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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF MIDDLE ARCHAIC PLANT EXPLOITATION: GEOCHEMICAL, MACROBOTANICAL AND TAPHONOMIC ANALYSES OF DEPOSITS AT MOUNDED TALUS ROCKSHELTER, EASTERN KENTUCKY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Katherine Robinson Mickelson, M.A. The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Kristen J. Gremillion, Adviser Dr. William S. Dancey Dr. Jeffrey K. McKee Department of Anthropology Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3049089 Copyright 2002 by Mickelson, Katherine Robinson All rights reserved. _ __ _ ® UMI UMI Microform 3049089 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Katherine Robinson Mickelson 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The sandstone cliffs along the western edge of the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Kentucky contain numerous rockshelters in which unusual environmental conditions have resulted in the preservation of normally perishable organic remains. The exceptional preservation of ancient plant remains has stimulated much of the archaeological research that has been conducted in the region and has provided important evidence for environmental and subsistence change, including the development of an independent eastern North American agricultural tradition. The lack of water and the presence of nitrates are often cited as causal agents for the exceptional preservation of plant remains beneath some of the overhangs in the region. However, to date there has been no systematic attempt to identify the major determinants of plant deposition and preservation. The present study addresses three issues: 1) the source and mode of deposition of plant remains, 2) the preservation of plant remains and, 3) Middle Archaic plant exploitation at the Middle Archaic period (ca. 6000 BC-3000BC) Mounded Talus rockshelter, Lee County, Kentucky. These issues are addressed by examining the physical and spatial attributes of botanical remains and the geochemical ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. properties of sediments from Mounded Talus in order to assess relationships between plant preservation and their environmental context. The results of botanical and sediment analyses indicate that 1) the majority of plant remains were deposited anthropogenically, 2) human occupation of the rockshelter resulted in significant alterations to the geochemistry of the sediments, 3) these alterations, especially the deposition of ash, are the principle reasons that macrobotanical remains are so well preserved. Subsequent to human occupation, few post-depositional disturbances have occurred. 4) The analysis of a full range of size categories has ensured the most accurate estimation possible of the actual deposition patterns of different types of macrobotanical remains. Analysis of archaeobotanical remains indicates that the Middle Archaic inhabitants of Mounded Talus rockshelter followed a generalized mode of plant exploitation from all landforms in the region, including a wide array of fleshy fruits and grains including wild gourd ( Cucurbita) and sumpweed (Iva annua). h i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dedicated to my family: Andrew, Epes, Anne, Suzanne and Hugh. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge my adviser, Dr. Kristen Gremillion, for her intellectual support, tireless encouragement and enthusiasm throughout this research and her patience in reviewing this manuscript. I thank her for introducing me to beautiful eastern Kentucky and for the opportunities to conduct research there, especially at Mounded Talus rockshelter. Finally, I would like to thank her for her advice and friendship throughout my graduate career. I would like to thank Dr. William S. Dancey for his sage advice during my tenure at OSU and for his helpful comments on this manuscript. I also gratefully acknowledge his permission to use his laboratory equipment used to facilitate this research. Dr. Jeffery McKee provided insightful comments on the dissertation proposal and this manuscript. I would like to thank him for his assistance and advice in this research and for his thoroughness in reading this manuscript. I am indebted to Dr. Paul Sciulli for offering many hours of his time, computer and advice in conducting statistical analyses. His patience, encouragement and sense of humor are greatly appreciated. I acknowledge and thank Dr. Joy McComston for the use of her laboratory and microscope camera. I would also like to acknowledge Daniel Boone Forest Service archaeologists, Cedi Ison and Johnny Faulkner for their assistance in conducting this research. Dr. Cheryl Claassan deserves a spedal thank you for her support and encouragement that v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. led to my attending graduate school. I would also like to thank Dr. Sarah Boysen for her comments on this manuscript. National Register Evaluation excavations conducted in 1995 were supported by a Cost Challenger Grant from the Daniel Boone National Forest awarded to Dr. Kristen Gremillion. I am grateful to the Cave Research Foundation for their monetary support of this research. I would like to thank my family for their support throughout my graduate career, and last but certainly not least, I would like to thank Andrew for his tireless enthusiasm, support and general merriment without which this research would have seemed tedious and daunting. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VITA November 24,1968 ................ Bom, Charlotte, North Carolina 1991 ...................................... B.A. Anthropology, Appalachian State University, N.C. 1996 ...................................... M.A. Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Ohio 1995-2002 ..............................Graduate Teaching and Research Associate The Ohio State University 1994-2002 ............................. Archaeobotanical Consultant PUBLICATIONS 1. Tom Klatka, editor. 2002 Emergency Excavations at the Sawyer Site (44RN39), Area B:A Protohistoric Site in Roanoke County, Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond. 2. Katherine R. Mickelson 2002 Red River, Kentucky Paleoethnobotany. In Mitigation of the Upper Portions of the Gladie Creek Site (15MF410), Red River Gorge Geological Area, Daniel Boone National Forest, Stanton Ranger District, Menifee County, Kentucky. 3. Gremillion, Kristen, Katherine R. Mickelson, Andrew M. Mickelson and Anne B. Lee. 2000 Rockshelters at the Headwaters: A Recent Archaeological Survey in the Big Sinking Drainage o f Eastern Kentucky. In Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky: Volume Six,edited by David Pollack and Kristen J. Gremillion. Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, 2000. 4. Mickelson, Katherine R. 1999 Analysis of Lithic Remains from Courthouse Rockshelter. In National Register Evaluation of Courthouse Rock Shelter, 15P0322, Powell County, Kentucky, edited by Kristen J. Gremillion. v ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5. Mickelson, Katherine 1999 McLeod Plant Exploitation. In The Late Woodland Period on the Lower Tombigbee River, edited by George
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