas Vet. weed of cultivation and disturbed soils. Bull. 5(4):2. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 251

Brady, D. E., E. Comfort, F. Lasley, and VV. H. J. J. Dayton, W. A. 1948. Poisonous plants. Yearbook of agri- Pfander. 1955.-Forage poisoning in Missouri due culture, pp. 729-734. to excessive amounts of nitrate. Missouri Agr. Deem, A. W., F. Thorp, and L. W. Dukrell. 1939. Expt. Sta., Bull. 652:19. Range plant newly found to be poisonous. Sci- Br.\kenridc;e, D. T. 1956. Nitrate poisoning caused by ence 89:435. turnips and redroot. New Zealand Vet. 4:165. Dollahite, W., T. J. J. and J. Allen. 1962. Poisoning of Buck, W. B., W. Dollahite, and T. Allen. 1960. J. J. cattle, sheep and goats with Lobelia and Centau- Silver-leafed nightshade poisoning. J. Am. Vet. rittm species. Southw. Vet. 15:126. Med. Assoc. 137:348. Dollahite, T., T. Shaver, J. and B. J. Camp. 1962. In- Buck, W. B., L. F. James, and W. Binns. 1961. Changes jected saponins as abortifacients. Am. J. Vet. Res. in senim transaminase activities associated with 23:1261. plant and mineral toxicity in Dollahite, sheep and cattle. J. W., and W. V. Anthony. 1957. Poisoning Proc. Am. Col. Vet. Toxicol. 1961:13. of cattle with Gutierrezia micwcephala. a per- M., ennial Burke, J. J. Marchisotto, J. J. A. McLaughlin, broomweed. J. .\m. Vet. Med. Assoc. AND L. Provasoll 1960. Analysis of the toxin 130:525. produced by Gonijaulax catenelUi in axenic pure Durrell, L. W., R. Jensen, and B. Klinger. 1952. Poi- culture. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:8.37. sonous and injurious plants in (Colorado. Colo- Cameron, K. 1952. Death camas poisoning. Northwest rado Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 412-A. Med. 1952:682. Eaton, G. 1941. A series of cases of poisoning in cattle. Cann, H. M., and H. L. Verhulst. 1958. Poisonous Vet. Rec. 53:145. plants. Natl. Clearinghouse Pois. Contr. Cent., Evers, R. A. AND R. P. Link. 1972. Poisonous plants of September 1958:2. the Midwest and their effects on livestock. I'ni- versity of Illinois (Urbana) 1955. Black nightshade in Spec. Pub. 24. 165 pp. Carey, J. C. poisoning swine. EwA.N, 1945. .A synopsis of the North .\merican species N. Am. Vet. 36:466. J. of Delpliinitun. University K. A. T. Phillipson, VV. of Colorado Studies Carpenter, J., and Thomson. (Ser. D) 2:.55. 1950. Experiments with dried bracken {Pteris Fincher, M. G., and H. K. Fuller. 1942. Case report, British Vet. 106:292. acftiiUna). J. photosensitization—trifoliosis— light sensitization. Case, A. .\. 19.57. Some aspects of nitrate intoxication in Cornell Vet. .32:95. livestock. Vet. 1.30:.323. J. Am. Med. Assoc. FiNNEMORE, H. 1909. The constituents of Canadian Christensen, J. J., AND H. C. H. Kernkamp. 1936. Stud- hemp. Part II. Cynotoxin. Proc. Chem. Soc. (Lon- ies on the toxicity of blighted barley to swine. don) 25:77. Minnesota Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. 113. Fleming, C. E. 1920. Poisonous range plants. .Nevada Clawson, a. B. 1933. Additional information con- Agr. Expt. Sta., Ann. Rept. 1919:.39. cerning larkspur poisoning. Supplement to Fleming, C. E., M. R. Miller, and L. R. Vawter. 1922. USDA,Varmers' Bull. 988. The spring rabbit-bnish (Tetradijinia glabrata), a Clawson, A. B. 1933. The American groimdsels, species range plant poisonous to sheep. Nevada .\gr. of senecio as stock-poisoning plants. Vet. Med. Expt. Sta. Bull. 104. 28:105. Fleming, C. E., and N. F. Peterson. 1919. Don't feed Claughton, W. p., and H. D. Claughton. 1954. Vetch foxtail hay to lambing ewes. Nevada .-Kgr. Expt. seed poisoning. Auburn Vet. 10:125. Sta. Bull. 97. Connor, H. E., and N. M. Adams. 1951. Poisonous Fleming, C. E., N. F. Peterson, M. R. .Miller. L. R. plants in New Zealand. Dept. Sci. and Ind. Res. Vawter, and L. H. Wright. 1920. The narrow- Bull. 99. leaved milkweed {Asclepias mexicana) and the Cook, C. W., and L. A. Stoddart. 1953. halogeton The broad-leaved or snowy milkweed (Asclepias spe- problem in Utah. Utah Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 364. tiosa)— plants poisonous to livestock in Nevada. Cook, W. B. 1951. The isolation and study of the alka- Nev. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 99. loids of Delphinium barbeyi Huth. University of Fleming, C. E., N. F. Peterson, M. R. Miller, and L. Wyoming Publ. 17:105. H. Wright. 1921. Death camas [Zygadenus pan- Couch, F. 1922. The toxic constituent of greasewood J. iculatus and Zygadenus venenosus): plants poi- {Sarcohatus veniiiculatus). Am. Pharm. 94:631. J. sonous to sheep and cattle. Nevada Agr. Expt. Couch, F. 1929. \ contribution to the study of J. Sta. Bull. 101. locoism. Pharm. and Exptl. Therapeut. .36:.55. J. Fyles, F. 1920. Principal poisonous plants of Canada. Couch, F. 19.32. Poisoning of livestock plants that J. by Canada Dept. Agr., Exptl. Farms Bull. 39 (2d

produce hydrocyanic acid. USDA Leaflet 88. ser.). Couch, F. 1936. Deltaline, a new alkaloid from Del- 1957. Veterinary toxicology. Bailliere. Tin- J. Garner, R. J. p)iiniuni occidentale S. Wats. See. Wilkins J. Am. Chem. dall, and Cox, London (Williams and 58:684. Co., Baltimore). Craig, F., Vet. poisonous plants in Kansas. J. and D. Kehoe. 1925. Plant poisoning. Gates, F. C. 1930. Principal Rec. .38:795. Kansas .Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 25. Davis, C. L. 1958. livestock. West- 1953. "Downer " or "Bermuda grass poi- Senecio poisoning in Gibbons, W. J. em Vet. 5:28. soning." N. Am. Vet. 34:433. Davis, R. Uni- Gilkey, H. M. 1958. Livestock-poisoning plants. Oregon J. 1952. Flora of Idaho. Brigham Young Bull. 564. versity Press. Provo, Utah. 836 pp. Agr. Expt. Sta. 252 Great Basin Naturalist Vol. 40, No. 3

Am. Vet. Glover, G. H. 1917. The whorled milkweed. J. Levi.n, D. a. 1976. .\lkaloid-bearing plants: an eco- Med. 12:303. geographic perspective. .\mer. Natur. 110: Gress, E. M. 1935. Poisonous plants of Pennsylvania. 261-284. ' (Gen. Bull. 531). Penn. Dept. Agr. Bull. 18(5) Lewis, H. B., R. S. Fajans, M. B. Esterer, C. Schen, arvense L. Gussow, H. T. 1912. Horsetail, Equisetum and M. Oliph.\t. 1948. The nutritive value of Exptl. Farms, Kept. Canada Dept. Agr., Dom. legumes: lathyrism in the rat. some J. Nutr. 1912:210. 36:537. poisoning. Better Crops Hansen, A. A. 1924. Jimson Lewis, H. B., a.nd A. R. Schulert. 1949. Experimental 2(6):28. lathyrism in the white rat and mouse. Proc. Soc. poisoning by plants in the Hansen, A. A. 1927. Stock E.xptl. Biol, and Med. 71:440. family. .\m. Vet. Med. .\ssoc. night.shade J. Lo.NG, H. C. 1917. Plants poisonous to livestock. Cam- 71-221. bridge (England) University Press. plants injurious to live- Hansen, A. .\. 1930. Indiana Los .\.NGELES COU.NTY' LIVESTOCK DePARTME.NT. 1938. .A.gr. Expt. Sta. Circ. 175. stock. Purdue (Indiana) Poisonous and injurious plants of Los .\ngeles of the plants of Colo- Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual County. County of Los .\ngeles, California. Illinois. 666 rado. Swallow Press, Inc. Chicago, D., Tobisk.\. 1956. Ma.ag, D. and J. W. Fescue lameness pp. in cattle. II. Ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass. western ranges. HARRIS, G. A. 1951. St. Johnswort on Vet. Res. 17:202. Am. J. Northern Rocky Mtn. For. and Range USD.\, M.acDo.nald, M. a. 1952. Pine needle abortion in range 26. 18 Expt. Sta. Paper pp. cattle. 5:150. beef J. Range Manage. R\RVEY, R. B., A. H. Larson, R. H. Landon, W. L. Marsh, C. D., A. B. Clawson, J. F. Couch, .and H. 1944. poi- Boyd, and L. C. Erickson. Weeds Marsh. 1921. Western sneezeweed {Helenium •sonous to livestock. Minnesota .\gr. Expt. Sta. hoopesii) as a poisonous plant. USD.\, Dept. Bull. Bull. 388. 947. Hershey, a. L. 1945. Some poisonous plants problems of Marsh, C. D., A. B. Clawson, and W. W. Eggleston. Mexico. Mexico Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. New New 1936. The locoweed disease. USD.\, Farmers' .322. Bull. 1054, rev. Hill, R.. a.nd R. va.n Hey.ningen. 1951. Ranunculin: the Marsh, C. D., A. B. Clawson, a.nd H. Marsh. 1915. precursor of the vesicant substance of the butter- Zygodeniis, or death camas. USD.\, Dept. Bull. cup. Biochem. 49:.332. J. 125. Holmgren, A. H. 1945. Two poisonous milkweeds. Utah Marsh, C. D., A. B. Clawson, a.nd H. Marsh. 1916. .\gr. Expt. Sta., Farm and Home Sci. 6(2): 11. Lupines as poisonous plants. USD.\, Dept. Bull. Huffman, VV. T., E. A. Mor.\n, a.nd W. Blnns. 1956. 405. Poisonous plants. USD.\. Yearbook of .\gr. Marsh, C. D., A. B. Clawso.n, and G. C. Roe. 1927. 1956:118. Wild tobaccos (Xicotiana trigonophijUa Dunal Hlrst, E. 1942. The poison plants of New South Wales. and Xicotiana attentiata Torrey) as stock-poison- N.S.W. Poison Plants Committee, Sydnev. ing plants. USDA, Tech. Bull. 22. James, L. F., M. C. Willl\ms, .and A. T. Bleuh. 1976. Mathams, R. H., and a. K. Sutherla.nd. 19.52. The oxa- Toxicity of Bassia hijssopifolia to sheep. Range J. late content of some Queensland pasture plants. Manage. 29(4):2a4-285. .\gr. Sci. 9:317. Queensland J. Johnston. .\.. and R. W. Peake. 1960. Effect of selec- M.ATHEws, F. P. 1933. The toxicity of Baileija multi- tive grazing by sheep on the control of leafv radiata for goats. .\m. Vet. .^s- sheep and J. Med. spurge {Euphorbia esula L.). Range Manage. J. soc. 83:673. 12:192. McCulloch, E. C. 1940. The experimental production Keeler, R. F. 1978. Reducing incidence of plant-caused of hepatic cirrhosis by the seed of Amsinckia in- congenital deformities in livestock bv grazing tennedia. Science 91:95. management. Range Manage. 31(5):.355-.360. J. dermatitis, its McNair, J. B. 1923. Rhus pathology and Kingsbury, M. 1961. Knowledge of poisonous plants J. chemotherapy. University of Chicago Press. in the United States— brief history and con- Mecke, M. B. 1979. Poisonous range plants of Wyom- clusions. Econ. Rot. 15(2): 119- 1.30. ing—their importance and management. Annual Kingsbury, M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United J. Meeting of Society for Range Management, Cas- States and Canada. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jer- per, Wyoming. 14 pp. Unpublished manuscript. sey. 626 pp. Merrill, L. B. and L. Schuster. 1978. Grazing man- Kobayashi, T. 1950. Studies on the histo-pathologic J. agement practices effect on livestock loss from changes of experimental cases of the "ezonegi- plants. poisonous J. Range Manage. 31(5): poisoning" in horses. Vet. Sci., Japanese J. .351-354. 12:209. Mettler, F. a., and G. M. Ster.n. 1963. Observations Krueger, W. C. and L. a. Sharp. 1978. Management on the toxic effects of yellow star thistle. J. approaches to reduce livestock losses from poi- Neuropath. Expt. Neurol. 22:164. sonous plants in rangeland. J. Range Manage. Mihalopoulos, N. G. 1972. Common poisonous plants 31(5):.347-350. of Utah and the Intermountain West. Education- Laycock, W. a. 1978. Coevolution of poisonous plants al Media, Inc. Salt Lake City. 41 pp. and large herbivores in rangelands. J. Range Miller, M. R. 1923. .^Ikaloidal assays oi Delphinium an- Manage. 31(5):.3.35-342. .\ssoc. 12:492. dersotiii Gray. J. .\m. Pharm. September 1980 Brotherson et al.: Poisonous Plants 253

Moore, C. \V. 1909. The constituents of the rhizome of Stern, E. S. 1960. The diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconi- Apocynum androsaemifolium. J. Cheni. Soc. tiim. Delphinium, and Carrtja species. In (London), Trans. 95:734. Manske, R. H. F., ed.. The alkaloids. Academic MuENSCHER, W. C. 19.30. Leafy spurge and related Press, New York. Vol. VII. weeds. New York State Col. Agr., Cornell Exten- Steyn, D. G. 1934. The toxicologv' of plants in South Af- sion Bull. 192. rica. Central News .\gency, Ltd., Johannesburg. Newsom, I. E., E. N. Stout, F. Thorp, C. W. Barber, Stoddart, L. a., a. H. Holmgren and C. W. Cook. .\ND A. H. Groth. 1937. Oat hay poisoning. J. 1949. Important poisonous plants of Utah. Spec. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 90:66. Report No. 2, Agr. Expt. Sta., Utah State Agr. Nielsen, D. B. 1978. The economic impact of poisonous Col., Logan, Utah. 21 pp. plants on the range livestock industry in the sev- Tehon, L. R., C. C. MoRHiL, AND R. Graham. 1946. Il- enteen western states. Range Manage. J. linois plants poisonous to livestock. Illinois Ext. 31(5):325-.328. Serv. Circ. 599. O'Dell, B. L. 1959. A study of the toxic principle in red Thomson, R. B., and H. B. Sifton. 1922. .A guide to the clover. Missouri Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. Bviil. 702. poisonous plants and weed seeds of Canada and P.wiMELL, L. H. 1911. A manual of poisonous plants. the northern United States. Universitv of Toronto Torch Press, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Press, Toronto. Pammell, L. H. 1921. Three-flowered nightshade poi- F., Throp, Jr., G. S. Harshfield, L. \\ . Durrell, and sonous. Vet. Med.- 16(2):46. C. G. Barr. 1940. Oxy tenia acerosa—A plant poi- R. H. C. 1953. Hemlock poisoning in cattle. Vet. Penny, sonous to livestock. J. Am. Vet. Med. .Assoc. Rec. 65:669. 96:97. PijOAN, M. 1942. Cvanide poisoning from choke cherrv Trelease, S. F., and O. A. Be.\th. 1949. Selenium. New seed. Am. Med. Sci. 204 (n.s.);550. J. York. Porter, C. L. 1951. Astragalus and Oxytropis in Colo- USD.\. 1968. Twenty-two plants poisonous to livestock rado. L'niversitv of \\'voming Publ. 16:1. in the western states. USDA, Agr. Information Power, F. B. 1901. The chemistry of the bark of Robinia Bull. No. 327. 64 pp. pseudo-acacia, Linne. Pharniaceut. J. F. 1978. Valentine, J. US-Canadian range management. Qlortrup, E. R., and R. McFarland. 1956. Animal J. 1935-1977: a selected bibliography on ranges, losses involving in San noxious weeds Diego pastures, wildlife, livestock and ranching. Or\'x County. California Vet. 9(5): 14. Press, Phoenix, .\rizona. 337 pp. Prepared Forest Ser- Range pl.\nt h.\ndbook. 1937. by VoLKER, R. 1950. Eugen Frohner's Lehrbuch der Tox- vice, USDA. ikologie. Ferdinand Enke Veriag, Stutgart. 6th Reynard, B., B. S. Norton. Poisonous plants G. and J. ed. of Marvland in relation to livestock. Maryland Walter, E. D., G. R. V.\n Atta, C. R. Thompson, .\nd .\gr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. A 10. \V. D. Maclay. 1954. Alfalfa saponin. J. .\m. Studies Roderick, L. M., and A. F. Chalk. 1931. on Chem. Soc. 76:2271. sweet clover disease. North Dakota .\gr. Expt. Welsh, S. L. 1978. Utah flora: Fahaceae (Legimiinosae). Sta. Bull. 250. Great Basin Nat. .38(3):225-367. Sampson, A. W., and H. E. Malmsten. 1942. Stock-poi- 1980. Utah flora; miscellaneous families. Great soning plants of California. California Agr. Expt. Basin Nat. 40:38-58.

Sta. B^ili. 593. Welsh, S. L. and G. Moore. 1973. Utah plants- Schmutz, E. M., B. N. Freeman, and R. E. Reed. 1968. Tracheophvta. Brigham Yoinig University Press. Livestock-poisoning plants in Arizona. University Provo. Utah. 474 pp. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 176 pp. West, E. 1957. Poisonous plants around the home. Flor- Shrift, A. 1958. Biological activities of selenium com- ida Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ. S-IOO. P. Pllmmer, and R. D. pounds. Bot. Rev. 24:550. Whiting, F., R. Connell, J. G. SiMic, 1943. Solanine poisoning in swine. Vet. 1957. Incoordination {Cerebellar Ataxia) W. J. Clark. Med. 38:353. among lambs from ewes fed peavine silage. Ca- .\m. nad. Comp. Med. and Vet. Sci. 21:77. Slade, H. B. 1903. Prussic acid in sorghum. J. J. Distribution Chem. Soc. 25:55. Williams, M. C. and F. A. Norris. 1969. in varieties of Astragalus miser. Small, E. and A. Cronqitst. 1976. .\ practical and nat- of miserotoxin Science 17:236-2.38. ural taxonomv for Cannabis. Taxon 5:405-4.35. Dougl. ex Hook. Weed .\nd R. C. Barneby. 1977. The occur- Sperry, O. E., Doll.\hite, and G. O. Williams, M. C. J. W. J. Morrow, in North .\merican Astra- Hoffman. 1955. Texas range plants poisonous to rence of nitro-toxins (Fabaceae). Brittonia 29:310-326. livestock. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 796. galus