Neurotoxicity: Identifying and Controlling Poisons of the Nervous System
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درمان و تشخیص نامه شیوه کلرین گاز با مسمومیت Medical Guideline For
شیوه نامه تشخیص و درمان مسمومیت با گاز کلرین Medical Guideline for Chlorine Gas Poisoning اداره کل پدافند غیرعامل وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی مرداد 6931 فهرست مطالب عنوان صفحه 1- مشخصات کلی ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1 ....................................................................................................................... Threshold Limit Values; 2- ویژگیها ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2-1: مکانیسم اثر ...................................................................................................................................... 2 3- نحوه مواجهه و تماس ............................................................................................................................... 3 3-1- مواجهه حاد تنفسی ............................................................................................................................ 4 3-2- مواجهه حاد پوستی ـ مخاطی ................................................................................................................ 4 3-3- مواجهه حاد گوارشی .......................................................................................................................... 5 4- عﻻیم و نشانه های مسمومیت ...................................................................................................................... 5 4-1- عﻻیم مواجهه حاد تنفسی -
Toxicological Profile for Chlorine
CHLORINE 25 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of chlorine. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. 3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). Levels of significant exposure for each route and duration are presented in tables and illustrated in figures. The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. LOAELs have been classified into "less serious" or "serious" effects. "Serious" effects are those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality (e.g., acute respiratory distress or death). "Less serious" effects are those that are not expected to cause significant dysfunction or death, or those whose significance to the organism is not entirely clear. -
Neuromuscular Disorders Neurology in Practice: Series Editors: Robert A
Neuromuscular Disorders neurology in practice: series editors: robert a. gross, department of neurology, university of rochester medical center, rochester, ny, usa jonathan w. mink, department of neurology, university of rochester medical center,rochester, ny, usa Neuromuscular Disorders edited by Rabi N. Tawil, MD Professor of Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY, USA Shannon Venance, MD, PhD, FRCPCP Associate Professor of Neurology The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2011, ® 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
This report contains the collective views of an nternational group of experts and does not xcessarily represent the decisions or the stated 1 icy of the United Nations Environment Pro- '€mme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 21 CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 'ublished under the joint sponsorship of Ic United Nations Environment Programme. the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization / \r4 ( o 4 UI o 1 o 'T F- World Health Organization kz Geneva, 1982 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint ven- ture of the United Nations Environment Programme. the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experi- mental laboratory, and risk assessment methods that could produce interna- tionally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other relevant activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. ISBN 92 4 154081 8 World Health Organization 1982 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protec- tion in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publica- tions, in part or in loto, application should be made to the Office of Publica- tions, World Health Organization, Geneva. Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. -
Question of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium Oxalate Is a Widespread Toxin Found in Many Species of Plants
Question Of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium oxalate is a widespread toxin found in many species of plants. What is the needle shaped crystal containing calcium oxalate called and what is the compilation of these structures known as? Answer: The needle shaped plant-based crystals containing calcium oxalate are known as raphides. A compilation of raphides forms the structure known as an idioblast. (Lim CS et al. Atlas of select poisonous plants and mushrooms. 2016 Disease-a-Month 62(3):37-66) Friday, December 2, 2016 Question: Which oral chelating agent has been reported to cause transient increases in plasma ALT activity in some patients as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions? Answer: Orally administered dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been reported to cause transient increases in ALT activity as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions. (Bradberry S et al. Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. 2009 Q J Med 102:721-732) Thursday, December 1, 2016 Question: What is Clioquinol and why was it withdrawn from the market during the 1970s? Answer: According to the cited reference, “Between the 1950s and 1970s Clioquinol was used to treat and prevent intestinal parasitic disease [intestinal amebiasis].” “In the early 1970s Clioquinol was withdrawn from the market as an oral agent due to an association with sub-acute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japanese patients. SMON is a syndrome that involves sensory and motor disturbances in the lower limbs as well as visual changes that are due to symmetrical demyelination of the lateral and posterior funiculi of the spinal cord, optic nerve, and peripheral nerves. -
Strengthening Poison Control Centres in the Region
REGIONAL COMMITTEE Provisional Agenda item 12 Fifty-second Session SEA/RC52/8 25 June 1999 STRENGTHENING POISON CONTROL CENTRES IN THE REGION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS SEA/RC52/8 CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PROBLEM OF EXPOSURE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS 1 3. EXISTING CAPACITIES FOR POISON CONTROL 2 4. INTERNATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK IN POISON CONTROL 3 5. STRATEGIES PROPOSED FOR ESTABLISHING POISON CONTROL PROGRAMME 4 5.1 Political Commitment: Leading Role of Ministry of Health 4 5.2 Partnership with NGOs, Private Sectors and Other Disciplines 4 5.3 Prevention and Awareness Programme 5 5.4 Training and Education 5 5.5 Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening 5 5.6 Support Role of IPCS/WHO and Centres of Excellence 5 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6 7. POINTS FOR CONSIDERATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIES 7 7.1 Leading Role of Ministries of Health 7 7.2 Partnership with NGOs, Private Sector and Other Disciplines 7 7.3 Prevention and Awareness Programme 7 7.4 Training and Capacity Building 7 7.5 Role of WHO 8 SEA/RC52/8 1. INTRODUCTION The growing incidence of poisoning from accidental, occupational or intentional exposure to chemicals has drawn worldwide attention. While global incidence of poisoning is not known, it is estimated that up to half a million people die each year as a result of poisonings, due to pesticides and natural toxins. WHO conservatively estimated that though developing countries account for only 15% of the worldwide use of pesticides, about 50% of pesticide poisonings occur in these countries, especially through misuse of chemicals. -
Diseases Tiunsmitted by Foods
DISEASES TIUNSMITTED BY FOODS ( A CLASSIFICATION AND SUMMARY) SECOND EDITION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING ATLANTA. GEORGIA 30333 DISEASES TIUNSMITTED BY FOODS ( A CIJiSSIFICATION AND SUMMARY) SECOND EDITION Frank L. Bryan, Ph.D., M.P.H. — U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL CENTER FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVE~PMENR AN_QTRAtNING ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30333 1982 DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY FOODS CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BACTERIAL DISEASES 2 Diseases of Contemporary Importance 7 Usually Transmitted by Other Means but Sometimes Foodborne Diseases in Which Proof of Transmission by Foods Is Inconclusive Unknown Role in Foodborne Transmission (Pathogenic and 16 Isolated from Foods) 17 VIRAL AND RICKETTSIW DISEASES 17 Epidemiological Evidence of Foodborne Transmission Viral Diseases which Could Possible be Transmitted by Foods but Proof Is Lacking 18 -I.-I PAMSITIC DISEASES LL 22 Always or Usually Transmitted by Foods 29 Usually Transmitted by Other Means but Sometimes Foodborne 33 FUNGAL DISEASES ‘- 33 Mycotoxicoses 37 Mushrooms 42 Mycotic Infections 43 PLANT TOXICANTS AND TOXINS 43 Alkaloids 47 Glycosides 4.9 Toxalbumins Resins 50 50 Other Toxicants, Toxins, and Allergens 54 TOXIC ANIM4LS 54 Fish Shellfish 53 60 Other Marine Animals 62 Non-Marine Animals 64 POISONOUS CHEMICALS 64 Metallic’Containers 65 Intentional Additives 68 Incidental and Accidental Food Additives 75 Allergens -
Nureg/Cr-5669 Pnl-7522
NUREG/CR-5669 PNL-7522 Evaluation of Exposure Limits to Toxic Gases for Nuclear Reactor Control Room Operators Prepared by D. D. Mahlum, L. B. Sasser Pacific Northwest Laboratory Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission -C -- AVAILABIUTY NOTICE Availability of Reference Materials Cited in NRC Publications Most documents cited In NRC publications will be available from one of the following sources: 1. The NRC Public Document Room, 2120 L Street, NW., Lower Level, Washington, DC 20555 2. The Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082. Washington, DC 20013-7082 3. The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 Although the listing that follows represents the majority of documents cited In NRC publications, It Is not Intended to be exhaustive. Referenced documents available for Inspection and copying for a fee from the NRC Public Document Room Include NRC correspondence and Internal NRC memoranda: NRC bulletins. circulars, Information notices, Inspection and Investigation notices; licensee event reports; vendor reports and correspondence; Commis- sion papers; and applicant and licensee documents and correspondence. The following documents In the NUREG series are available for purchase from the GPO Sales Program: formal NRC staff and contractor reports, NRC-sponsored conference proceedings, and NRC booklets and brochures. Also available are regulatory guides, NRC regulations In the Code of Federal Regulations, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances. Documents available from the National Technical Information Service include NUREG-series reports and technical reports prepared by other Federal agencies and reports prepared by the Atomic Energy Commis- sion, forerunner agency to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. -
New Findings and Symptomatic Treatment for Neurolathyrism, a Motor Neuron Disease Occurring in North West Bangladesh
Paraplegia 32 (1994) 193-195 © 1994 International Medical Society of Paraplegia New findings and symptomatic treatment for neurolathyrism, a motor neuron disease occurring in North West Bangladesh A Haque MD,! M Hossain MD,! JK Khan DPharm,2 YH Kuo PhD,2 F Lambein PhD,2 J De Reuck MD3 I Department of Neurology, Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2 Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ghent, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; 3 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Gent, Belgium. Neurolathyrism is a form of spastic paraparesis caused by the neuroexcitatory amino acid 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (f3-0DAP) present in the seeds and foliage of Lathyrus sativus. The disease is irreversible and usually nonprogressive. Tolperisone HCI, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, has been shown to reduce significantly the spasticity in neurolathyrism patients. Sporadic occurrence of HTLV-l infection (0.9% ) and of osteolathyrism was found among the neurolathyrism patients. Osteolathyrism is linked to the consumption of the green shoots of Lathyrus sativus. Keywords: neurolathyrism; Lathyrus sativus; HTLV-I; osteolathyrism; tolperisone HCI; motor neuron disease. Introduction of these patients were affected during the epidemic of 1970-74. Patients were selected Neurolathyrism is a motor neuron disease for treatment with tolperisone HCI (Mydo caused by overconsumption of the seeds of calm, chemical name: 2,4-dimethyl-3-pipe Lathyrus sativus, 1 a pulse grown and con ridinopropiophenone, Gedeon Richter, sumed in some Asian and African countries. Budapest, Hungary) along with controls. -
Cause, Symptoms and Treatment of Lathyrism
well. Minchin also noted affection of the bladder. Ruge and his co-workers (1925) and Ranjan (1944) described incontinence of urine and faeces as well as sexual impairment. It has been postulated that the disease is never pro- gressive after a few days or weeks beyond the initial paralysis (Bicknell and Prescott, 1942). Ranjan (1944), however, notes rapid progress of the disease. The published accounts of the reflexes in lathyrism are equally puzzling. Minchin (1940) observed normal cremasteric and abdominal reflexes along with spastic legs and extensor plantar responses. Trabaud and Mouharram (1932) found completely normal reflexes, including the plantar responses, though there was spasticity and clonus of the legs. A common symptom associated with lathyrism is night-blindness according to McCombie Young (1928), and Ranjan (1944) reports marked dimness of vision. Even the diseases which can experimentally be produced in animals by feeding them on certain species of legumes of the genus Lathyrus have also been called lathyrism, although they do not show the characteristic symptoms of the human lathyrism. Geiger et al. (1933) fed rats with a diet consisting of Lathyrus odoratus, the flowering sweet pea (at levels of 80, 50 and 25 per cent of the diet). Characteristic symptoms were lame- ness, paralysis and contracture of the spine and sternum. In other experiments on white rats also fed with a Lathyrus odoratus diet, carried out by Lewis and Esterer (1943), these authors produced a disease which they call lathyrism showing the following symptoms : Incon- tinence, lameness, paralysis of limbs, spinal curvature of the thoracic region. Another nutritional disease by feeding sheep with a certain species of legumes, viz, cull beans, has experimentally been produced by Willman and his co-workers. -
Ecairdiac Poisons
CHAPTER 36 ECAIRDIAC POISONS NICOTIANA TABACUM : All parts are FATAL DOSE: 50 to 100 rug, of nicotine. It rivals poisonous except the ripe seeds. The dried leaves cyanide as a poison capable of producing rapid death; (tobacco, lanthaku) contain one to eight percent of 15 to 30 g. of crude tobacco. nicotine and are used in the form of smoke or snuff FATAL PERIOD: Five to 15 minutes. or chewed. The leaves contain active principles, which TREATMENT: (I) Wash the stomach with warm are the toxic alkaloids nicotine and anabasine (which water containing charcoal, tannin or potassium are equall y toxic); nornicotine (less toxic). Nicotine permanganate. (2) A purge and colonic wash-out. (3) is a colourless, volatile, hitter, hygroscopic liquid Mecamylamine (Inversine) is a specific antidote given alkaloid. It is used extensively in agricultural and orally (4) Protect airway. (5) Oxygen. (6) horticultural work, for fumigating and spraying, as Symptomatic. insecticides, worm powders, etc. POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES: They are those ABSORPTION ANT) EXCRETION : Each of asphyxia. Brownish froth at mouth and nostrils, cigarette contains about IS to 20 mg. of nicotine of haemorrhagic congestion of Cl tract, and pulmonary which I to 2 rug, is absorbed by smoking; each cigar oedema are seen. Stomach may contain fragments of contains 15 to 40 mg. Nicotine is rapidly absorbed from leaves or may smell of tobacco. all mucous membranes, lungs and the skin. 80 to. 90 THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF POISONING: (1) percent is metabolised by the liver, but some may be Accidental poisoning results due to ingestion, excessive metabolised in the kidneys and the lungs. -
Homeopathy, Longevity and Lathyrus Sativus Toxicity
Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter 1 (2000) Homeopathy, longevity and far? In an Encyclopaedia of Plants published in 1855 (Loudun) it was already reported that bread made Lathyrus sativus toxicity. from a 50/50 mixture of grass pea and wheat seems to have no deleterious effect, while bread made only Fernand Lambein from grass pea causes paralysis of the legs “when used in continuance”. Thus, if taken with cereals and Lab Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine only 0.5 kg of grass pea is consumed, the tolerance and Health Sciences, Ghent University. J. level might be closer to an intake of about 2 grammes Kluyskensstraat 27, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. of β–ODAP per day. Any nutritionist will explain that the amino acid score of a mixed diet containing Email: [email protected] cereals and legume seeds is much higher than for either cereals or legume seeds alone. From numerous publications, we know that lathyrism occurs mainly in periods when grass pea is consumed almost The re-launching of the Lathyrus Lathyrism exclusively, when cereals are unavailable or too Newsletter offers an occasion for renewed contacts expensive for the poor. Do we then need to select and perhaps also for reflections on viewpoints and more healthy grass pea varieties on the basis of goals. The last international and interdisciplinary amino acid score instead of only looking at β-ODAP? meeting where Lathyrus/lathyrism researchers could exchange ideas was in Addis Ababa in November “It is generally assumed that β-ODAP is the causative 1995. Smaller meetings took place in Hyderabad at agent for the crippling neurodegeneration the occasion of the retirement of Professor SLN Rao neurolathyrism” is a sentence that can be found in in March 1997, in Radom, Eastern Poland in June many variations in all careful publications 1997, and in Delhi we had a meeting of the Lathyrus mentioning the aetiology of lathyrism.