Eastern European Railways in Transition Nineteenth to Twenty-first Centuries

Edited by

RALF ROTH Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat,

HENRY JACOLIN President, International Railway History Association

ASHGATE Contents

List of Figures • ix List of Tables xiii Abbreviations xv Notes on Contributors xxi General Editor s Preface xxvii Preface xxix

Introduction: Eastern European Railways in Transition 1 Ralf Roth

PART I: GENERAL SUGGESTIONS AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEWS OF RAILWAYS IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

1 The Baltic States - Railways under Many Masters 25 Augustus J. Veenendaal, Jr.

2 The Construction and Modernisation of Railways in Belorussia/ Belarus in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 41 Andrej Kishtymov

3 Serbia's Access to the Sea, 1830-2006 69 Henry Jacolin

4 The History of Railway Passenger Transportation in Hungary - From the Monarchy to the Twenty-First Century 87 Imre Perger

5 Czech Military Railways - History and a Comparative Analysis of the Czech Railway Network's Efficiency 99 Martin Kvizda

6 The Royal Prussian Eastern Railway (Ostbahn) and its Importance for East-West Transportation 117 Jan Musekamp Eastern European Railways in Transition

PART II: UNDER RUSSIAN PROTECTION

7 1918, 1945 and 1989: Three Turning Points in the History of Polish Railways in the Twentieth Century 131 Marcin Przegiqtka

8 Transport under Socialism: The Case of the Czechoslovak State Railways 1948-1989 145 Ivan Jakubec

9 The Modernisation of Railways in Slovakia after 1945 157 Milan Klubal

10 The Centrally Planned Economy and Railways in Hungary 171 Zsuzsa Frisnyak

11 The Railways of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic: 1920-1990 183 Ihor Zhaloba

V«l 12 Yugoslavia: The Sub-Savian Magistral , 203 Henry Jacolin

13 Passengers' Railway Identity in Socialist Romania during the 1950s and 1960s 215 Adelina Oana §tefan

14 Cold War Crisis on the Railway: Construction of the Wall 233 Tomas Nigrin

PART III: AFTER THE FALL OF THE IRON CURTAIN: CHANGES - PROBLEMS -MODERNISATION

15 Railway Integration in Europe: UIC - a Key Player of East-West Railway Integration 243 Paul Veron

16 Back to the Future? Russia's Railway Transport and the Collapse of the Soviet Union in Historical Perspective 257 Anthony Heywood Contents vii

17 The Unification of East and West German Railways into the Deutsche Bahn 287 Ralf Roth

18 Seen from the Driving Cab: The Consequences of German Railway's Privatisation since the Reunion of Deutsche Bundesbahn and Reichsbahn from the Engine Drivers' Perspective 299 Peter F.N. Hiirz and Marcus Richter

19 The Reopening of Murska Sobota-Zalalovo Railway: A Paradox of the European Reunification in Central Europe? 315 Kevin Sutton

20 'More is Less': Regular Interval Timetable in Central Eastern Europe 327 Viktor Borza, Vit Janos and Istvan Neumann

21 Railway Heritage Protection Policy in Hungary 343 Zsuzsa Frisnydk

22 The Heritage of the and its Presentation in the Deutsche Bahn Museum in Nuremberg 355 Rainer Mertens

Index 369 List of Figures

1.1 Railways in the Russian Baltic provinces, 1914 28 1.2 Railways in the Baltic States, 2000 37

2.1 Railways in Belorussia, 1861-1915 49 2.2 Railways in the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic, 1922-1945 59 2.3 Railways in the Byelorussian SSR after World War Two 64

3.1 Map of Serbia, 1833-1878 70 3.2 Map of Serbia, 1878-1913 73 3.3 Map of Serbia, 1913-1918 75 3.4 Map ofYugoslavia, 1918-1945 76 3.5 Map ofYugoslavia, 1945-1991 81

4.1 Railway network of Hungary, 1919-1938 89 4.2 The railway network of Hungary, 1938-1945 91 4.3 The passenger railway network of Hungary, 2010 96

5.1 Density of passenger transport on the Czech railway network and military lines, 2002 (passengers/kilometres - relatively) 104 5.2 Density of freight transport on the Czech railway network and military lines, 2002 (tons/kilometres - relatively) 106

6.1 Railway map of the Ostbahn showing its development between 1842 and 1918 119 6.2 The International Sleeping Car Company network, 1904 121 6.S Railway map of the Ostbahn showing its development between 1920 and 1939 123 6.4 Railway map of the Ostbahn showing its development after 1945 until today 124

7.1 Map of the Polish railways, 1939 134 7.2 Streamlined steam Pm36 136 7.3 An ex-German war locomotive (Kriegslokomotive) leads the train from Warsaw to Moscow with gifts for Stalin's birthday, 1950 140 x Eastern European Railways in Transition

8.1 Title page of the theory of command economy by Frantisek Tabery,. 1959 147

9.1 Railway map of Slovakia showing its development between 1945 and 2011 160 9.2 New railway station at Trnava, constructed in the late 1980s 167 9.3 Interior of railway station Nove Zamky 167 9.4 Railways around Bratislava, 1945-2011 168

10.1 Communist propaganda. A peasant, a soldier and a worker looking into the cargo traffic plans 175 10.2 Steam engines waiting for the train in Budapest, 1950s 175

11.1 The railways of Ukraine, 1958 196 11.2 The meeting of high-ranking delegation at Kiev railway station, 1973 198

12.1 Railways of the Balkans, 1912 205 12.2 Scheme of the Sub-Savian Magistral 210 12.3 Railways in Yugoslavia, 1991 212

13.1 Railway Map of Romania, 1960s 217

15.1 The current headquarters of the International Union of Railways (UIC) in Paris was inaugurated in 1963 246 15.2 Map of wagon pools for the international management of the rolling stock fleet 250 15.3 The HERMES data transmission network, 1990 252 15.4 Map of the pan-European transport corridors, 1994 253 15.5 UIC Director General Philippe Roumeguere at the Pan-European Railway Conference in Budapest, 2000 254

16.1 Map of mainlines of Russian Railways, 2010 258 16.2 High-speed passenger transport system planned for completion by 2030 278 16.3 Russian Federation railway network development to 2030 279

17.1 Travellers of the GDR in the Bavarian city of Hof, 1989 292 17.2 People of the GDR standing in queue for the 'welcome grant' (Begriifiungsgeld) at the railway station in the Bavarian city of Hof, 1989 292 17.3 Section of the north of Germany of the official railway map (Reisekarte) of DB and DR, 1993 296 List of Figures xi

18.1 Driving cab of a German narrow-gauge , late 1930s 300 18.2 Looking over the driver's shoulder in a Deutsche Bahn class 612 diesel railcar 302

19.1 The reopening of Murska Sobota-Zalalovo Railway through its reticular and territorial-associated recomposition 316 19.2 The railway reopening, a mirror of the European reunification paradox 321

20.1 ITF-type junctions of the Czech long-distance rail network 334 20.2 ITF-type hubs created in the Hungarian network, 2006-2008 337

21.1 Models of a Hungarian Locomotive, 1:5 scale, 1920s 344 21.2 Destruction of the Railway Collection, 1944 345 21.3 The reopening of the museum, 1966 346 21.4 One of the old-timer trains 348 21.5 The permanent exhibition in the Museum of Transport, 1996 349 21.6 Contest of in Hungarian Railway Heritage Park, 2008 350 21.7 The Railway Heritage Park viewed from above 351

22.1 Entrance of the Deutsche Bahn Museum, 2010 356 22.2 Poster of the DR for the festivities of the Tag des Deutschen Eisenbahners (Day of Railwaymen), 1972. The poster heralded the friendship between GDR and USSR. 357 22.3 Internal Reichsbahn poster for raising the quality of work 361 22.4 Boundary Post of the Iron Curtain: Installation of the permanent exhibition of the museum 362 22.5 Banner of the 'Campaign for electrification' 363 22.6 Locomotives in the Flalle branch museum 365 22.7 Bestarbeiter RAW H. Mattern 366 List of Tables

1.1 Names of places mentioned in the text in German and national languages 26

2.1 Opening of lines in Tsarist Russia on the territory of later Belarus from 1867 up to World War One 54 2.2 Opening of lines in the interwar period of Socialist Belorussia since 1919 up to 1939 59

3.1 Travel distances in Yugoslavia (in kilometres) 82

5.1 Military railways in the Czech Republic 109 5.2 Density of passenger transport in 2002 110 5.3 Density of freight transport in 2002 (tons/kilometres - millions tkm, kilometres - km) 111 5.4 Czech and German names of, local sites 112

8.1 Freight transport of the Czechoslovak State Railways (CSD), Czechoslovak State Freight Car Transport (CSAD), and company transport 1952-1989 (in thousand tons) 149 8.2 Freight transport of the CSD, CSAD and company transport 1952-1989 (in million ton-kilometres) 150 8.3 Freight transport of the CSD, Deutsche Reichsbahn/GDR and Osterreichische Bundesbahnen 1950-1989 (in million metric tons) 150 8.4 Freight transport of the CSD, Deutsche Reichsbahn/GDR and Osterreichische Bundesbahnen 1950-1989 (in million ton- • kilometres) 151 8.5 Passenger transport 1950-1989 (in million) 152 8.6 Passenger transport 1950-1989 (in million passenger kilometres, excluding the Grand Duchy of Finland) 152

16.1 Railways opened by year, 1838, 1845-1917 (route kilometres, excluding the Grand Duchy of Finland) 259 16.2 Railways opened by year, 1918-1991 (route kilometres, Soviet territory) 261 16.3 Railway traffic in the Russian empire, Soviet Union and Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 1900-1991 264 xiv Eastern European Railways in Transition

16.4 Railway traffic in the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic and the Russian Federation, 1989-1993 265 16.5 Railway traffic in the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic and the Russian Federation, 1990-2008 266 16.6 Railway traffic in the Russian Federation, 2004-2009, as recorded in RZD Annual Reports 267 16.7 Share of Soviet and Russian freight turnover by mode of transport, 1940-2010 (percentages of total tonne-kilometres) 269 16.8 Share of Soviet and Russian passenger turnover by mode of transport, 1940-2010 (percentages of total passenger-kilometres) 270 16.9 Railway route kilometres opened and route kilometres electrified, Russian Federation, 1992-2009 275 16.10 Main-line electrification, 1924—1991 276

21.1 Collection of vehicles in the Hungarian Railway Heritage Park 352

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