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Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No NEVADA STATE MUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS NO. 13 PART 3 POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE YULE SPRINGS AREA, NEVADA by PETER J. MEHRINGER, JR. GEOCHRONOLOGY LABORATORIES UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON, ARIZONA Carson City, Nevada October, 1967 • TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . • • • • • • 132 POLLEN ANALYSIS AND SOUTHWESTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 132 COLLECTION OF POLLEN SAMPLES . 135 EXTRACTION OF POLLEN . • • 136 INTERPRETING THE FOSSIL POLLEN RECORD . 138 THE STUDY AREA . 146 VEGETATION AND MODERN POLLEN SAMPLES. 149 THE FOSSIL POLLEN RECORD • 169 DISCUSSION. 186 A PLEISTOCENE (WISCONSIN) CORRIDOR IN THE EASTERN MOHAVE DESERT . 189 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 193 REFERENCES CITED . 194 ILLUSTRATIONS Color Plate. Pleistocene pollen from the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. (ca. 640x) . Facing 129 Figure 1. Photomicrographs of pollen from human coprolites . 133 2. Panamint Mountains modern pollen surface samples . 140 3. Modern pollen surface samples, Tule Springs and Corn Creek Sites 142 4. Lehner Ranch Arroyo. Pollen Profiles II, VII . 145 5. Map of Study Area. 147 6. View of the Tule Springs Area . 148 7. Pollen diagram of major pollen types from Kyle Canyon, Charleston Mountains . 151 8. Soil surface sample, Locality 25 . 153 9. Modern spring sample, Locality 28 153 10. View from the Tule Springs Site . 153 11. Modern surface sample, Locality 1, Kyle Canyon . 153 12. Modern sample, Locality 27, at Corn Creek Spring . 154 13. Modern surface sample, Locality 5, on Kyle Canyon Fan . 156 14. Vegetation between modern surface sample, Localities 9 and 10 in Kyle Canyon . 156 15. Modern surface sample, Locality 12, in Kyle . 156 16. Modern surface sample, Locality 15, in Kyle Canyon . 156 17. A blackbush-joshua tree community on Cold Creek Road . 157 18. Modern surface sample, Locality 11, in Kyle Canyon . 157 19. Modern surface sample, Locality 16, in Kyle Canyon . 159 20. Modern surface sample, Locality 17, in Kyle Canyon . 159 21. Modern surface sample, Locality 18, Charleston Peak, Kyle Canyon . 159 130 ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT.) Figure Page 22. Modern surface sample, Locality 19, in Lee Canyon . • 159 23. Photomicrographs of fossil pollen from the Tule Springs Site . • 162 24. Photomicrograph of fossil Abies pollen from Unit B2, Tule Springs Site • 163 25. Photomicrographs of fossil pollen from the Tule Springs Site. • 164 26. Photomicrographs of fossil pollen from the Tule Springs Site. • 165 27. Photomicrographs of fossil pollen from the Tule Springs Site. 166 28. Photomicrographs of fossil pollen from the Tule Springs Site. 167 29. Photomicrographs of fossil pollen from the Tule Springs Site. • 168 30. Area-elevation graph for the Spring Range. • 173 31. Pollen Profile I: pollen diagram from spring laid clay and silt, Tule Springs . 175 32. Pollen Profile II: A pollen diagram from buried lake sediments, Tule Springs . 177 33. Pollen Profile III: Pollen diagram of spring mound sediments, Tule Springs . 179 34. Spring mounds 4, 4A, and the Charleston Mountains . 180 35. Pollen Profile IV: Pollen diagram from the alluvial sequence of the Fenley Hunter Locality. 181 36. Pollen Profile V: Miscellaneous fossil pollen counts from the Tule Springs Site Area . 182 37. A pocket of ponderosa pine, pinyon pine, and juniper at the mouth of Pine Creek Canyon, Spring Range . 188 38. Map of possible Pleistocene woodland corridoL . 190 TABLES Table 1. Extraction procedure for Southwestern alluvial pollen samples . 137 2. Relative frequency of Pollen types from Mono Lake, California . 143 3. Modern pollen samples from the east slope of the Spring Range and the Las Vegas Valley, southern Nevada . 160 4. Approximate age of the stratigraphic units shown on the pollen diagrams . 170 5. Typha pollen counts in tetrads, dyads, and monads . 171 131 INTRODUCTION The weathered sediments of the arid tant forest clearing is associated with a Las Vegas Valley are a most unlikely source decrease in tree pollen and an increase in of a fossil pollen record; therefore, the herb and shrub pollen, in addition to the pollen investigations were approached with presence of cereal pollen (Iversen, 1949, some apprehension, which was not entirely 1960). unwarranted. Most of the pollen samples In Europe the success of palynology extracted did not contain pollen and, in associated with archaeology is partly due many of the samples that did yield pollen, to the presence of artifacts in and the prox- the pollen was too poorly preserved for ana- imity of sites to bogs or other ideal deposi- lysis. In spite of the many problems inher- tional environments (Gray and Smith, 1962). ent in pollen analysis in arid regions, some In the arid Southwest such associations are useful and exciting information was obtained virtually unknown. Instead of peat bogs or from the pollen content of alluvial and spring lakes, which are ideal for palynological mound deposits. Most of the pollen results investigations, the pollen content of trash cannot be directly related to archaeological mounds, room fills, cave earth and alluvium finds, but a sequence of vegetational change must be studied (Martin and Gray, 1962). during the time that man occupied the Las New ideas about pollen and archaeology are Vegas Valley can be suggested. being developed and tested in bogless regions The conclusions given here vary from the where there are theoretical reasons why such preliminary report (Mehringer, 1965) only in work might have little hope for success and small details. Some new data and a more where there are still many unsolved problems. complete discussion of the fossil pollen The vast majority of pollen studies asso- record and the modern pollen samples are ciated with archaeological sites have been given in this report. Sections on the prob- approached with hopes of obtaining environ- lems and procedures of pollen analysis in the mental reconstructions, especially where arid Southwest are included, mainly as a ecological and cultural changes are assumed guide for Southwestern archaeologists. 1 to be related. For several reasons many of these attempts have not been entirely suc- POLLEN ANALYSIS AND cessful. Among these reasons are the lack SOUTHWESTERN ARCHAEOLOGX of pollen, the presence of pollen in a low Although pollen analysis has been density or in a very poor state of preservation, used as an archaeological tool for many years and the factor of cultural disturbance of the in northern Europe (Gray and 8mith, 1962), natural vegetation (Yarnell, 1965) and of the with few exceptions (Deevey; 1944: Sears, pollen content of beds in and around the sites 1932; Ogden, 1965, p. 495) its use in the New investigated. A pollen sample which is too World is relatively recent, with the great poorly preserved for routine analysis may con- majority of published work postdating 1960. tain archaeologically important economic pollen In northern Europe Neolithic man's effect on types even though the sample is essentially his environment has been well-documented useless for environmental reconstruction. by the pollen record, which shows that the Although some attempts at environmental introduction of agriculture and the concomi- reconstruction for periods encompassing parts 'This work was supported by National the present distribution of vegetation in southern Science Foundation Grants G-21944 and Nevada, C. V. Haynes for furnishing detailed GB-1959 to P. S. Martin, University of stratigraphic control, and P. S. Martin, T. L. Arizona, and GS-23 to R. Shutler, Jr., Nev- Smiley, and D. P. Adam for comments on the ada State Museum. I thank R. H. Hevly and manuscript. This article is Contribution No. P. 5. Martin for aid in pollen identification 116 of the Program in Geochronology, Univer- and counting, W. Glen Bradley for time spent sity of Arizona, Tucson. in the field and for information concerning 132 Figure 1. Photomicrographs of pollen from human coprolites. Photomicrographs of pollen from human feces collected from archaeological sites in Glen Canyon, Utah (identifications and photographs by P. S. Martin). A, Cucurbita pepo (640X); B, Cactaceae, Platyopuntia-type (600X); C, Oxytenia (1000X); D, Populus (1000X); E, Sarcobatus (1000X); F, Shepherdia (1000X); G, Cleome (1400X); H, Cucurbita moschata- type (575X); I, Gramineae (1000X); J, Zea mays (620X). 133 of the last two thousand years appear to (Fig. 1). While the pollen content of pre- have been successful (Hevly, 1964; Schoen- historic feces is of little direct use in paleo- wetter and Eddy, 1964), these studies were cological interpretation, it gives useful full-scale regional pollen investigations. information on the diet of the people and may It may be some time before an archaeologist add further economic plant types to the list can hope to collect a few samples from a of the ethnobotanist (Martin and Sharrock, single site and thereby gain meaningful 1964). environmental or cultural data with a minimum Not only does the content of human feces of time, effort, and expense, but gradually offer valuable information on the diet of peoples we are learning more about the problems and but the pollen content of the feces of domes- procedures of archaeological palynology in ticated animals is also of value. A case in the Southwest. The work of Hevly (1964) point is the analysis of turkey feces from the and Schoenwetter (1966) suggests the possi- dwellings at Mesa Verde (Martin, pers. comm.). bility of establishing regional pollen chronol- They contained abundant pollen of Cleome, Zea, gies which can be used as an independent and Opuntia -- pollen types which are commonly method for
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