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Neurotoxicity: Identifying and Controlling Poisons of the Nervous System

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Neurotoxicity: Identifying and Controlling Poisons of the Nervous System Index -i abused drugs activities of, 33, 81, 88, 322 addiction, 6, 52,74, 75 aldicarb, 47, 173,251 designer drugs, 51 aldrin, 250,252,292 effects on nervous system, 6,9, 51–53, 71 allyl chloride, 303 health costs of, 20,53,232 aluminum, 48 psychoactive drugs, 6, 10,27,44,50 and Alzheimer’s disease, 54-55 withdrawal from, 74 oxide, 14, 136 see also specific drugs Alzheimer’s disease academic research effects on hippocampus, 71 cooperative agreements with government, 94 environmental cause, 3, 6, 54-55, 70, 72 factors influencing directions of, 92-94 research on, 259 acetaldehyde, 297 American Academy of Pediatrics, 189 acetone, 14, 136,296, 297,303 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, acetylcholine, 26, 66, 109, 124,294, 336 28, 151, 185, 186,203,302-303 acetylcholinesterase, 11,50,74,84,187,203, 289,290-292,336 American National Standards Institute, 185 acetylethyl tetramethyl tetralin (AETT) ammonia, 14, 136 exposure route, 108 amphetamines, 74 incidents of poisoning, 47, 54 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurological effects of, 54 characteristics of, 54 acrylamide, 73, 120 environmental cause, 3, 6, 54-55, 70, 72 neurotoxicity testing, 166, 175 incidence of, 54, 55 regulation for neurotoxicity, 178 research on, 259 risk assessment approaches, 150, 151,216 anencephaly, 70 research on neurotoxicity, 258 anilines and substituted anilines, 179 acrylates, 175 animal tests, 13 acrylonitrile, 203 accuracy and reliability, 106, 115 neurotoxicity testing, 166, 173 advantages and limitations of, 105, 106, 111, 112, 114, 116, OSHA health standards, 185 120-121, 136, 137 action levels for contaminants in foods, 164, 241–242, 336 alternatives to, 121–125; see also in vitro neurotoxicity tests “Adam,” 51 of BHMH, 55–56 Administrative Procedure Act, 162 biochemical markers, 117 age/aging choice of animals, 106-107, 109-110, 121, 152 and exposure to neurotoxic substances, 269 in combination with in vitro tests, 13, 122, 124 as a factor in animal studies, 107 cost factors, 106-107, 110, 222–225, 226227 nervous system effects of, 8, 15, 54, 67, 152 cross-species comparisons, 115–1 16, 121, 148 and neurobehavioral tests, 126 design, 105, 106-109,222 and toxicity of chemicals, 15, 63, 152 developmental neurotoxicology, 110, 111, 114-116, 137, see also children; elderly 165-166, 178 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 135–136 dosing regimen, 107, 110, 147-148 research activities of, 9, 11, 89, 188, 271, 322 comparability with human testing, 115 Agent Orange, 295 EPA guidelines, 110 Agricultural Pesticide Institute of the Philippines, 252 evaluating chemicals for neurotoxicity, 109-110 air pollutants extent and duration of exposure, 108, 222, 225, 226 hazardous, defined, 181 extrapolation to humans, 18,82, 105, 121, 147, 148, 149, 153, lead, 273–274, 276,281 204 standards for, 181, 182, 185 of food additives, 52 see also Clean Air Act functional observational battery, 110,11 1–1 12,136,137,178, Alar, 291 224-225,226 Alaskan Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project, 133 hazard identification with, 147 alcohol and alcohol abuse, 4,44, 115 housing conditions, 108-109 axonopathic effects, 73 innovation impacts of, 226-227 effects on fetus, 70, 124 longitudinal, 107 research on, 9, 11 of MDMA, 51–52 thiamine deficiency and toxicity of, 71 motor activity, 110, 11 1–1 14, 136, 137, 178,224-225, 226 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Motron Electronic Mobility Meter, 113 (ADAMHA), research multispecies, 107 -343- 344 ● Neurotoxicity: Identifying and Controlling Poisons of the Nervous System neuropathological examination, 110, 111, 114, 136, 137, 178, research needs on, 154 224-225,226 tests for, see neurobehavioral tests neurophysiology techniques, 118–121 see also operant behavior neurotoxic esterase assay, 111, 136-137, 178 behavioral teratology, 70, 114-116 nutritional status of animals, 108 Belgium, regulatory policies in, 246-247 observational methods, 112–1 13 Benton Visual Retention Test, 127 for organophosphorous pesticides, 110, 117-118 benzene, 14, 135, 136, 182,297,303 quality assurance in, 222-223 beryllium, 182 route of exposure, 108, 121, 222, 225 BHC, 252 schedule-controlled operant behavior, 110, 111, 116–1 17, BHMH, incidents of poisoning, 47,55-56 136, 137, 178,224-225 biochemical markers, 11,82, 84, 117 temperature of environment, 109 biological monitoring, 133-134 tiered approach, 109-110 blood-brain barrier types of, 110-121 drug passage through, 66-67 validation of, 109 fetal, 70 antagonism, 65 structure and function, 336, 66-67, 73 antibiotics, 45, 70, 123, 125 blood vessels, neurotoxic substances acting on, 74,76 anticancer drugs, 51, 73 botulinum toxin, 45 antipsychotic drugs, 44, 50 Bourdon Wiersma Vigilance Test, 127 Apiol (with TOCP), incidents of poisoning, 47 brain Argentina aging, and structure of, 15, 67, 152 research on neurotoxicity, 258 congressional resolution on Decade of the Brain, 330–331 use of banned pesticides in, 239 development of, 67 arsenic, 133, 182, 183, 185 opioid receptors, 74 aryl phosphates, 179 regional differences in sensitivity to toxic substances, 68 asbestos, 176, 180, 182 structure and function, 66 aspartame, 166, 198 brain damage application process, 315–318 from abused drugs, 51,70 claims of adverse effects, 18, 318–319 from lead, 271 postmarketing surveillance, 318 from mercury, 131 aspartate, 71 from pesticides, 291 Association of People for Practical Life Education, 252 brainstem auditory evoked responses, 119, 128 astrocytes, 117 Brazil, pesticide misuse in, 251 attentional disorders, 70, 229, 273 buckthorn (Karwinskia humboldtiana), 74 auditory system B-bungarotoxin, 124 substances affecting, 49, 119, 131, 135,272 Bureau of Community Environmental Management, 277 testing of, 119 n-butyl alcohol, 14, 136 Australia, use of banned pesticides in, 239 axonopathy cadmium, 48, 68, 74 causative agents, 73–74 monitoring of, 133, 134 defined, 67,336 research on, 257 axons, 72 California Birth Defects Prevention Act of 1984,289-290 development of, 67 camphechlor, 250 effects of toxic substances on, 67, 69, 73, 295 Canada functions of, 65-66,336 human tissue monitoring, 132 azidothymidine, 167 regulatory policies and practices in, 245 research on neurotoxicity, 258 barium, 183 carbamate insecticides, 26,49,74, 175,287, 289–291, 293,295, Basic Document on Regulations of Registration, Marketing and 336 Control of Agricultural Chemicals for Countries of carbon disulfide Central America, 253-254 exposure limits for, 187, 303 Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Mental Development neurological effects of, 73, 108, 298, 299 Index, 155 poisoning incidents, 256 behavioral effects, 70 releases, 14, 136 Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study, 115 carbon monoxide defined in TSCA, 174 air quality standards, 181, 182 duration of exposure and, 70 central nervous system effects, 181, 187 EPA research on, 82 poisoning, 64,69, 181 examples of, 46 research on neurotoxicity, 258 of lead, 46, 229–230, 272, 273 carbon tetrachloride, 297 of organic solvents, 298–299 carbonyl sulfide, 14, 136 of pesticide poisoning, 285 carcinogenicity, 56 Index ● 345 cassava (Manihot esculenta), 55 chlorofluorocarbons, neurotoxicity testing, 166 cell cultures chloroform, 14, 136, 303 defined, 123,336 chloroquine, 124 mixed, 338 chlorphenoxy herbicides, 294-295 monolayer, 124 cholinesterase inhibitors, see acetylcholinesterase; organophos- muscle cells, 124 phorous pesticides retinal neurons, 124 chromium, 133 cell lines, 124, 125, 336 Clean Air Act, 135 Center for Environmental Health, research activities of, 90-91 1970 amendments, 180 Center for Science in the Public Interest, 192 amendments proposed, 26, 182, 280 Centers for Disease Control cost-benefit analysis under, 216 acceptable levels for lead, 271 definition of hazardous air pollutant, 181 human monitoring program, 133 lead regulation under, 273 lead poisoning prevention program, 277 regulatory authority, 23, 160, 162 research activities of, 9, 11, 12, 81, 322 risk assessment approach, 160 central distal axonopathy, 74 standard setting under, 180-182 central nervous system, 336 toxic substances regulated by, 160 degeneration, 72 Clean Water Act, 26 depression of activity, 108 regulatory authority, 16, 23, 160 lead effects on, 272 risk assessment approach, 160 pesticide effects on, 284-285 standard setting under, 180, 182–183, 187 structure, 66 toxic substances regulated by, 160 central-peripheral distal axonopathy, 67, 73–74 clioquinol, incidents of poisoning, 47, 74 cerebellum, 67, 70, 72, 336 cocaine, 9, 44, 115 cerebral palsy, 49 effects on nervous system, 6, 52, 74-75 cerebrum, 70, 336 fetal effects of, 10,53,70,74 charitable organizations, research by, 97 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 242 Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, 123-124 cognitive effects Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association, 220 of carbon monoxide poisoning, 181 chemicals detection of, 70 commercial, see industrial chemicals examples of, 46 consumer, 17 of lead poisoning, 44, 70, 181, 269,273 diversity of new products, 227 of pesticide poisoning, 285 high production, high exposure, 17, 178-179, 195, 197,202, Cognitive Scanner, 128 204,227 Colombia, use of banned pesticides in, 239,243 licensing and registration of, 174-180, 197,202 Color Additive Amendments of 1960, 165 low production, low exposure, 178,227-228 color additives, see food and color additives neurotoxic, classes of, 175 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, 188 neurotoxicity tests and innovation in, 227–228 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
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