1111 2 Land Rights, Ethno-Nationality, 3 4 and Sovereignty in History 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 The complex relationships between ethno-nationality, rights to land, and 4 territorial sovereignty have long fed disputes over territorial control and 5 landed rights between different nations, different ethnicities, and different 6 religions. These disputes raise a number of interesting issues related to the 7 nature of land regimes and to their economic and political implications. 8 The studies drawn together in this volume explore these and related issues 9 for a broad variety of countries and times, and illuminate the diverse causes 20111 of ethno-national land disputes, and the different forms of adjustment and 1 accommodation to the power differences between the contesting groups. 2 This is done within a generalized framework outlined by the editors in their 3 analytical overview, which offers contours for comparative examinations of 4 such disputes, past and present. Some of the issues discussed include: 5 6 • the structure and functioning of land markets in which the participa- 7 tion of “others” (ethno-nationally, religiously, or otherwise identified) 8 has been restricted or barred altogether; 9 • the political and economic underpinning of such constraints; 30111 • the implications of ethno-nationally restricted land markets for the allo- 1 cation and utilization of resources, income distribution, and economic 2 performance in the societies concerned. 3 4 Providing conceptual and factual analyses of a comparative nature and a 5 wealth of empirical material (both historical and contemporary), this book 6 will appeal to economic historians, economists, political scientists, sociolo- 7 gists, anthropologists, and all scholars interested in issues concerning 8 ethno-nationality and land rights in historical perspective. 9 40111 Stanley L. Engerman is John H. Munro Professor of Economics and 1 Professor of History at the University of Rochester, New York, USA. 2 3 Jacob Metzer is Alexander Brody Professor of Economic History at the 4 Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 45111 Routledge explorations in economic history 1 Economic Ideas and Government 13 The Premodern Chinese Economy Policy Structural equilibrium and capitalist Contributions to the contemporary sterility economic history Gang Deng Sir Alec Cairncross 14 The Role of Banks in Monitoring 2 The Organization of Labour Firms Markets The case of the crédit mobilier Modernity, culture and governance in Elisabeth Paulet Germany, Sweden, Britain and Japan Bo Stråth 15 Management of the National Debt in the United Kingdom, 1900–1932 3 Currency Convertibility Jeremy Wormell The gold standard and beyond Edited by Jorge Braga de Macedo, 16 An Economic History of Sweden Barry Eichengreen and Jaime Reis Lars Magnusson 4 Britain’s Place in the World 17 Freedom and Growth A historical enquiry into import The rise of states and markets in controls 1945–1960 Europe, 1300–1750 Alan S. Milward and George Brennan S. R. Epstein 5 France and the International 18 The Mediterranean Response to Economy Globalization Before 1950 From Vichy to the Treaty of Rome Sevket Pamuk and Jeffrey G. Williamson Frances M. B. Lynch 19 Production and Consumption in 6 Monetary Standards and Exchange English Households 1600–1750 Rates Mark Overton, Jane Whittle, Darron Dean M. C. Marcuzzo, L. Officer and and Andrew Haan A. Rosselli 20 Governance, The State, Regulation 7 Production Efficiency in and Industrial Relations Domesday England, 1086 Ian Clark John McDonald 21 Early Modern Capitalism 8 Free Trade and its Reception Economic and social change in Europe 1815–1960 1400–1800 Freedom and trade: Volume I Edited by Maarten Prak Edited by Andrew Marrison 22 An Economic History of London, 9 Conceiving Companies 1800–1914 Joint-stock politics in Victorian England Michael Ball and David Sunderland Timothy L. Alborn 23 The Origins of National Financial 10 The British Industrial Decline Systems Reconsidered Alexander Gerschenkron reconsidered Edited by Jean-Pierre Dormois and Michael Edited by Douglas J. Forsyth and Daniel Dintenfass Verdier 11 The Conservatives and Industrial 24 The Russian Revolutionary Efficiency, 1951–1964 Economy, 1890–1940 Thirteen wasted years? Ideas, debates and alternatives Nick Tiratsoo and Jim Tomlinson Vincent Barnett 12 Pacific Centuries 25 Land Rights, Ethno-Nationality, Pacific and Pacific Rim economic and Sovereignty in History history since the 16th century Edited by Dennis O. Flynn, Lionel Frost Edited by Stanley L. Engerman and and A. J. H. Latham Jacob Metzer 1111 2 Land Rights, 3 4 Ethno-Nationality, and 5 6 Sovereignty in History 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 Edited by 4 5 Stanley L. Engerman and 6 Jacob Metzer 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 45111 First published 2004 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2004 editorial material and selection, Stanley L. Engerman and Jacob Metzer; individual chapters the contributors ights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-07371-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-67063-9 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–32126–3 (Print Edition) 1111 2 Contents 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3111 List of illustrations viii 4 List of contributors xi 5 6 Introduction 1 7 8 STANLEY L. ENGERMAN AND JACOB METZER 9 20111 PART I 1 Setting the stage 5 2 3 1 Some considerations of ethno-nationality (and other 4 distinctions), property rights in land, and territorial 5 sovereignty 7 6 JACOB METZER AND STANLEY L. ENGERMAN 7 8 9 PART II 30111 Nations, land regime, and territorial sovereignty 1 in old and new states 29 2 3 2 Were there alternatives to disaster? The removal of 4 Indians from the southeastern United States in 5 the 1830s 31 6 LEONARD A. CARLSON 7 8 3 Ethno-nationality and property rights in land in 9 Prussian Poland, 1886–1918: buying the land from 40111 under the Poles’ feet? 56 1 SCOTT M. EDDIE 2 3 4 Jewish land – Israel lands: ethno-nationality and land 4 regime in Zionism and in Israel, 1897–1967 87 45111 JACOB METZER vi Contents 5 Markets and meanings: nationalism, land, and property in Lithuania 111 RAWI ABDELAL PART III Religion, ethno-nationality, and economics in land struggles 129 6 Irish agriculture after the Land War 131 CORMAC Ó GRÁDA 7 Land disputes and ethno-politics: northwestern Anatolia, 1877–1912 153 YÜCEL TERZIBAS¸OG˘ LU PART IV Indigenous peoples, colonial settlers, and migrating laborers: ethnic rivalries and rights to land, past and present 181 8 Explaining divergence in property rights: Fiji and Hawai’i in the nineteenth century 183 SUMNER J. LA CROIX 9 Equals in Markets? Land property rights and ethnicity in Fiji and Sri Lanka 210 V. NITHI NITHIYANANDAM AND RUKMANI GOUNDER 10 Indigenous accumulation and the question of land: the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the second half of the twentieth century 236 TONY SMITH 11 Sub-Saharan Africa: land rights and ethno-national consciousness in historically land-abundant economies 276 GARETH AUSTIN 12 Ethnic competition and claims to land in South Africa: the Kat River valley, Eastern Cape 294 ROBERT ROSS Contents vii 1111 PART V 2 Natural resources and the livelihood of native 3 populations: economy and environment in tradition 4 and modernity 317 5 6 13 Survival through generosity: property rights and 7 hunting practices of Native Americans in the 8 subarctic region 319 9 ANN M. CARLOS AND FRANK D. LEWIS 1011 1 14 Owners, intruders, and intermediaries: the claim for 2 lands within the Mbyá-Guaraní community (Valley 3111 of Cuñapirú, Misiones, Argentina) 347 4 MARÍA ROSA MARTÍNEZ, MARTA ALICIA CRIVOS, AND 5 LAURA TEVES 6 7 15 Establishing territorial sovereignty in Finland: 8 the environmental consequences of ethno-nationalization 9 of resource management in Inari 358 20111 JUKKA NYYSSÖNEN 1 2 Index 389 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 45111 Illustrations Cartoons 6.1 The new Danish invasion of Ireland 139 6.2 Another Danish invasion 140 Figures 3.1 Estate purchases by the Settlement Commission 59 3.2 Estate purchases by the Settlement Commission (in percentage of the total area purchased annually) 60 3.3 Settlement Commission purchases of estates, by Regierungsbezirk 61 3.4 Share of all land purchased by the Settlement Commission by the end of 1913 and share of all land owned by Germans, by riding 62 3.5 Purchases of peasant farms by the Settlement Commission 71 3.6 Purchases of all peasant farms by the Settlement Commission (in percentage of the total area purchased annually) 72 3.7 “Consolidating” German land ownership: number and total area of properties “consolidated” by the Settlement Commission 75 3.8 “Consolidating” German land ownership: average size of “consolidated” properties 75 6.1 Monthly supply to Cork Butter Market, 1875 and 1885 146 6.2 Milk supply to creameries, 1934–1998 146 6.3 Mean daytime temperature in Dublin