American Jewish Year Book

Home , Annemarie Renger, Arthur Butz, Boris Korczak, David Napley, Erik Blumenfeld, Eugene Levich

AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

A Record of Events iind Trends in American and World Jewish Life 1979

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA The 1979 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, the seventy-ninth in the series, continues to offer a unique chronicle of developments in areas of concern to Jews throughout the world. The present volume features Professor Charles Liebman s "Leadership and Decision-making in a Jewish Federation." This in- depth study of the New York Fed- eration of Jewish Philanthropies provides important insights into the changing outlook of American Jews, and the impact this is having on Jewish communal priorities. Another feature is Professor Leon Shapiro's "Soviet Jewry Since the Death of Stalin," an authoritative overview of Jewish life in the So- viet Union during the past twenty- five years. Particularly noteworthy is Professor Shapiro's emphasis on religious life and cultural endeavors. The review of developments in the United States includes Milton Ellerin's "Intergroup Relations"; George Gruen's "The United States, Israel and the Middle East"; and Geraldine Rosenfield's "The Jewish Community Responds to

(Continued on back flap)

$15. American Jewish Year Book

American Jewish Year Book 1

VOLUME 79

Prepared by THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

Editors MORRIS FINE MILTON HIMMELFARB Associate Editor DAVID SINGER

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE NEW YORK THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA COPYRIGHT, 1978 BY THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher: except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper.

ISBN 0-8276-0113-1

Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 99-4040

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE HADDON CRAFTSMEN, INC., SCRANTON, PA. Preface

A he present volume features Professor Charles Liebman's "Leadership and Decison-making in a Jewish Federation." This in-depth study of the New York Federation of Jewish Philanthropies provides important insights into the changing outlook of American Jews, and the impact this is having on Jewish communal priorities. Another feature is Professor Leon Shapiro's "Soviet Jewry Since the Death of Stalin," an authoritative overview of Jewish life in the Soviet Union during the past 25 years. Particularly noteworthy is Professor Shapiro's emphasis on religious life and cultural endeavors. The review of developments in the United States includes Milton Ellerin's "Inter- group Relations"; George Gruen's "The Ui ted States, Israel, and the Middle East"; and Geraldine Rosenfield's "The Jewish Community Responds to Issues of the Day." Alvin Chenkin and Maynard Miran provide revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Argentina, Great Britain, France, Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia, and South Africa. There is an analysis of the human rights implications of the Belgrade Conference. New estimates for the world Jewish population are given. Carefully compiled directories of national Jewish organizations, periodicals, and federations and welfare funds, as well as religious calendars and obituary notices, round out the 1979 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. We are very grateful to our colleague Joan Margules for technical and editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to Amy Carr for preparation of the index, and to the entire Information and Research staff.

THE EDITORS

Contributors

BERNARD BASKIN; rabbi, Temple Anshe Sholom, Hamilton, Ont., Canada. ALVIN CHENKIN; research consultant, Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- fare Funds. DENIS DIAMOND; executive director, South African Jewish Board of Deputies, Johannesburg. MILTON ELLERIN; director, trends analysis division, American Jewish Commit- tee. GEORGE E. GRUEN; director, Israel and Middle East affairs, foreign affairs department, American Jewish Committee; adjunct associate professor of Judaic studies, Brooklyn College, CUNY. LIONEL E. KOCH AN; Bearsted Reader in Jewish history, University of Warwick; honorary fellow, Oxford Centre for Post-graduate Hebrew Studies, England. MIRIAM KOCHAN; journalist; translator, Oxford, England. CHARLES S. LIEBMAN; Mendelsohn Visiting Professor of Jewish Sociology, Jewish Theological Seminary of America; on leave from Bar Ilan University. SIDNEY LISKOFSKY; director, division of international organizations, foreign affairs department, American Jewish Committee. MISHA LOUVISH; writer; translator; journalist, Jerusalem. ARNOLD MANDEL; essayist; novelist; reporter and literary critic, Information Juive and L'Arche; contributor, literary supplement, Le Monde, Paris. NAOMI F. MEYER; co-director, Camp Ramah, Argentina. MAYNARD MIRAN; research associate, Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- fare Funds. GERALDINE ROSENFIELD; researcher, American Jewish Committee. FRIEDO SACHSER; political and news editor, Allgemeine Judische Wochezeitung; German correspondent, London Jewish Chronicle, Diisseldorf. LEON SHAPIRO; professor of Russian and Soviet Jewish history, member of faculty on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Rutgers University.

vii

Table of Contents

PREFACE v CONTRIBUTORS vii SPECIAL ARTICLES

Leadership and Decision-making in a Jewish Federation: The New York Federation of Jewish Philanthropies Charles S. Liebman 3 Soviet Jewry Since the Death of Stalin: A Twenty-five Year Perspective Leon Shapiro 77

UNITED STATES

CIVIC AND POLITICAL Intergroup Relations Milton Ellerin 107 The United States, Israel, and the Middle East George E. Gruen 120 The Belgrade Conference Sidney Liskofsky 152

COMMUNAL The American Jewish Community Responds to Issues of the Day: A Compendium Geraldine Rosenfield 160

IX X / CONTENTS

DEMOGRAPHIC Jewish Population in the United States, 1978 Alvin Chenkin and Maynard Miran 111

OTHER COUNTRIES CANADA Bernard Baskin 190 LATIN AMERICA Argentina Naomi F. Meyer 205

WESTERN EUROPE Great Britain Lionel and Miriam Kochan 216 France Arnold Mandel 229

CENTRAL EUROPE Federal Republic of Germany Friedo Sachser 235 German Democratic Republic Friedo Sachser 253

EASTERN EUROPE Poland Leon Shapiro 255 Yugoslavia Leon Shapiro 258

ISRAEL Misha Louvish 260

SOUTH AFRICA Denis Diamond 283

WORLD JEWISH POPULATION Leon Shapiro 291

DIRECTORIES, LISTS AND NECROLOGY

NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS United States 301 Canada 340 CONTENTS / Xi

JEWISH FEDERATIONS, WELFARE FUNDS, COMMUNITY COUNCILS 343

JEWISH PERIODICALS United States 357 Canada 365

NECROLOGY: UNITED STATES 366

SUMMARY JEWISH CALENDAR, 5739-5743 (Oct. 1978-Sept. 1983) 378

CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR, 1978-1980 (5738-5741) 380

REPORT OF JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 406

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-78 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 415

INDEX 418

Special Articles

Leadership and Decision-making in a Jewish Federation: The New York Federation of Jewish Philanthropies

by CHARLES S. LIEBMAN

INTRODUCTION • STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS • POLICY AND INFLUENCE • LEADERSHIP • THE FUTURE

INTRODUCTION

A HE NEW YORK FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES (hereafter referred to as Federation) was organized in 1917, following almost two years of discussion and negotiation.1 New York thus became the 23rd Jewish community in the United States to establish a central fund- collecting society for local agencies serving Jewish health and welfare needs. Today, there are approximately 220 Jewish federations throughout the

Note: A large number of people helped make this study possible. My greatest debt of gratitude is to the New York Federation of Jewish Philanthropies; Federation's files, minutes, and meetings were all opened to me; every person to whom I turned for assistance was most cooperative. Three individuals who read and commented in detail on a first draft of this study merit particular mention: Sanford Solender, Federation executive vice-president; Dr. Donald Feldstein, Federation executive director for community services; and Mrs. Laurence (Billie) Tisch, immediate past chairman of Federation's Distribution Committee. None of them is in agreement with all of my conclusions, but this makes me all the more grateful to them for their help. 'There is no scholarly history of Federation. The most comprehensive survey is The Golden Heritage: A History of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York from 1917 to 1967 (New York, 1969). This is surprisingly informative, considering it was published by Federation in honor of its own 50th anniversary. But it was not intended as a systematic, much less scholarly, history. On the early history of Federation see Deborah Dash Moore, "From Kehillah to Federation: The Communal Functions of Federated Philanthropy in New York City" (paper read at the annual conference of the Association of Jewish Studies, Boston, December 1976), and the bibliography cited therein, including Arthur A. Goren, New York Jews and the Quest for Community: The Kehillah Experiment, 1908-1922 (New York, 1970), and I. Edwin Goldwasser, "Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropies in New York City," AJYB, Vol. 20, 1918-1919, pp. 113-146. See also Deborah Dash Moore, "The Emer- gence of Ethnicity: New York's Jews 1920-1940" (Columbia University, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1975). 4 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 United States and Canada. About 200, including all but the smallest, are affiliated with the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds (CJFWF).2 Over the course of time, the influence of the federations has grown. Their functions have come to include increasing control over the expenditures of their beneficiary agencies. Federations today see themselves as organizations responsible for the entire Jewish population in a given geographic area. Contributing to the growth in influence of the federations were the mergers in various communities between local federations and Jewish welfare funds, which raised money for overseas needs. The merged organization, often called the Jewish Federation and Welfare Fund, or Combined Jewish Appeal, brought new people into the federation orbit. Some of these people, activists and large contributors to the welfare funds, had previously been indifferent to the purely local agencies which the federations served. In many instances they were first- or second-generation American Jews of predominantly East European background, and were particularly oriented to support for Israel. Federation leaders, usually of German Jewish descent, were, on the other hand, often indifferent, if not hostile, to Zionism. The federation-welfare fund mergers, an outcome of the diminishing social and ideological differences between these groups, hastened the process of integration. They also increased in large measure the amount of money that the federations had at their disposal—an amount already increased by greater contributions by American Jews. The federations' expanding involvement in local Jewish community councils contributed further to their growth in influence. Such councils, which exist in most Jewish communities, are composed of local groups as well as local chapters of national organizations, and are primarily concerned with relations between Jews and non-Jews, though some community councils also concern themselves with internal Jewish matters. In providing funds and services to these councils, and sometimes even the impetus for their creation, the federations increased their visibility, while becoming more sensitive to community needs. In many communities the federations allocated funds to national Jewish organizations, in return for which the organizations restricted their own local fund-raising activities. Such arrangements limited the visibility of the

'For a summary treatment of the various Jewish federations and the federation movement in the context of American Jewish organizational life, see Daniel J. Elazar, Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry (Philadelphia, 1961). A different focus is provided in Harry L. Lurie, A Heritage Affirmed (Philadelphia, 1961). For financial and program information, see S.P. Goldberg, "Jewish Communal Services: Programs and Fi- nances," AJYB, Vol. 78, 1978, pp. 172-221. A recent article of particular interest is Marc Lee Raphael, "Jewish Philanthropy and Communal Democracy: In Pursuit of a Phantom," Re- sponse, Fall 1977, pp. 55-56. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 5 national organizations while enhancing Federation's importance on the local scene. The development of New York's federation was somewhat different from that of most others. Its focus and concerns have changed in the last ten years, but, until recently, were far more narrow, at least from a Jewish perspective. In many respects it was the last to join the mainstream of federation life. This fact, the size of the New York federation, the number of people it serves, and the amount of money it allocates, all make it a significant subject for study. In 1978-79, Federation will distribute over $27 million to some 130 agencies and institutions serving the health, welfare, recreational, and educational needs of an estimated 1,500,000 people. Most of that money will come from Jews of Greater New York and represents Federation's share of the United Jewish Appeal-Federation annual Joint Campaign. To a great extent, therefore, Federation will be exercising its own discretion in the allocation of Jewish public funds not earmarked for any particular purpose. The sum which Federation receives is arrived at through a negotiated agreement with UJA, as the donors have not specified these funds as being for Federation. Hence the importance of a study which asks: • To what purposes does Federation allocate its funds? • Who are the people deciding how Federation's funds are allocated? • How do these people arrive at their decisions? • Given the obvious assumption that influence accrues to any institution which distributes money, how much influence does Federation really have? Over whom, how, and in what direction does it exercise this influence? • What changes, if any, have taken place in Federation in the last few years? This study addresses these questions, but touches only peripherally on two aspects of Federation which its leaders regard as central, and which merit independent treatment—Federation's sources of revenue, and the activities of its agencies. Fund-raising has always been a central aspect of Jewish communal life in the United States,3 and the Joint Campaign partnership between Federa- tion and UJA does, indeed, exist to raise funds for local and overseas needs. However, as UJA-Federation is an independent organization, our focus will be limited to the effects of the Joint Campaign on Federation policy.

JA popular survey is Milton Goldin's Why They Give: American Jews and Their Philanthro- pies (New York, 1977). The January 1977 issue of Moment magazine was devoted to American Jewish philanthropy. Unfortunately there is no systematic scholarly study of the topic. Two articles which merit attention are Marshall Sklare's "The Future of Jewish Giving," Commen- tary, November 1962, pp. 416-426, and Marc Lee Raphael, loc. cit. Sklare's material is dated, but the article remains a landmark study. 6 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The activities of Federation's agencies engage the greatest effort and attention of many of its leaders, with Federation allocating funds directly to roughly 80 agencies and organizations. Fifty-four of these are member agencies otherwise known as beneficiary societies. Under the terms of their membership, these societies are permitted to raise additional funds only from government, foundations, and members of their own boards—not from the community at large. The societies provide a broad range of medical, social, and recreational services. There are ten hospitals, geriatric centers serving 6,000 elderly, 30 Y's and Jewish community centers, and 24 camps. Some of the beneficiary societies are: Mt. Sinai Hospital; the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services, which provides mental-health treatment to children, as well as adult counseling and rehabilitation services; the Altro Health and Rehabilitation Services, caring for the physically and mentally handicapped; the Federation Employment and Guid- ance Service; the Jewish Association for Services for the Aged (JASA), serving the aged in 18 centers and three housing developments; the Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged; Associated YM and YWHAs of Greater New York, with 11 community centers under its aegis; and the Board of Jewish Education, which provides pedagogic guidance and supportive services of varying intensity to 640 Jewish day and supplementary schools. In addition to its beneficiary societies, Federation allocates funds to subvented (non-member) agencies. In some cases, these are agencies which Federation itself created. Unlike the beneficiary societies, subvented agencies have no representation on the Federation board. They may, however, raise funds from the community at large. Among the subvented agencies are the Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC), the Metropolitan New York Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty, and the Jewish Association for College Youth (JACY). Federation also subsidizes three neighborhood service centers for inner-city Jews—centers which it established—and provides funding for such varied groups as the New York Board of Rabbis, Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, and Jewish Museum. Although this study will not deal with the various agencies per se, it will explore the relationships between Federation and its agencies, the manner in which the agencies are funded, and the direction in which Federation allocations have moved. Federation spends over $2 million a year on administration and services to its agencies, employing 150 people (20 in its thrift shop), 55 of whom are professional staff, and involving hundreds of laymen in its activities. Even so, this study will not be an administrative one. It will focus instead on Federation's key committees, which bring it in touch with the larger community. No attempt will be made to assess the efficiency of Federation, or even describe its internal operations, except as these relate to fundamental questions. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 7 This study is based on a variety of sources. Formal interviews were conducted with 58 individuals. Most were professional and lay leaders who had contact with Federation, and might be expected to be informed about its activities. Federation publications, minutes of committees, and other documents of the last ten years were perused selectively. The September 1975-September 1977 minutes of two committees, the Distribution Com- mittee (Federation's allocation committee) and the Communal Planning Committee, were read carefully. Beginning in September 1977, I regularly participated in meetings of Federation's key committees and a number of subcommittees. These meetings afforded ample opportunity for discussion with Federation activists. Finally, a questionnaire was distributed to people who served on the Distribution Committee (DC) in either 1968 or 1978. The first section of this study describes the structure of Federation and its functions, including its general relationship to its beneficiary societies, the functions of its key committees, and the formal role of the professionals. The second section explores Federation's present policy and how it emerged. The third section focuses on Federation's present leaders—who they are, how they were recruited, what motivates them, and how they compare to the leaders of a decade ago. It also deals with the role of the large contributor in Federation's decision-making, and examines the question of how much control the professionals exercise. The concluding section assesses Federation, and considers its prospects for the future.

FEDERATION: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

The Formality of Agency Control One difference between the New York federation and that of other cities is the degree of formal control exercised by Federation's beneficiary societies. Its by-laws provide for a Board of Trustees with authority over Federation's basic decisions. The Board of Trustees is presently composed of 303 members, two-thirds of whom are designated by the beneficiary societies and called institutional trustees. The remaining trustees are either life trustees or trustees-at-large chosen by the Nominating Committee, whose members are selected, in turn, by the Board of Trustees.4

4Not all trustees exercise an equal vote. Beneficiary societies are accorded from one to ten votes, depending on their size. The institutional trustees present at any given Board meeting divide the votes to which the agency is entitled among themselves, so that an institutional trustee may sometimes be entitled to cast more than one vote. However, this occurs only in the case of a roll call, or what is known in Federation terminology as a weighted vote, and weighted votes are rare. 8 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The Board also elects the officers of Federation and the members of the Executive Committee (EC). In addition, the Board approves the appointment, by the president, of members of Federation's operating committees. All basic decisions are subject to its confirmation. The Board, when taken as a whole, is too large a body to control the operations of Federation. Hence, it relegates much of the task to its 54- member EC. The provision of a two-thirds majority of institutional trustees on Federation's Board extends to the EC as well.

The Reality of Agency Control The theoretical control which the beneficiary societies exercise over Fed- eration is not as crucial in determining policy as one might assume. A number of factors account for this. First of all, while agency control is exercised through representation on the Board of Trustees, the agency representatives cannot be paid employees. Only laymen represent the agencies, and the extent to which the primary commitment of these laymen is to their agencies, as opposed to Federation interests, or to their own conceptions of the needs of the Jewish community, differs. Many of the institutional trustees are independent-minded, and do not see themselves as accountable to the agencies which appointed them. Secondly, many institutional trustees adopt a Federation, as distinct from an agency, point of view. Meetings and materials received by Board members reflect the point of view of Federation's president and executive vice- president. There is a strong Federation tradition, enhanced by the fact that service on the Board of Trustees is considered a mark of distinction for most members of agency boards. Hence, although it is the agency and not Federa- tion which designates the representative, even institutional trustees want to play the Federation game. This is particularly true for Board members seeking appointment to Federation's own committees. Service on these committees may confer status and distinction, bringing the appointee into contact with some of the social and financial elite of New York Jewry. The president and executive vice-president exercise a crucial voice in committee appointments. Thirdly, some agencies are dependent on Federation for help in recruiting their own board members. In the past, Federation was instrumental in helping to raise large sums for the capital needs of many agencies. These agencies, particularly the smaller ones, are unlikely to adopt an independent point of view. On the other hand, some of the largest of the beneficiary societies, such as the hospitals, receive so small a percentage of their funding from Federation (total Federation allocations represented .7 per cent of hospital budgets in 1978) that they are relatively indifferent to Federation Board decisions. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 9 Fourthly, neither the Board nor the EC really makes organization policy. They approve or, on rare occasions, disapprove the policy formulated by a smaller group of people. Neither Board nor EC members have the time, energy, or expertise to continually challenge the judgment of the professionals, or the small number of lay leaders engaging in Federation activity on a full-time or almost full-time basis. The agenda, framework, and decision- making premises are determined by this select group of leaders. One executive head of a large beneficiary society stated that he never bothered to read the Board minutes because, as far as he was concerned, the Board never did anything anyway. Finally, there are not that many issues involving conflicts of interest. Generally, each agency wants more money for itself, which means less money for others. (There are rare cases of agencies requesting cuts because they have found other sources of income.) But that is something different from an interest shared by all agencies in opposition to Federation interest. Indeed, Federation leaders are very careful not to formulate issues in these terms. Many trustees-at-large and life trustees have had some agency orientation or served at some time on agency boards. Their involvement in Federation stems from their involvement in the programs of its beneficiary societies. It would be contrary to their own convictions to act against agency interests, of which, for some of them, Federation's interest is simply the sum total. Despite the foregoing, one can point to a Federation as distinct from an agency point of view.

INSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT BETWEEN FEDERATION AND ITS AGENCIES While Federation and its agencies may be in complete agreement on goals, they may differ on how to achieve these goals. Federation leaders stress the principle of agency autonomy. They emphasize that each agency is independent, and while Federation may seek to persuade, it can never coerce. Agency leaders, on the other hand, stress the importance of Federa- tion planning and coordination. They acknowledge that Federation reduces competition and duplication among the agencies, and that Federation's assistance has helped them to pioneer in the fields of health and social- welfare services. They benefit from Federation's joint purchasing plan. Still, even under the most idyllic circumstances, and even within a framework of mutually acknowledged guidelines, it is only natural that agencies will seek greater autonomy, and Federation a greater coordinating role. There is also the issue of the extent to which Federation should indent its reserves in order to maintain a certain level of grants to its agencies. The present ratio of expendable reserves to annual grants is about 100 per cent. 10 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 This is considerably lower than that of other federations in major metropolitan centers, where the ratios vary from 171 to 483 per cent. In December 1976, the Level of Grants Committee, a permanent subcommittee of the EC, recommended a one per cent decrease in the level of grants for the forthcoming year, to be followed by two and three per cent reductions in each of the next two years, subject to increase in the event of a rise in compaign contributions. The level of grants, which requires the approval of the Board of Trustees, does not determine how much each individual agency will receive. This is decided by the DC, subject to ratification by the Board of Trustees. But the level of grants does determine the total sum which the DC will have at its disposal and provides agencies with a rough estimate of what they are likely to receive. Many agencies were extremely unhappy over this proposal, which came in the midst of New York's fiscal crisis. They complained that Federation was trying to save money when it was already badly needed. Nevertheless, the proposal was accepted by the EC and the Board of Trustees—a fact that suggests the influence of Federation's leadership. The approval was attributed primarily to a strong presentation by Federation's executive vice- president about the need for maintaining reserves. The following year, the Level of Grants Committee reversed itself, and recommended a three per cent increase, as reserves had grown from a windfall of bequests. The EC lowered this to two per cent, but the Board raised it back to three. Still, the three per cent increase fell short of the inflated cost of living, and the leadership resisted pressure for larger increases in the level of grants. The issue of the level of grants is one of the few in which agency and Federation interests were opposed. The conflict's resolution suggests how difficult it is to determine which side is the more influential. In general, Federation interests probably prevail, within the constraints set by agency interests.

IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT BETWEEN FEDERATION AND ITS AGENCIES In addition to the institutional self-interests dividing the agencies and Federation, there is an ideological division. Federation agencies, almost without exception, were created to serve the needs of individuals or families. Federation was Jewish because its beneficiary societies served a Jewish clientele, who were, however, served as human beings, not Jews. A notable exception was Federation's allocation to Jewish education—an allocation which many within Federation viewed as anomalous. By the end of the 1960's, a growing number of Federation leaders spoke in terms of the organization's communal role, having come to understand Federation's role as one including responsibility to the Jewish community FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 11 as a community. Frederick P. Rose, president of Federation from 1974 to 1977, began his farewell message in 1977 with the statement: "Viewed as a tapestry, the New York Jewish community is a richly colored one, in which Federation is a dominant thread weaving itself through every aspect of Jewish communal life."5 Such a conception is strikingly different from that which prevailed a decade earlier, although uttered by a man in the mold of the older leadership. This, then, indicates the rapidity with which the communal ideology of Federation became institutionalized. The change was to have important implications for Federation's traditional agencies. Federation concern for the Jewish community meant support for a community relations council, for enterprises such as the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, for Jewish college youth programs, and for neighborhood stabilization projects in such middle-class areas as Flatbush in Brooklyn and Forest Hills in Queens. It added a substantial measure of legitimacy to increased Federation support for Jewish education. Many of the most significant agencies engaging in communal activity are subvented agencies, rather than beneficiary societies. Given increasingly limited resources, there is an understandable agency interest in opposing the communal thrust of Federation, and its subventions to non-members. The resistance to Federation's communal direction has not come from institutional trustees alone. In the debates that surrounded the early subventions to the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, observers remarked that they could not distinguish institutional from at-large trustees. If all the institutional trustees had opposed the subvention, it would not have been accepted. Institutional trustees tend to be independent-minded, and agency interests are not necessarily foremost among their concerns, particularly when such interests are narrowly and parochially defined. Even among the agency executives there were those who, by virtue of their own background and perceptions, favored greater communal involvement on the part of Federation. In most instances the grants to subvented agencies were small. The one resounding defeat for those who supported Federation's communal role came early in the period, in 1970, when the Board of Trustees rejected a proposal for a substantial increase in the support for Jewish education, a proposal which was subsequently accepted in modified form. The role that agencies play through their institutional trustees can be of much consequence. The initial 1976 proposal to fund the Jewish Commu- nity Relations Council at $125,000 was reduced to $75,000, as a result of opposition from institutional trustees. In discussing the possibility of a large

'Frederick P. Rose, The President's Message, Federation of Jewish Philantropies, May 9, 1977. 12 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 increase in the allocation to the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, objection was raised to granting a subvented agency a greater percentage increase than that which most beneficiary societies received. "Our agencies won't stand for that," one Federation member declared. Although the demands of Federation leaders are usually satisfied, structural constraints limit the recommendations and proposals they can bring before the EC and Board of Trustees. This probably accounts for the fact that while Federation is moving in the same direction as other federations throughout North America, the movement is at a slower pace.

The Committee Structure Federation has two standing committees, the Executive Committee, with its important subcommittee on Level of Grants, and the Nominating Com- mittee. But its operational activities are carried on primarily through six community services committees and 15 operating committees. The by-laws provide for community services committees (formerly called functional committees) in each of Federation's traditional agency areas: the aged, camping, community centers, family and children's vocational and rehabilitation services, hospital and medical services, and Jewish education. Every beneficiary society is represented on the community services committee concerned with its area of service. The committee provides a forum for the exchange of ideas and makes recommendations to the Board of Trustees and operating committees. Some of the community services committees are very active. Their meetings are well attended, and the participating agency executives feel they benefit from the exchanges. Other committees exist only on paper, or function haltingly without the participants feeling that they are of much utility. The 15 operating committees include some, such as the Law Committee, the Labor Relations Committee, and the Investment Committee, exclusively concerned with Federation's internal operations. The activity of these and similar committees have important consequences for Federation's internal management, but only four actually determine Federation's public posture and policies. Three of them, the Distribution Committee (DC), Communal Planning Committee (CPC), and Public Programs and Policy Committee (PPPC), represent, in Federation's own terminology, its major committees.

THE DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE By general consensus, Federation's most important committee is the 30-member Distribution Committee. Appointment to the DC is perceived as a mark of distinction. It is less a reward for past service than a sign that FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 13 the appointee is highly intelligent, energetic, and willing and able to devote many hours a week to communal service. The DCs members, more than those of any other committee, comprise a Federation elite. The by-laws restrict DC membership to current or former trustees-at- large. None can be institutional trustees. DC members must also resign from the boards of any beneficiary societies on which they may be serving at the time of their appointment. The function of the DC is to prepare that portion of Federation's budget (about 90%) which deals with allocations. The budget proposal, along with the DC chairman's report, is submitted to the Board of Trustees in June of each year. Ratification is virtually automatic, although there have been exceptions. The DC takes care in the phrasing of its justifications for allocations and may even make minor allocation adjustments in anticipation of Board reaction. Nevertheless, it is the DC that determines, within the framework of the overall sum set by the level of grants, how much each agency or project funded by Federation will receive. In addition, it is the DC that allocates special funds (about $400,000 in 1978), being required only to report its decision to the Board of Trustees. The only funding activity over which the DC exercises no authority is Federation's operating budget. For the fiscal year 1978-79, the DC will allocate roughly $27.1 million. Approximately 18 million of this will come from the Joint Campaign, about three million from the Greater New York Fund, about one million from investment income, and the remainder from unrestricted legacies, with the deficit covered by indenting reserves. The work of the DC is carried on through subcommittees in the following fields: camping; the aged; community centers; family, children, vocational and rehabilitation services; Jewish education; medical care; and special projects, subventions and memberships. Each subcommittee is aided by a professional consultant. In general, each DC member serves on two subcommittees, with no two members serving on the same ones. In the fall, the subcommittee members visit the agencies for which they are responsible. Discussions are conducted with each agency executive, and often with some of the agency's lay leaders. During these visits, subcommittee members learn about the agency's problems and make known to the agency leaders their own interests and concerns. These are often concerns which the subcommittee has previously presented to the full DC through a staff memorandum and subcommittee chairman's report. During the next few months, the subcommittee chairman and some members may meet with one or more agency executives to discuss a particular problem. In late winter and early spring, budget hearings are held with the agencies, whose requests are accompanied by budget information summarized for DC 14 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 members in a detailed memorandum prepared by Federation's budget director, his assistant, and four budget examiners. Thus, DC members are provided with ample budget information prior to the hearings. In addition, the professional consultant may have prepared a brief memorandum on the agency. At the budget hearings, subcommittee members can evaluate the extent to which their concerns and recommendations, and the general policy of the DC and Federation, have been reflected in agency programs. Although the DC prides itself on not adopting an antagonistic attitude, the hearings are often touchy. Following the budget hearings, the DC subcommittee chairmen make a tentative decision on the distribution of allocations to each functional field. Each subcommittee then submits its recommendation and report to the full DC. At the May meeting of the DC, all subcommittee recommendations are reviewed and changes may be made not only in allocations to specific agencies, but also in the overall distribution of allocations by functional field. Allocation recommendations may take a variety of forms other than outright grants. One important variant is a reserve allocation, which provides that a sum of money be made available to a particular agency only after it has met certain conditions or introduced a particular program. DC procedures are not entirely satisfactory to many agency executives, some of whom doubt whether subcommittee members are well-informed. One agency executive characterized the visitations and budget hearings as a "charade." No one pretends that in one visit per year to an agency, or one budget hearing, a subcommittee member can gain detailed knowledge of that agency's operation. However, a term of office on the DC is three years, which means a member visits the same agency a number of times. A DC member may serve for four consecutive terms (12 years) before he is required to step down for one year. As of June 1978, DC members had served an average of six years. While subcommittee assignments may be rotated, the experience one gains in dealing with one type of agency is helpful in understanding another. The longer one serves on the DC, the greater expertise one acquires. DC members average a minimum of a few hours per week on Committee matters; most subcommittee chairmen spend an average of eight to ten hours a week on DC affairs. A few members are less conscientious than others about attending meetings or doing their homework. DC chairmen, alert to this, encourage such members to resign as soon as their term of office expires, or do not reappoint them for an additional three year term. Some DC observers feel there is room for more in-depth studies of the agencies, perhaps by having subcommittees focus on a limited number of agencies each year. Agency executives sometimes complain that they have FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 15 no opportunity beyond the budget hearings to interact with DC members. They especially seek access to committee and subcommittee chairmen, in order to present their case for more money. The larger agencies with the more prestigious board members are in the best position to do so. Agency executives will, on occasion, request that their board members contact DC members on a social level, at the golf course or a luncheon meeting, to explain the agency position; but DC members view these efforts as singu- larly unsuccessful.

THE COMMUNAL PLANNING COMMITTEE The Communal Planning Committee (CPC) is generally regarded as Federation's second most important committee. As in the case of the DC, all its members must be present or former members of the Board of Trus- tees. CPC members, however, are evenly divided between at-large and institutional trustees. There are, at present, 32 members on the CPC, whose function is to advise the Board of Trustees and DC about important communal trends and needs to be considered in the formulation of Federation and DC policy. The CPC considers the desirability of proposed beneficiary society projects, recommends modifications and additions to programs and structures, and recommends the admission of new agencies and the disaffiliation of others. Such projects as assistance to Jews in the inner city and neighborhood stabilization must acquire CPC approval prior to funding. Projects are considered in subcommittee, and then in full committee, before detailed recommendations are made to the Board of Trustees. A CPC meeting might consider the requests of a camp or community center to purchase new property. Members will have before them the report of a subcommittee or professional consultant on the impact of the project in terms of agency costs and community needs. CPC and DC chairmen are ex-officio members of each other*s committees, and close relationships are further insured by the shared services of the same consultants. The CPC is Federation's major instrument for communal planning. While its concerns and procedures, the intelligence of its lay members, and the quality of its professional staff are impressive, Federation's success in communal planning has not been striking. This is partly due to the fact that it is only within the last few years that Federation has defined its Jewish communal responsibilities in broad terms. Also, Federation does not have reliable demographic data on the Greater New York Jewish population and its movements. Without such data, intelligent communal planning is virtually impossible. Community centers, for example, have been authorized in areas where many feel they are not 16 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 needed, or relocated so that they hasten Jewish movement out of others. The data that the CPC requires are not only of a demographic nature, but must include information on local community sentiments and attitudes. It is only of late that Federation has become sensitive to this fact. Federation has, also, to take account of the needs of its beneficiary societies. There is agency opposition to Federation's undertaking new projects which mean competition for funding or programming. Thus, for example, there is agency opposition to neighborhood service centers which seek to centralize in one location the social, health, and welfare services provided by different agencies in a particular neighborhood. Federation created the Metropolitan New York Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty in 1972. The Council, in turn, was instrumental in the creation of a number of local community councils. But Federation then exercised its influence to prevent these local councils from engaging in social work or receiving government grants which might compete with its beneficiary societies. It also doubted the councils' abilities to deliver quality services. This opposition came despite Federation's own feeling that the development of strong local Jewish community institutions was necessary for neighborhood stabilization. Finally, New York City's problems are of such a magnitude that no agency could solve them, and New York's problems are Federation's problems. Fiscal crises, changing neighborhoods, and crime all have an impact on New York City's Jews. Federation, aware of its dependence on the broader social environment, encouraged its executive vice-president to assume the chairmanship of the Task Force on the New York City Crisis. In general, however, communal planning at Federation takes place in the context of living with severe municipal crises, not of meeting them.

THE PUBLIC PROGRAMS AND POLICY COMMITTEE The Public Programs and Policy Committee (PPPC) is the newest of Federation's three major committees. Created in 1976, it replaced two older committees, one on government programs, and another on social legislation. The by-laws require that there be a minimum of 15 members, ten of whom must be members of the Board of Trustees. There is no provision for the ratio of institutional to at-large trustees. Of its present 33 members, 13 are trustees: 8 at-large and 5 institutional. The PPPC studies government programs and policies as they affect Fed- eration, its beneficiary societies, and the Jewish community, and recommends action on given issues. Where policy positions already exist, the PPPC acts without consulting other Federation bodies. Most of the issues discussed by the PPPC deal with government legislation affecting Federation's health and welfare agencies. For example, the FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 17 Committee devoted much attention in late 1977 to the Carter Administra- tion's welfare reform proposals. After reaching a consensus on some of the issues, the PPPC expressed its opinion to local congressmen, as well as to the Washington office maintained by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, an office financed by special grants from some of the larger Jewish federations. During the New York State legislative session, most committee time is devoted to state matters, and PPPC leaders (its chairman and three staff members) are in frequent contact with Federation's part-time lobbyist in Albany, as well as with executive and legislative officials. At the municipal level, Federation's contacts are more direct, and matters are handled without the intervention of a lobbyist. The importance of the PPPC reflects the increasing importance to Feder- ation of governmental activity. Government, at all levels, is a major source of funding to most of the beneficiary societies. Regulatory and other non- fiscal legislation has an impact on the agencies, and local tax policies vitally affect Federation's camps. The assignment of children to child-care agencies and foster homes in accordance with the religion of the parents is of concern to Federation's agencies, as are the rates of government reimbursement for child care.

THE DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS In 1953, Federation hired Rabbi Isaac N. Trainin as the head of a newly-instituted Department of Religious Affairs. It was Federation's hope to improve its relationship with rabbis and synagogue leaders, some of whom, incensed at what they saw as Federation's indifference to vital Jewish concerns, not only refused to support the Federation campaign, but urged Jews not to contribute. The Department acts through two committees, the Religious Affairs Committee and the Commission on Synagogue Relations. The first, an operational committee of Federation, supervises the Department's conduct and advises Federation and its agencies with regard to religious matters. The by-laws require that there be a minimum of ten members on the committee, a majority of whom must be trustees. At present, there are 43 members, 16 of whom are rabbis. The committee deals with religious issues within Federation and its agencies, and concerns itself with such matters as the availability of kosher food in Federation agencies, the operation of agencies on Jewish holidays, and the manner in which Federation relates to other Jewish religious practices. It has a task force on medical ethics, and has prepared a handbook on the subject for hospitals and doctors. The Commission on Synagogue Relations has a broader communal scope. Membership is open to all synagogues, rabbis, and Jewish social- work agencies in Greater New York; laymen may be invited to join. The 18 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Commission functions through task forces, which hold conferences, publish material, and seek to involve the community. In 1977-78, the Commission had 15 task forces focusing on such matters as alcoholism, gambling, the Jewish family, mixed marriages, and singles. Some task forces have their own subcommittees; the one on mental health and Judaism has four. The Commission is governed by an executive council and a small board of governors, which is, in effect, the ruling body of the Commission. The Department of Religious Affairs (DRA) promotes Federation's image in the synagogue world, and alerts the latter to the existence of Federation's agencies and their services. It also pressures Federation and its agencies to increase their specifically Jewish content and programming, and their services to Jews. Some of those who oppose Federation because they feel its orientation is too nonsectarian, and its control is in the hands of non-committed Jews, regard the DRA as an "apologist." In 1975, for example, the chairman of the Religious Affairs Committee wrote to a task force member asking him to withdraw publication of an article critical of Federation's financial support of Jewish hospitals. Criticisms of Federation, he wrote, should be made only from "within." On the other hand, some of those oriented to the older Federation tradition of nonsectarian service see the Department as troublesome. Federation's present leadership views it as its "eyes and ears" in the synagogue world, serving as a bridge, and alerting Federation to potential problems. The Religious Affairs Committee and Commission on Synagogue Rela- tions are extremely sensitive about their status within Federation. Many members feel they are "outsiders," not part of the elite whom they perceive as dominating the organization. One leader of the Religious Affairs Com- mittee stated, "We're not Wall Street and we're not German and that's why we're on the outside. Not only are we not consulted; we aren't even informed of the reasons for crucial decisions which we could help interpret to the community." The Committee and Commission are not, however, without influence. As one observer noted, their influence rests in part on the very fact that they have not been fully incorporated into the Federation system. Among the recommendations first proposed by the DRA and subsequently adopted by Federation were assistance to inner-city Jews and local community councils, subventions to COLPA (Commission on Law and Political Action) and the Beth Din of the Rabbinical Council of America, aid to Black Jews, and special help to three fire-ravaged day schools. Feder- ation also turns to the DRA for recommendations regarding representative leaders of the synagogue world to be appointed to its committees. Trainin exercises a virtual veto over the appointments of rabbis to Federation committees, and his recommendations with regard to laymen are given FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 19 careful consideration. Paradoxically, as Federation expands its interest in Jewish matters, the Department's influence may diminish. In other words, "Yiddishkeit" in Federation may become so important that one man or department can no longer be looked to as a source of information, contacts, and support. Apart from more manifest functions, the DRA provides the opportunity for Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform rabbis to meet together. It tends to avoid issues likely to divide rabbis along denominational lines, and the rabbis themselves are careful to keep such issues subdued, should they arise. At one point, the Orthodox chairman of the task force on medical ethics refused to address a Conservative colleague by his rabbinical title. But this incident was an exception, according to respondents, to the customary good feeling. In most cases, the Orthodox have been pleased by the willingness of even their Reform colleagues to support them on such issues as insistence on kosher kitchens in Federation agencies, closing agencies on Jewish holidays, and protecting the rights of agency employees who do not work on the second day of Jewish holidays. The Orthodox interpretation of Jewish law is generally regarded as normative in the deliberations and decisions of the DRA and its committees. On the other hand, Reform and Conservative rabbis are pleased by the respect shown them by the Orthodox rabbis, and the consideration accorded their concerns and opinions on Jewish issues. In early 1978, this general good feeling became strained. Whether the DRA can continue to insulate itself from the denominational tensions within the broader community remains to be seen.

THE PROFESSIONALS Federation's professional staff numbers 55, 19 of whom are executive. Since 1970, the staff has been headed by Sanford Solender, executive vice- president. The PPPC is served by three staff members who have other professional obligations within Federation. The DRA also has a professional staff of three, all rabbis, one of whom is responsible for fund-raising at the synagogue level. Relations with Federation's agencies and other beneficiaries, and services to Federation's DC and CPC are under the direction of the executive director for Community Services. Since 1976 this position has been held by Dr. Donald Feldstein. He is responsible for a professional staff of seven, and a Budget Department with its own director and additional staff of five. The Community Services consultants owe their first loyalty to Federa- tion. They also see themselves, however, as advocates for the points of view and needs of the agencies they serve. Community Services staff functions 20 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 include advising the agencies, coordinating and facilitating exchanges between them and, in some cases, representing the agency point of view in governmental or professional organizations. Federation is a member agency of a variety of organizations. Approxi- mately 70 per cent of its annual membership fees (over $250,000) goes to the Council of Jewish Federation and Welfare Funds and the National Jewish Welfare Board, and the remainder to such organizations as the Community Council of Greater New York, Council of Voluntary Child Care Associations, Greater New York Hospital Association, and Council of Social Work Education. Federation consultants may be called upon to serve on these councils, or other ad-hoc committees with professional orientations. In addition, they may be called upon to act as intermediaries between government bodies and the agencies. The Community Services staff members supply the primary link between Federation and its agencies, and, as such, are sometimes placed in a conflict- of-interest situation. Both sides assume, however, that in such instances they act on Federation's behalf. Indeed, most of their time is spent working directly with Federation's committees and subcommittees, primarily the DC and CPC.

FEDERATION POLICY AND INFLUENCES

Federation's Traditional Policy More scholarly attention has been paid to Federation's early years than to its recent past. The following material is based primarily on memories and perceptions, rather than a rigorous study of written sources. Appar- ently, Federation was involved in some measure of communal planning, integration of facilities, and agency control, almost from its inception. Certainly, by the end of the 1940's, a consensus among its leadership on the function of Federation began to emerge. Federation was created to centralize the collection of Jewish philanthropic funds, maximize the amount collected, and distribute the money to beneficiary societies. These agencies were established, in turn, to provide health, welfare, and social services to Jews who required them—primarily the sick, the emotionally and physically handicapped, and the poor. Federation also assisted Jewish Y's and community centers providing recreational, educational and counseling services to middle-class Jews, as well as to the needy. Finally, some money was allocated to Jewish education.6

'The initial decision in 1917 to allocate money to Jewish education was a compromise between those who opposed any allocation and those who sought broad support. The final FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 21 But not all Federation leaders perceived their primary function as supporting the agencies. Indeed, more and more of them came to see their roles as maximizing the services to their agencies' clients. Where Federation leaders felt that services could be improved by the creation of new agencies or the merger of old ones, they encouraged this. The challenge was to help those in need. Then, as now, the Board of Trustees was dominated by agency representatives. But large contributors became increasingly oriented to Federation, rather than the agencies. They had a welfare and service philosophy, rather than a loyalty to specific agencies. The agency point of view lost ground because Federation captured the imagination of the large contributors. It was Federation itself that provided the major portion of most agencies' operating expenditures, and encouraged those contributors to assist them. The 1950's and early 1960's were periods of great construction and expansion. Federation undertook two major building-fund campaigns of 50 and 100 million dollars. One result was the creation and heading of new institutions by Federation people. Federation increasingly directed the pace of its agencies' growth, and recruited wealthy contributors to serve on agency boards. The quality of Federation's professional leadership further contributed to its dominant role. At the helm of Federation during this period stood two great leaders, each with the title Executive Vice-President. Joseph Willen was responsible for fund-raising, and Maurice Hexter for administration. Serving under Hexter were three professional consultants: Maurice Hinnenberg in the health and aging field;Graenu m Berger in the community centers and camp field; and Martha Selig in the family, social-service, and child-care field. Hexter and his three lieutenants have been described by a number of respondents as "giants." They combined intelligence, detailed knowledge of their fields of service, dedication to Federation, and political savvy. Agency executives gave them genuine professional deference, and had difficulty resisting Federation staff recommendations, which were practicable and well-informed. All of this stimulated an elan among Federation's lay leaders, especially among those on the DC. They felt that they were participating in an exciting, challenging, and supremely important enterprise. One was engaged, through contributing, fund-raising, and committee service, in providing outstanding services to people in genuine need. There was a sense decision limited support to the six principal Talmud Torahs of New York. Mordecai Kaplan, founder of Reconstructionism, celebrated the decision in his diary with the notation: "It has broken the back of the assimilationist tendency." In 1939, the Jewish Education Committee was created out of a merger of the Bureau of Jewish Education and the Jewish Education Association. Federation funds for Jewish education went to this new body, rather than directly to the Jewish schools it served. The new organization, a beneficiary society from its inception, changed its name to the Board of Jewish Education of Greater New York in 1970. 22 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 that Federation's professionals, agencies, and lay leadership were the very best. This elitism was reinforced by the backgrounds of much of Federation's lay leadership. Many came from wealthy families with a tradition of communal service. They were disproportionately of German Jewish origin, second- or third-generation Americans. Neighbors on Manhattan's Upper East Side, with second homes in Westchester, many knew one another socially, belonging to the same country clubs; if they had any synagogue affiliation, they were more likely than not members of a Reform temple— most often Temple Emanu-El of New York City. If their memberships overlapped in any Jewish organization, it was likely to be the American Jewish Committee. Nineteen sixty-eight marked the end of this period. In December 1977, a questionnaire was distributed to the 22 living members of the 1968 DC. Fourteen responded, but some information was available for all 22. For example, four contributed $25,000 or more to the 1970-71 campaign. Three contributed between $10,000 and $24,999; six contributed from $5,000 to $9,999; and six from $2,500 to $4,999. Thus, 19 contributed $2,500 or more. In 1970-71, Federation raised $17.4 million. Given the fact that UJA and Federation today distribute their joint campaign proceeds on a roughly four-to-one basis, and given rates of inflation since 1970, it seems fair to say that 19 of the 22 DC members made contributions comparable to the $10,000 or more joint-campaign contributions of today. These contributions and, most likely, the gifts ($1,700 and $1,600) of two other DC members, fall into the category of large contributor. Place of residence is another indication of means. Twelve of the 14 respondents had New York City residences. Eleven lived within a ten-block radius of one another, centering on Manhattan's Upper East Side in the 60's between Fifth and Park Avenues; one member lived on Central Park West. The remaining two respondents had homes in Scarsdale and Rye, wealthy suburbs in Westchester county. Respondents were also asked to list the social clubs to which they belonged in 1968. Six of the 14 belonged to the Sunningdale Country Club in Westchester, considered one of the elite Jewish country clubs in the Greater New York area. Four respondents belonged to the Harmonie Club, the most prestigious Jewish club in the City. All belonged to at least one social club. By contrast, six of the 14 were not affiliated with any synagogue. Of the remainder, three were members of New York's Temple Emanu-El. Respondents reported that wealth was not a criterion for DC membership, as it apparently had been in the earlier years. But if great wealth was not a necessary requirement, Federation leaders, for the most part, were certainly people of substance. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 23 The children of East European Jews had entered the ranks of Federa- tion's elite by 1968. Four respondents reported that their fathers were born in Russia. All, however, were themselves born in the United States, 13 of the 14 in New York. Most respondents were between 55 and 65 years of age in 1968. They would have entered college between 1925 and 1935, a period of quotas and discrimination against Jews in the prestigious Ameri- can colleges and universities. Yet, of the 11 male respondents,' nine attended Ivy League colleges (Harvard, Columbia, Yale, University of Penn- sylvania, and Cornell). By contrast, their formal Jewish education was slight. Six reported having had no formal Jewish education; five had either attended Sunday school or had some other form of weekly instruction for a few years. Only two had attended afternoon schools which met more frequently than once a week. One respondent reported he was educated in an Orthodox school. The impression that DC members had a relatively weak Jewish identity is reinforced by other data. Respondents were asked how they would have reacted in 1968 if their child had considered marrying a non-Jew. Only one respondent would have been "strongly opposed"; four would have discouraged it; three would have been neutral; and six would have accepted it. Many people regard the Federation leaders of this period as assimilationist, but the leaders did not perceive themselves in this light. Respondents were asked how they would have felt in 1968 and how they feel today about the statement, "Being Jewish makes a difference in everything I do."8 No respondent reported any change in his feelings over the ten-year period. Of the 14 respondents, eight asserted (three strongly and five"somewhat" ) that "being Jewish makes a difference in everything I do," while six denied the statement (one "somewhat" and five "strongly"). Yet, the respondents' answers are more "Jewish" than those of comparable age and generational groups in Boston. Maurice Hexter, in discussing his perception of the 1950's and 1960's leadership, introduced the term "assimilationist," but noted that there were few such people around, and these not particularly troublesome. He related having asked the non-Jewish wife of a Federation leader to remove a cross pendant which she had worn to a Federation dinner. She had obliged. The implication was that if one dealt firmly and politely with assimilationists, one could handle them. The troublesome element, in Hexter's view, was the "hyper-Jews," who had provoked difficulty over their insistence on more

'The 11 males out of a total of 14 respondents is proportionate to the 21 males out of a total of 26 DC members. 'The question was derived from the Boston Jewish community survey and used to facilitate comparisons with a larger sample. 24 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 money for Jewish education, and their request in 1948 that Federation lend one million dollars to Israel. The request was rejected. Members of the large middle group of which Hexter was a leader were neither "assimilationists" nor "hyper-Jews." Their participation in Federa- tion was, very probably, a surrogate to participation in the synagogue or other expressions of Jewish life. One traditional leader wrote: "For many Jews, Federation is ... a vehicle by which the individual expresses a major part of his own Jewish fulfillment."9 The particular attraction of Federation was that its activity best fulfilled Jewish obligations as the predominantly secularist Federation leaders perceived them, i.e. the obligation to help one's fellow man. Their philanthropic activity was an expression of their view that Judaism is not so much a common set of rituals and beliefs, as a set of ethical imperatives of universal concern. But unlike the East European secularists or Zionists, who also rejected the religious tradition, this group did not perceive itself as being in revolt. The data suggest that this was, instead, a group relatively uninformed about things Jewish. There were exceptions, of which Hexter was the most notable. Perhaps such people reconciled their knowledge of Judaism with the prevailing currents in Fed- eration by finding support for their position in the ideology of classical Reform which prevailed in New York's Temple Emanu-El at the time. This may account for the incorrect perception of outsiders that the majority of Federation leaders were members there. Federation's Jewishness was further expressed by the fact that its agencies, with the exception of the hospitals, served a predominantly Jewish clientele. Until the 1960's, it was assumed that only Jewish consumers of health, welfare and other social services would seek assistance from Jewish- run agencies, camps, and homes for the aged. But then this assumption became inadequate; the perception of change gave Federation leaders cause for reflection and served to divide the leadership itself. For those to whom Federation was Jewish by virtue of its humanitarian service, the change was, if anything, a source of satisfaction. For those, however, who found service to Jews of particular importance, the change in agency clientele was a cause for concern. Another "Jewish" rationale for Federation activity was the notion that by serving all needy, regardless of race or religion, Jews enhanced their status in American society. It was felt that non-Jews would appreciate how much Jews were doing, and that this would reduce antisemitism and cement alliances between Jews and non-Jews. This argument suggests a particular sensitivity to antisemitism on the part of a group whose achievements and

'Leonard Block, "Comments Re 'Preliminary Draft' Report of the Commission on the Role of Federation," Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, January 28, 1972. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 25 status might be thought to have insulated them. In fact, some members of this group experienced antisemitism in a more traumatic way than did the middle-class descendants of East European immigrants. The Jewish upper classes of New York, the wealthy descendants of German Jewish immigrants who were born in the first two decades of this century, were well aware of what their families had achieved. At the same time, they were conscious of sharp barriers to the penetration of Jews into the upper circles of New York society. The best clubs were closed to them. While German Jews built their own distinguished city and country clubs, this was as much out of necessity as choice. Those who sought admittance to fine private schools and prestigious colleges were often accepted. Pre- cisely because of their high status and sense of personal or familial achievement, however, they were sensitive to the fact that not every club, group, or type of association was open to them in these schools. The pain of discrimination, even when it assumed a petty social form, was compounded by the fact that they lacked a compensatory Jewish pride. Raised in a tradition of noblesse oblige, concern for the needy, and identification with Federation or one or more of its agencies, they knew, however, little about Judaism. It was not, in their opinion, better to be a Jew than a non-Jew; although, having been born a Jew, it was a matter of self-respect not to deny one's identity. This was thin armor with which to shield oneself from antisemitism. Two respondents actually reported having believed that Jews weren't fully accepted by non-Jews because they were in some sense inferior. Both had identical reactions to the Six Day War, an event which, along with subsequent visits to Israel, deepened their Jewish identity. The Israeli achievement proved, they felt, that Jews weren't really inferior, and that their earlier conceptions of Judaism had been wrong. In the final analysis, while many of the respondents' relatives—unable to accept their outsider status, find meaning in remaining Jewish, or resist the blandishments of Gentile society—converted, intermarried, or disassociated themselves from anything Jewish, Federation's leaders remained very much within the Jewish fold. Those who would disparage the motivation of these leaders point to the fact that Federation constituted a kind of club; that entree into its leading circles may have provided the aspirant with business and social relationships. Those who took an active role in Federation might, therefore, have been concerned with their own self-interest rather than service in a Jewish context. Federation did, indeed, provide some social and business contacts for its leaders, but there were other boards, far more prestigious and socially helpful than Federation's Board of Trustees, open to wealthy Jews. Accord- ing to respondents, these boards, once closed to even the wealthiest German 26 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Jews, were certainly open by the 1960's. Federation leaders, therefore, chose a specifically Jewish forum for their activity when, in many instances, alternative forums were available. Indeed, this is what distinguished them from those who sought to assimilate. There were some lay leaders, most likely of East European origin, who had deeper Jewish concerns, specifically that of Jewish survival. One of the professional consultants, Graenum Berger, had become, within a Federa- tion context, radically Judaized, and he influenced others. Federation files from the late 1960's include many memoranda from Berger sharply object- ing to the direction in which Federation was moving. On the other hand, the Jewish universalist outlook of the majority of Federation leaders was shared by most agency executives. There is evidence, from a variety of studies, that many Jewish social workers, even those in such ostensibly Jewish institutions as Jewish community centers, and certainly those in psychiatric and case-work agencies, have tended to perceive their personal and professional responsibility in humanistic, universalist, perhaps even Marxist terms, rather than in terms of Jewish survival.10 Agency executives clearly varied in their Jewish proclivi- ties, but Federation's own lay and professional leaders found their Jewish conceptions reinforced, rather than challenged, by the executives of the beneficiary societies with whom they came in contact. The agencies were generally in sympathy with the notion of service to non-Jews as well as Jews. How was it possible that in New York, the city with the largest Jewish population in the world, more Jewish institutions than any other American city, and the headquarters of virtually all national Jewish organizations, Federation leadership could remain so relatively insulated? By the end of the 195O's, in virtually all communities in North America, federations had merged with the major welfare-fund agency, the United Jewish Appeal, whose leadership, at least at the local level, was frequently of Eastern European descent, had Zionist sympathies, and was committed to the survival, as a distinctive group, of American Jewry. In New York, however, Federation and UJA remained separate entities, joining together only for campaign purposes in 1973. The absence of a merger in New York

10See, for example, Oscar I. Janowsky, The JWB Survey (New York, 1948); Herman Stein, "Jewish Social Work in the United States, 1654-1954," AJYB, Vol. 57, 1956, pp. 3-98; and Carl Urbont, "The Purposes of the Jewish Community Center Movement: An Appraisal of its Operation," Ibid., Vol. 68, 1967, AJYB, pp. 29-59. Urbont notes in his discussion of the Jewish community centers: "With the professionalization of agency staffs ... it entrusted its value system to workers whose training and philosophy are not necessarily rooted in the Jewish community. . . . These workers have recognized social group work with its emphasis on the individual, the group, and the process of personality development, as their discipline. .. . They generally have a stronger loyalty to broader social-work aims as espoused by their national professional organization than they do to center purposes" (pp. 47-48). FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 27 was both a manifestation and further cause of major differences between UJA and Federation. The very size of the New York Jewish community, the multiplicity of its societies, clubs, and organizations, meant that even wealthy Jews did not necessarily mix with one another as they did in other cities. In New York, German Jews maintained separate clubs and societies long after they had disappeared in other areas." Only in New York City, with its large and diffuse Jewish population, could Federation ignore the wishes of the major Jewish philanthropy, UJA, and the developments taking place within significant Jewish sub-groups. Thus, for example, the increased importance of Orthodox Jews in New York went unnoticed until the late 1960's. New York's large Jewish population, and the fact that it is the headquarters for almost every national Jewish organization, encouraged the development of a variety of independent Jewish organizational systems. In most Jewish communities, federations contribute to such national Jewish organizations as B'nai B'rith, the American Jewish Congress, and the American Jewish Committee. In return, the national organizations restrict their fund- raising to special events of a limited nature. But such an arrangement never evolved in New York, where the organizations anticipate raising a significant portion of their budget. Fund-raising, in turn, requires an active organization. Consequently, organizations whose local chapters outside New York have been "smothered" by federations maintain their distance in New York. In addition, the national organizations have a special interest in recruiting a New York lay leadership for their national boards, as well as their local chapters. Thus there is competition for money and lay leaders among Federation, UJA, and a host of other groups, each of which seeks to create its own network of organizational activity. From Federation's point of view, this reduced its potential income (even the combined UJA- Federation campaign has not broken through these distinctive institutional loyalties) and insulated its leadership from trends elsewhere.

Factors Leading to Change In 1921, Federation's combined allocations to its agencies represented 43 per cent of their expenditures.12 That figure remained fairly constant until 1947. In that year, Federation's grant represented 40 per cent of its agencies'

"In Philadelphia, for example, the acceptance of wealthy East European Jews into the "upper class" social clubs of German Jews had occurred by 1940. In Atlanta, however, distinctive social clubs still existed in the late 1940's. Two articles on this topic are found in Marshall Sklare (ed.), The Jews (New York, 1958), pp. 262-287. l2The percentages reported in this section are derived from Federation of Jewish Philanthro- pies, Financial Experience of Affiliated Societies: 1939 to 1973-1974. 28 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 expenditures. From that point on, the proportion of Federation's contribution declined with each succeeding year. By 1951, the percentage was 30 per cent; by 1961, 17 per cent; and by 1971, 5 per cent. This transformation is attributable primarily to the enormous increase in government funding. Federation's own grants increased almost yearly, sometimes by as much as ten per cent, but generally by approximately four or five per cent. (On five occasions between 1946 and 1966, grants were reduced.) The decline in Federation's contribution was most pronounced in the case of hospitals, but other agencies were affected as well. Table I provides information for a selected group of Federation agencies.

Table I Federation Grant as a Percentage of the Agencies Total Expenditure

Agency Year 1940 1950 1960 197i

Jewish Board of Guardians* (child care) 82 57 31 16 Jewish Child Care Association 41 47 20 8 Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged 43 36 17 4 ALTRO Health and Rehabilitation Services 91 90 82 45 Jewish Family Service* 82** 87 75 71 Educational Alliance (community center) 77 77 66 49 •JBG and JFS merged in 1978 "In 1945 In some cases the decline in the 195O's exceeds that in the 1960's. Federa- tion veterans, however, recall the latter decade as a time of crisis, indicating a possible turning point in the 1960's. In the opinion of agency executives, the tremendous increase in government resources in this period served to reorient agency leaders. They became growth conscious, and increasingly directed their programs to areas where funding was available. Federation encouraged this growth, not realizing perhaps that this weakened agency ties to Federation and provided a rationale for increasingly nonsectarian service.13 Some of the Government's eligibility requirements excluded agencies which confined their services to Jews; this was also true of some non-governmental sources of funding. The Greater New York Fund (the New York counterpart of United Way), for example, allocates, through Federation, funds to some of the latter's beneficiary societies, representing about ten per cent of Federation's grants to its agencies. In the 1960's, the Fund required recipient agencies to sign an affidavit affirming that they did

"The impact of government funding is discussed in Graenum Berger, "American Jewish Communal Service 1776-1976: From Traditional Self-help to Increasing Dependence on Government Support," Jewish Social Studies. 1976, pp. 225-246. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 29 not discriminate in their selection of clients, staff, or board members.14 Federation was able to overcome the restriction, but a precedent had been set. The changes occasioned by growing sources of outside support were accompanied by dramatic demographic changes in New York's population. Jews, along with other middle-class whites, tended to move out of the city, while Blacks and Hispanics moved in. Jewish birth rates declined. Finally, the Jewish needy, those who traditionally made use of Federation's services, were increasingly Orthodox, with a high proportion of hasidic Jews, many of whom were reluctant to turn to agencies of any kind with their problems. They did not view problems such as mental retardation or family strife as matters to be discussed outside the family circle. Nor did they expect help in vocational guidance and rehabilitation. Federation's camps and community center services, too, were so nonsectarian in character as to be effectively closed to traditional Jews. The result was that the number of non-Jews served by Federation agencies increased. Excluding the Orthodox, of whom Federation seemed un- aware, demographic changes alone pointed toward a more nonsectarian policy. This policy was further strengthened by the rise of Black consciousness and the notion of community representation, phenomena initially welcomed by many Jews. Federation's traditional policy came under attack from two sides. The "survivalists" wondered why Federation should continue to support beneficiary societies that had become, in effect, nonsectarian agencies largely funded by the Government. Federation, they felt, should support only those agencies having Jewish programs or providing services to Jews. The survivalists were a minority among Federation leaders, but they included some people of wealth, along with many middle-class Jews who declined to contribute to Federation because of its overly nonsectarian philosophy. The second group, the "nonsectarians," felt that the very conception of a Feder- ation of Jewish agencies had become an anachronism. They viewed the by-laws' provision that beneficiary societies be "organized primarily for the benefit of Jews " as contrary to the needs of the 60's. They may have been responding, at least in part, to the assimilation and intermarriage of their own children; but the fact remains that their ranks were thinning.15

"Ibid., p. 241. "It is interesting to examine campaign income in this light. Income from the 1954 campaign was 13 per cent above that of 1949. Comparable increases for successive five-year periods were 20 per cent in 1959, 5 per cent in 1964, and 14 per cent in 1969. This means that, aside from the 1954-1959 period, campaign increases were not keeping pace with inflation. However, in addition to the annual campaign, Federation launched two successful building-fund campaigns. In the particularly lean campaign years of 1959 to 1964, when campaign income rose from 14 to 15 million dollars, close to $100 million was raised in building funds. Hence, there 30 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The charge that increased government funding made Federation irrele- vant was countered by describing the organization's role as providing the added income that permitted the agencies to experiment, carry on pilot projects, and raise the quality of their professional staffs—in short, to uphold standards of excellence. In fact, the idea of "excellence," and the Federation leadership's conception of it as something especially Jewish, was not entirely new."" But nonsectarians insisted that if Federation's contribution was to upgrade service, it should not limit this contribution to any one set of agencies, or to an exclusively Jewish clientele, but should focus on the community of the needy, which cuts across ethnic-religious boundaries. The survivalists, for their part, argued that they, too, would look beyond Federation's agencies, to the needs of middle-class people, the young, the poor, the sick, the aged, and the handicapped, on the local, national and international levels. This broad clientele, however, would be a Jewish one. The first challenge to Federation's policy came from the nonsectarians. Early in the 1960's, Joseph Willen proposed that Federation accept, and even encourage, the shift of its agencies to a purely nonsectarian policy. With the acquiescence of Hexter, Willen proposed that Federation cease the construction of Jewish community centers in Jewish neighborhoods, and rebuild in predominantly Black areas such as Harlem and Bedford-Stuyve- sant. This nonsectarian outlook was expressed in the volume The Golden Heritage, which Federation published in honor of its 50th anniversary. Its pictorial essay begins: "In this village, this city, in this New York, Man is our concern," and concludes: "Whatever concerns the heart and hope of Man—concerns us." The only specifically Jewish photographs, one of Temple Emanu-El and one of a hasidic prayer room, are grouped together with photographs of four churches. The nonsectarians sought to formalize acceptance of their position in a document, "Goals and Purposes of Federation." A subcommittee of the was no sense of immediate crisis. There was, however, in the opinion of those interviewed, intense concern for the future. Federation leaders had developed an impressive organization, but feared there would be no one to manage it after they retired. Although campaign income had not decreased, there was some decline in the number of very large contributors, and a sharp decline in the number of contributors in general. In the 1966 campaign, there were 84,672 gifts of more than ten dollars. The number of gifts decreased by 1,949 in 1967, 1,652 in 1968, and 3,171 in 1969. (Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, Report of the Commission on the Role of Federation, "Preliminary Draft," December 1971, p. 27.) l!aIt would be interesting to trace the view of "excellence" held by a segment of German American Jews. I suspect that it carried distinctive Jewish overtones; but I hesitate to guess whether it arose out of Jewish defensiveness, a secularization of the "chosen people" concept, or some other source. In a recent unpublished paper, Gerson Cohen argues that Jews in different places and periods have had a particular need to develop a sense of self-esteem in order to protect themselves against currents of assimilation. His analysis suggests that "excellence" filled just this function for some German American Jews. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 31 Communal Planning Committee was appointed to prepare a report to Fed- eration's Board of Trustees. The first draft (June 1967) reflected the nonsectarian point of view, but by the time the final report was adopted in April 1969, its thrust had been neutralized, and the survivalists had taken the offensive. The early drafts recommended that some money be allocated to special programs for non-Jewish agencies, and noted that changes in the clientele of Federation's agencies warranted "reexamination of the composition of the boards of these agencies." By late 1968, the report, now in its fifth draft, paid greater lip service to Federation's Jewish goals, but retained the emphasis of earlier drafts. The nonsectarians insisted that they were merely making explicit the accepted policy of Federation. CPC Chairman David Sher, in presenting a preliminary report to the Board of Trustees, made this quite clear: "The most significant feature of the statement has to do with Federation's role in rendering services beyond those to the Jewish population. What we are seeking here is a recognition of what Federa- tion is already doing in that respect. If Federation, which is already engaged in a variety of general communal services, is to continue to engage in those services, it should do so not unwittingly, not begrudgingly, but should proclaim it proudly as a discharge of a duty which it has to the City of New York, of which it is a citizens' institution." Sher's point of view was not shared by Federation's president, Samuel Silberman. In a seven-page memorandum dated December 1968, Silberman argued that the statement of goals and purposes had to emphasize that Federation's primary objective was to serve the Jewish community, rather than to support agency programs. He saw no possibility of drawing the nonsectarians into Federation's orbit. To the contrary, he wanted Federa- tion to appeal to the more committed Jews. He cautioned the framers of the report against "alienating groups of worthwhile, responsible Jews because of... a rejection of their concerns." To Silberman, community and communal organization were foci of Jewish identity. He, therefore, viewed the entire Jewish community as the constituency of Federation. The final draft of the Goals and Purposes report was a compromise. It retained a statement that agencies with nonsectarian clients and programs could remain affiliated with Federation, but deleted references to non-Jews serving on agency boards. In general, it eliminated the nonsectarian emphasis, and alluded to some of Silberman's points, without, however, making them the central focus. At a Board of Trustees meeting on May 12, 1969, a number of amend- ments which would have strengthened the Jewish emphases of the report were defeated. These emphases, referred to by one past president as a "return to the ghetto," came in a memorandum from the Religious Affairs 32 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Committee which called attention to Federation's role in support of Jewish education and service to Jews. But despite this defeat for the survivalists, the final report differed greatly from the original draft. The report never played a major role in Federation's life. The language of its final draft was so vague that it could serve many purposes. It was resuscitated in 1977, for example, to legitimate the Jewish emphases of the Communal Planning Committee. The deliberations over the Goals and Purposes did, however, span a crucial period in the development of Federa- tion's outlook. In shifting its focus of concern, Federation veered first toward a nonsectarian position, and then reversed direction. The particularly Jewish emphases of Federation still lay in the future; but the Silberman memorandum, with its communal emphasis, contained in it the core of Federation's new policy. Silberman and his successor, George H. Heyman, Jr., were especially influential, as a result of a turnover in professional leadership. In 1967, Hexter and Willen retired under terms that assured them a role in Federa- tion's deliberations for another ten years. The three years that followed were difficult ones in terms of professional leadership. One professional recalls that two days after Hexter's retirement, Silberman announced he was returning Federation to lay control. Two Federation executives from outside New York refused job offers because they feared that with Hexter and Willen in the background, they would be unable to act freely. The post was finally offered to an executive with no experience in the field of Jewish communal service, and his tenure was rather unsuccessful. When George Heyman assumed the presidency of Federation in 1969, he chose to leave vacant the position of executive vice-president. Only a year later did San- ford Solender, with a background in Jewish community-center work, take office as the professional head. This meant that Heyman's policies were of unusual importance in this crucial period. Heyman has been referred to as the architect of Federation's new policies. But, as he himself notes, he would not have succeeded ten years earlier. Conditions in 1969 made Federation policy ripe for change, partly due to the changes in government funding and demography already mentioned. The reorientation of Federation policy was further facilitated by a shift in the outlook of some of its leaders. Perhaps the most important factors in affecting such a change of outlook were the Black Power movement and manifestations of Black antisemitism. This was the era of the Teachers Strike, of Oceanhill-Brownsville, of antisemitic remarks by Black spokesmen. The assertion by Blacks of their rights led Jews to wonder why they should not think in terms of Jewish rights. Increased government responsiveness, particularly at the municipal level, to demands by ethnic groups, meant that the "rules of the game" had now changed. More and more Federation leaders believed that the growing FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 33 emphasis on the distribution of resources along ethnic lines required that Jews insist upon receiving their fair share. Finally, Black antisemitism was a traumatic experience for many liberal Jews who had been deeply committed to the civil rights movement, who saw themselves and other Jews as champions of the Negro cause, and who believed that antisemitism, except from the extreme right, had disappeared in the United States. A second factor that led at least some Federation leaders to change their Jewish outlook was the Six Day War and its aftermath. Both Israel's victory and the renewed threat to its existence contributed to their Jewish pride and concern. It is possible that perceptions of Black antisemitism heightened such feelings by serving as a further reminder that Jews were threatened in the 1960's as in the past. This time, however, Jews had shown that they could fight back and emerge victorious. A third factor in the transformation of the outlook of some Federation leaders was the growing disenchantment with conceptions of the "common good." This disenchantment could have been a product of the war in Vietnam, a letdown from the Kennedy era, or a gradual erosion of earlier liberal political beliefs. Whatever the case, it reinforced a feeling that Jews had best be more attentive to their own interests. While Federation has not abandoned its concern for the general welfare, it now views its contribution to that welfare through the medium of group interest. Thus, for example, Solender, in urging upon Federation greater explicit concern for the needs of middle-class Jews, argues that in so doing they serve all New Yorkers, because the welfare of the city requires preserving its middle-class population. The increased visibility of Jewish survivalists also served to alter the views of some Federation leaders. The upward mobility of East European Jews brought increasing numbers of them into professional and social contact with traditional Federation leaders. Some of the East Europeans had deep Jewish commitments and beliefs; a number were Orthodox. These were not exotic Hasidim, but people to whom Federation leaders related as peers. A number of respondents ascribed special importance to the Commission on the Role of Federation in the conversion of some of Federation's traditional leaders to a more Jewish point of view. The Commission was appointed in 1970 by George Heyman, and was chaired by the man who succeeded him as president, Lawrence B. Buttenweiser. The Commission included both Federation leaders and a number of Jewish communal figures, including rabbis outside the Federation orbit. The Commission's deliberations extended to a weekend at a kosher hotel. Respondents felt that the resultant confrontation of Federation leaders and a number of articulate, sensitive, and deeply committed Jews made an impact on some of the less Jewishly identified leaders. The Commission saw itself as charting a new 34 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 direction for Federation. Its report, a distinctly "survivalist" document, recommended strengthening Jewish communal activity and putting greater emphasis on Jewish educational and cultural programs. It was presented to the Board of Trustees in 1972. No action was taken, but its impact remained on those who participated in its formulation. Since 1970, Federation policy has increasingly come to reflect responsibility to the Jewish community. Some of the old leaders have been converted to the new policy; some have dropped out of Federation activity; some have remained as proponents of a minority point of view; some have simply shifted with the new tide. Finally, new leaders have been found.

COMMUNAL INVOLVEMENT The change in Federation's policy has been expressed through its support of agencies and activities of a community-building nature, rather than those serving the needs of individuals. It has, for example, increased its subventions (allocations to non-member agencies). In the five-year period of 1964- 69, subventions increased by 8 per cent, from $271,974 to $295,237. The overall increase in Federation allocations during this period was 15 per cent. In the next five years, subventions increased by 27 per cent, to $396,506; overall allocations increased by only 7 per cent. Federation created the Jewish Association for College Youth and sponsored a Metropolitan New York Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty in 1970. The former organization's genesis was tied to a demonstration by college students in the Federation office in 1970 protesting a lack of attention to the needs of Jewish students. The latter organization stemmed from Federation's growing concern for the Jewish poor of the inner city. The council was the beneficiary of a special allocation of $1,200,000." Far more controversial was Federation's support for the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, whose task is to alert the public to the plight of Soviet Jewry through educational, cultural, and political activities. Assistance to the Conference meant not only supporting an agency engaged in helping Jews outside New York, indeed outside the United States, but also helping them in a way foreign to Federation's traditional mode of operation. The initial Federation allocation occasioned great debate. It was possible to justify it on the grounds that anything of concern to New York Jews as Jews was part of Federation's responsibility. Federation was not quite ready to accept that kind of rationale. Even today the allocation to the Conference is a matter of contention. While no one opposes the principle of assistance to Soviet Jewry, there are those who feel this should be the

"On the genesis of Federation's interest in the Jewish poor, with special attention to the role of the Religious Affairs Committee, see Trainin, op. cit.. pp. 85-91. See also Metropolitan New York Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty, Jewish Poverty Issues (n.d.). FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 35 responsibility of UJA, not Federation. Hence, support is justified on the grounds that the organization "works closely with a number of Federation agencies and provides materials to camps, community centers, and Jewish schools in the New York area."17 Another expression of Federation's communal involvement, and a reversal of a previous policy, was its creation of, and support for, the Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council. Incidents of Black antisemitism, a mayor insensitive to Jewish needs, and racial tensions within the City University system in the late 1960's had led to a feeling that organizations engaged in Jewish communal relations should confer regularly with one another. Federation was willing to participate in such meetings, but declined to fund a permanent organization, following a 1968 CPC recommendation. By 1973, attitudes within Federation had changed. A new, younger leadership, led by Daniel S. Shapiro, agitated for a formal Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC). It felt that Federation should take the initiative in creating such a body, as it was, according to Shapiro, "the central body for Jewish communal life." This view differed radically from the earlier one. With noteworthy rapidity the new outlook had become an assumption, at least on the part of the younger element. Thus, despite some internal opposition, and the objection of some Jewish communal organizations which feared the competition, Federation was instrumental in establishing and funding the JCRC in 1976. Close ties to the JCRC represented a whole new way of viewing society and the Jew's role in it. Jews were now viewed as a distinctive group with distinctive group interests. Such a conception carried political overtones and affected the individual's understanding of what it means to be a Jew. It stood in dramatic contrast to the traditional view of Federation leaders. Some people have noted that Federation undertook many of its communal projects reluctantly, over internal opposition. One respondent commented that "Federation really backed into these projects." But while it is true that Federation responded to communal pressures, and in the case of its poverty program, to the availability of government money, it also responded to pressures from within, pressures wrought by changing leadership and altered attitudes. By the late 196O's, Federation had already accepted two new reference groups. One was the national Jewish community as represented by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. Federation responded positively to the Council's requests for allocations and special grants, and the deliberations and decisions of the Council and its General Assembly

"Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, Distribution Committee Report, 1978-1979, p. 62. 36 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 provided ammunition for those who sought to change Federation's direction. Proponents of more funds for Jewish education, for example, legitimated their demands by pointing to Council statements and decisions. Secondly, Federation became increasingly responsive to what its leaders called the "traditional" segment of the community, by which they meant primarily the Orthodox. Members of this segment were influential in that they were perceived as constituting both the bulk of the Jewish poor to whom Federation had to respond, and the anchor for Jewish neighborhood stabilization.18 They were also represented among the wealthiest Jews in New York. In fact, the two New York gifts of $5 million to the Israel Emergency Appeal in 1973 came from Orthodox Jews. Hence, campaign needs, too, dictated greater sensitivity to their wishes and needs. Federation's communal involvement increased along with its recognition that agencies must demonstrate community roots in order to obtain government funding. This meant establishing relationships with local Jewish community councils and seeking neighborhood support for Federation agencies. Federation was rather late in eradicating its image as a rich Jewish club removed from the reality of urban life. Other Jewish groups, particularly Orthodox ones, had meanwhile established their claims, and benefited from government assistance, before local Jewish community councils with ties to Federation could make their voices heard." The single most important Orthodox group competing with Federation for funds for employment guidance and senior-citizen services is Agudath Israel. But there are scores of smaller agencies and institutions that benefit from government assistance. Some of these, hardly legitimate, receive government money because they command, or give the impression of commanding, a constituency of potential voters. Obviously, not all the funds which have gone to them might otherwise have gone to Federation; but without these groups Federation agencies would have been greater beneficiaries of government funding. Federation has not sought to expose the fraud in which some of these groups engage. Indeed, its policy is not to do so, although information which has led to the exposure of a few of the groups has come from people

"In supporting a proposal to help a middle-income Orthodox community, a member of the CPC commented that neighborhoods were more stable where there was "a stable Orthodox Jewish community." He pointed out the necessity, therefore, of "involving the Orthodox community in joint programs if viable Jewish neighborhoods are to remain": Minutes of the Communal Planning Committee, September 15, 1976. "There are approximately 40 local councils of Jewish organizations located in the Greater New York area. A majority of these are connected in some way to Jewish community centers. Federation spends close to $175,000 in direct and indirect support for 27 of the councils. There are closer ties between eight Jewish community councils in poverty areas and the Metropolitan Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty established by Federation. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 37 in Federation or its agencies.20 Instead, Federation sought to establish ties with that segment of the Orthodox community adept at politics and the art of securing grants, without compromising its own standards of honesty and quality service. Federation also encouraged its own agencies to strengthen ties to local political leaders. The Public Program and Policy Committee (PPPC) became the vehicle for coordinating this activity, a fact which accounts in part for the growing importance of that committee.

JEWISH EDUCATION The history of Federation's involvement in Jewish education is a complex one that has engendered much controversy. There is a perception within Federation that the resounding victory won by the proponents of Jewish education a few years ago left a residue of bad feeling among some who were defeated. It, therefore, comes as a surprise to learn that in 1930 Federation allocated 4.9 per cent of its total grants to Jewish education; in 1960, 4.8 per cent; in 1970, 5.5 per cent; in 1977, 6.3 per cent; and in 1978, 7.2 per cent.21 These figures however, are misleading. In the first place, the 7.2 per cent total allocation for Jewish education in 1978 consisted of a grant of $1,701,000 to the Board of Jewish Education, and a grant of $215,000 for tuition assistance to Jewish schools, primarily day schools, made through the Program Development Fund. The Board of Jewish Education spends most of its money on programs of consultation and guidance to most of the 210 Jewish day schools and 440 afternoon and Sunday schools in the Greater New York area. It also offers some direct support to schools through incentive grants and interest-free loans. (This was estimated at $169,000 in the 1977-78 fiscal year.) In addition to these sums, and other aid offered by the Board, such as engineering consultation or assistance in securing government aid, Jewish schools also benefited in 1977-78 from approximately $1 million in interest-free loans from the Hebrew Free Loan Society, another agency of Federation. Federation repaid the interest lost through depletion of its reserves. Finally in 1972, Federation established the Program Development Fund (PDF), presently geared to attracting large gifts. Its largest donor is Joseph Gruss. As of January 1978, Grass had contributed $2 million of the $4.3 million raised by the Fund. There were

20The topic of Jewish corruption is discussed in Perry Davis, "Corruption in Jewish Life," Present Tense, Winter, 1978, pp. 19-24. "A sharp attack on Federation's policy with regard to Jewish education appears in Moshe Sherer's "What is Federation doing with the Jewish Charity Dollar?" Jewish Observer, Febru- ary-March 1977, pp. 4-6. 38 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 29 other donors, 20 of whom contributed $100,000 or more. In 1977-78, the PDF distributed $1,075,000, 90 per cent of which went directly to day schools. Only in 1978 did Federation itself allocate a sum of money to the PDF for direct tuition aid to schools. The Fund is, however, sponsored and encouraged by Federation. In the fall of 1978, it appeared likely that Feder- ation's assistance to the PDF would be further increased. With the exception of Grass, few, if any, of the donors would have contributed to Jewish education were it not for Federation recruitment. The number of Orthodox contributors, in particular, has been negligible, as they generally prefer to support their favorite day schools directly. If one combines PDF grants, allocations to the Board of Jewish Jidu- cation, and allocations to Jewish schools through the PDF, expenditures for Jewish education represent 10.6 per cent of Federation's total 1978 allocations. This does not take into account indirect aid, loans, and informal programs of Jewish education. Some Jewish community center expenditures, for example, are for educational programs. The Jewish Association of College Youth also spends money on Jewish education. Many of Federation's camps have Jewish educational programs, as do many of the agencies serving children and senior citizens; the recreational facilities of various Jewish community centers are utilized by 50 day schools for their physical education programs; and Federation's family and vocational agencies provide social work and guidance in a number of day schools. Jewish education has received a growing percentage of the Federation dollar since 1968. While the increments do not match those for community centers (which increased from 23.8 to 28.8 per cent from 1970 to 1978), they are larger than those in any other functional field. The fact that budgetary decisions are made within the confines of minor incremental changes in periods of relatively constant income makes Federation's efforts on behalf of Jewish education all the more notable.22 Federation allocations to Jewish education, exclusive of the PDF, increased by 15.1 per cent from 1977 to 1978. Allocations to community centers increased by 5.6 per cent, and to all other functional fields by less than two per cent. Nevertheless, Federation allocations for Jewish education fall considerably below those of federations throughout the United States. In 1976, the last year for which comparable data is available, the 15 largest federations outside New York allocated 26 per cent of their funds to Jewish education.23 Whether one uses a 7.2 or 10.7 per cent figure for New York, the differences "Between 1975 and 1976 the 16 largest federations increased their allocations to Jewish education by ten per cent. New York's increase (inclusive of the PDF) ranked fourth highest. ""Federation Allocations to Jewish Education 1966-1976," Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, Reports, November 1977. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 39 are marked, particularly as the bulk of New York's money goes to consultive services performed by the Board of Jewish Education, rather than to direct financial aid to Jewish schools.24 Federation has, however, encouraged the Board to increase its direct assistance to these schools. The Jewish education issue was never one of support versus non-support, but rather involved such questions as the extent to which such support should become a Federation priority, whether support for day schools should be a particular priority, and the extent to which schools should be funded directly rather than through the Board of Jewish Education. Support of Jewish education in general, and of day schools in particular, has indeed become a Federation priority. At the same time, Federation has eschewed the radical change in policy required to increase such support dramatically. Such a change would involve either new campaign mech- anisms to permit the earmarking of contributions for Jewish education (a proposal made in 1977 at an informal gathering of a few Federation leaders) or the elimination of some agencies and programs which Federation currently supports. In 1968, Federation president Samuel Silberman appointed a Functional Committee on Jewish Education, under the chairmanship of Solomon Litt, to prepare recommendations on Jewish education for the Board of Trustees. The committee was composed of trustees and non-trustees favoring greater Federation assistance to Jewish education. The Committee's report was prepared by a consultant (Hyman Chanover of the American Association for Jewish Education) and submitted to the Board of Trustees in 1970. It reviewed the background of Federation involvement with Jewish education, cited the effort of other cities with large Jewish populations to fund Jewish education, and noted the demonstrated association between intensive Jew- ish education and positive Jewish identity. The recommendations called upon Federation to double its allocation to the Board of Jewish Education, and to establish a 25-million-dollar Jewish Education Endowment Fund. The Fund was to be comparable to a Federation Building Fund; that is, money was to be solicited from contributors beyond their annual campaign contributions. The report recommended that Federation provide an incentive grant by drawing upon its reserves to contribute to the Endowment Fund on a matching basis. The Board rejected the report. The proposal that Federation indent reserves to match grants to an endowment fund was thought to be unrealistic.

"Ten federations, including New York's, spent over $500,000 on Jewish education in 1976. Baltimore and New York were the only two communities in which more funds were allocated for consultive services than for financial aid to local schools. In five communities (Cleveland, Detroit, Montreal, Philadelphia, and Toronto) the ratio of allocations for consultive services to those for direct school aid was below 50 per cent: ibid. 40 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Nor could the Board accept the notion that Jewish education was an essential ingredient for Jewish survival when most Federation leadership had none. What Federation leaders were prepared to accept was the traditional Federation philosophy of helping Jews in need. This was the argument developed by George Heyman and other proponents of increased support for Jewish education. It began with the assumption that the public schools were terrible. No Federation leader living in New York, it was argued, would send his children to a public school. Poor Jewish parents, however, could not afford private schools. Were they to be deprived of a decent education for their children? Support for Jewish education was, therefore, justified in terms of helping needy Jews. For Heyman himself, support for Jewish day schools was related, at least in part, to an assertion of Jewish pride. He reported that a turning point in his own position came when a Catholic prelate asked him, "Why are Jews embarrassed to spend Jewish money for Jewish purposes?" A second legitimation for support to Jewish education was the fact that many of the day-school facilities were so deteriorated as to be in violation of building codes. Hence, they required support to protect the image of the Jewish community and to provide minimum sanitary and safety conditions for Jewish children. It is ironical that the most indirect rationale for Jewish education— relegating it to an aspect of philanthropy—provided greater legitimacy to aiding Jewish day schools than to helping supplementary schools, and played down the importance of the work of the Board of Jewish Education, which sought to improve the quality of education, rather than to provide schools with direct financial aid. This may help to explain why the Program Development Fund elicited major contributions from people having neither a personal commitment to the value of Jewish education, nor any particular sympathy for the Board of Jewish Education. The philanthropic point of view pervades a second report on Jewish education, commissioned by Federation, prepared by Eli Ginzberg,23 and submitted in April 1972. This report reflected the view that something should be done for Jewish schools specifically, rather than Jewish education in general. It called for the phasing out of the Board of Jewish Education's consultative services and the substitution of direct support of schools, "particularly of day schools serving low-income students," and a scholarship program for needy students "primarily in day schools." The Ginzberg report was even less acceptable to Federation than Chan- over's. First of all, the Board of Jewish Education had just undergone some

"Eli Ginzberg, "Federation's Responsibility for Central Services for Jewish Education in Greater New York" (April 30, 1972). FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 41 reorganization, had hired a new executive, Dr. Alvin Schiff, and was benefitting from an improved relationship with Federation. The Board, therefore, was able to call upon friends within both Federation and the Jewish community for support. Secondly, many, even some who supported its general recommendations, felt the report was based on inadequate data. Finally, Federation was unwilling to assume the responsibility for allocating money directly to Jewish schools and fixing the criteria by which these allocations should be made. An intermediary agency was therefore necessary, and the Board of Jewish Education was the obvious candidate. Since it was to continue in existence, it made sense for it to undertake such functions as educational consultation and guidance. Federation's present policy reflects elements of both reports. Creation of the Program Development Fund, for example, was a step in the direction recommended by the Chanover report. The spirit of the Ginzberg report is found in modified form in the Distribution Committee's attitude toward the Board of Jewish Education. While the Board's services in raising the quality of Jewish education are appreciated, there is a pressure on the Board to provide greater direct support to Jewish schools. The more indirect the services are, the more probing the DC becomes. Federation's 1978 allocation of tuition assistance to schools established distribution criteria. The Functional Committee on Jewish Education will seek to coordinate the variety of services offered Jewish schools through the Board of Jewish Education, PDF, Hebrew Free Loan Society, and other agencies. This new trend could result in greater selectivity in allocations to schools, as the Chanover report recommended, and in increased Federation leverage to encourage the coordination, even merger, of schools in many areas. These developments might presage a far more centralized authority in Jewish education in New York than hitherto. Many forces in the community view these developments with unease, and are seeking to assure themselves the greatest possible voice in any decisions that will be made. Finally, the philosophy underlying Federation's support for Jewish education today is that Jewish education strengthens Jewish identity. In June 1977, at the introductory and concluding plenary sessions of Federation's 60th anniversary celebration, the audience heard speakers emphasize that Federation's highest priority was Jewish education as an instrument for Jewish survival.

JEWISH PROGRAMMING Federation today insists that Jewish values and needs be reflected in agency programs. This aspect of Federation policy received emphasis in the DC report to the Board of Trustees in 1977. DC Chairman Billie Tisch 42 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 noted several considerations affecting the DCs shift in funding. The first was "the Jewish purposes of Federation." Federation, she stated, could not be all things to all people. The shortage of funds had forced the DC to "focus on the places and programs where we are best able to serve, and where no one else can or will pay attention to specialized situations." Another important concern is the proportion of Jewish clientele served by each agency. Budget reports, prepared by DC staff in anticipation of budget hearings, include information on the agency's Jewish census. Agen- cies serving a predominantly non-Jewish clientele, and unable or unwilling to institute changes in policy to attract more Jews, have faced cuts in allocations and, in a few cases, the threat of disaffiliation. This policy has strained Federation-agency relationships in some instances, but has been accepted by most Federation leaders. A more subtle policy change is reflected in Federation's desire to enlarge the Jewish content of its agencies' programs. This is a touchy point for Federation leaders, since the lives of many of them are not noticeably rich in Jewish content. Should Federation encourage its agencies to maintain kosher kitchens, or close on the Jewish holidays, when the vast majority of Federation leaders do not themselves believe that Jews are obligated to eat kosher food or refrain from work on Jewish holidays? Should Federation leaders insist that the informal educational programs in its camps or child- care centers contain Jewish content when some Federation leaders are themselves ignorant of, and indifferent to, Jewish culture? Despite the apparent incongruity, this is the direction in which Federa- tion is moving. Federation leaders rationalize such measures with a philosophy of service to clientele. They argue that serving the needs of Jews means creating a Jewish environment and observing Jewish ritual. Thus, for example, kosher facilities must be available so as not to discriminate against Jews whose religious convictions require them to eat kosher food." This argument finds reinforcement in the Jewish-census issue. Agencies are told that if they want to increase the proportion of Jews they serve they must tailor their practices to the needs of a Jewish clientele. Given the relatively high proportion of Orthodox Jews among the pool of potential agency users, this policy means accommodating the Orthodox. There is evidence that those agencies serving the Jewish poor which have taken steps to meet the needs of traditional Jews have experienced increased enrollments. And, as the evidence accumulates, Federation's staff and the DC feel justified in exerting more pressure in this direction.

"All food served in the Federation building itself is kosher, and Federation is closed on Jewish holidays. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 43 The emphasis on Jewish content and programming is justified in part by the need to raise or maintain a high Jewish census. But the attention which DC members and staff devote to the introduction of kosher facilities or more Jewish programming in their agencies, and the pleasure they show when progress is made in this regard, indicate that their interest goes beyond the desire to increase an agency's Jewish census. It appears that many Federa- tion leaders are increasingly committed to Jewish programming as an end in itself. Some see this commitment as a stage in the recovery of their own Jewish identity. Indeed, another argument for greater Jewish content stresses the benefit of just such a strengthened self-identity. One child-care agency not noted in the past for its emphasis on things Jewish has argued that its professional responsibility toward the emotionally-retarded child requires providing a Jewish ambience which strengthens his sense of identity and security. This kind of programming has been indirectly challenged in the courts in the case of Wilder vs. Sugarman.27 Federation has an important stake in the outcome.

HOSPITALS Ten hospitals are beneficiary societies of Federation. In the 1977-78 fiscal year, they received about $4.5 million, or 17 per cent of Federation's total allocations. The money represented .7 per cent of their total budget. The hospitals are the pride of the Federation system in the general community, but they have been a source of controversy in the Jewish community. Federation has reason to be proud of its hospitals, particularly for their pioneering work in medical research. Federation leaders like to point out that many Jews who are critical of Federation hospitals turn to them when they require medical care. On the other hand, the hospitals are the focus of criticism for many Jews who are unhappy with Federation. There is

"The suit challenges the constitutionality of the New York State child welfare system, which provides that neglected or abandoned children are, "when practicable," to be assigned to agencies of the same religious affiliation as the child. (The bulk of child care in New York is provided by religious-sponsored agencies.) Although both Jewish and Catholic agencies serve Black children, the suit charges that the religious preference clause has the effect of concentra- ting Black children in Protestant agencies which are overcrowded, or placing them under direct supervision of the city in conditions that are inferior to those of the voluntary agencies. If successful, the suit would force the government to assign neglected or abandoned children to agencies without regard to religion. The impact on Federation agencies could destroy whatever special Jewish nature they might have. The suit on behalf of the plaintiffs was brought by the New York Civil Liberties Union. See Richard Severe, "Church Groups See Danger in Child Care Bias Lawsuit," New York Times, March 16, 1975, and John R. Hale, "The Wilder Case: Threat to Child Care," America, April 20, 1974, pp. 304-306. 44 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 resentment that hospitals whose clientele is predominantly non-Jewish, and whose environment is in many cases indistinguishable from that of a non- Jewish hospital, are supported by Jewish public funds. To many, the hospitals epitomize an older Federation image—institutions under Jewish auspices, benefiting from Jewish money, but doing nothing in particular for the Jewish community. There is further opposition to Federation support for hospitals as a matter of priority. It is argued that even if the hospitals were more Jewish- oriented, they would not merit Federation support, given other unmet Jewish needs. Medical care is almost by definition nonsectarian. While it would be nice to have a kosher kitchen in a hospital (five of the ten have), frozen kosher food is available in non-Jewish hospitals. While it might be reassuring to have a mezuzah on the hospital door (five of the ten have), patients are not required, under Jewish law, to utilize rooms with mezuzahs. Federation's obligation, the argument goes, is to support those Jewish activities which are specifically Jewish in nature, and which depend on the Jewish community for funding. Given the needs of Jewish schools, and the shortage of Federation money, there is resentment that large sums are allocated to hospitals.28 There are, however, some very practical reasons for continued assistance to hospitals. First of all, there are large contributors to the Joint Campaign who serve on hospital boards, and who might reduce their contributions if Federation were to discontinue its support for the hospitals. In one year alone, 66 members of the Mt. Sinai Board contributed over $2 million; 44 members of Montefiore's Board, about $1.3 million; and 83 members of Beth Israel's Board, over $2 million. The average contributions of members of major hospital boards were: Mt. Sinai, $31,500; Montefiore $30,000; and Beth Israel, $24,700. In contrast, the average contribution of board members of some of the largest and most prestigious non-hospital agencies were: 92nd Street Y, $14,700; Associated Y's, $11,300; Jewish Family Service, $7,200; Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged, $6,400; Jewish Board of Guardians, $4,400; and Altro, $2,800. Hospital participation in the Federation network benefits Federation and all of its agencies in other ways, as well. Hospitals account for some $24 million of the $27 million spent annually by Federation's joint purchasing plan. Joint purchasing provides significant discounts to Federation agencies in the purchase of various supplies, and the greater the bulk purchases, the larger the discount. (On the other hand, Federation hospitals are beneficiaries of Federation's joint insurance program, which provides hospitals with

"Cases for and against Federation support for Jewish hospitals are presented by Sanford Solender and J. David Bleich, respectively, in Sh'ma. May 2, 1975. See the rejoinder by Bleich in Sh'ma. May 16, 197S. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 45 malpractice insurance at considerably less cost than that available to non- Federation hospitals.) Federation leaders also believe that their association with hospitals gives them increased status, which translates into political influence in representations to government agencies. Finally, hospital boards have been an important source of recruitment of Federation leaders. Whatever the reasons, there is firm support within Federation for continued allocations to hospitals. However, three points should be noted. First, allocations to hospitals as a percentage of total allocations have declined steadily since 1960, and will probably continue to decline. In 1960, 38 per cent of Federation's funds went to hospitals. This fell to 32 per cent in 1965, 25 per cent in 1970, 20 per cent in 1975, and currently stands at 17 per cent. The decline began before basic changes in Federation's policy were introduced, and reflects a general consensus that other functional fields have greater priority. Secondly, it is Federation policy to encourage hospitals to strengthen their Jewish ambience, and to provide special services for Jews. Brooklyn Jewish Hospital has established an outreach health center in Crown Heights for the Lubavitcher community, and Maimonides Hospital has a special program for the Orthodox Jews of Boro Park. Beth Israel Hospital, in the past two years, has undertaken an intensive program of specialized services to the Jewish community. The Distribution Committee made it known to hospitals that its level of support for each would depend in part on the availability of necessities and conveniences to Jewish patients. In 1977, the chairman of the DC subcommittee on medical care wrote to all Federation hospitals asking them about the presence of kosher kitchens, chapels, mezuzahs, sabbath lights, etc. Increments in Federation's support of hospitals is related to their Jewish programs. In 1977, for example, Federation cut its allocations to hospitals by $300,000, a reduction of six per cent. However, two hospitals, Beth Israel and Maimonides, received increases "in acknowledgement of their more intensive services to the Jewish community in the number of patients served, and in attention to traditional Jewish values."2' Federation's policy has had an impact on the hospitals. Some hospitals claim that their association with Federation provides them with an identity they value. Others appreciate the historical association. Perhaps some members of hospital boards have wanted to move in a more Jewish direction anyway, and their attempts have been strengthened by Federation's concerns. Finally, whereas Federation's contribution is a small portion of the hospitals' budgets, it is a substantial help in meeting deficits. Hospitals have argued that Federation's contribution makes possible the quality aspects of

"Morton Fisher, Report to the Distribution Committee on Federation Medical Care Agencies, September 1977. 46 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 their programs, and enables them to carry on their special functions for the Jewish community. Some Federation leaders are troubled by the possibility that if Federation support continues to decline, the hospitals themselves may lose interest in remaining part of the Federation network. Hardly anyone within Federation would welcome this development. Still, those hospitals serving an almost exclusively non-Jewish clientele, and unable or unwilling to develop programs meaningful to the Jewish community, are being phased out. In the case of Bronx Lebanon Hospital the phasing out is almost complete.

THE JOINT CAMPAIGN The joint campaign which Federation conducts with the United Jewish Appeal is an outgrowth of policy as well as an expression of institutional self-interest. When the Yom Kippur War broke out on October 5, 1973, five days after Federation's opening campaign dinner, it was speedily agreed that the Federation campaign be coordinated with a special United Jewish Appeal drive. But that decision followed a year and a half of discussions on the possibility of a merger. In the 1960's, Federation had rejected a UJA proposal to merge the campaigns. The two organizations, however, had continued to provide some services to one another. In the mid-1960's, UJA had threatened to withdraw from any cooperative venture should Federa- tion elect as its president a certain member of the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism. Federation had acquiesced. During Heyman's administration, Federation leaders began to reconsider a joint campaign. The Yom Kippur War, then, was the final push to a process already begun. In 1974, Federation and UJA concluded a two-year arrangement for a joint campaign. While the sums allotted are subject to renegotiation, the joint campaign seems to have become a permanent arrangement. The joint campaign cannot be understood solely as an arrangement resulting from financial need. Nonmonetary considerations played a vital role in its establishment, and in the continuing desire of both sides to maintain it. The Joint Campaign has saved the overhead costs of two separate campaigns. UJA executive vice-president Ernest W. Michel, who serves along with Solender as executive vice-president of the UJA-Federation Joint Campaign (a new organization established for campaign purposes and directed by a 30-member board composed of 15 representatives from each side), estimates a saving of two to three million dollars in campaign costs. But there are losses as well. A few past contributors to either UJA or Federation, for example, are so unhappy about the fact that their money FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 47 will go to the other side that they refuse to contribute to the Joint Cam- paign. The number of gifts over $10,000 has remained constant, however, as the dropouts have been replaced by new givers. Similarly, there are a few large contributors who, because of ideological dissatisfaction, have not increased the size of their gifts, although they are in a position to do so. Others, while pleased with the merger, fail to give a new contribution equal to the sum of their two previous ones. A man who had previously given one million dollars to UJA and $80,000 to Federation found it easy to round off his gift to the former figure. Campaign contributions have dropped each year since 1974, and while no one attributes this entirely to the merger, it is difficult to argue that the merger has helped. Some UJA people attribute Federation's desire for a joint campaign to its own financial difficulties. (Indeed, the UJA national office did not favor the merger.) Federation income, they say, reached a plateau by 1973. The terms of the merger provide Federation with a minimum sum regardless of how little is raised. In 1978-79, for example, Federation is guaranteed a minimum of $ 17 million from the campaign; ten per cent of net cash receipts from $55 to $60 million; 20 per cent of receipts from $60 to $62 million; and 30 per cent of receipts from $62 to $65 million. Federation receives ten per cent of all net cash receipts beyond $65 million, but no one expects that level to be reached. Current estimates of net cash income for 1978-79 are 62.3 million, putting Federation's share at $18 million. Thus, not only is Federation guaranteed a certain sum, but it also can depend on a regular monthly cash flow from the campaign. These benefits ought not to be overstated, however. Unlike UJA, Federa- tion has never had a serious cash-flow problem, or the problem of uncol- lected pledges. Secondly, if one looks at Federation's cash income from 1959 to 1972, there is no evidence of a plateau. The pattern, in fact, is one of big jumps in income one year followed by small increases or declines the following year. (See Table II, p.48.) With campaign and associated costs deducted, Federation's net cash receipts in 1972-73 were $15.4 million. There is no question that Federation derived immediate financial benefits from the Joint Campaign. It received as much as $18.4 million on three occasions since 1974, and anticipates $18 million for 1978-79. On the other hand, if one assumes that Federation's income since 1972-73 would have grown at a rate of three per cent a year, then by 1978-79 it would have reached $18.4 million, more than Federation estimates it will receive from the Joint Campaign. In addition to the financial reasons discussed, the UJA-Federation merger was a product of ideological decisions. By 1974, Federation's conception of its Jewish communal role had taken firm root. The desire for a joint campaign with UJA reflected an awareness that Israel was the primary 48 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Table II Cash Receipts From Campaign Contributions to Federation, 1950-1973

Year Campaign Income Annual Percentage Change (to nearest thousand) 1949-1950 $10,362 1950-1951 11,672 11.2 1951-1952 11,724 No change 1952-1953 11,341 -3.3 1953-1954 11,732 3.3 1954-1955 11,756 0.1 1955-1956 13,125 10.4 1956-1957 13,061 -0.5 1957-1958 12,885 -0.1 1958-1959 14,132 8.8 1959-1960 14,325 1.3 1960-1961 14,702 2.5 1961-1962 15,242 3.5 1962-1963 15,160 -0.5 1963-1964 15,082 -0.5 1964-1965 15,762 4.3 1965-1966 15,485 -1.7 1966-1967 15,897 2.5 1967-1968 16,862 5.7 1968-1969 17,986 6.2 1969-1970 17,496 -2.8 1970-1971 17,410 -0.5 1971-1972 16,594 6.4 1972-1973 18,765 0.9

Jewish concern of the bulk of New York's Jews. If Federation was to build a meaningful Jewish community, and play a central role in that community, it had to participate with UJA in efforts on behalf of Israel. UJA leaders agreed that there must be a united Jewish community able to express within the framework of one organization its concern for both local and overseas Jewish needs. An additional factor leading to the Joint Campaign was each side's desire for some non-material resources of the other. Federation leaders were perceived as younger, brighter, more sophisticated, and of higher social status than those of UJA, who had, in turn, an emotional dedication in contrast to Federation's style. This passion was important in energizing campaign workers at all levels and in moving wealthy Jews to make substantial contributions. It is difficult to measure the impact of the Joint Campaign on Federation's outlook. Many attribute the increased Jewish concerns of Federation to the merger. In an effort to strengthen ties with UJA, Federation has, indeed, FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 49 appointed a number of UJA activists to its Board of Trustees and key committees. But Federation was seeking to expand its leadership base with people of deeper Jewish commitment before the Joint Campaign, and the merger is itself an outcome of Federation's growing Jewish concerns. The shift in Federation's orientation began three years before the final agreement. Nor has the merger dissipated all the old antagonisms. Differences in the two organizations' styles are still discernible. Some UJA leaders label Federation people assimilationists and social snobs. Conversely, a few Federation leaders characterize UJA activists as "Seventh Avenue," a reference to New York's garment district, where some UJA leaders made their money. The differences in approach which still exist between the leaders of the two organizations were reflected in a joint budget-hearing conducted in 1977. Each organization allocates its own funds independently. However, as there are two agencies which receive allocations from both UJA and Federation, it was decided to conduct a joint hearing at which representatives from these agencies could present their budget requests. One of the invited agencies was the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry. UJA people focused on the needs of Soviet Jewry, on the tragedy of the "refuseniks," and on the importance of doing everything possible to aid Soviet Jews. Federation representatives, on the other hand, expressed their concerns about how the Conference was spending its money, how it justified certain expenditures, and how a small increase or decrease in income might affect its operation. Nevertheless, all respondents report that, in general, differences and antagonisms are receding, as Federation and UJA people increasingly work together.

Resistance to the New Policy Not everyone has accepted Federation's new policy of greater Jewish responsibility and commitment. There was resistance, as was noted, within the Board of Trustees. Some resistance continues to this day, as it does within Federation's key committees. In 1975, for example, the CPC rejected a project designed to draw unafiiliated Jews into organized Jewish life. There was objection to the merit of specific proposals, but some also felt the project's purpose was not within the scope of Federation. As late as 1976, objection was raised to Federation involvement in neighborhood-stabilization efforts. According to one CPC member, this was "an inappropriate departure from Federation's more traditional concerns with health and welfare issues." The majority, however, were recorded as feeling that "neighborhood stabilization as well as other efforts connected to the well- 50 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 being of the Jewish community were indeed appropriate for Federation."30 Those of the older leadership who would resist Federation's increasingly Jewish commitment deserve recognition for their service in the past. They are serious about their ideological objections to Federation's new direction, even as they feel increasingly uncomfortable in articulating them. They espouse Jewish universalism, and are concerned for the needy, Jewish and non-Jewish alike. They are ready to admit that Jews are entitled to priority in benefitting from Jewish public money, but they regret Federation's reluctance to serve non-Jews. On what scale of moral values, they wonder, would such services as improving the quality of Jewish schools assume priority over the needs of homeless children, the handicapped, the retarded, or the aged poor? They see Federation's new policies—its insistence on kosher facilities in its agencies, its encouragement of Jewish programming, but, most of all, its priority support for Jewish day schools—as "a return to the ghetto." This Jewish particularism strikes them as anachronistic and as a challenge to everything on which they, as American Jews, have staked their Jewish identity. Some former Federation leaders have withdrawn, to a greater or lesser extent, from active involvement. Others have remained active because of tradition, a commitment to the good things they see Federation doing, or the special pleasure they derive from Federation work. Finally, there are those who are less critical of the new policy per se than of the manner in which it has been implemented. This point of view is widely shared among agency executives. The charge most frequently leveled at Federation is that it has become politicized. The charge is unfair in that people were always appointed to the Board, and even to key Federation committees, for reasons besides merit. But behind the charge of politicization is the feeling that a new set of priorities is leading to the appointment of people who would never have played a role in the past. There is more to this assertion than social snobbery or prejudice against East European or Orthodox Jews. As Federation has become more communally involved, and more concerned with Jewish matters, it has sought to recruit a leadership more representative of the Jewish community. Some people have been appointed to committees and then failed to attend meetings. A few new members of key committees have indicated that they are not concerned with the gamut of Federation activities or committee concerns, but only with specific issues. Many appointees are less knowledgeable of Federation and its activities than was the case in the past. It is asserted that the new appointees, with their parochial Jewish concerns, lack the dedication to the needy that characterized the older members. As Federation has come to appreciate the necessity for political

'"Minutes of the Communal Planning Committee, July 13, 1976. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 51 support, it has recruited people with political connections whose integrity is questioned by some. Finally, it is charged, the new policy has affected the allocation procedure itself, requiring Federation to direct allocations in response to communal pressure, rather than need. The latter assertion reflects dissatisfaction with specific policies as much as with procedure. The charge is made that allocations are made to agencies, groups, or neighborhoods in order to satisfy new constituencies or potential contributors. Federation leaders, however, believe that their allocation decisions, with but a few exceptions, are justifiable in terms of objective need. Another criticism of Federation's new policy is that the emphasis on serving Jews is counter productive. Thus, for example, one community center executive argues that if his center is to survive in a predominantly non-Jewish neighborhood it has to earn the support of non-Jews as well as Jews. This requires some provision of services to non-Jews, involving them in program planning as well. Exclusive focus on Jews would destroy the center's community roots, alienate the non-Jews, and harm the center's chances of obtaining government funding. If, the executive argues, the center is to help stabilize the Jewish population in a predominantly non- Jewish neighborhood, it can do so only through the creation of good will and a sense of common interest between Jews and non-Jews. The executive of another agency stressed that the law obligates him to serve a neighborhood constituency. His way of increasing service to Jews is to locate in Jewish neighborhoods. Federation, he feels, is pressing him into a confrontation situation with the government and the local community by seeking to impose a quota system for Jews. Some charge that Federation's concentration on matters of Jewish concern has reduced its influence and prestige with many of its own agencies. One agency director, deeply committed to his agency's program of special services in the field of mental health, was eager to describe these services to the Distribution Committee. But, he complained, what the Committee wanted to know was how many Jews his agency served, why a particular facility didn't provide kosher food, and what was the Jewish ambience of another facility. He claimed to have no objection to such questions in principle, but maintained that they missed the point of his agency's primary purpose. Such agency executives, by and large highly-skilled professionals, feel that Federation is less sensitive today than in the past to the quality of service. Some complain that their requests for money for pace-setting programs are rejected because of Federation's new priorities. On the other hand, they see Federation as imposing programs on them which they feel should be of lower priority. 52 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 There is also dissatisfaction on the part of some with regard to Federa- tion's own executive staff. After Hexter's resignation in 1967, and until Solender's appointment in 1970, there was no strong professional leadership at Federation. Solender's appointment was followed by a period of tension within the professional staff. The director of Community Services during one period was perceived as especially abrasive, and many agency executives are still sensitive about his relationship with them. Furthermore, the fact that Federation's community service staff has, by and large, stronger Jewish orientations than most agency executives, coupled with the agency executives' sense that their own professional competence is greater than that of Federation's staff, makes them especially sensitive to the manner in which they are approached. Professionals within Federation deny that their emphasis on Jewish concerns has reduced their interest in the quality of the agencies' services. They argue that many agency executives have been as resistant to discussions of service matters as to those of Jewish issues. There is a resistance, they argue, to strong guidance by Federation. Finally, some agency executives who enjoy increased influence within their own organizations have expressed dissatisfaction with their personal, as distinct from their agencies', role in Federation's decision-making structure. The voice of the agency executives is heard through the Federation Agency Executive Meeting, convened monthly. In 1977, its participants formed a Governance Task Force which met with the DC and CPC chairmen to express their desire for greater participation in Federation decision- making. They complained that Federation was not adequately responsive to agency agenda and priorities. There is evidence that their desire for an increased role in Federation will find at least partial satisfaction. Agency executives have already been invited to appear before the CPC to discuss issues of general concern, in addition to specific agency items. Moreover, the executives have played an important role in planning the annual Sunday seminar of the CPC and DC, an event of central importance in shaping the perspectives of committee members.

Reflection of Federation Policy in Allocations Regardless of the changes and new priorities within Federation, its daily activities continue to reflect its traditional concern for its agencies and their work. The Distribution Committee does spend time on such matters as encouraging agency use of standardized equipment and the purchases of services by one agency from another. One DC member remarked, "The agencies are Federation." While this statement is not quite accurate, it does reflect both an ideological conviction of some other leaders and Federation's intense involvement with the welfare of its beneficiary societies. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 53 In addition, changes in Federation priorities have not been reflected in radical changes in allocations. This is demonstrated by the following table, which summarizes the percentage of Federation allocations to the different agencies in each functional field since 1960.

Table III Percentage of Federation Dollar Allocated to Agencies Grouped by their Major Functional Field

Year Care of Medical Child Care; Jewish Community Camps Special Aged Care Family & Education Centers Projects Vocational Guidance

1960 5.1 37.6 31.0 4.8 17.0 3.1 1.4 1965 5.4 31.7 32.8 4.6 20.3 3.6 1.6 1970 7.7 24.9 31.2 5.5 23.8 4.9 2.0 1975 7.8 20.0 32.1 5.9* 26.4 5.2 2.6 1978 7.7 17.1 30.3 7.2* 28.8 5.0 3.9 'Excludes the PDF

Noticeable changes are the decline in allocations to hospitals and the increase in allocations to community centers. The hospital decline, however, preceded the change in Federation's Jewish policy, and resulted from a sense of the hospitals' relative lack of need. The increased support for community centers, which also predates Federation's new policy, is explained by the relative absence of government funding for community centers. Since users' fees are inadequate to support the centers, and since it was Federation itself which encouraged the massive building campaign of community centers after World War II, there is a feeling that Federation has a special obligation to maintain these facilities. More recently, there has been a conviction among many Federation leaders that centers play an important role in Jewish socialization. Federation's new priorities have found expression in other allocations. Jewish education rose from 4.8 per cent in 1960 to 7.2 per cent in 1978. (If one includes the Program Development Fund, the jump was to 10.6 per cent.) Special projects went from 1.4 to 3.9 per cent. Overall, however, the magnitude of change is not overwhelming. This stems in part from the nature of the budgetary process, in part from the DCs desire not to antagonize beneficiary societies who have strong allies within Federation, and, most of all, from the DCs faith in the value of the existing agencies and their ongoing programs. Of course, changes in allocations are only one way of reflecting new priorities. The introduction of new elements into agency programs is no less important. 54 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 How Much Influence Does Federation Exercise?

FEDERATION AND ITS AGENCIES Observers believe that Federation no longer exercises the influence it once did over the structure and services of its agencies. The decline in Federa- tion's contribution to agency expenditures, which began in the 1950's, was reflected even then, according to a former DC chairman, in a lessening of influence. Federation influence has also declined because the agencies find themselves increasingly involved in professional networks and associations to which they are accountable. In addition, they are increasingly accountable to government bodies, which fund their programs and seek to exercise a measure of control. To the extent that Federation facilitates exchanges of information between agency executives, assists in the coordination of programs, eliminates duplication, and provides data useful for long-range communal planning, it is making important contributions to agency programming. A number of agency executives noted that they visited Federation headquarters far more frequently than any other office beside their own. It is to Federation that they turned for help and some of their most satisfying collegial relationships. Many multi-purpose agencies find that Federation's consultants are useful to them in areas where the executive and his staff lack expertise. No one on the staff of the Jewish Association for Services to the Aged, for example, knows as much about medical care as Federation's consultant for medical services, according to JASA's principal executive. His advice, therefore, is actively sought. Some agency executives report, too, that Federation's professional influence exceeds the influence of other funding agencies and departments, which may provide far more money. Precisely because Federation concerns itself with an agency's total program rather than with the detailed provisions of one type of service, or the administration of one type of grant, Federation gives the agencies a sense of participation in a larger community, and a sense of direction beyond the specific question of level of services. Many agency executives, for personal reasons or because they feel their own board members prefer it, maintain close ties to Federation, and this makes them aware of Federation's outlook on matters. Federation is more influential today in shaping the Jewish nature of its agencies. Increasing the proportion of Jews whom the agencies serve and developing specific programs, facilities and personnel who can deliver agency services to the Orthodox Jewish community are examples. Where the agency board and the executive are at all sympathetic, either because FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 55 of personal Jewish concerns or a desire to please Federation, Federation has been most influential. Executives report that in the absence of Federation allocations, they would be forced to look elsewhere for funds, and this would compel them to increase the number of their non-Jewish clients and programs. Others report that only Federation's pressure prevents their own boards from pushing them in a more nonsectarian direction. There is no doubt that in the absence of Federation influence, the composition of the boards themselves would be affected. Under Federation prodding, the Infants Home of Brooklyn now serves an almost exclusively Jewish clientele; the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services is seeking a kosher facility in suburban New York and has established an office in an Orthodox neighborhood; the Jewish Child Care Association wishes to establish a kosher facility for retarded children; JASA operates a relocation service to move elderly Jews out of slums and into more Jewish neighborhoods; the Federation Employment and Guid- ance Service operates a program of vocational guidance aimed specifically at the Jewish community; and 13 of Federation's 17 camps have kosher kitchens. Joel Ehrenkranz, chairman of the DCs subcommittee on medical care, noted that in his group's visits to beneficiary hospitals in 1977, the executives emphasized what they were doing for the Jewish community. Federation has even succeeded in persuading its agencies to increase the Jewish context and environment of services to Jews who simply do not care about a particular agency's Jewishness. The Lexington School for the Deaf, for example, asked Federation how it could increase the Jewish content of its school program. Many Jewish community centers, once devoid of Jewish content, now not only provide special services to Orthodox Jews, but also have a variety of Jewish educational programs for all their members. Rich- est in Jewish content, as a general rule, are the pre-school programs. But there are also teen, adult, and senior-citizen programs which explore different aspects of the Jewish heritage. The majority of children in Federation agency residential centers are non-Jews, 40 per cent of the Altro Health and Rehabilitation Service's clients are non-Jews, and the Federation Employ- ment and Guidance Service serves more non-Jews than Jews; nevertheless, even some agencies serving more non-Jews than Jews may be providing important services to the Jewish community at an efficient rate of return on the Jewish dollar. For example, the nonsectarian aspects of an agency's program may make it eligible for government or foundation funds that enable it to enrich its specialized programs for Jews. Federation cannot, however, impose policies where an agency's executives resist them. It is difficult to force a Jewish community center to 56 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 undertake an outreach program for Jewish marginal youth, where the professional staff lacks the Jewish skills or the desire to undertake the program. Lack of influence is most noticeable when Federation's contribution is a small proportion of the agency's budget. It cannot force the Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged, the one non-kosher home among Federa- tion's four homes, to install a kosher kitchen against the wishes of an agency board that is proud of its tradition of non-kosher facilities. Yet the Jewish Home and Hospital is a showcase agency of Federation in terms of the quality of services it offers. Its clientele is 95 per cent Jewish, and no one contemplates its disaffiliation. An interesting case is Louise Wise Services, an adoption agency which offers little service to the Jewish community and is adamantly nonsectarian in its point of view. Federation cut its allocation to Louise Wise in 1977, and seems to be moving toward disaffiliation. Yet it has hesitated to take the final step. Support for Louise Wise has come from agency executives who are concerned about the precedent which such a move might establish. In the final analysis, the ability of Federation to impose a Jewish policy, and the willingness of its agencies to accept such a policy, depends on more than allocations, sanctions, good will, or even a philosophy of Jewish life. It also depends on the demographic facts of life in New York.

FEDERATION AND GOVERNMENT Federation's declining role in contributing to its agencies' expenditures might be offset by its ability to influence government. Agencies would like Federation support in securing government funding, and they look to Fed- eration to assist them in supporting or opposing legislation which concerns them. While there are many instances of Federation success in this regard, a recent instance of failure may have greater long-term significance. New York City has a certain number of federally-funded positions under the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, which it distributes to a variety of local agencies. These positions, known as CETA slots, are a source of competition between local non-profit groups. In 1977, Federa- tion requested 400 CETA slots for its agencies. After a long wait and subsequent negotiation, in which Federation agencies were pressured to offer political support for the incumbent mayor in the City primary, Federation was given only 80 slots. In many respects, the CETA experience may have been the straw that broke the camel's back, and led to a determination on Federation's part to organize itself to prevent a similar occurrence. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 57 Federation leaders are treated with deference and regard by government officials. Federation people feel this stems from acknowledgement of their expertise, along with the fact that some of the most important business and professional leaders of the City are closely associated with Federation. Respect and personal deference, however, are not always translatable into political success. At the state and national level success is more difficult to measure. Federation leaders believe that their good relationships with congressmen and state legislators assure them a voice in policy areas which directly affect Federation agencies. They are pleased with the results they have obtained since engaging a part-time lobbyist in Albany in 1976. If activity is any measure of future success, Federation influence should increase. It is inven- torying its government contacts and extending its relationships with legislators. Finally, there is an awareness that since developments affecting Feder- ation's agencies are as likely to stem from administrative decisions as legislative action, relationships have to be forged at the bureaucratic level as well. Federation does not maintain a Washington lobbyist, but does contribute to the support of the CJFWF Washington office. That office, in turn, looks to local federations for guidance. The New York Federation sees itself as better geared to provide legislative recommendations than other federations, and, therefore, as having an especially important role in shaping the policies of the Washington office. Whether Federation can influence government on matters of general concern to the Jewish community depends not only on its contacts but also on its ability to formulate policy in this regard.

FEDERATION AND THE JEWISH COMMUNITY The changes in the past ten years in Federation policy and in the recruitment of new leaders have certainly contributed to the integration of Federa- tion policy-makers with other leaders of the Jewish community. Although relationships with the religio-political leadership of the Orthodox right wing, as represented by Agudath Israel and the rashe yeshivot (heads of advanced academies for Talmudic study), are still marginal or hostile, the Lubavitcher Rebbe maintains a cordial relationship with Federation. In general, Federation touches the lives of many Orthodox Jews in the inner city, and many communal leaders of modern Orthodox synagogues and organizations hold leadership positions in the organization. Finally, Federa- tion, through the Joint Campaign, publicity in the mass media and synagogues, its association with a local newspaper (Jewish Week), and its activities in subcommunities of New York, serves to remind New York Jews of the existence of at least the semblance of a New York Jewish community. 58 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Although the largest media effort in the 1977 campaign, a five-hour tele- thon, struck many as tasteless, the campaign itself served to arouse increased Jewish communal consciousness. Except through the Joint Campaign, Federation is limited in its ability to reach the community directly. Its influence on communal identity and policy comes primarily through its agencies and institutions. Federation has encouraged its beneficiary societies in the direction of greater involvement with the Jewish community and has given increasing emphasis to the local neighborhood as the basis for communal organization. Whether it is possible to develop a sense of loyalty to the Jewish communities of Crown Heights, Boro Park, the West Side, or Suffolk County remains to be seen. It can be argued that Jews are no less likely to develop loyalties to such entities than to the Greater New York Jewish community. Furthermore, as long as the government distributes funds along neighborhood lines, and other ethnic groups perceive neighborhood divisions as relevant to them, Federation's policy makes a great deal of sense. It is possible that the recently reactivated Functional Committee on Jewish Education will attempt to increase involvement in the local Jewish community. This is the first Jewish area in which Federation may attempt to play an active role in the formation of specific communal policy, because this is an area in which it can call upon people with significant knowledge, understanding, and ideological conviction. Federation has only recently evolved a policy oriented toward the creation and strengthening of a Jewish community. It does not, however, frame its positions exclusively from the perspective that asks: what are the policy implications that flow from a primary concern for a strong Jewish community, for a community committed to Judaism and the Jewish people? It has no research arm and, therefore, does not gather the kind of information that would provide a basis for such policy formation. The second way in which Federation might exert influence on the Jewish community is through the community-wide organizations it supports. These are the Jewish Association for College Youth (JACY), the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, the Greater New York Metropoli- tan Coordinating Council on Poverty, and the Jewish Community Relations Council. All these are subvented agencies, not beneficiary societies. Federa- tion has no clear-cut policy with regard to shaping these agencies' communal policies. In budget hearings with representatives of the Conference on Soviet Jewry, for example, questions focused on printing and staff costs, whether educational materials of the Conference were distributed in Feder- ation camps, and why the Conference didn't list UJA and Federation as its major contributors. At no point did any representative of Federation or UJA ask about Conference policy. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 59 The Metropolitan Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty was created by Federation, and Federation representatives sit on its board. In the early years, Federation expressed concern that the Council might engage in activity which duplicated or competed with that of its beneficiary societies. But Federation evidences no interest in the Council's general communal policy. This is less true of JACY and the JCRC, both of which look to Federation as their primary source of funding. JACY has been asked to explain why it has a policy of distributing small amounts of money to many different groups, rather than larger amounts of money to fewer groups, and there is frequent discussion of such policies as serving committed youth rather than marginal Jewish students. JCRC, in its two years of existence, has had a far greater impact on Federation than vice versa. Some JCRC leaders are also Federation leaders, but Federation's official representatives do not necessarily bring a Federation outlook to JCRC. Part of the reason for Federation's reluctance to be more active in the formulation of communal policy is its lack of experience. Some Federation leaders are also still leery of communal involvement. Others are aware of their own Jewish limitations and are reluctant to engage in a confrontation with other Jewish groups, or to assert their leadership. For example, it is left to the more committed Jews on the DC to raise questions about the funding of religious organizations. Policy decisions frequently involve ideological choices, and Federation eschews ideological issues. It does so, in part, to avoid alienating and antagonizing various elements, particularly the element still committed to previous policies. But Federation also eschews ideological discussion because its leadership is uncomfortable with such questions. While there is no shortage of intelligence in Federation, there is an absence of intellectuality. This handicaps the organization by denying it a blueprint for planning. Avoidance of conflict may cost eventual loss of leadership and authority in the Jewish community. In any case, there are inherent limitations to the policy innovations which any federation can or should offer. The Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds emphasizes in its publications that since federations are "voluntary organizations representing broad-based support," they must operate through consensus rather than majority rule. Careful attention is paid to such matters as whether an issue divides the Jewish community, and whether the issue bears a relationship to the community's power structure.3lDaniel Elazar suggests that, as a result of this, federations have

31CJFWF National Committee on Leadership Development, Discussion Guide, November 1976, p. 9. 60 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 unconsciously become the instruments of government for the Jewish community, a community which, as he observes, is "thoroughly unideologi- cal."32 The danger rests in two directions—in failing to recognize that the absence of ideology bears distinct limitations, and in sacrificing too much for the sake of consensus, when it is not clear that all the elements in Federation are committed to Jewish survival as an operative goal.

FEDERATION LEADERSHIP

Composition Although there are some influential Federation leaders who are not members of the Distribution Committee, the DC will once again be taken to be representative of Federation's lay leaders. Its decisions on allocation of funds are the most important ones that Federation makes on a regular basis, and its members, by virtue of their standing within Federation, are disproportionately represented among Federation officers, on the Executive Committee, and on the Level of Grants Committee. The president of Federation and the chairman of the Communal Plan- ning Committee are both ex-officio members of the DC, and they, along with 29 available members, were sent questionnaires. Twenty-seven responded. Twenty-eight per cent of the members, including the immediate past chairman, are women (as compared to 19 per cent ten years earlier). Four members maintain two residences. One member commutes from Palm Beach, Florida. Another 13 live in the suburbs. Of these, one lives in Connecticut, ten in Westchester County, and two, including the present chairman, in Nassau County on Long Island. In contrast to the DC of 1968, a far higher proportion of members now live outside the City. (In 1968 all the suburban residents lived in Westchester.) Of those still in New York City, the majority live in the 60's between Fifth and Park Avenues. But one lives in Riverdale, in the Bronx; and one in For- est Hills, Queens. In the 1976-77 campaign, four members of the DC contributed over $100,000, eleven from $10,000 to $100,000, eight from $5,000 to $10,000, and seven between $1,500 and $5,000. The DC, then, remains a committee with a membership drawn from predominantly wealthy people. As was true ten years ago, great wealth is

"Daniel J. Elazar, "What Indeed is American Jewry?" Forum No. 28-29 (Winter 1978), p. 159. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 61 not a necessary condition for membership, but certainly no one falls below what is generally classified as upper middle-class. Social club membership provides an interesting contrast between 1968 and 1978. In 1968, all respondents belonged to a social club. In 1978, four of the 27 did not, and three noted on their questionnaires that their club memberships were not very important to them. Members clustered in four clubs; 26 per cent belonged to the Harmonie Club (identical to the 1968 figure), 26 per cent to the Sunningdale Club (down from 43 per cent in 1968), 18 per cent to Beech Point Club, and 15 per cent to the Century Country Club. DC members still tend to have been educated in elite colleges. Of the 18 men who responded to a question about their undergraduate college, 12 attended Ivy League colleges or schools of a similar status. However, two attended the City College of New York, two New York University, and one Lehigh. Four of the five respondents from non-elite schools were sons of foreign-born fathers. Indeed, 44 per cent reported their fathers were foreign- born, 37 per cent from Eastern Europe. In contrast, 28 per cent of the 1968 members were children of East European fathers. A number of observations by DC members and others suggest that the 1978 members may be as wealthy as those of 1968, but a much higher proportion were born into modest, even humble, circumstances. It is in Jewish background and identity that the sharpest contrasts are evident. Let us look first at Jewish education.

Table IV Jewish Education of Distribution Committee Members: 1968 and 1978 (By Percentage)

Jewish Education 1968 1978

None 43 22 Sunday school or equivalent to age 13 36 22 Supplementary school or equivalent to age 13 14 26 Day school and/or formal schooling beyond age 13 7 30 Total number of respondents 14 27

A supplementary-school education to age 13 may not impart much more knowledge than a Sunday school education, and both may leave the child hardly better informed than one with no formal Jewish education. The differences, however, do indicate the kinds of homes in which the respondents were raised. 62 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Differences were also marked in synagogue membership. Some respondents were members of more than one synagogue. In the table that follows, such respondents are listed according to the synagogue they indicated as most important to them.

Table V Synagogue Membership of DC Members: 1968 and 1978 (By Percentage)

Synagogue 1968 1978

None 43 18 Orthodox 0 18 Conservative 21 11 Reform 36 48 Reconstructionist 0 4 Total number of respondents 14 27 Respondents were asked to indicate their reaction to the statement: "Being Jewish makes a difference in everything I do." The question re- plicated one asked in a 1975 study of the Jewish population of Greater Boston." The Boston data are reported by age and generation in the United States. Since almost all New York respondents were between 40 and 64, and either second- or third-generation Americans, the comparison is presented. Unfortunately, in the report of the Boston study, data for some of the categories were collapsed so that the detail available for DC members is not available for the Boston respondents.

Table VI Response to "Being Jewish Makes a Difference in Everything I do." (By Percentage)

Response 1968 DC 1978 DC Boston Sample Boston Sample Second Third Generation US Generation US (Aged 40-64) (Aged 40-64) Agree strongly 21 44 10 Agree somewhat 36 30 i Disagree somewhat 7 11 !„ Disagree strongly 36 15 No answer 4 Number of respondents 14 27 261 111

"Floyd J. Fowler, 1975 Community Study: A Study of the Jewish Population of Greater Boston (Boston, 1977). FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 63 The importance of being Jewish has increased for 1978 DC members. However, as indicated earlier, 1968 DC members gave a more Jewish response than did the comparable age and generational group in Boston. Respondents were also asked to check the statement which most appro- priately conveyed what they would be likely to do if their child were to consider marrying a non-Jew. There are only 24 responses from 1978 DC members. Two members, instead of checking a response, wrote out answers that did not lend themselves to any simple categorization. Once again, two of the options were collapsed in the presentation of the Boston material.

Table VII Most Likely Response to Child's Considering Marrying a Non-Jew (By Percentage)

Response 1968 DC 1978 DC Second Third Generation US Generation US (Aged 40-64) (Aged 40-64)

Strongly oppose it 7 28 19 9 Discourage it 28 36 23 36 Be neutral 21 12 L, hQ Wouldn't mind, accept it 43 24 i52 j39 No answer — — 6 16 Total number of respondents 14 25 261 111 There are noticeable differences between the 1968 and 1978 DC members. Furthermore, the 1968 members, unlike the 1978 members, report they are more likely to accept the intermarriage of a child than a random sample of the Boston Jewish population in similar age and generational categories. Among the general Jewish population, opposition to intermarriage declined sharply from 1968 to 1978—not so for DC members. This reinforces conclusions that the level of Jewish identity among Federation leaders has risen in the past ten years. The average age of the 1978 DC members was 57. They were likely, therefore, to have had college-age children during the late 1960's and early 1970's, a time of youthful rebellion. A few respondents noted that the behavior of their children had an impact on their own Jewish consciousness. In some cases, they were troubled by their children's intermarriages, and this led them to wonder if there were some ingredient missing in their own Jewish lives. In one case, the parents' acceptance of their children's right to a radically different life style led them to affirm their own right to a Jewish life style. Other respondents, however, reported that their Jewish identities were shaken more by the Yom Kippur War than by any family situations. "I 64 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 realized," wrote one, "that the whole meaning of my life would be zero if anything happened to the State of Israel." To many DC members, Federation activity not only expresses their Jewish identity (a fact no less true of the 1968 members), but also contributes to it. Some suggested that the effect was generally intellectual, and not entirely one-directional. As one respondent put it: "On the one hand, I am more inclined to be active in Jewish matters because of the need, and on the other, I resent the religious people pushing their position over the less religious." A more typical response was the assertion that Federation activity contributed to the respondent's sense of Jewish communal consciousness: "While I was interested in matters of Jewish concern, most of my concern was for my congregation and my particular areas of interest. Now, for better or worse, I hardly look at the paper without seeking a Jewish impact." Some noted specific changes in the direction of that consciousness: "I am now an enthusiastic supporter of Jewish education." Most common, however, was the response that Federation activity intensified one's Jewish feeling and identity: "It has made me much more aware and knowledgeable about Jewish culture and concerns. I have been exposed to the entire spectrum of Jewish conviction and identification, and found it appropriate and necessary to reaffirm my own Jewishness." No one reports specific changes of life style or habits as a result of Federation activity, although some of the responses hint at this possibility. No one reported that he or she had joined a synagogue, established a kosher home, begun observing the Sabbath, or even undertaken a program of Jewish study as a result of involvement in Federation. Perhaps the concrete expression of the intensified Jewishness reported by so many respondents is their own activity on the DC. The profound impact of Federation activity on the Jewish identity of the respondents is affirmed so often and so em- phatically that one would be surprised if it found no expression in the life styles of at least some of the respondents. No less interesting is the effect of Federation activity on some of the more recent DC appointees, who have backgrounds of intense involvement with Jewish matters. One noted that an important aspect of his service was trying to understand other people's concerns in areas to which he had not been exposed. Another observed, "Prior to my active participation in Federation activities, I was not aware of the commitment and dedication of so many key community leaders to Jewish causes through their active involvement in Federation's activities." In summary, Federation's present leaders are different from those of ten years ago. They are still a wealthy, well-educated group, but they are somewhat more likely to be of Eastern European descent, far more likely to be synagogue members and to have had at least a minimal Jewish FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 65 education, and far more concerned with questions of Jewish identity and survival. Six DC appointees are members of Orthodox synagogues, and are identified in one way or another with national Orthodox organizations. Federation President Harry Mancher epitomizes the new type of Federa- tion leader. A self-made man, a graduate of the City College of New York, a member of a Reconstructionist synagogue, Mancher also serves as treasurer of the Joint Campaign, and has a history of UJA activity which parallels his active involvement in two Federation agencies.

How Representative Are Federation Leaders? Federation has sought greater representation of the Orthodox, and of various geographical areas. It has been far more successful with regard to the former than the latter. The DC remains heavily over-representative of Westchester and Manhattan's Upper East Side. It has only one member from Queens, none from Brooklyn, and two from Long Island, although these areas contain the bulk of New York's Jewish population. The necessity that DC members be able to contribute large amounts of time works against representativeness. It means that there is a larger pool of available women than men. Billie Tisch, the DCs immediate past chairman, estimates that the proportion of women available to fill a DC vacancy, as opposed to men, is five to one. For a period of two years, until mid-1978, all three of Federation's key committees were chaired by women. The greater leisure time available to women means that, by and large, they are able to attend meetings more faithfully. The time requirement restricts activity to those individuals who not only are economically successful, but who also hold the kind of position which does not require continued presence on the job. Federation's schedule is such that activists must be available during the working day—a result, in part, of the fact that Federation leaders live in the suburbs, making evening meetings unfeasible. This may help account, for example, for the absence of physicians or young businessmen from the ranks of Federation's leaders. There are some young lawyers, but they come mostly from law firmslocate d on Lexington, Park, and Madison Avenues in the 50's, a few minutes' walk from Federation's offices. Less understandable is the absence of Jewish academics. Only one college professor serves on a key Federation committee. Federation leaders are certainly not representative of New York's Jews, or of Federation's own contributors. By and large, they are more Jewishly concerned and committed. It is ironical that many Federation leaders think of most New York Jews as being more committed than they, and believe that their own heightened Jewish consciousness somehow makes them more representative of New York's Jews. 66 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 On occasion, Federation leaders pay lip service to their representative function, in order to justify what they intend to do in any case; never, it seems, as a constraint on what they would like to do. Thus, for example, an agency serving a high proportion of non-Jews will be told that Federation cannot continue to support its program, as Federation contributors expect their money to be spent for Jewish purposes. No one has ever pursued this point too far, nor has anyone ever suggested polling contributors to discover how they really want their money spent. There is a growing feeling among Federation leaders that their function is not so much to do what the Jewish community wants as to define what it needs and to encourage its component members and organizations to meet those needs. As we noted, Federation is handicapped in this regard by the lack of an ideology. The professional staff, therefore, plays an unusu- ally crucial role in this regard.

The Reward System Federation has one practical incentive to offer its non-professional leaders —special entree and access to its own agencies, and to the other agencies and institutions with which it has indirect contact. According to one former professional, this service once included assistance to the children of Federa- tion leaders in getting into the college of their choice, or even into medical school. Today it more commonly means providing help in placing someone in a home for the aged, or securing a private room in a hospital, when these are scarce. One rabbi mentioned this as an important incentive for his own activity. He noted that he called upon Federation agencies for help in securing hospital care and a variety of other services for the members of his congregation. Special access to agency services is a pleasant reward for activity, but does not seem to constitute a significant incentive to Federation leaders. In fact, Federation has a problem generating an adequate reward system, which by its nature must be primarily symbolic. Its leaders are fairly sophisticated and more immune to the kinds of rewards that characterize the UJA and other national Jewish organizations. For example, shaking hands with the prime minister of Israel, or having one's picture taken with a general in the Israeli army, does not provide the thrill to Federation leaders that it does to others. Secondly, rewards such as honorary chairmanships and dinners tend to be distributed to campaign workers and large contributors, rather than to committee members. Although outsiders assume the incentive of business contacts to be of importance to Federation activists, no one interviewed expressed the belief that Federation activity is very useful for business associations. At most, it was suggested, it is useful in enhancing an individual's reputation among FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 67 existing clients and customers. There are those who have pointed to an occasional job or client acquired through Federation activity. Most, however, suggest that their Federation contacts are more likely to involve them in offering free advice and services. Of course, they, in turn, may have received such advice and services. Federation itself buys and sells securities, engages in real-estate transactions, and purchases supplies. There is a potential here to benefit from Federation involvement. There have been hints of favoritism in the past. Federation leaders are confident, however, that they have protected the organization from this form of exploitation by their insistence that all transactions be open. Another incentive is the social reward to be derived from Federation involvement. Federation's leadership has traditionally been part of a Jewish social elite. It seems, however, that neither Federation itself nor its key committees constitute social groups. This is in contrast to agency boards, which have a stronger social component. Respondents report that, at most, they have made one or two social contacts as a result of Federation activity. There are instances of large contributors finding that Federation contacts opened the doors to membership in prestigious social clubs. Respondents also report, however, that entrance into social clubs through this route rules out more intimate social contacts. Furthermore, such reported instances go back 20 and 30 years. A number of highly regarded Federation leaders report that their activity has not opened any new social horizons for them, although they would have welcomed it. This is a weakness, as well as a strength, of Federation. It means that Federation's leaders have not exploited the social status they are able to confer on potential leaders. In this respect, Federation is unlike the UJA, whose leaders have found that the campaign merger has not appreciably increased their social contacts with Federation leaders. Some are prone to attribute this to snobbism. In fact, it is part of a Federation tradition which dissociates social life from Federation activity. Perhaps this was necessary in the past, when there were strong ties of family and friendship between Federation leaders and Jewish assimilationists who sought nonsectarian outlets for their philanthropic activity. Interestingly, this tradition not only differs from that which prevails in most voluntary Jewish organizations, but is also at variance with the style of elite cultural organizations. Symphony, opera, and museum boards in New York have a strong tradition of active socializing among board members. There is, therefore, a measure of truth in the statement of a former Federation president that the reward for being a DC member is "a lot of hard work." In the final analysis, probably of greatest importance to members is the fact that they find their work stimulating and challenging and 68 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 believe they are making a significant contribution to fulfilling Federation's purpose.

Recruitment Many Federation leaders emerge from the ranks of the large contributors; but individuals known to Federation leaders through business or social contacts are also recruited directly to key committees. This was true of the DC even before 1968. Having agreed to join the DC, these individuals were then appointed to the Board of Trustees, to fulfill the by-law requirement that DC members be selected from at-large trustees. It was hoped that such people would then increase their contributions to the campaign, although there is no requirement to this effect. A more common method of recruitment, relying essentially on the same social and business contacts, is the appointment of individuals to agency boards, rather than to Federation itself. Agency boards frequently serve as testing grounds for future Federation leaders, with Federation raiding the boards to secure key workers. Sometimes board members themselves express an interest in Federation activity, and transfer the focus of their activity. It is not necessary to leave an agency board to work for Federation. Indeed, two-thirds of the trustees are agency representatives, and may serve on any Federation committee other than the DC. In fact, however, most people find service on key Federation committees so time-consuming that they are able to devote little attention to the workings of the agency boards. The manpower pool from which Federation recruited its leaders in the past was, by and large, limited to Wall Street lawyers and investors who were members of the same four or five social clubs. Federation had a New Leadership division (now called Young Leader- ship and attached to the Joint Campaign), whose purpose was to introduce men and women between the ages of 18 and 35 to the aims and functions of Federation, and to place them on agency boards. The number of people successfully channeled into leadership roles, however, was limited. The feeling that its leadership pool was drying up led Federation to seek a new direction in the 1960's, a direction initially geared to nonsectarianism. But Federation's professional leaders, even then, sought to keep their options open. The same Joseph Willen who led the move toward nonsectarianism encouraged the Religious Affairs Department to undertake a leadership-training program for young synagogue leaders. One participant recalls a remark of Willen's to the effect that as the children of Federation's founders had assimilated, the burden of leadership was now on their shoul- ders. Federation was meanwhile competing with other organizations for the same potential leaders. The major competitor was, and still is, the American FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 69 Jewish Committee. There is a significant overlap between Federation and AJC activists. While this means a certain cordiality and mutuality of interest, it also means rivalry for the time and energy of the leaders. One individual who holds leadership positions in both organizations believes the AJC attracts a more reflective and issue-oriented person, who seeks an intellectual challenge. The Federation activist, he feels, still tends to be more concerned with service, although Federation has become more involved in ideological issues in the last few years. He noted that whereas Federation people tend to ask what impact a certain issue will have on their agencies, AJC people tend to ask what impact the same issue will have on the Jewish community. Another observer noted that it is cheaper to become an AJC leader. An annual contribution of $10,000 to AJC confers more status than does a similar contribution to the Joint Campaign. Federation has considerably expanded its sources of recruitment in the 1970's. Leaders have been drawn from the Orthodox community, often through the initial recruitment of Isaac Trainin to the activities of the Department of Religious Affairs. A second significant source of leadership recruitment has been the UJA. A number of its campaign leaders have moved directly to key Federation committees. While there are those who criticize Federation's slowness in recruiting from new segments of the Jewish community, others fear that the large influx of new people in the last few years has introduced an element which does not adhere to the Federation tradition of hard work, service, and concern for the agencies.

The Large Contributor Federation leaders, past and present, claim that large contributors exert no special influence. They report that they cannot recall a single occasion on which any significant decision was reached as a result of pressure from contributors. There are, however, groups of contributors, as opposed to individual contributors, who are very influential. Federation's undertaking services to Suffolk County and its expansion of services to Westchester County were justifiable independently of contributor demands, but the impetus for the provision of services came from the needs of the campaign. Some allocations to Orthodox institutions, the general thrust of intensifying services to the Orthodox, and the appointment of a relatively large number of Orthodox Jews to key Federation committees are all accounted for, in part, by a desire to please a number of large Orthodox contributors and to attract more of them. It has already been noted that arguments against cuts to hospitals were based on reluctance to antagonize large contributors. Secondly, Federation's own leaders are, for the most part, large contributors. Although a committee member who is a small contributor has the 70 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 same vote as a large one, and being a large contributor does not insure one a seat on a key committee, it is obviously easier for a big giver to find a seat on Federation's highest councils than it is for a small giver. Finally, it is difficult to assess the influence of the major contributors in that they ask for very little. Minor favors are given as a matter of course. Some professionals feel that while Federation does not respond immediately and directly to the pressures of large contributors, the latter represent a constraint on Federation's decisions.

Professional vs. Lay Control Federation has had strong presidents, but an occasional weak one. Most of its laymen are strong personalities, but some are not. The stronger the lay leader, and the more control he exercises, the more the professional defers to him. It is often impossible to distinguish lay from professional influence because of the continuing interaction between the two. As far back as respondents recall, a tradition of respect and even admiration has characterized lay-professional relations in Federation, with one exceptional period. Most important is the relationship between the president and executive vice- president. The two together really represent Federation leadership, and when they work together it is impossible to distinguish leader from follower, superior from subordinate. Observers are of the opinion that the professionals in New York's Federation exercise greater control than the professionals of other federations. At the same time, it is widely believed that the executives of Federation's agencies exercise greater control over their lay boards than do Federation's professionals over Federation laymen. These observations accord with the notion that the more philosophical or ideological the matter, the more likely the layman is to assert himself; the more technically complex the matter, the more likely the layman is to defer to the professional. New York City's federation is a far more complex one than any other, as a result of its size, the number and variety of agencies with which it deals, and its interrelationship with government and other voluntary associations. Hence, it is not surprising that New York tends to have a more dominant professional leadership. Federation's agencies, in the business of providing specialized services, are even more professionalized. After all, an agency board hires a professional on the assumption that he knows more about how its services are to be provided than anybody else. He is their major source of information and advice. Even agency boards, however, when confronted by an ideological issue, such as intake policy (e.g. Jewish or nonsectarian clients), will assert themselves. FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 71 It follows that Federation will be less professionally dominated than its agencies. Federation laymen have better contacts with their client-constituents (i.e. the agencies) and are better informed about them than are agency board members about the agencies' clients and constituents. As Federation has become somewhat more issue- and ideology-oriented in recent years, laymen have played an increasing role in decision-making. Federation's present professional leaders contend that laymen control the organization. Some of them point to their own experience with other voluntary agencies, where they exercised far greater control. One staff member commented that while Federation leaders with whom she worked respected her and gave careful consideration to her opinion, they made the actual decisions. Federation's 1968 communal thrust was initiated by laymen. Solender, who came to Federation from the National Jewish Welfare Board, had a communal orientation, and that was one of the reasons he was hired. However, a number of observers view Solender's emphases as more Jewish today than when he first came to Federation. Lay influence may have played a role in this regard. But Solender and his staff gave the lay-initiated policy sharper form and content, and there are those within Federation who attribute its Jewish thrust primarily to his leadership. The executive vice-president plays a critical role in the selection and reappointment of non-institutional trustees, in the appointment of committee chairmen and members of major committees, and even in the nomination of Federation's president. He is responsible for the appointment of the professional staff, which in the last few years has become notably more Jewish in background and orientation. Two of Federation's top six community-service staff members are Orthodox Jews. A third has a background of involvement in the Conservative movement. Jewish commitment has become an important consideration in the hiring of new staff. It seems fair to say that the professional leaders of Federation have, since 1970, moved as far and as fast in a Jewish direction as they could, given the composition of Federation's Board of Trustees. But the lay leadership exercises important constraints. The continuous interaction between laymen and professionals means a process of mutual education. It seems, however, that it is predominantly the professionals who teach the laymen. Indeed, a number of respondents mentioned the impact of the professionals, past and present, on their Jewish outlook. It is the professionals who establish Federation's agenda of specific concerns. On the other hand, the professionals are constrained by the frequent presence of a number of lay leaders, who are consulted on a regular basis. 72 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 If nothing else, such laymen serve as sounding boards for new ideas, which will be abandoned if not well-received. There seems to be some illusion on the part of Federation's laymen regarding their own role. Although it is a vital role, it is hardly one of control, except in the sense that they have the ultimate right to dismiss the professionals. On the other hand, laymen who cannot get along with professionals often find that their way to leadership positions is blocked. Profes- sionals exercise their own initiative in recruiting potential activists; the professional staff is appointed with only courtesy deference to laymen. Committee meetings are governed by policy papers prepared by the professionals. Greater lay control would probably hamper Federation's effectiveness; the degree that exists constitutes a necessary constraint on the professionals, and provides a basic incentive to lay service. The present situation is quite satisfactory to most laymen. They do not really want the responsibility or work that greater lay control would impose on them. They are prepared to operate within the general framework that the professionals have set for them, comfortable in the knowledge that the detailed execution of that policy is in the hands of the professionals, while they have contributed in some way to the establishment of broad policy outlines. They are aware that Federation cannot recruit outstanding professionals, if the latter do not feel they have a real role in decision-making.

FEDERATION AND THE FUTURE

The Joint Campaign assures Federation a regular income, at least for the present. Should contributors lose interest in Israel, however, it is likely that the campaign will suffer dramatic reductions, and the burden of the campaign theme will shift to local needs. This may mean a focus on Jewish communal needs and problems of assimilation and spiritual survival, or an emphasis on serving needy Jews through Federation's traditional agencies.

Federation and Its Agencies There are people who feel that the age of voluntary sectarian philanthropy is over. No agency executive or Federation leader agrees, but the question concerns them. The beneficiary societies providing social services and health care depend more and more on government funds. Executives in many agencies find themselves increasingly guided by those professional associations and government bodies that deal with their areas of specialization. Moreover, the Joint Campaign has loosened the ties of some agencies FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 73 to Federation, in that some agency board members who contribute to the Joint Campaign no longer feel as close to Federation as they did when they contributed directly to it. Each side, therefore, is freer to go its own way. Finally, despite the preference of many agency executives and board members, a number of them face an increased intake of non-Jews. Government policy is one important factor. It may change in one direction or another, by administrative fiat, as much as by legislative direction. The political climate of opinion is crucial, and no one can predict in what direction it will move. But basic demographic realities are no less important. A government-supported residential facility cannot reject applicants with demonstrated need if it is underpopulated. It would require an executive and an agency board with an extraordinary degree of Jewish particularism to do so, even if the law permitted it. Federation has, in one instance, guaranteed empty beds in a facility for potential Jewish applicants. But to do this on a broad basis, moral issues aside, is beyond Federation's means. Hence, a declining Jewish population means, in the long run, a declining need by Jews for the services of Federation's traditional agencies. Child-care agencies have been the first to experience this, but even homes for the aged are likely to feel the pressure. The Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged has a magnificent facility in a predominantly non-Jewish neighborhood. At the present time, 95 per cent of its occupants are Jewish. But, contrary to the situation of a few years ago, there is no longer a waiting list of Jews. The Home doesn't have a kosher kitchen, but it does have a Jewish environment. There are services on the holidays, a Passover seder, and Jewish classes for residents. This has not deterred some non-Jews from applying for admission. Cultural factors, having to do with the use of such homes, have deterred others, but such factors are declining in importance. How long can the Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged remain 95 per cent Jewish? At what point will the proportion of non-Jews become so high that one can no longer think of it as a Jewish home? Not all agencies face the same problem; but a significant number do. The agencies are grateful for the money they receive from Federation. It gives them what some executives call "a standard of living in excess of the norm." They derive benefits from Federation's joint purchasing plan and look to Federation for other forms of help, such as advances in allocations when, as frequently happens, government agencies do not pay their bills on time. But the thrust of their funding and demographic realities direct many of them away from Federation. They, for their part, no longer supply the income to Federation which they once did. Federation is not yet prepared, ideologically or structurally, for a basic reevaluation of its relationship to its agencies. Ideologically, Federation would have to ask itself where its basic obligations lie. Even if one such 74 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 obligation is serving Jews in need, it might still want to consider a variety of alternatives to its present pattern of funding. It could consider reimburs- ing needy Jews for social services in nonsectarian agencies. Where an institutional Jewish ambience is considered necessary, perhaps the solution would be to encourage a grouping of Jews in a nonsectarian facility, and the provision of Jewish group-work services. This would represent a radical departure from Federation's traditional policy, and the organization would have to overcome the barrier of its agency-dominated Board of Trustees. This domination has not seriously impeded Federation in the changes it has made in the last ten years; but a change of this nature would fall beyond the present Board's limit of acceptance. Alternatively, Federation might come to view its role as service to Juda- ism and Jewish values. Of course, there is only a finelin e between individual and communal needs, and Jewish values certainly include helping those in need. But there is a clear distinction between providing health and welfare services, which are needs that Jews share with all people, and creating Jewish solidarity and a strengthened Jewish identity. Providing for the human needs of Jews may be the best way to strengthen Jewish communal bonds. It can be argued, therefore, that Federation's responsibility to build a strong Jewish community requires that it provide health care and social services. But that is a different viewpoint from the one which presently guides Federation leaders, and would require a much greater emphasis on the Jewish aspect in the provision of services. In this respect, the senior-citizen program, rich in Jewish content and clear in the provision of human needs, may be the model. There are other options, but none likely to gain serious consideration until Federation begins to think along the lines of a basic reordering of its relationship to many of its agencies.

Federation and the Middle Class Federation is paying increasing attention to the middle class. The Jewish middle class, when defined by a family income level of $12,000 to $25,000, cannot afford many of the services available free of charge to the poor. Federation senses its obligation to this middle-income group, as well as to the poor. Federation is also confronted with the problem of turning to middle-class Jews for campaign contributions, when many of them feel they derive little in the way of services from Federation. Given scarce resources, there are distinct limits to the extension of broad human services to the middle class. But even if Federation narrows its concerns to the Jewish needs of the middle classes, it must still confront difficult choices. If Federation gives priority to community centers as institutions which strengthen Jewish identity, how much Jewish programming FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES / 75 should they have? No doubt a center's board, executive, and users will play important roles in shaping its policy. But should Federation confine its role to a general policy concerning the Jewishness of clientele and program content, or should it also adopt a position on what it means to be Jewish? Should Federation determine what constitutes a minimal Jewish education? Having scarcely achieved consensus about the importance of "Jewish," Federation is not yet able to deal with such questions. But Federation must have at least a general sense of the direction in which it wishes to move. Without priorities and some specific sense of what being Jewish means, it will be the target and tool of whatever group happens to organize itself first, approach Federation, or raise a sum of money. The provision of services to the middle class also raises the question of Federation's relations to synagogues.34 Federation contributes no money to synagogues. The Commission on Synagogue Relations has proposed that Federation allocate funds to inner-city synagogues which require relatively small sums in order to survive. But the impetus here is offering services to the Jewish poor, with a secondary consideration being that Federation might eventually inherit the synagogue's assets. Federation has never considered synagogues in terms of their importance in shaping a Jewish community. The argument for funding community centers and not synagogues, namely that the former are available to all Jews without regard to religious conviction, is not as convincing as some within Federation think. In fact, Federation has approved, in principle, the establishment of a community center in Flatbush led by laymen from an Orthodox synagogue. Synagogues do provide services to Jews, and they are a factor in neighborhood stabilization, a matter with which Federation increasingly concerns itself. The Department of Religious Affairs has dealt with one aspect of this problem; but the problem as a whole, with its multiple ramifications, has yet to be confronted.

Federation and Jewish Education Proponents of greater Federation support for Jewish education describe the condition of New York's Jewish schools as desperate, and speak about the need for tens of millions of dollars in assistance. They are convinced that Jewish education is the key to Jewish identity and survival, and that this is the area in which Federation has a primary obligation. The proponents of Jewish education are a group with a cause, a program, and an ideology. This makes them a powerful group. The sums of money which they feel are

"A fine discussion of the problem is Samuel H. Dresner's "Federation or Synagogue: Alternatives in the American Jewish Community," Forum, No. 2, 1977, pp. 73-95. 76 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 required to meet Jewish educational needs go far beyond the annual increments provided by Federation's present allocation procedure. If new sources of funding cannot be found, allocations to Jewish education can be increased only at the expense of other agencies. This would precipitate the kind of ideological conflict that Federation is loath to confront. There are some signs pointing toward such a conflict. On the other hand, as the proponents of Jewish education have moved into leadership positions, they have come to appreciate the needs of other agencies, and the sincerity and Jewish commitment of their advocates. Whether the socialization experience will moderate the drive for dramatic increases to Jewish education remains to be seen. Neither Federation nor the Board of Jewish Education has sought to exercise significant influence over the direction of Jewish education. Yet, should large sums of money become available for Jewish education, Federa- tion will demand greater accountability. This will raise some difficult ideological questions which will have to be resolved.

Conclusion Only in the past few years has Federation begun to view itself as an institution with responsibilities to the total Jewish community. Certainly, Federation has done much to create a sense of community, and some people increasingly look to it for leadership. Although Federation eschews this role, it has established and funded agencies which may assume such leadership. However, national organizations, sensitive about their own preroga- tives, especially in New York, have resisted communal centralization. Some Federation agencies have their own roof organizations which mediate between Federation and them, and dilute Federation's influence. Synagogues, major foci of Jewish identification and commitment, remain marginal to Federation. Jewish schools, perhaps the most important instruments of Jewish survival, are not really part of Federation's structure. Finally, the Jews of Greater New York do not think of themselves as an organized community. Their loyalties are either parochial (to a particular organization, school, or synagogue) and/or general (to Israel, Judaism, or the Jewish people). If Federation is to create and lead a Jewish community, it will not do so by shifting Jewish loyalties to itself, but rather by serving as an instrument for shaping loyalties. In the last analysis, Federation is an instrument, and not an end, in the creation of a Jewish community. Soviet Jewry Since the Death of Stalin: A Twenty-five Year Perspective

by LEON SHAPIRO

FORA PROPER PERSPECTIVE on the situation of the Jews in the Soviet Union, it is important to understand the special role that Jews play in Soviet nationality doctrine. The Bolsheviks accepted as legitimate the separate national concerns of the various nations and peoples of the former Russian Empire, and the Soviet state structure is based on the territorial principle—Ukraine, Belorussia, Georgia, Lithuania, etc. Since the Jews were without territory, the Bolshevik answer to their needs was total equality. This was to be achieved through gradual assimilation, which was to come about as a result of an "objective process." In Lenin's view, opponents of Jewish assimilation—including the socialist Bund, with its program of Jewish cultural autonomy—were clerical reactionaries and petty-bourgeois. Lenin was not anti-Jewish; he sincerely (and naively) believed that Russian Jews would be glad to merge with other national groups into a classless socialist society. In 1919, the Bolsheviks abolished the Kehillah (Jewish communal structure) and nationalized all Jewish communal agencies. At the same time, they created a number of specialized government organs (a Jewish commissariat, Jewish Soviets, Jewish courts, etc.) which were intended to serve the needs of Jews during the period of transition from a capitalist to a socialist society.' Lenin died in 1924 and, after several years of internecine strife, was succeeded by Stalin. In his early years Stalin was not antisemitic. His views on the nationality issue, presented in Marxism and the National Question, were shared by many Bolsheviks and even some Mensheviks, including Jews. Later in life, however, Stalin began to exhibit a personal anti-Jewish bias, to which his daughter Svetlana Allilueva has testified. Toward the end of World War II the old Russian nationalist concept of russkost (the glorification of all things Russian), so dear to the hearts of 19th-century Slavophiles, began to mix with the Marxist ideology of the makers of the Bolshevik Revolution. Soviet ideology shifted from an emphasis on "socialism in one country" to a militant national communism. Stalin, a Georgian by birth, made a significant contribution to the chauvinistic mood of the Russian people. The glorification of Russia and her national past became an important aspect of

'Most of these government organs were liquidated under Stalin in the decade 1930-40.

77 78 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 life in the USSR. At the same time, expressions of nationalist sentiment on the part of other groups in the Soviet Union were branded as "deviation- ist."2 At the end of the 1940's Soviet officials initiated a campaign against "cosmopolitans." A large number of writers, artists, and composers were accused of being insufficiently patriotic and of following alien ideas borrowed from Western capitalist countries. It soon became evident that the campaign against "cosmopolitans" was focused on Jewish intellectuals, most of whom were, in fact, loyal to the Soviet state. In the course of the campaign the very idea of a separate Jewish group life became suspect. Jewish books and memorabilia disappeared from Soviet libraries and museums. The specter of "Sionskii Kahal," a hostile world Jewry, resurrected from the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion," became an acceptable propaganda tool in the Soviet fight against Zionism and the newly-established State of Israel. As a result, antisemitism assumed a new respectability in the Soviet Union, and spread to leftist movements in various parts of the world. The campaign against "cosmopolitans" was followed by the infamous "doctors' plot." Six outstanding doctors, all Jews, were accused of conspiring with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and American intelligence services to poison high Soviet officials. Stalin's death on March 5, 1953, the day the "show trial" was to begin, brought a halt to the matter. The trial never took place, and those physicians who had survived their detention were released and rehabilitated. With Khrushchevvs accession to power, changes came about in the social and political climate; there was a liberalization of the regime. The great fear pervading Soviet society under Stalin gradually disappeared. The situation of Soviet Jewry, however, continued to be defined within the rigid framework of xenophobia and anti-Jewish bias inherited from the Stalin era. Khrushchev was plainly not interested in revitalizing Jewish life. Indeed, he himself, as a high Party and state official, had been among the framers of many of the anti-Jewish measures taken under Stalin. To Khrushchev, who was born in a peasant village in the Kursk district on the Ukrainian

*On Stalin's nationalism see Robert C. Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary (New York, 1973), and the same author's "The Emergence of Stalin's Foreign Policy," Slavic Review, December 1972, pp. 563-589. See also Svetlana Allilueva, Only One Year (New York, 1969). At the end of World War II many Russian exiles in France and elsewhere underwent a "change of direction" and accepted the Soviet regime. Some who returned to the USSR paid dearly for their patriotic gesture. According to many observers of the Soviet scene, Stalin is enjoying renewed popularity among the masses as a symbol of patriotism. The horrors of the Stalin era are almost forgotten; survivors of the old generation do not want to remember, and the young simply do not know. A. Zinoviev, a scholar and writer who recently left the Soviet Union, has stated that if free elections were held today, the Communist Party would receive a majority. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 79 border, Jews and Judaism were totally alien; he exhibited all the prejudices of his class, including a hostility toward Jews that he was never able to overcome. Khrushchev was overthrown by a coalition of Stalin's collaborators, and in 1964 a collective leadership, with Brezhnev as secretary-general of the Party and Kosygin as premier, took over the reins of government. Again there were changes in the direction of greater liberalization of Russian society. With respect to matters affecting the Jewish population, however, nothing changed. The old policy of "integration" remained basic to the new regime. While open, violent antisemitism disappeared, deep- seated anti-Jewish bias remained. Only recently echoes of the "doctors' plot" were heard at the trial of Anatoli Shcharansky, a Jewish dissident accused of spying for the United States.

POPULATION

In 1959, the Soviet Union conducted a general census. Published figures indicated there were some 2,267,000 Jews in the USSR, representing about 1.1 per cent of the total population. As a result of industrialization and the Nazi occupation the number of Jews in the historic regions of Jewish concentration, the Ukraine and Belorussia, had decreased substantially. At the same time, the number of Jews in the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic), both in Russia proper and its constituent parts, had increased. There were even Jewish centers in the Asiatic regions of the Soviet Union consisting not only of local Jews but also of Ashkenazic Jews from Russia and Poland. (According to the census there were some 300,000 Jews in these areas.) Of the total Jewish population, 2,161,702 were residing in cities, and only 106,112 in rural areas. Even taking into account the Jewish autonomous region of Birobidzhan, created in 1928, with its population of some 14,000 to 15,000, it was clear that the attempted "agrarianiza- tion" of Russian Jews had proved to be a fiasco. The next Soviet census, that of 1970, indicated a total Jewish population of 2,151,000, or some 117,000 less than in 1959. This five per cent decrease cannot be explained on demographic grounds, and the figure is, in fact, suspect. According to the data, the decrease occurred in the Slavic areas of the country. In 1970, Soviet citizens were permitted to choose the nationality under which they wished to be registered (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorus- sian, etc.), and it is quite possible that Kremlin authorities, interested in preserving the Slavic plurality in the country, encouraged certain groups to "pass." The Jews were the only group that showed a population loss. A.M. Maksimov, the Soviet statistician, argued that the decrease resulted from the "fusion of the nations which, under the conditions of a socialist 80 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 society, has the character of friendship and bears no resemblance to assimilation in bourgeois society."3 It is odd that some scholars have uncritically accepted the 1970 census figure on the assumption that assimilation and the wish to conceal Jewish identity might account for the unprecedented drop in Jewish population betwen 1959 and 1970. Some have proposed complex theories—dividing Soviet Jews into various groups (halachic, "passport," assimilated, and others)—for arriving at a proper figure. These are interesting theories, but they call for caution in their application since, if we were to adopt them for statistical purposes, it would be necessary to change our estimates of the Jewish population in the United States, England, and other countries where there would be, for example, no "passport" Jews, but certainly a division between assimilated Jews and others. If we accept Soviet population figures, we may one day face the grave situation of finding only a small number of "statistical" Jews remaining in the Soviet Union. Soviet authorities will then claim that Jews no longer constitute a significant minority there. A balanced estimate, taking into account the Jewish family structure and allowing for those Jews who have left the country, would put the Jewish population of the Soviet Union in 1977 at 2,678,000. Recent Soviet emigres have spoken of three to four million Jews residing in the USSR, but this is an exaggeration. We shall have to wait for better times, when statistics coming out of Moscow are more open and honest, to arrive at a more precise figure on the number of Jews in the Soviet Union." While it is true that the Jewish community in the Soviet Union is not homogeneous, there is no need, for our purposes, to divide Soviet Jews into different sub-groups, i.e., Ukrainian, Baltic, Oriental, etc. Under present circumstances, the future of Jews everywhere in the Soviet Union will be determined by what happens in Moscow, Kiev, Minsk, and a few other central Soviet cities where groups of Jewish intellectuals are concentrated.

RELIGION

Maintaining a religious life in the Soviet Union is very difficult. The official atheistic outlook of the state works against free religious observance. Jews are particularly handicapped because the Jewish religion is intimately

'Istoria SSSR (Moscow), No. 5, 1971. 'For an exchange of views on the subject of the Soviet Jewish population, see AJYB, Vol. 77, 1977, pp. 468^*76. See also Salo W. Baron, The Russian Jew Under Tsars and Soviets, 2nd ed. (New York, 1976), p. 296. In 1977, Sovetish Heymland printed a piece about the American Jewish Year Book accepting without comment the latter's population figure for the Soviet Union in 1975—2,680,000. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 81 linked to Jewish national life. Soviet policy affecting the one has a direct impact on the other. Religious life in the Soviet Union is regulated in the main by the law of April 8, 1929, which established the status of voluntary societies desiring to maintain religious facilities for their members. These societies, called dvadsatkas, are composed of 20 members who, with the permission of the authorities, may rent a building for the conduct of religious worship, burial services, and other religious rites. These societies are not permitted to maintain educational facilities for children. They may not print prayer books or produce prayer shawls, phylacteries, or other articles needed for the observance of Jewish ritual without permission of the authorities. The dvadsatkas are certainly not an adequate substitute for the Kehillah. In retrospect, it is clear that the Soviet government would not permit the existence of any institutions or agencies which might indicate the formal existence of a Jewish minority. In this regard the Soviet Union is an exception to the other Communist nations of Eastern Europe. Everywhere but in Russia there is a Jewish communal structure, consisting of both religious and secular institutions, which is officially recognized. In Hungary, there is even a rabbinical seminary which conducts educational programs and carries out Jewish historical research. The 1936 Soviet Constitution guaranteed freedom of religion to everyone in the USSR. The reality, however, has been quite different. Moreover, while there are limitations on the free exercise of religion with respect to all denominations, those placed on the Jewish religion are particularly restrictive. Without synagogues, religious articles, and rabbinic education, Jewish religious life in the Soviet Union has deteriorated to a very great extent. Not long after the death of Stalin, the Soviet press reported that "special courts" in Kishinev were conducting trials of religious Jews accused of perpetuating "superstition," "ancient rites," and other "criminal" acts. The trials, which violated the Soviet constitutional guarantee of freedom of worship, made pariahs of the accused. Soviet authorities did everything in their power to hinder the observance of Jewish religious law. Jewish employees of Soviet factories, shops, and offices were not able to observe the Sabbath. Such observance could result in exclusion from school and employment. Recent Jewish emigres from the USSR have reported that numbers of Soviet Jews, particularly Lubavitcher Hasidim, are leading Marrano-like lives, adjusting to difficult conditions by taking employment as night watchmen, avoiding their bosses, or bribing them to close their eyes to observance of the Sabbath and other religious practices. A small number of synagogues survived both the Stalinist terror and the Nazi onslaught. They were old and dilapidated. Under Khrushchev, the 82 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 closing of synagogues took on a mass character in the Ukraine, the Cauca- sus, Siberia, Lithuania, Belorussia, Moldavia, and Russia proper.1 Syna- gogues were closed under various pretexts, with buildings being turned into Red Army clubs, Komsomol meeting halls, and even warehouses. These actions were accompanied by press campaigns in which, for the benefit of the non-Jewish population, it was repeatedly emphasized that Jewish houses of worship are centers for drunkards and criminals. There is great uncertainty as to the number of functioning synagogues in the Soviet Union today. The governmental Committee for Religious Affairs reported in 1960 that there were 400 synagogues in the Soviet Union, a figure officially furnished to the United Nations as well. In the same year, however, Mission Today, the bulletin of the Soviet embassy in Vienna, indicated that there were 150 synagogues. In 1965, Solomon Rabinovitch, a Soviet propagandist on Jewish affairs, spoke of 97 synagogues. Rabbi Juda Leib Levin of Moscow, during his visit to the United States and Canada in 1968, reported that there were some 100 Jewish houses of worship. As recently as October 1974, the synagogue of Tomlino, not far from Moscow, was closed because, according to the authorities, it was not properly registered. Unofficial sources indicated there were 62 synagogues in 1975. The number presently functioning is unknown. Recent official statements have referred to "several tens," which, if taken to mean 50, would indicate that there is one Jewish house of prayer for every 50,000 Jews in the Soviet Union today. Soviet authorities have acknowledged the existence of some 300 minyanim, prayer groups meeting in private homes. The situation with respect to the minyanim, however, is beset with problems. In many cases, participants have been brought to trial for violating laws regulating religious organizations. Soviet authorities are well aware of the significance of the synagogue for Jewish life, and from time to time launch fierce attacks against those who are active in synagogal affairs. In 1960, there was a wave of arrests of lay leaders of Jewish congregations on trumped-up charges of espionage and "connections with the embassy of one of the capitalist states." In 1961, three prominent Jews connected with the synagogue in Leningrad, T.R. Pe- chersky, E.S. Dinkin, and T.A. Kaganov, were sentenced to long prison terms on similar charges. Three Moscow religious leaders—Roshal, Gold- berg, and another whose name could not be ascertained—were sentenced to three years' imprisonment. Individuals holding positions with synagogues in Kiev, Minsk, Vilna, Tashkent, and Riga were removed from their posts. The arrests created a stir of protest in the West. In succeeding years

'Synagogues were closed in such large cities as Zhitomir, Kovno, Saratov, Kazan, Tula, Kremenchug, Poltava, Chernovits, Lvov, and Orenburg. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 83 the authorities abandoned this campaign of mass repression, and some of those who had been arrested were permitted to leave for Israel. Action continued to be taken, however, against individuals who, for one reason or another, displeased the authorities. In 1978, Solomon Kleinman was "re- lieved" of his position as chairman of the Moscow synagogue. Iakov Mikel- berg, a former vice-chairman, took his place. It was reported that one of the reasons for Kleinman's removal as chairman was his desire to centralize Jewish religious affairs around the Moscow synagogue, thus making himself a spokesman for Soviet Jewry. Such plans were not favorably regarded by the Kremlin. In 1977, Rabbi Pinchas Teitz of Elizabeth, New Jersey reported that the Moscow synagogue had undertaken some important initiatives, including the establishment of a Family Affairs Committee to deal with the complex problems of broken Jewish families. In 1976, at a meeting in Budapest of Jewish communal leaders from Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Russia, it was reported that the Moscow synagogue had requested permission to send an observer to the World Jewish Congress. Nothing further, however, was heard about this request. A Soviet Jewish delegation under the late Rabbi Levin was permitted to go to Belgrade in 1970 to attend the birthday celebration for Lavoslav Kadelburg, president of the Federation of Jewish Communities there. In 1977, one Canadian and three American rabbis participated in the celebration of the 70th birthday of Solomon Kleinman of the Moscow synagogue; Leonid Shcherbakov represented the governmental Council for Religious Cults at the banquet. It is to be hoped that these infrequent celebrations are a portent of better things to come. The radical decline in the number of synagogues has created a serious situation not only for believing Jews, but also for Jewish secularists. There is no Jewish organization, agency, or school in the Soviet Union that can serve as a center of Jewish life. The only possible center is the synagogue, and its importance cannot be overemphasized. Jews are a unique group in the Soviet Union in their lack of a central religious organization. The Russian Orthodox Church, which enjoys a special status, is well-organized, and its hierarchy engages in far-reaching political and propagandist moves. Russian Orthodox leaders are frequent visitors to the United States and attend religious conclaves in Europe and Israel. The Georgian Orthodox Church is administered by the Patriarch Catholicos in Tbilisi. The Armenian Gregorian Church is headed by the Supreme Patriarch in Erevan, who maintains a liaison with coreligionists abroad. Groups as diverse as Baptists and Buddhists have central coordinating bodies. Moslems in the Soviet Union have central organs in the European areas of the Soviet Union, as well as in Siberia, Central Asia, 84 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Kazakhstan, the northern Caucusus, and Transcaucasia. On occasion, Mos- lems have visited Mecca and Medina. The privileges enjoyed by these groups are, of course, of only relative advantage; all, to varying degrees, are controlled by the State and have little leeway in the pursuit of their activities. Nevertheless, Soviet Jews are in a special situation. One of the most crucial problems facing Soviet Jewry is the almost total lack of trained religious personnel—rabbis, mohalim (circumcisers), cantors, and shohatim (slaughterers). Since the Bolsheviks came to power, the number of rabbis receiving ordination has been continually decreasing, and the situation is even more serious with respect to mohalim. Since the October revolution there has been virtually no institution for the training of mohalim, with the result that Soviet Jews have been largely unable to perform circumcisions. We know from reliable sources that there were 40 rabbis in the Soviet Union in 1965, including a number who had been trained in Poland and Lithuania. Unofficial reports indicate there were five rabbis in the Soviet Union in 1977; two in the Ashkenazic areas and three in the non- Ashkenazic regions. Among the rabbis who enjoyed recognition during the period under review were Solomon Shlifer of Moscow, Juda Leib Levin of Moscow, Nuta Olevsky of the Marino-Roshchinskaia synagogue in Mos- cow, Chaim Lubanov of Leningrad, Abraham Panich of Kiev, Juda Mena- chem Rabinovich of Vilna, Shmuel Davidashvili of Tiflis, M. Openstein of Kuibishev, J.N. Alaiev of Samarkand, G. Mizrachi of Bacu, and the present rabbi of Moscow, Iakov Fishman. During the period under review, Hasidim, particularly those of the Luba- vitcher persuasion, played an important role in maintaining Jewish religious life. Rabbi Josef-Itchak, who became the Lubavitcher Rebbe in 1920, provided a model in this regard, in that he pursued many efforts in the areas of Jewish religious education and Jewish welfare, despite the dangers involved. The last remaining hasidic rebbe in the Soviet Union, A. Tversky, of the Skvir dynasty, left for Israel in 1964. During the period of liberalization that followed Stalin's death, the Mos- cow rabbinate asked permission to establish a yeshiva in Moscow. In 1957, after repeated requests, Rabbi Shlifer of Moscow received such permission; the yeshiva was to be housed in, and supervised by, the Moscow synagogue. This was a significant departure from Soviet practice, and the Yeshiva Kol Iakov was greeted with enthusiasm by Jews both in and outside the USSR. Rabbi Shlifer, the first head of the yeshiva, died soon after it was opened. He was replaced by Rabbi Juda Leib Levin, who remained in the post up to his death in 1971. The yeshiva had a small but competent staff, including, at different times, Rabbis Shimon Trebnik, Chaim Katz, and Jacob Kame- netsky. Rabbi Fishman, who had been ordained under Rabbi Levin, and SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 85 who had served as a rabbi in Perm, took over the teaching duties in 1971. Itsik Hurvits served as administrative head. The yeshiva began its work with great hopes for the future. Initially there were 35 students. Soon, however, the authorities began to harass students, refusing to renew residence permits of those from Soviet Asia. Enrollment dropped to 20 in I960, 11 in 1961, 6 in 1962, and 4 in 1965. Within a short time, the yeshiva had practically ceased to function except for an occasional class attended by a small number of elderly Jews. In 1970, there were reports that 19 new students would enter the yeshiva, but nothing came of this. In the meantime, some teachers had emigrated to Israel, and others had left the yeshiva for other reasons. In 1974, Rabbi Fishman informed Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren of Israel that the yeshiva had resumed its efforts with some 18 adult and 10 young students in attendance. In 1976, on a visit to New York, Rabbi Fishman made reference to 10 students. In 1977, the enrollment was down to eight. Quite clearly, the yeshiva was in no position to train the needed rabbis. With the permission of the authorities, three young men from the USSR went to Budapest to study at the neological (Conservative) rabbinic institution there. One student was also training at Yeshiva University in New York through an arrangement with the American Appeal-to-Conscience Foundation, which covered the tuition fees and living expenses of the student. A rabbi proposed by a dvadsatka must be acceptable to the authorities. Given this situation, some Soviet Jewish dissidents, and some Jew- ish activists in the West, have expressed a lack of confidence in the few rabbis and chairmen of synagogues now laboring under great difficulties in the Soviet Union. When Rabbi Levin of Moscow spoke at New York's Hunter College in 1968, the old man, clearly not free to express himself candidly, was received with catcalls and hostile demonstrations by many in his audience. It is, of course, true that all religious institutions in the Soviet Union are strictly supervised and must accept clearly defined limitations in order to function. The alternative, however, would be no synagogues at all. Observers abroad must be careful about expressing opinions on this very grave matter and would be wise to refrain from criticizing individuals in Russia because they have succeeded in maintaining no more than a skeletal Jewish religious life. There is deep interest in conserving, under any conditions, a Jewish religious framework in the Soviet Union, in the hope that one day it will assume greater strength. Soviet Jews are severely handicapped in practicing their religion because 86 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 they have hardly any prayer books, prayer shawls, phylacteries, or mezuzot." In the mid-1960's, Rabbi Shlifer was permitted to print 10,000 copies of a standard prayer book. For the most part, religious items are only available on the black market at very high prices. Religious articles cannot be purchased in state shops, and the synagogues encounter great difficulty in distributing whatever small quantities they are able to obtain. Soviet authorities, suspicious of contacts between Russians and foreigners, have taken strict measures to prevent Jews from receiving gifts from tourists. In 1959, Soviet postal authorities returned to Israel parcels of religious items sent to the Soviet Union by the rabbinate of Israel. In February 1962, Rabbi Levin advised the members of his synagogue not to accept gifts from foreign visitors. In August 1963, Izvestia carried an article criticizing an American rabbi who, the paper claimed, distributed more than 800 prayer books and other religious articles. In 1968, a new prayer book, Sidur Ha'Shalom (Prayer Book of Peace), edited by Rabbi Levin and containing prayers for festivals and other special occasions, was published by the Moscow synagogue. A religious calendar containing a Russian translation of the Kaddish was also issued by the Moscow synagogue. In 1977, Soviet authorities permitted the New York- based Appeal-to-Conscience Foundation to ship 10,000 copies of the Pen- tateuch to Moscow. In the same year, Chief Rabbi Rosen of Rumania sent 300 prayer shawls and a quantity of mezuzot to the Soviet Union. Rabbi Pinchas Teitz of Elizabeth, New Jersey sent to Moscow 16 boxes containing prayer books for Rosh Hashana and a large package containing 550 sets of etrogim (citrons) and lulavim (palm branches) for Sukkot. Under Khrushchev, Soviet authorities, for the first time, began to interfere with the celebration of Passover.7 In 1959, 1960, and 1961, the preparation of matzot was prohibited in Kiev, Odessa, Rostov, Kharkov, Kishinev, and Riga, although it was permitted in Moscow, Leningrad, and Tbilisi. In 1963, bakeries that had been set up by various synagogues were shut down, and the state bakeries, under various pretexts, refused to prepare matzot. At the same time, gifts of matzot from abroad to private individuals were not delivered by postal officials, and many Soviet newspapers published letters protesting "unneeded matzot. " In July 1963, Emil Katz, Wolf Bogo- molsky, Claudia Bliachman, and Malka Brio were brought to trial in Mos-

'We do not know how many religiously observant Jews there are in the Soviet Union. Sovetish Heymland, No. 4, 1977, cites a figure of 3 to 6 per cent, representing about 25,000 to 50,000 people, in the Ukraine. No source is given for this estimate, and it must be assumed to be a guess. See AJYB, Vol. 62, 1961, pp. 285-286; Vestnik Izrailia (Tel Aviv), May-June 1960; and Solomon Rabinovich, Yidn n Soviet Farband (Moscow, 1960). 'From the early days of the Bolshevik regime, the observance of Passover was ridiculed by the Bezbozhniki, the official state agency charged with spreading anti-religious propaganda. Observant Jews, however, were always able to obtain flour for the preparation of matzot. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 87 cow for baking matzot for "profit and speculation." Three of the accused were sentenced to prison terms; the fourth, an 82-year-old invalid, was released because of his age. A press campaign linked matzot with the Exodus and, thereby, with the "worst enemies" of Communism—Israel and Zionism. Toward the end of 1964 (Khrushchev was now out of power), local administrations relaxed the prohibition against matzot-baking, and from that time on there has been little difficulty in this respect. While restrictions against the importation of flour products converted into bread have made it impossible for Jews to receive matzot from abroad, the authorities are now providing observant Jews, at least in the large cities, with sufficient quantities. Mikhail Tendetny, chairman of the Moscow synagogue, stated that sufficient quantities were being prepared for the 1975 Passover. In 1977, the authorities allocated 160 tons of flour for Moscow, 75 tons each for Kiev and Leningrad, and 30 tons each for Vilna and Riga. In 1978, Solomon Kleinman, then chairman of the Moscow synagogue, reported that there would be more matzot available than in the previous year. The situation in the small provincial cities, however, is still far from satisfactory. During the 1960's and into the 1970's, Soviet authorities, using various pretexts, closed Jewish cemeteries in a number of cities. They also refused to allocate to Jewish families parcels of land to be consecrated for burial purposes. Problems involving burials arose in Minsk, Kiev, Leningrad, and Moscow, and many Jewish families were forced to cremate the bodies of their relatives. Even during the worst period of Stalinist terror, strong feelings of Jewish- ness persisted among the Jewish population. Under Khrushchev and Brezh- nev, a new religious awareness has emerged among younger Jews, notwithstanding their lack of knowledge of Jewish religious tradition. This awareness has manifested itself in a variety of ways and represents not only a quest for faith, but also a reassertion of Jewish national identity. At the same time, a negative phenomenon has appeared—the attraction of Jews, particularly among the intelligentsia, to Russian Orthodoxy. It is a sad fact of life in the Soviet Union that individuals searching for religious meaning have found it much easier to obtain books about Christianity than about Judaism. Converted Jews include not only persons who have accepted Christianity as a private act of faith, but some who have become leaders and proselytizers of their new religion; some have even brought their new faith to Israel and the United States.8

'The Russian emigre press, including Vestnik of Paris and Novoye Hasskoe Slow of New York, has noted the trend toward conversion. Among the prominent converts are: Lev Regel- son, a Moscow physicist, who, along with Father Gleb Iakunin, protested to the Fifth Assem- 88 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 CULTURE

After World War II it became apparent that Soviet authorities would not permit a restoration of Jewish cultural life. Those Jews who undertook initiatives in this direction met with frustration and failure. For example, Chaim Kacherginsky, a Yiddish writer who had served in a partisan unit, attempted to renew Jewish activities in Vilna, but the authorities rejected his proposal to publish either a Yiddish newspaper or a periodical. While he succeeded in establishing a Yiddish-language school that went up to the third or fourth grade, he was not permitted to add other grades. He appealed to Solomon Michoels and Itsik Fefer of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, who in turn took up the matter with Lazar Kaganovich, then a member of the Politburo and a close associate of Stalin, but these demar- ches elicited no response. An appeal to the Central Committee of the Party in Moscow was unsuccessful. Kacherginsky was informed that there was no need for a full-fledged Yiddish-language school in either Vilna or Kovno, since Jewish children could enter Russian or Lithuanian schools. Soon the school was closed completely.9 The last Jewish social organization in the USSR, the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, which had been created during World War II for propaganda purposes, was disbanded in 1948; most of its leaders were murdered or sent to prison camps. Over the next eight years, Yiddish disappeared as one of the official languages of the Soviet Union. Hundreds of Jewish intellectuals and officials vanished—victims of what Soviet authorities euphemistically called the "cult of personality." Some, including David Bergelson, Peretz Markish, Itsik Fefer, and Leib Kvitko, were shot in August 1952, only months before the death of Stalin. After the death of Stalin there were reports that as part of the general policy of liberalization there would be changes with respect to Jewish cultural life. It was said that a Yiddish theater would be reestablished in Moscow, continuing the work of the great actor Michoels, who was murdered by the secret police in 1948. It was also reported—and Jewish fellow- travelers in Paris and New York gave the report wide coverage in their publications—that in addition to a Yiddish periodical, a Yiddish newspaper would be issued in Moscow. Mikhail Suslov and Boris Ponomarev, high Party officials, told a delegation of the Canadian Communist Party that bly of the World Council of Churches in Nairobi about Soviet harassment of the Orthodox Church; Natalia Gorbanevskaia, a poet now living in Paris; Father Men, a well-known Ortho- dox priest, in Moscow; Nadezhda Mandelstam the celebrated author of Hope Against Hope; Aleksandr Galich, a poet who died recently in Paris; and Melik Agurskii, the son of the former Evsektsia leader, now living in Israel. 'Kacherginsky's efforts are described in J. Lestshchinsky, Forward (New York), May 2, 1948. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 89 Jewish cultural endeavors would soon be normalized. There were even reports that a special commission was preparing to revive Ernes, the leading Yiddish newspaper. Zalman Wendroff, a Yiddish writer, reported that a memorandum had been presented to the Central Committee of the Commu- nist Party listing the steps to be taken to reestablish Jewish cultural endeavors. All of these statements and reports proved completely hollow. Khrush- chev continued his predecessor's policy of forced assimilation. For a long time this policy was covered up by a number of Jewish journalists and writers in the West who should have known better, but apparently could not shed their pro-Soviet illusions.10 Between 1946 and 1959, a period that included six years under Khrush- chev, no Yiddish books were published in the Soviet Union. During the next 18 years some 60 Yiddish books appeared.1' Since 1972, the authoritative People's Economy has not listed Yiddish books among those published in the Soviet Union; books in some 89 other languages are listed. M. Isaev, in his National Languages in the USSR (1977), devoted two sentences to the Yiddish language. While Yiddish writers were being translated into Rus- sian, Ukrainian, and other languages, the use of Yiddish was obviously being discouraged, since it represented a form of Jewish continuity unacceptable to Soviet authorities.12 Hebrew was altogether forbidden. In the entire Soviet Union there is only one Yiddish newspaper, the Birobidzhaner Stern, issued five days a week under the editorship of No- khum Kortshminskii. This newspaper carries little news of Jewish interest. It was only in 1961, some eight years into the Khrushchev era, that a Yiddish periodical, Sovetish Heymland, appeared. Its editor is Aron Vergelis, a Yiddish poet who climbed the bureaucratic ladder to become the top apparatchik of the Soviet Union. Vergelis is a strict follower of the Party line; he knows what may be published. In 1964, replying to Ber- trand Russell's inquiry as to why Jewish cultural institutions had not been

'"For details see Leon Shapiro's Russian Jewry, 1917-1967 (New York, 1969), and the same author's outline of events in the new edition of Simon Dubnow's History of the Jews in Russia and Poland (New York, 1975). See also Salo Baron, The Russian Jews Under the Tsars and the Soviets (New York, 1976). "One Yiddish book appeared in 1960; two in 1961; one in 1962; two in 1964; four in 1965; four in 1966; four in 1967; two in 1968; nine in 1969; two in 1970; three in 1971; three in 1972; ten in 1973-74; ten in 1975-76. (There may be discrepancies in these figures when compared with official lists, since some titles appeared after substantial delays but were dated as of the year they went to the printer.) During the same period substantial publication activities were promoted among the small nationality groups of the Soviet Union. In 1962, for example, 34 books were issued in the language of the Udmurts, a people numbering some 600,000; 49 in the language of the Man's (500,000 population), and 116 in the language of the Bashkirs (1,000,000 population). 12Iliia Gordon reported in Literaturnaia Gazeta (1976) that there were some 466 titles by Yiddish writers available in 15 Soviet languages in some 45,000,000 copies. 90 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 reestablished in the Soviet Union, Vergelis stated that Soviet Jews had no need for "what is called cultural autonomy." He added that interest in Jewish culture had substantially diminished, and that it was not possible to increase it artificially. In 1966, Vergelis, on a trip to London, reported his intention to add a Russian-language section in his periodical. This never came about. Only in 1977 did Sovetish Heymland begin to include brief summaries of items in Russian and English for the benefit of those who do not read Yiddish. Over the years Sovetish Heymland has broadened its content, and it occasionally dares to introduce items of Jewish news from the United States, Israel, and other foreign countries. It has taken note of the birthdays of Gladstein, Bikel, and Weinrich, and has even published an interview with the widow of Bialik. In August 1966, it featured an article by Shmuel Gordon arguing that Jews retained a distinctive character among the other nationality groups of the Soviet Union. Since the latter half of 1977, the magazine has been publishing, in installments, a manual for those wishing to learn Yiddish. For all its shortcomings, Sovetish Heymland is important because it affords at least some form of Jewish self-expression. The periodical has a circulation of 20,000 to 25,000. According to Sovetish Heymland, there are some 100 Yiddish writers in the Soviet Union. Among them are younger men and women who, despite the difficulties presented by the unfavorable climate, choose to write in Yiddish. A number of older Yiddish writers, including Motl Saktsier, Eli Shechtman, Yankl Yakir, Meshulem Surkis, Meir Baratz, and Joseph Kerler, have left for Israel. It is not our task to evaluate Soviet Yiddish writing. Suffice it to say that it is very much in the mode of "socialist realism." It is of interest that while Russian letters has produced a number of highly talented dissenters, Yid- dish literature has not; there is no hint of underground Yiddish writing. In published works there is little mention of the Holocaust or the evils of the Stalin era. One might expect that some 25 years after they were murdered by Stalin, someone would remember in print what happened to Bergelson, Markish, Kvitko, and the others. It is clear that Kremlin leaders have a phobia about Jewish books. In December 1977, Sovetskaia Kultura carried an article by E. Evseev describing the Jewish exhibits at the Moscow International Book Fair; it bore the title "Ideological Saboteurs." Apparently, in Evseev's view, books of Jewish interest are automatically subversive. In 1978, for the first time since World War II, Kremlin officials authorized the establishment of a professional Yiddish theater in the Soviet Union. It was announced that a Jewish chamber theater, under the direction of Iurii Sherling, was rehearsing in Moscow an opera depicting the life of a Jewish SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 91 family at the beginning of the 20th century. Sherling is a director who has been active in Moscow's Maiakovski Drama Theater. Some 30 young actors and singers were to participate in the production, which was to be given in both Yiddish and Russian. Despite official discouragement, large numbers of amateur Yiddish theater and musical groups have functioned in the Soviet Union since the 195O's. When older actors, singers, and musicians initiated small circles specializing in Yiddish repertoire, younger men and women, who were interested in Jewish cultural expression, joined these efforts. Gradually, small amateur groups sprang up in Vilna, Kovno, Riga, Kishinev, Chernovits, Kiev, Leningrad, and Moscow, under the formal sponsorship of various local Soviet cultural agencies. In 1957, these groups gave 3,000 performances. In 1961, some 300,000 persons attended various programs of Yiddish repertoire. While these Jewish amateur endeavors were part of a wide system comprising similar groups performing in various other national languages, it was obvious that the authorities were not happy about the Yiddish groups; they were given no mention in the Soviet press. In Warsaw, however, the Communist Yiddish newspaper Folksztyme reported that Yiddish plays and recitals had become the most significant aspect of Soviet Jewish cultural life. The best-known of the Yiddish amateur groups is the Vilna Dramatic Ensemble, which was formed in 1956. In 1977, notwithstanding the emigration of some of its members, the group, directed by Iudl Kats and Boris Landau, maintained a high level of activity; it had a vocal group, under Emil Kanevski; a jazz group, under Iasha Magid; and a dance ensemble headed by Nikolaii Margolis and Raisa Svichova. The Moscow Yiddish Drama Ensemble, under the direction of Felix Berman and Iosef Riklin, has presented programs in Rostov, Piatigorsk, Novosibirsk, and other cities. The Kovno Yiddish Drama Ensemble, under the direction of the veteran actor Iakov Betser, had 50 members in 1976. The Birobidzhan Yiddish Folk Theater, under Berta Shilman, has a dance group and orchestra. Other amateur groups include the Leningrad Drama Ensemble, the Tallin Yiddish Drama Ensemble, the Kishinev Studio of Yiddish Drama, and the Cherno- vits Ensemble. All performed old and new Yiddish repertoire, including works by Sholem Aleichem, Goldfaden, and Peretz, as well as modern Soviet Yiddish writers. The Vilna group even presented a Yiddish version of Fiddler on the Roof."

"In many cities there were actors and musicians working alone or in groups: Nakhama Lifshits, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Sidi Tal, Anna Guzik, Dina Roitkop, Zina Privoenskaia, Zinovii Shulman, Beniamin Chaitovskii, Lea Kolina, Sonia Binik, Mark Goldin, Polina Ein- binder, Sofia Saitan, Anna Sheveleva, and Marina Gordon. Some of these performers have passed away; others have gone to Israel, the United States, and other countries. 92 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 There are many painters and sculptors in the Soviet Union working on Jewish themes, and some of them have had their works exhibited in various cities.14 Gershon Kravtsov, who has concentrated on book illustration, had a special exhibit in Moscow. In recent years Sovetish Heymland has from time to time devoted space to artists working on Jewish themes. Despite a hostile atmosphere, Soviet Jews are clearly striving to sustain some semblance of Jewish cultural life.

ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES

The late Solomon Schwarz argued that antisemitism was revived in the Soviet Union in the late 1920's after having been nearly extinguished in the immediate post-revolutionary period. The facts do not corroborate this view. Antisemitism has been endemic in Russia under both the Tsars and the Soviets. Stalin subjected the Jews to terror, while under Khrushchev they were gradually placed in a "special" category, as they had been in the time of the Tsars. No longer "Christ-killers," they were now regarded as a "rootless" element, plotting with Russia's enemies in the West and engaging in Zionist conspiracies. After Khrushchev's ouster, his successors followed his policy with respect to Jews. Indeed, Brezhnev and his colleagues took the policy for granted. Ilya Ehrenburg, the writer and staunch advocate of Jewish assimilation, was forced to take note of the growing antisemitism in the Soviet Union. In a series of articles published in Novy Mir (1959), he warned the Russian intelligentsia in a roundabout fashion about the dangers of antisemitism. His novels The Storm and The Thaw reflected the problematic Jewish condition. He was more aware than others of the existence of anti-Jewish bias, having been attached during World War II to the Red Army, where antisemitism was quite widespread. Other writers of Jewish origin, including Margareta Aliger and Pavel Antokolskii, touched upon the new Jewish situation in their works. During the transition period that followed the end of World War II, it became obvious that anti-Jewish bias had permeated all sectors of Soviet

''Among the painters and sculptors are Solomon Gershov, Meir Axelrod, S. Kaufman, Aron Futerman, Aleksandr Gluskin, Tanchum Kaplan, Viktor Midler, Shlome Iudovich, Leib Zevin, Robert Falk, Shmuel Kozin, Boris Valit, Mark Klionskii, Max Gelman, Joseph Chai- kov, Shaia Bronstein, Aleksandr Tishler, Nohem Alpert, Zinovii Tolkachev, Hersh Inger, Shlome Teilingater, Mikhail Gurevich, Isroel Silberman, I. Mastbaum, E. Kogan, Oleg Fired, and Moishe Veinman. Some of these artists are no longer alive; others have emigrated to the West. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 93 society. The government took no measures against increased overt antisemitism, and in many ways encouraged it for its own purposes. The country had been liberated from the Nazis, but in many areas anti-Bolshevik bands which had collaborated with the Germans during the war were still causing trouble. The authorities were trying to arrive at an acceptable arrangement with the rightist Ukrainian extremists who, under Hitler, had participated in anti-Jewish excesses. Thus, Jews encountered difficulties in attempting to return to their homes in the Ukraine. Khrushchev, who was "boss" of the Ukraine at that time, also decided to conciliate the Ukrainians by not reappointing Jewish officials to high posts. The local population interpreted these moves as clearly anti-Jewish measures and understood that there was no longer a need to conceal their own hostile feelings toward Jews. Khrushchev, as was noted above, was one of the framers of the Jewish policy under Stalin. He was frank about his opinion of Jews." Speaking to a French Socialist delegation in May 1956, he stated: "At the beginning of the revolution the Jews were more educated than the average Russian Since then we have created new cadres . and now if the Jews were to occupy first place, it would spread discontent among the inhabitants who have roots in the country." For Khrushchev, Jews could not be considered as having "roots" in Russia. When the poet Evgenii Evtuchenko, scandal- ized by the absence of a monument at the site of the Nazi massacre of Kiev's Jews, wrote his celebrated poem "Babii Iar," Khrushchev, at a meeting of Soviet writers in 1962, attacked the poet for focusing on Jewish victims, and accused him of lying about antisemitism in the Soviet Union. The attack on Evtuchenko was no mere temperamental outburst; it was an effort to eradicate the memory of Babii Iar. Shostakovitch's "Thirteenth Sym- phony," which used the text of Evtuchenko's poem, was harshly criticized by Khrushchev at a meeting of the Ideological Commission of the Party and was removed from the repertoire. Elimination of Jews from positions of responsibility in Soviet society came about gradually. In the country at large the process took a long time; within the Party it was easier. With the liquidation of the so-called anti- Party group in 1957, Lazar Kaganovich, the last Jewish member of the Politburo, was ousted. Although the "anti-Party" group had no connection with Jewish affairs, Kaganovich's ouster was symbolic. It was the end of a Jewish presence among the Party leadership. Today there are only three

"Khrushchev reportedly used antisemitic expressions in speaking about Polish Jewish Com- munists during his visit to Warsaw to attend the funeral of Boleslav Bierut. He is said to have asked his Polish friends about the number of "Rabinoviches" still occupying responsible positions. See Bulletin Interieur de VInformation (Paris), November 5, 1965, and Realties (Paris), March 1957. 94 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Jews who hold positions of responsibility: Beniamin Dymshits, who serves as Vice Prime Minister, and Aleksandr Chaikovsky and Lev Volodarskii, who are members of the Party's Central Committee. Jews have also disappeared from secondary Party positions, such as regional and territorial secretaryships. (Lev Shapiro, a Jew, is the Party secretary in the Jewish autonomous region of Birobidzhan.) There are no Jews in top policy-making positions in the Army or Foreign Office." Jewish executives in Soviet institutions have difficulty gaining promotions, and are often forced to take early retirement to give their non-Jewish colleagues "a chance." Finally, a quota system for Jews has been introduced in many professions. An examination of Jewish representation in the various Soviets provides an illuminating case study of how Jews have been "put in their place" in the Soviet Union. In 1937, during the worst period of Stalin's terror, there were 47 Jews among Supreme Soviet deputies; 32 among the 569 deputies of the Soviet of the Union, and 15 among the 574 of the Soviet of the Nationalities. In 1958, under Khrushchev, there were five Jews among the 1,384 deputies in both chambers, two in the Soviet of the Union and three in the Soviet of the Nationalities. The same numbers and the same distribution obtained in 1962. This figure of five to six Jewish deputies, obviously based on a quota, has remained fixed. In 1974, there were six Jews among the 1,517 deputies; two among the 767 in the Soviet of the Union, and four among the 750 in the Soviet of the Nationalities. Even more significant are the figures for the Soviets of the constituent and autonomous republics. In 1961, under Khrushchev, there were only 13 Jews among 5,761 members of the Soviets of the constituent republics, and only 11 among 2,848 members of the Soviets of the autonomous republics. In 1963, of a total of 1,958,566 deputies of all local Soviets, there were 7,623 Jews. Soviet Jews are concentrated in certain specific areas of activity. They are widely represented in economic planning, accounting, and sales and mer- chandising. Many are in science, medicine, and technology. In 1960, there were 20 Jewish members in the Academy of Medicine, and 57 in the Academy of Sciences. Among scholars receiving the Lenin Prize in 1964 were 13 Jews; in 1968 there were 30. These were individuals who had made their careers some time ago. Since 1968, the proportion of Jews among prize-winners has been declining, despite the great reservoir of Jewish tal- ent. There has been a steady decline in the proportion of Jewish students in universities and other institutions of higher learning. In 1960, Jewish students numbered 77,176 (3.2 per cent); in 1965, 94,600 (2.5 per cent); and

"In the early 1970's, a Jewish naval officer in Leningrad was told by his superior that he could not expect normal advancement because this would mean placing a Jew in a "sensitive" position. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 95 in 1972, 88,500 (1.9 per cent). The decline continued in 1974 and 1975. There is no doubt that a numerus clausus has been introduced in the universities, particularly in the prestigious schools of higher learning in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, and Kharkov, and in some specialized institutions providing courses in foreign affairs, journalism, and the like." There are no discriminatory laws on the books, but the authorities have devised ways of excluding Jewish students, even those with excellent credentials.18 Some university professors are openly antisemitic, but there is no one to whom Jewish students can complain. Jews admitted to universities are often denied normal advancement in accordance with their academic standing. In 1961 and 1962, special legislation was enacted to fight economic crimes. At first, the new decree prescribed imprisonment for acts considered harmful to the Soviet economy. Soon, however, capital punishment was introduced and made retroactive for those already imprisoned. The new legislation was intended to combat widespread malfeasance and pilfering in state enterprises. Since a relatively large number of Jews worked in these enterprises, the economic trials took on a clearly anti-Jewish character. In the proceedings, special attention was directed to Jewish surnames or other indications of the Jewish origin of the defendants. It was a repetition, on a smaller scale, of the methods used in preparation for the "doctors' plot" trials. The first trial for economic crimes, held in Moscow in 1961, involved two Jewish defendants, Rokotov and Faibishevich. During the next two years at least 56 such trials took place, with 111 defendants (60 per cent of them Jewish) being sentenced to death. An examination of the trials reveals that Jewish defendants were punished much more harshly than non-Jewish ones. Contrary to usual practice, details of the cases were publicized in newspapers and other media long before the opening of the trials, exposing the defendants to ridicule and contempt not only for the crimes they had allegedly committed, but also for their Jewishness. In 1963, Bertrand Russell wrote to Khrushchev protesting the cruelty of the trials and the disproportionate number of death sentences meted out to

"An open letter addressed by G. Svirsky to V. Mishin of Gorky University, published in samizdat, is to the point here. Mishin had published a study, Social Progress (1970), in which he suggested that the Soviet Union adopt a policy of "national equalization" in education. Mishin objected to the fact that the percentage of students of Armenian or Georgian origin was only twice as large as their proportion in the population, while the ratio of Jewish students was seven times as large. Svirsky pointed out that if Mishin's formula were adopted, the number of Jewish students would represent 1.1 per cent of the total, indicating a return to the numerus clausus that had existed under the Tsars. He called Mishin's proposal a formula for intellectual genocide. "A Jewish candidate may be subjected to several hours of preliminary examination in mathematics, instead of the usual one hour. 96 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Jews. Russell, supported by Linus Pauling, Francois Mauriac, Albert Schweitzer, and many other Western intellectuals, charged that the trials manifested a rabid antisemitism. Khrushchev denied the charge. The trials continued after Khrushchev's ouster in 1964, but beginning some time in 1966, mention of economic crimes began to disappear from the Soviet press. There is no doubt that the actual number of trials for economic crimes was much larger than we have indicated, since many took place in the various republics and, due to language barriers, probably did not come to the attention of outside observers." During the 1960's and 1970's, anti-Jewish writings became widespread in the USSR. While such writings were not new, they first acquired respectability during the Khrushchev era. Anti-Jewish writings continued to appear after Khrushchev's departure from office, and under Brezhnev became an accepted part of Soviet literary production. Between 1960 and 1978, 90 such books were published in various languages. It must be kept in mind that there is no private publishing in the Soviet Union, and that every antisemitic book has been reviewed and approved by an appropriate state organ. In 1961, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences published Trofim Kichko's Judaism Without Embellishment. Kichko's thesis is that the Bible and Talmud preach hatred for non-Jews, and that Jews are swindlers and ex- ploiters. The book's cover, modeled on Nazi propaganda, shows a hook- nosed Jew wearing a prayer shawl, his hands dripping with blood. Several works, among them F. Maiaski's Contemporary Judaism and Zionism (1964), lurii Ivanovo Caution Zionism (1970), and V. Bolshakov's Zionism in the Service of Anti-Communism (n.d.), have attempted to show the similarities between Zionism and Naziism. Evgenii Evseev's Fascism Under the Blue Star charges Zionists with conducting a conscious policy of genocide. According to Evseev, Zionists dominate the world and have participated in mass killings, including the slaughter at Babii Iar. Evseev's book was published in 1971 by Komsomol, the Communist youth organization, with a printing of 75,000 copies. In some places, particularly the Ukraine, local writers have dealt with the subject of the "special Jewish character," making use of the propaganda of the Tsarist "Black Hundreds." These works provoked Aron Vergelis, the editor of Sovetish Heymland, to publish a two-part article, aptly titled "Not Only Ignorance," pointing out the dangers of the anti-Jewish propaganda contained in them. Vergelis strongly condemned the authors, accusing them of falsification and distortion. Fi- nally, mention should be made of such anti-Jewish novels as I. Shevtov's In the Name of the Father and the Son (1970) and lurii Kolesnikov's The

"See Solomon Schwartz, Evreii v Soy Soiuze, (New York, 1966). SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 97 Promised Land (1972). Shevtov's novel, which can only be described as a romantic version of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion," was well received by the press, and enjoyed a success among young readers. At times, Soviet anti-Jewish propaganda takes on a paranoid quality. Thus, the official "White Book" on the invasion of Czechoslovakia, published in several languages, repeats the accusation that the changes introduced in Prague by Dubchek were connected with international Zionism. Zionism: Theory and Practice (1973), published by the Academy of Sciences, emphasizes the links between Jewish banking families, and their central role in promoting international Zionism. T. Solodarys The Wild Wormwood (1977) presents a grotesque caricature of the Jewish religion. It is ironic that the old Russian "Protocols" have been resurrected and are being used by Marxist "scholars" in the Soviet Union. The Soviet press engages in systematic anti-Jewish propaganda depicting Jews as conspirators working against the Soviet state. Newspaper articles use anti-Jewish stereotypes and appeal to the worst instincts of readers. Such articles, many of which are on a par with Nazi propaganda, appear in Pravda, Isvestia, Ogonek, Komsomolskaia Pravda, Pravda Ukrainy, Zvezda, Nedelia, Sovetskaia Rossia, and other newspapers and periodicals. On September 19, 1972, the Soviet news agency Novosti published an article linking the "evils" of Zionism with Jewish religious teachings. When the article was reprinted in USSR, the bulletin of the Soviet embassy in Paris, a stir was created among Western Communists. The International League Against Anti-Semitism in Paris brought a civil suit against Novosti, and on March 26, 1973, a French court found the managing editor of USSR guilty of defamation and incitement to racial hatred.20 Anti-Jewish propaganda extends also to radio broadcasts and lecture series. An important current "authority" on the Jewish question is Valerii Emelianov, an economist and university professor. In his lectures he speaks of a Jewish-Masonic plot to dominate the world. In January 1977, Soviet television presented an hour-long documentary film, The Buyers of Souls, which was replete with caricatures of Jewish money men and Jews conspiring with foreign governments. One final aspect of Soviet anti-Jewish propaganda that should be noted is the silent treatment accorded the Jewish past. Soviet social scientists are engaged in a deliberate attempt to obliterate the very history of Russian Jewry. The first edition (1932) of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia devoted 160 columns to "The Jews," while the most recent edition contains only two columns. The latest editions of textbooks on ancient and medieval history devote two or three lines to the Jews. It is worth noting in this context

20See AJYB, Vol. 75, 1974-75, p. 500. 98 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 that while very little work in the field of Semitic and Hebraic studies is maintained at university level, the Near-Eastern division of the Leningrad Institute for Oriental Research commemorated in 1975 the 100th anniversary of the death of the Karaite scholar Avram Firkovich. Since Karaites are not viewed as Jews by the authorities, their history is treated with respect. The policy of disregarding Jewish aspects of the Holocaust, inaugu- rated under Stalin and Khrushchev, continues under Brezhnev. The USSR is the only country in Eastern Europe without a monument dedicated specifically to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Repeatedly, Soviet police have prevented Jews from placing wreaths at the site of the massacre at Babii Iar. The irony of Soviet anti-Jewish policy is that it makes the assimilation of Jews, which continues to be the stated policy of the regime, impossible. It may well be, therefore, that the future will witness the emergence of two Marrano-like Jewish communities in the Soviet Union—one consisting of Jews who wish to live Jewishly, and the other made up of Jewish Commu- nists (in 1976 there were 299,744 dues-paying Jewish members of the Party) unable to find a place for themselves in Soviet society.

JEWISH DISSIDENCE

Stalin's death accelerated changes in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev's "liberalization" made for a somewhat more open climate that encouraged, for the first time in decades, the emergence of political dissent—a dissent which began to be manifested in the middle 1960's.21 In 1965, the writers Andreii Siniavskii and Juli Daniel were arrested for publishing their books abroad under pen names. Following the invasion of Cze- choslovakia in 1968, Pavel Litvinov and others demonstrated openly against the Soviet action. A leading Soviet physicist, Andreii Sakharov, made a plea for intellectual freedom. In a widely-circulated essay, "Thoughts about Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Free- dom," he denounced Soviet censorship. An illegal Soviet periodical, Chronicle of Current Events, focused on issues of concern to the dissidents. The authorities tried to stop the movement by various means; some dissidents were exiled, and others were forced to go abroad after

JIThere are a number of discernible trends among the dissidents: neo-Communists who want to return to Leninist tradition; human rights advocates; neo-Slavophiles; Christian socialists influenced by the thinking of Nicholas Berdiaev; democratic-socialists; and various nationality groups. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 99 serving prison sentences.22 From the beginning, Jewish intellectuals played an important role in the dissident movement. Even more remarkable than the emergence of a general movement of dissent was the development of a specifically Jewish dissident movement. For the first time in decades, Jews in various Soviet cities began establishing liaison with one another; their aim was to leave the Soviet Union. The creation of the State of Israel and the Six-Day War of 1967 had a significant impact in increasing the resistance of Jews to ethnic and cultural assimilation. While there was some contact between the Jewish dissident movement and other dissident groups, the Jews chose to act on their own politically. There was a nearly exclusive emphasis on emigration; the motto of the Jewish dissidents was "Let my people go." They did not seek to bring about changes in Soviet society, or to revitalize Jewish life there. Jewish dissidents wanted to be "repatriated" to their "homeland," Israel. Among these dissidents, Vladimir Slepak, Veniamin Levich, Anatolli Shcharanski, and others who were refused exit visas became well known in the West.23 Many Jewish dissidents have struggled to lead a Jewish life in the Soviet Union while awaiting emigration. Groups of young Jews have organized small circles for the study of the Hebrew language and Jewish history, and for the celebration of festivals. Jewish scientists who have been refused exit visas have organized seminars dealing with their areas of specialization and with Jewish subjects. Some Jews have defied the authorities by organizing protests and sit-ins (including a sit-in at the offices of the Supreme Soviet), by submitting petitions to Soviet leaders, and by appealing to world public opinion.24 Some Jewish dissidents have publicly renounced their Soviet citizenship, declaring themselves to be Israeli citizens, and demanding the right to emigrate. On Jewish festivals, large crowds have gathered in silent protest outside various synagogues.

"Among those forced to leave the Soviet Union were Aleksandr Esenin-Volpin, Valerii Chalidze, Zhores Medvedev, Iosif Brodsky, Andreii Siniavskii, Pavel Litvinov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Andreii Amalrik, Vladimir Bukovskii, Leonid Pliushch, Vladimir Maksimov, Viktor Nekrasov, General Grigorenko, Ernest Neizvestnyi, Mstislav Rostropovich, Galina Vishnevskaia, and Valentin Turchin. 2)It is important to distinguish between Jewish dissidents, most of whom are of right-wing Zionist orientation, and the larger Jewish emigration movement, which is essentially motivated by non-political considerations. "Among the petitioners were 26 Jewish intellectuals in Lithuania, including Party members, who called the attention of the Central Committee of the Party to the anti-Jewish writings being published by the Soviet press. In another petition, some 900 Jews complained that there was "no Jewish culture in the Soviet Union" and no possibility of living a Jewish life there, and requested permission to go to Israel. Some 100 Jewish protesters in Moscow presented a list of grievances to officials of the Central Committee. More than 150 Jewish activists from eight different cities protested at the Soviet Presidium against the refusal of the authorities to grant them exit visas. 100 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Soviet authorities have employed severe measures against the Jewish dissidents. They have prevented Jewish travelers from coming to Moscow to discuss plans for emigration. They have disconnected telephones to prevent communication between dissidents and their supporters at home and abroad. Many Jewish dissidents have been arrested and sentenced to prison terms. The case of Boris Kochubievskii of Kiev received wide publicity in both the Soviet Union and the West in 1969. In 1970 in Leningrad, there was a celebrated trial involving 12 individuals accused of attempting to hijack a Soviet airliner at Smolny Airport in order to fly it to Sweden. Eight of the defendants—Joseph Mandelevich, Urii Fedorov, Aleksandr Murzhenko, Leib Chanokh, Anatolii Altman, Boris Penson, Israel Zalman- son, and Mendel Bodnia—were sentenced to prison terms of 4 to 14 years. Under pressure from the West, death sentences pronounced on two other defendants, Mark Dymshits and Edward Kuznetsov, were commuted to 15 years in prison. Wolf Zalmanson, an army officer, was court-martialed and sentenced to ten years. At another trial in Leningrad, nine Jewish defendants—Gila Butman, Mikhail Kornblit, Lassal Kaminskii, Lev Iagman, Vladimir Mogilever, Solomon Dreizner, Viktor Boguslavskii, Lev Kornblit, and Viktor Shtillman—were charged with belonging to an Israel-directed Zionist organization, and with distributing an illegal samizdat publication, Iton. The defendants were sentenced to prison terms of one to ten years. In 1975, Mikhail Shtern, a Jewish doctor in Vinnitsa whose children had applied for an exit visa, was brought to trial on trumped-up charges of bribery and given a harsh prison sentence. Other trials took place in Ki- shinev, Vinnitsa, Sverdlovsk, Kiev, Odessa, Riga, and Rostov. In an attempt to discourage the emigration of individuals with an advanced education, a special education tax was introduced in August 1972. Soviet citizens obtaining exit visas were required to reimburse the state for the costs of their education at the rate of 5,400 rubles for a diploma equivalent to a B.A., and 19,000 rubles for a candidate degree equivalent to a European doctorate. In 1971, after vigorous protest in both the USSR and the West, the tax law was abrogated. Soviet officials were not in a position, short of returning to Stalinist methods of mass repression, to put an end to the dissident movement. Thus, despite the hostile attitude of the authorities, the number of Jews expressing a desire to go to Israel increased, and Jewish emigration assumed substantial proportions. Small groups left in 1968 and 1969. In 1970, 1,000 left; in 1971, 14,000; in 1972, 33,000; in 1973, 35,000; in 1974, 20,000; in 1975, 13,000; in 1976, 15,000; and in 1977, 16,000. All told, 147,000 Jews emigrated in the period between 1968 and 1977. At first, the vast bulk of the emigrants went to Israel. As time passed, however, more and more of them chose to go to the United States, Canada, and other Western countries. By SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 101 1976, the figure for those emigrants choosing not to go to Israel had reached 50 per cent. This situation provoked an intense debate in Israel and the West, with some advocating that measures be taken against emigrants choosing to go to the West. As of this writing, common sense has prevailed, and Soviet Jewish emigrants are free to choose the country to which they will go. Throughout the period under review there were protests in the free world on behalf of Soviet Jews, particularly the "refusniks," i.e., those refused exit permits. In the United States, the National Conference on Soviet Jewry, the New York Conference on Soviet Jewry, and the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry were in the forefront of these activities. Many non-Jews, including writers, scientists, and clergymen, joined in these efforts. In February 1971, the World Conference on Soviet Jewry was held in Brussels, with 800 delegates from 38 countries attending. In February 1976, 1,200 leading representatives of Jewish organizations from 32 countries met for a second time in Brussels. Stimulated by interested Jewish groups, U.S. Senator Henry M. Jackson, supported by 74 other United States senators, introduced an amendment to a 1973 trade agreement granting most-favored-nation status to the Soviet Union. The Jackson amendment sought to block the agreement if Soviet authorities did not stop harassing Jewish would-be emigrants. In Moscow the Jackson amendment was openly supported by Andrei Sakharov, but was opposed by another leading dissident, the historian Roy Madvedev. Mos- cow rejected the proposed amendment as an attempt to interfere in its internal affairs. Jewish emigration from the USSR continues, with would-be emigrants basing their demands for exit visas, in part, on the 1973 Helsinki accord, which called for an increase in "human contacts" and the solution of "humanitarian problems." Groups have been established in various countries to monitor compliance with the Helsinki agreement. According to Amnesty International, 230 individuals in the Soviet Union have been jailed, deported, or committed to a mental clinic, in contravention to the Helsinki provisions. Many members of Helsinki monitoring groups in various Soviet cities have been arrested and convicted. In 1977, one such individual, Anatolii Shcharanskii, who was also active in the Jewish dissident movement and was among the "refusniks," was charged with espionage on behalf of the United States. Shcharanskii's trial, with strong anti- Jewish overtones, provoked a wave of protest in the West. President Jimmy Carter officially denied any connection between Shcharanskii and the CIA. Nevertheless, the defendant was given a heavy prison sentence. We do not know the rationale behind Soviet policy with respect to Jewish emigration. Free emigration is an anomaly in the Soviet Union, since it 102 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 implies a desire to leave the Soviet "paradise" for a "lower capitalist order." Soviet authorities must also reckon with the possibility that other groups will follow the example of the Jews. Indeed, some have already done so— the Volga Germans, the Dukhobors, and others. Among other factors which may play a role in Soviet emigration policy are the desire to get rid of Jewish activists and thus deprive the Jewish community of politically dangerous leadership; the desire to remove Jews from sensitive border areas; the desire to placate fiercely nationalistic local populations; and the desire to eliminate a minority group which, according to Soviet theory, should "die out," but which apparently is unwilling to do so. Only brief reference need be made to Soviet-Israel relations. When Israel became a nation, Kremlin leaders—counting on the support of the large number of Russian Jews there—assumed that they would be able to use it as a base for penetration of the Middle East. Israel, however, was unwilling to serve Soviet interests. The Soviets then opted for the Arabs. Soviet policy toward Israel soon took on a clearly antisemitic character, and over the years anti-Zionist and anti-Israeli propaganda has proceeded unabated. The Soviet Union was one of the countries that voted in favor of the 1975 resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations equating Zionism with racism and racial discrimination.

CONCLUSION

Looking back, it is possible to delineate three stages in the development of anti-Jewish bias in the USSR. Under Stalin, it took the form of violent and repressive acts culminating in the annihilation of Jewish intellectuals and the "doctors' plot"; under Khrushchev, it took the form of widespread discrimination, sometimes disguised and sometimes open, in all areas of social life; under Brezhnev, the Khrushchev policy has become routinized and pervasive, signifying a return to the type of situation existing during the time of the antisemitic Tsarist "Black Hundreds." Soviet society has lost its ideological foundation; little or no value is attached to Party policy pronouncements. The society is sick with alcoholism, and crime, particularly among 14- to 18-year-olds, is on the increase. At the same time, it is a conservative society that is unable to change or to find innovative means for the solution of its problems. Under these conditions, Jews serve as a convenient scapegoat. We must be careful in making statements about the future of Soviet Jewry. Still, it is possible to point to a number of factors which will almost certainly play a role in determining what happens to the Jews in the Soviet Union. SOVIET JEWRY SINCE THE DEATH OF STALIN / 103 Much depends on who will succeed the present leaders of the Politburo, most of whose members are over 70 years of age and whose leading man, Brezhnev, is apparently very ill. Will it be the heirs of Stalin or some other group? In the long run, a change at the top will have an impact on the Jewish situation;25 a change in leadership will affect the minorities in the Soviet Union, including the Jews. There is no doubt that Soviet Jews are threatened with assimilation. Jewish history indicates, however, that assimilation is not a simple process. A community of 2,700,000 Jews, with a great heritage, is not likely to disappear without resistance. The events taking place in the Soviet Union today are, in fact, an expression of such resistance. While at the present time Jewish dissidence is oriented mainly toward emigration, in the future it may well take another direction. Judging by present conditions in both Russia and the West, it is difficult to envision a mass exodus of Soviet Jews. Recognition of this fact should help put the emigration issue into proper perspective. Despite its importance, it should not monopolize the attention and efforts of those seeking to help Soviet Jews. Attempts should be made to strengthen Jewish life in the Soviet Union.

"See T.R. Rigby, "The Soviet Regional Leadership—the Brezhnev Generation," Slavic Review, March 1978, pp. 1-24. See also AJYB, Vol. 78, 1978, pp. 426-427.

Review of the Year

UNITED STATES OTHER COUNTRIES

Civic and Political

Intergroup Relations

X^ OLITICAL COMMENTATORS felt that Americans were moving to the right politically in 1977. There was a good deal of talk about the "New Conserva- tism," which sought to draw the line somewhere on public spending, and which insisted on a cost-benefit approach to social programs. The "New Conservatism" affirmed the need for equal opportunity for Blacks and women, but strongly opposed quotas. All this, of course, had important implications for intergroup relations.

Race and Ethnicity

BAKKE CASE There was agreement among legal scholars and intergroup relations specialists that the Bakke case was one of the most important civil-rights issues to come before the United States Supreme Court in this century. Alan Bakke sued the University of California's Davis Medical School for denying him admission. Bakke argued that he had been discriminated against on grounds of race, since the medical school had accepted minority group students with lower grades. The university did in fact have a special program which applied separate and lower standards to Blacks, and set aside a quota of 16 seats out of 100 for minority students. The California Supreme Court, in September 1976, decided by a six-to- one vote that the special admissions program was in violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Regents of the University of California appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which heard arguments on the case in October 1977. Jewish groups, reflecting the Jewish community's fear of quotas and support of the merit system, came out in favor of Bakke. They argued, as a joint press release issued by the American Jewish Committee and American Jewish Congress put it, "that the use of racial quotas as advocated by the University of California would sacrifice the basic principles of racial equality for expediency and short-term advantage ... and [would be] profoundly damaging to the fabric of the American society." Black groups and others arguing against Bakke's admission asserted that if he 107 108 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 prevailed, Black gains in college admissions and hiring would be permanently reversed. In a September 9 telegram to President Carter, a coalition of 15 prominent Black leaders urged him to intervene directly in the writing of the Justice Depart- ment brief in the case. The telegram warned that any brief taking the side of Bakke would "sabotage Black advances and frustrate minorities who look to your administration for help." In the months preceding the scheduled hearing of arguments before the Supreme Court, expressions of concern by pro- and anti-Bakke forces grew in intensity. Supreme Court officials noted that the Bakke case generated more legal briefs from interested parties than any other case argued before ihe high court in more than 20 years. In total, 58 amicus briefs were filed on behalf of 162 organizations and individuals, and the United States Government; 41 of the briefs supported the University of California; 16 argued that Bakke's constitutional rights had been violated; the U.S. Government brief, reflecting much internal debate and external pressure, argued that racial factors may be taken into account in attempting to compensate for the effect of previous discrimination, but evaded the question of the constitutionality of quotas per se. The Bakke case created a strange tangle of alliances. Pro-Bakke briefs were filed by, among others, the American Jewish Committee, the Sons of Italy, and the Polish American Affairs Council. Among those opposing Bakke were the Japanese Ameri- can Citizens League, various Black organizations, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The "liberal" American Federation of Teachers and the "conservative" Young Americans for Freedom supported Bakke. The "liberal" National Associa- tion for the Advancement of Colored People and the "conservative" American Bar Association sided with the University of California. In a column appearing in the Black-oriented Amsterdam News, Clayton Jones, a New York lawyer, attacked the Jewish community for supporting Bakke. "Orga- nized Jewiy," Jones wrote, "has taken the position that affirmative action to remove the vestiges of 400 years of white racism is acceptable, but that preferential treatment to achieve a specific goal is somehow un-American." Pointing to the creation of the State of Israel, Jones argued that Jews were in fact "the greatest beneficiaries of preferential treatment in the history of mankind." Not all Black leaders shared the view of those who argued that the future of Blacks in America depended on the results of the Bakke decision. Civil-rights activist Bayard Rustin saw this claim as "greatly exaggerated." Rustin insisted that the issue was not affirmative action, but quotas. "Most affirmative action programs," he maintained, "do not rely on rigid numerical quotas, and this has not prevented them from helping to place thousands of Blacks in jobs and college programs." Taking cognizance of the developing polarization over the Bakke case, he warned Blacks that by overestimating the significance of the case, they were "setting up a situation which will encourage people to lash back at those such as Jewish groups and some labor unions who oppose the civil rights position on this issue, but who may be solid allies in the struggle for economic change." INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 109 It seemed inevitable that the Bakke case, whatever its ultimate outcome, would leave a residue of bitterness. Writing in the Nation, Paul Delaney stressed that Blacks and other minorities saw the case as proving "that white liberals were unreliable as allies." Naomi Levine, executive director of the American Jewish Congress, observed that "the civil rights movement has been torn over the issue of quotas. " Hoping to stave off a crisis in race relations, the 79 organizations belonging to the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights pledged to "work together in the future as we have in the past to secure civil rights for all our citizens."

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION The debate and controversy surrounding the Bakke case heightened public consciousness of the Government's commitment to affirmative action. Quite often, however, the discussion was marred by a blurring of the distinction between affirmative action and quotas. Major Jewish organizations made strenuous efforts to explain the difference between the two, stressing that they favored affirmative action but opposed racial and ethnic quotas as a means of compensating for past discrimination against minorities. The Government's commitment to affirmative action was enunciated by Vice- President Walter Mondale, who pledged that the Carter Administration would "not turn its back on 200 years of discrimination against minority groups in this land. We think [affirmative action] is an essential and positive tool to overcome past denial." Despite the Government's position, poll data compiled by the Gallup organization indicated that the overwhelming majority of Americans regarded affirmative action as nothing more than reverse discrimination, and were opposed to it. A Gallup poll revealed that eight out of ten people believed that ability, as determined by examination, should be the main criterion in selecting students for college admission. Seymour Lipset and William Schneider, in reviewing 30 years of poll data on the subject, concluded that the majority of Americans rejected the concept of preferential treatment in hiring or university admissions. They noted, however, that most Americans, while insisting on strict adherence to merit standards, were willing to accept programs that helped disadvantaged groups to meet those standards. Where government programs were viewed as de facto quotas or reverse discrimination, Americans, in increasing numbers, took to the courts to prevent their implementation. Thus, the Association of General Contractors, a national trade association of construction companies, sought in October 1977 an injunction against a government requirement that ten per cent of a $4-billion public works project be given to minority contractors. A number of white male applicants for university teaching positions legally contested affirmative action programs which favored women and minorities. Steelworkers in Louisiana, firemen in Pittsburgh, and teachers in Detroit filed suits on similar grounds. 110 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Taking cognizance of the growing number of lawsuits challenging affirmative action programs, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) released a proposed set of guidelines designed to protect companies from lawsuits charging reverse discrimination. The guidelines, applicable to both private and governmental employers, advised that "the remedial and/or affirmative action programs may be race, color, sex, and ethnic conscious and may include goals and timetables, ratios, and other numerical remedies." The American Jewish Commit- tee, the American Jewish Congress and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith urged the EEOC to revise the guidelines, claiming that they "encouraged employers to hire and promote preferentially," and failed "to prohibit the hiring or promotion of persons less qualified over those better qualified for reasons of race, ethnicity, or sex."

BLACKS Roger Wilkins, a prominent Black spokesman, writing at the end of 1977, stated that the "mood of informed segments of Black America is grim this Christmas season." Citing a recent discussion among Black journalists, he reported that they were "uniformly gloomy about racial developments in 1977, and pessimistic about prospects for 1978 because of the high rate of Black unemployment both among adults and particularly among Black teenagers, and the lack of response to Black concerns by the Carter Administration." Herbert Hill, former national labor director for the NAACP, was even more grim. Speaking in Washington, D.C. on Decem- ber 5, Hill asserted that a "counterrevolution against the civil rights of Blacks" was under way, and warned of an impending "explosion in the ghettos." U.S. News & World Report, citing figures released by the United States Depart- ment of Labor, noted that the gap between Black and white unemployment rates had widened in 1977; the unemployment rate for whites was 6.1 per cent, while that for Blacks was 15 per cent. Unemployment among Black teenagers was a staggering 40 per cent. On the other hand, data revealed that the proportion of Black families with income over $15,000 had increased twice as fast as that of whites. The U.S. Civil Service Commission reported that the number of Blacks and other minorities in high-paying Federal jobs was increasing rapidly. Minorities now constituted 7.1 per cent of the top civil servants, in contrast to 5.5 per cent in 1973. The Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education and the National Association of State, University, and Land Grant Colleges, reported in October that the percentage of Blacks enrolled in the nation's colleges, universities, and professional schools continued to rise. It was noted that 41 per cent of those Blacks who sought entrance to medical schools were admitted, as against 37 per cent of whites. School desegregation problems persisted in the larger cities of the North. A study by Diane Ravitch, a Columbia University historian, revealed that minority group children outnumbered whites in all but eight of the country's largest cities, and that the trend was continuing. In New York City, public schools were 67 per cent INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 111 non-white; in Chicago, 70 per cent; in Detroit, 81 per cent; and in Washington, D.C., 96 per cent. William L. Taylor, director of the Center for National Policy Review, observed that "we are getting into the problem of whole school districts that are racially isolated." Given the overwhelming support which Blacks gave Jimmy Carter in the 1976 elections, Black leaders assumed that they would have ready access to the White House. More importantly, they anticipated that the new president would be responsive to their political agenda. Yet, while the doors of the White House were open to them, Black leaders were disappointed by what they perceived as a lack of tangible results. The Congressional Black Caucus complained that no Black other than UN Ambassador Andrew Young was close to President Carter; that the President was unenthusiastic about their number one legislative priority, the Hum- phrey-Hawkins Full Employment Bill; and that Carter had little or no interest in such matters as welfare reform, tax revision, and national health insurance. Vernon Jordan, executive director of the Urban League, sharply criticized the President. In a July 21 press interview, Jordan declared: "We expected Mr. Carter to be working as hard to meet the needs of minorities and the poor as he did to get our vote. But so far, we have been disappointed." Blacks continued to place heavy emphasis on electoral politics, and with increasing success. For the first time in 75 years, a Black, John D. Bryant, was elected to Boston's School Committee. Bryant's victory was particularly impressive given the bitter struggle that had taken place in Boston over court-ordered bussing. According to data compiled by the Washington-based Joint Center for Political Studies, Blacks registered other impressive political gains. The Center reported that there were 4,311 Black elected officials nationwide, including 295 in Mississippi, 281 in Illinois, 276 in Louisiana, 235 in Michigan, 225 in Georgia, 221 in North Carolina, 218 in Arkansas, and 201 in Alabama. There were four Black elected state officials, and 163 Black mayors. In the past decade, there had been an 81-per-cent increase in Black state senators and a 74-per-cent increase in Black state representatives. While the Bakke case led to strains in Black-Jewish relations, there were positive developments as well. The Black Americans to Support Israel Committee (BASIC), under the leadership of Bayard Rustin, played an important role in informing the Black community about developments in Israel. The Chicago Daily Defender, a leading Black newspaper, praised Israel for her relations with Black Africa. In Chicago, a group of prominent Jews and Blacks, led by Rabbi Robert J. Marx and the Reverend Jesse Jackson, met in August to form an organization which would address itself to the concerns of both communities. The Chicago chapter of the American Jewish Committee sponsored a law career seminar at Malcolm X College for 80 minority students. The presidents of the American Jewish Committee and the American Jewish Congress publicly urged increased efforts at the junior and senior high school level to help Blacks prepare for medical and other professional careers. 112 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

ALIENS The problem of illegal aliens entering and remaining in the United States continued to be a divisive issue on the American scene. While estimates varied, the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Justice Department estimated the number of illegal aliens in the country at six to eight million. Organized labor opposed the influx of illegal aliens, as the latter were a source of cheap labor. For the very same reason, agricultural interests looked with favor on the aliens. State Department officials were fearful that stringent measures to halt the flow of aliens would worsen relations with Mexico and other Latin American countries. Various religious groups demanded amnesty for those aliens already residing in the United States. Bishop Rene Gracida, chairman of the Catholic Bishops Committee on Migration, asserted that the influx of aliens had "prompted a series of repressive measures," including "raids" on Hispanic communities. Other active opponents of restrictions on aliens were the Christian Community Service Agency in Miami, the National Council of Churches, and the Episcopal Church's National Commission on Hispanic Affairs. President Carter sent his proposals on how to deal with the problem of illegal aliens to Congress on August 4. The proposals contained three major legislative ingredients: the use of injunctions and civil fines against employers who knowingly hired illegal aliens; intensified border patrols; and an adjustment in the status of those illegal aliens living in the United States, so that they might stay here. As the Congressional Quarterly noted, President Carter "took the middle ground on the controversial issue of employer sanctions and opted for an interim solution to the wrenching problem of those illegal aliens who already have established some degree of 'equity' in U.S. society.'' The Administration's recommendations failed to produce any legislation in the first session of the 95th Congress.

WOMEN Ten years after the Women's Movement first emerged, feminist Betty Friedan observed that its impact was felt "everywhere—in sports, churches, offices and homes." Isabel Sawhill, director of the National Commission for Manpower Policy, stated that in 1977, women had much higher aspirations and were experiencing upward mobility. The National Women's Conference, held in November, was a major event. The Conference, an outgrowth of International Women's Year, was sponsored by the United Nations and financed by a $5 million Congressional appropriation. More than 2,000 women gathered in Houston, Texas to assess the status of women and make recommendations to the President and the Congress "for the elimination of barriers that still prevent women's full participation in all areas and aspects of American life." Prior to the Conference, a 45-member National Commission, appointed by President Carter, considered some 100 proposals, with the aim of INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 113 formulating a national plan of action. At the Conference itself, delegates voiced approval of, among other things, the Equal Rights Amendment; abortion on demand; federal and state funding for poor women seeking abortions; a national health insurance plan with special provisions for women; Social Security payments for housewives; the banning of employment, housing, and credit card discrimination against lesbians; federal and state funding for victims of child abuse; and funds for programs in rape prevention. By far, the most controversial resolutions were those relating to abortion and lesbianism. The only resolution that failed to pass was one calling for the establishment of a federal Women's Department to be headed by a Cabinet officer. The prospect of legislative enactment of the Women's Agenda that emerged from the Conference was by no means certain. A coalition of political and religious conservatives, which sponsored a counter rally at Houston at the same time that the National Women's Conference was held, vowed to do everything in its power to prevent its adoption. Agudath Israel of America, an Orthodox Jewish group, called upon the Government to stop financing "feminist goals," and condemned the Hous- ton conference for "adopting a broad range of resolutions which are contrary to the accepted moral values of our society." The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution, which passed both houses of the Congress by wide margins in 1972, appeared to be running into considerable difficulty. A resolution accompanying the amendment had set a seven- year deadline (March 22, 1979) for ratification by three-fourths of the states. At the end of 1977, 35 state legislatures, three short of the 38 required for enactment, had approved the amendment. To the consternation of ERA supporters, the momentum for enactment seemed to be dissipating. Fearing that ratification in three more states would not be achieved by the mandated deadline, supporters of the amendment sought a resolution by the Congress extending the deadline to 1986. Legal scholars hotly debated whether or not the Congress had the right to extend the date for ratification, and whether the extension would require a simple majority vote or a two-thirds vote by the House and Senate.

Religion

CATHOLIC-JEWISH RELATIONS Despite differences over issues such as abortion and aid to public schools, Catholic-Jewish relations continued to be harmonious. Typifying the spirit of understanding between the two faiths was the offering of prayers in all Catholic churches in the Los Angeles diocese during the Jewish High Holy Day period. New York City's St. Patrick's Cathedral and Temple Emanu-El broke new ground when they exchanged senior clergymen; the clergy of St. Patrick's delivered five lectures on the "Essence of Catholicism" at the adult education classes 114 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 of Temple Emanu-El, and the Temple's rabbis gave five talks on the "Essence of Judaism" at St. Patrick's. The American Catholic Bishops' Committee on the Liturgy recommended that the "Reproaches," a hymn offensive to Jews, be omitted from the Good Friday ritual. Rabbi Marc Tanenbaum, director of the Interreligious Affairs Department of the American Jewish Committee, in a letter to Archbishop John R. Quinn, stated that the recommendation constituted "a significant act of spiritual liberation whose fruits ultimately will be a weakening of the roots of anti-Judaism and a fostering of mutual respect... between Catholics and Jews." Dr. Eugene Fisher, director of the Secretariat for Catholic-Jewish Relations of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, noted the significant progress that had been made since the second Vatican Council regarding the way in which Catholic textbooks described Jews and Judaism. Participants in Catholic-Jewish dialogues did, however, encounter some problems. John Sheerin of the United States Catholic Conference observed that the deicide issue was still a matter of concern for Jews, as was the notion held by many Catholics that Judaism had "lost all reason for existence after Christ established the Church.1' Jews were also troubled, Sheerin stated, by the "lack of Christian interest in Israel, Catholic silence during Hitler's campaign to exterminate the Jews, and anti-Semitic insinuation in liturgical texts.'7

PROTESTANT-JEWISH RELATIONS New ground was broken in Protestant-Jewish relations when officials of the Southern Baptist Convention held a three-day dialogue with Jewish religious and communal leaders at Southern Methodist University. The 900,000-member South- ern Presbyterian Church adopted a revised "Book of Confessions," which included a statement reflecting increased sensitivity to Jews, Judaism, and the Jewish background of Christianity. In a public statement, the Southern Presbyterian leadership declared: "We Christians have rejected Jews throughout our history with shameful prejudice and cruelty. God calls us to dialogue and cooperation that do not ignore our real disagreement yet proceed in mutual respect and love.'' There were, however, some discordant notes in Protestant-Jewish relations. The Anti-Defamation League accused the National Council of Churches (NCC) of "pronounced anti-Israel prejudice" and "insensitivity" to Jewish concerns. The charges were vigorously denied by Dr. William L. Weiler, executive director of the NCC's Office on Christian-Jewish relations. Weiler asserted that a 1974 resolution adopted by the NCC Executive Committee simultaneously affirmed "the right of Israel to exist as a free nation within secure borders," and "the right of the Pales- tinian people to self-determination and a national entity." INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 115

EVANGELICALS An estimated 45.5 million churchgoers loosely described as "Evangelicals" continued to be an important force on the religious scene. Rice University sociologist William Martin observed that "the Evangelicals have become the most active and vital aspect of American religion today." The Evangelical movement, which cut across denominational lines and included both Fundamentalists and Pentecostalists, stressed the need for a conscious personal commitment to Christ, and affirmed the authority of the Bible in all matters. The Evangelicals used every means at their disposal, including television and radio programs, Congressional prayer meetings, and testimonials by prominent athletes, to get their message across to the public. Encouraged by success on the American scene, a group of business, professional, and political figures announced a worldwide Evangelical campaign. William Bright, a key figure in the endeavor, had been the head of the Campus Crusade for Christ for several years, and had been involved in 1976 in a well-publicized political endeavor to elect "born-again" Christians to public office. Bright's role in the Evangelical campaign gave rise to fears by some that he and other ultra-conservative Evangelicals were attempting to "Christianize" America. There were increasing signs of an ecumenical link between the Evangelicals and the American Jewish community. Billy Graham, one of the most influential Evan- gelicals in the United States, addressed the American Jewish Committee's National Executive Council meeting in Atlanta, on October 30, and affirmed his support for the State of Israel, which he regarded as a fulfillment of Biblical prophecy. Support for Israel was also expressed in an advertisement which appeared in the New York Times and the Washington Post on November 1. The advertisement, signed by 15 individuals prominent in the Evangelical movement, affirmed the right of Israel to exist as a free and independent nation, and expressed concern over the "erosion of American Government support for Israel."

CHRISTIAN YELLOW PAGES The Christian Yellow Pages and the Christian Business Directory aroused significant controversy. Both directories solicited and accepted advertising only from people willing to sign an oath that they were "born-again" Christians. Early in 1977, the Anti-Defamation League reported that the Christian Yellow Pages and Chris- tian Business Directory had appeared in 19 cities. By September, the directories were circulating in 57 cities. As the Christian Yellow Pages and Christian Business Directory came into wider circulation, criticism of them mounted. The official newspaper of the Archdiocese of San Francisco asserted that the directories were "encouraging rank discrimination, not only against Jews and other non-Christians, but also Catholics and some Protestant denominations which do not accept the 'born again' concept of relationship with Christ." The Southern Presbyterian Church called upon its membership 116 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 to ignore the directories, asserting that they were "divisive among Christians" and "discriminatory in relation to the Jewish community.1' In August, units of the Anti-Defamation League in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego filed suit against the Christian Yellow Pages and the Christian Business Directory on the grounds that they violated several California statutes dealing with unfair business competition and religious discrimination.

RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM Observers of the religious scene in America took note of an emerging phenomenon—the blending of disparate faiths with the aim of promoting interreligious understanding, or even creating a new universal religion. New York Times religion editor Kenneth Briggs, in a report on this phenomenon, indicated that "it is no longer unusual to find Catholic monks practicing Zen Buddhism," and that "hundreds of churches annually hold a seder service each year at the Jewish Passover." Two Long Island Lutheran churches which incorporated Jewish rituals into their regular service were suspended by Lutheran authorities on grounds of "subordinat- ing the Christian Gospel to Jewish religious and social customs." The Christian Science Monitor, quoting unidentified "leading ecumenists," reported on an emerging "new stage" of church unity in which doctrinal differences were minimized. It noted that 19 major American denominations, with a combined membership of 23 million, were exploring the possibility of forming a union under the auspices of the Princeton-based Consultation on Church Union.

PROSELYTIZERS Efforts to convert Jews to Christianity appeared to increase. Various proselytizing groups utilized converted Jews to carry out their mission in some 40 states. "He- brew-Christians" groups, including the American Board of Missions to the Jews, Beth Yehoshua, and Jews for Jesus, began to utilize sophisticated media and marketing techniques, purchasing full-page advertisements in metropolitan dailies, and radio and television time. Statistics on the number of conversions were impossible to obtain. The Unification Church and its leader Sun Myung Moon continued to be a source of controversy. The news media carried stories about Moon's extensive financial holdings, his alleged ties to South Korean intelligence agencies, and the claims of anguished parents who insisted that their children were virtual captives of the Unification Church. Leaders of three major Protestant, Catholic and Jewish organizations denounced the Unification Church as a "fecund breeding ground" for antisemitic, anti-Christian, and anti-democratic beliefs. Both the Hare Krishna sect and the Children of God movement came into increasing conflict with established Christian churches and civil authorities over charges of duress in their proselytizing efforts. The Federal Bureau of Investigation INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 117 had more than a dozen cases under investigation involving alleged assaults or kidnappings by Hare Krishna and Children of God members, and at least six state legislatures contemplated resolutions to limit or investigate their activities.

Extremism

NAZIS A small, fragmented, politically insignificant American Nazi movement generated a tremendous amount of publicity in 1977. Adopting a tactic successfully utilized by Great Britain's neo-Nazi National Front—confrontation in racially sensitive areas—the Chicago-based National Socialist Party of America (one of the seven or eight Nazi groups claiming national membership) announced early in 1977 its intention to demonstrate in Skokie, Illinois, on Hitler's birthday. Skokie was chosen because approximately half its population of 70,000 is Jewish; 7,000 Holo- caust survivors live there. From April through July, a series of legal maneuvers by Skokie officials to enjoin the march proceeded through state and federal courts. At the same time, town officials enacted ordinances requiring all permit applicants to obtain $350,000 worth of insurance, prohibiting the dissemination of material which incited racial or religious hatred, and banning public demonstrations by members of political parties wearing military-style uniforms. During the entire period, the news media provided extensive coverage of the events. Adding to the public's interest in the Skokie affair was the prominent role played by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), which defended the Nazis in court. The ACLU's involvement on behalf of the Chicago Nazis resulted in the immediate loss of more than 2,000 members. ACLU officials met with representatives of national Jewish organizations in an attempt to explain their motivation in defending the Nazis' right to march in full uniform. The ACLU argued that it was defending the First Amendment, and not the Nazis. Editorial comment was widespread, with the overwhelming majority of newspapers defending the Nazis' right to march. As the case worked its way through the courts, resentment against the Nazis' contemplated march mounted in the American Jewish community. The large concentration camp survivor element in Skokie viewed the march as indicative of a revived Nazi movement. By the end of the year, while the matter was still before the courts, the Jews of Skokie, and Jewish groups all over America, were devising plans for a massive counter-demonstration if the Nazis, in the end, received the necessary permits to march. Despite the fears of many that the situation in Skokie was indicative of a resurgent Nazi movement, an exhaustive study by the American Jewish Committee revealed that total Nazi membership in the United States was no more than 1,500 to 2,000. While there were many local Nazi groups, those claiming national membership were the National Socialist White People's Party (Arlington, Va.); the National Socialist 118 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Party of America (Chicago); the National Socialist Movement (Cincinnati); the White Power Movement (Reedy, W. Va.); the NSDAP-Overseas Branch (Lincoln, Neb.); the National Socialist White Workers Party (San Francisco); the National Socialist League (Los Angeles); and the National Socialist Liberation Front (Los Angeles). In its assessment of the Nazi movement in America, the report concluded: "If, as the desperate Nazi groups maintain, their ultimate objective is to become the dominant political power, they manifest an abysmal ignorance of what motivates the American electorate. American Nazism has failed to develop a motivating philosophy, much less attract a political figure of stature to its cause." During 1977, minor skirmishes between demonstrating Nazis and enraged citizens occurred in Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Oakland, California. In late March, a San Francisco-based Nazi unit opened a bookstore in an area with a large concentration of Holocaust survivors. The store was fire-bombed. In retaliation, local Nazis smashed the windows of Temple B'nai Emunah.

KLANS The ability of David Duke, the intelligent, articulate, 27-year-old Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, to attract media attention gave rise to speculation about a resurgence of the klans. Duke appeared on more than 600 radio and television programs all over the country, and was profiled in several national news magazines. Several incidents helped focus attention on the klans. The Anti-Defamation League reported that it had uncovered the existence of a 50-member klan unit in the Far Rockaway section of Queens, which was the first manifestation of klan activity in the Metropolitan New York area since the 1920's. Police sources claimed that the report was greatly exaggerated. At a klan rally in Plains, Ga., President Carter's hometown, a man drove his automobile into the assembled crowd, injuring some 30 people, including klansmen and innocent bystanders. Klansmen battled with police on the steps of the state capitol building in Columbus, Ohio. Estimates of actual klan membership varied. The Anti-Defamation League spoke of 8,000 klansmen—-indicating a 60 per cent growth in national membership over the past two years. The Wall Street Journal, attributing its information to unidentified law enforcement agencies, reported the number of "hard core, dues-paying, robe-wearing klansmen" at 1,000. The klan, like the neo-Nazi movement, was beset with feuds and rivalries. Ap- proximately a dozen klans were operative in varying degrees during 1977. Among those claiming national membership, in addition to Duke's Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, were the United Klans of America, led by Robert Shelton; the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, led by Bill Wilkinson; and the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, led by James Venable. Other klans, essentially statewide in scope, were the United Klans of Florida; the South Carolina Invisible Klan Empire; the Maryland Knights of the Ku Klux Klan; the Independent INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 119 Northern Klans (New York); the New Order of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (Missouri); the Independent Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of North Carolina; and the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (West Virginia).

HANAFIS A major antisemitic incident, which became front-page news, occurred on March 9 in Washington, D.C., when seven members of the Hanafi Muslim sect occupied several floors of the national headquarters of B'nai B'rith. (Other Hanafis took over the Islamic Center on Embassy Row and a municipal building. A newsman covering the story at the latter site was shot dead.) The Hanafis, who threatened to kill their Jewish hostages, railed against Jewish control of the courts and the media. The crisis finally ended two days later, when police and F.B.I, negotiators, materially aided by Ambassadors Ghorbal of Egypt, Yaquib-Khan of Pakistan, and Zahedi of Iran —all Muslims—persuaded the Hanafis to surrender. Hamaas Khaalis, the Hanafi leader, and his followers were convicted of armed kidnapping and other crimes, and were given lengthy prison sentences. In the aftermath of the siege and surrender, the Washington Post ran a feature article about the Hanafis which carried the title "Hanafi Muslim Blames 'Zionist Jews' for Group's Plight." The story, based on uncritical interviews with several members of the sect, quoted them as charging "Zionist Jews" with having attempted to destroy the Islamic faith throughout history. On April 14, the Jewish Community Council of Greater Washington condemned "the hatred spewed into our community by Hanafi pronouncements" and expressed shock at the "excessive space devoted by the Washington Post to totally unfounded allegations."

MILTON ELLERIN The United States, Israel, and the Middle East

-LOURING CONFIRMATION HEARINGS on January 11, 1977, Secretary of State-designate Cyrus Vance told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that resolving the Arab-Israel conflict would be "very high" on the agenda of the new Carter Administration. In the following months, the Administration pressed ahead with efforts to go beyond the bilateral disengagement agreements that the United States had helped Israel conclude with Egypt and Syria after the Yom Kippur War, and to achieve a comprehensive settlement between Is- rael and all its neighbors.

Carter Presses for Comprehensive Settlement Both in aim and method, the Carter Administration differed from its immediate predecessor. Whereas the Kissinger diplomacy had been marked by secrecy, Presi- dent Jimmy Carter took the lead in opening and encouraging public debate on the fundamental points at issue. Moreover, in place of the pragmatic step-by-step approach undertaken by the Nixon and Ford administrations, Carter decided to tackle all the issues at once and set as his goal the swift reconvening of the Geneva Conference as the framework for comprehensive peace talks. The Geneva Confer- ence had last met briefly in the winter of 1973; its role then had been limited to the essentially ceremonial one of endorsing the already concluded Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement. At his first press conference on January 31, Secretary Vance argued that it was "critically important" that the Geneva Conference be convened during 1977, and warned that delay would permit "all kinds of disruptive factors" to emerge. In this assessment, he echoed the views expressed to him by the ambassadors of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, with whom he had met earlier in the month. The prospects for progress toward a comprehensive settlement were now more favorable than they had been in the past, Vance said, citing the apparent end of the Lebanese civil war, the "greater cohesion among the forces of moderation in the area," and the indicated willingness of "all the parties" to go to Geneva promptly. Vance had also met with Israeli Ambassador Simcha Dinitz, who had conveyed his government's readiness to cooperate in peace efforts. This optimistic assessment was made two weeks before Vance's first trip to the Middle East, where he was to learn that the substantive differences separating Israel and the Arab states —as well as the underlying inter-Arab rivalries—were far more profound than he had anticipated. Even such seemingly procedural questions as the nature of Pales- tinian representation at Geneva and the Russian role as co-chairman of the Confer- ence were to arouse intense and bitter controversy. 120 UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 121 The activist role undertaken by the Carter Administration in the Middle East had long been advocated by Zbigniew Brzezinski, who was appointed by the President as his national security adviser. Brzezinski had become Carter's mentor in foreign affairs when the then Governor of Georgia had been invited to serve on the Trilateral Commission—a Rockefeller-funded project of which Brzezinski was the director. Never hesitant to express his views, Brzezinski had first set forth "A Plan for Peace in the Middle East: Separating Security from Territory," in an article published in The New Leader on January 7, 1974; it proved to be a blueprint for the Carter program as it gradually unfolded. The attainment of peace, Brzezinski wrote, "requires American pressure on both parties to the dispute—and determined pressure." The Israelis, for their part, "must yield political control over the Arab lands and peoples held since 1967—following certain minor rectifications, perhaps,..." while the Arabs had to agree to demilitarized zones, a UN peace-keeping force, and other safeguards written into "a peace treaty normalizing Israel-Arab relations." The best solution for the West Bank, Brzezinski wrote, would be the creation of an "autonomous Palestinian-Arab state, linked to Jordan in a federal union." The Gaza Strip would probably also be part of this state. "At the same time, all Israeli settlements established on the West Bank after 1967 would be disbanded." Other supplementary components were to be a formal United States guarantee for Israel and a Middle East economic development plan. Brzezinski pointed out that the extent of Washington's leverage on Israel had been illustrated by Israel's extraordinary dependence on American arms supplied during the Yom Kippur War. "The United States should not hesitate to use that influence to the fullest," for a settlement of the Arab-Israel conflict was in the American national interest. U.S. intervention "is urgently required," he wrote, to prevent jeopardizing important American assets in the region and the strengthening of Soviet influence. "What is more, so long as there is no agreement, the Arab oil embargo will wreak havoc within the international economy, and America's primary links, namely those with Europe and Japan, will be severely strained." Al- though Brzezinski's dire prediction proved false, since the Arab oil embargo was lifted a few months later despite the absence of a comprehensive Arab-Israel settlement (AJYB, 1974-75, Vol. 75, pp. 136-37), his preoccupation with "the importance of oil in world affairs" did not diminish in subsequent years and was to remain a key influence on the Carter Administration's Middle East policy. Brzezinski and William Quandt, whom he appointed as his Middle East deputy on the National Security Council, had also served on the Rockefeller-funded Brook- ings Middle East Study Group, which completed its report, "Toward Peace in the Middle East," at the end of 1975. Although less explicit on some points and more circumspect in its call for American pressure, the report endorsed the basic Brzezin- ski idea of a comprehensive settlement to be implemented in stages with active American participation in the process. The signers of the report, including Middle East scholars and several prominent individuals from both the Jewish and Arab American communities, stated: "We believe that, in exchange for the assured 122 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 establishment of peaceful relations with its neighbors and suitable security arrangements, Israel should and would agree to withdraw to the June 5, 1967 lines, with only such modifications as might be mutually accepted." The Brookings report was presented to and read by President Carter. It was also read by the Israeli Government, which was not pleased by the above formulation and some other aspects of the report. It is therefore not surprising that the Carter Administration and the Israeli Government soon found themselves at odds on various aspects of Middle East policy. While these differences became more visible and extensive after the election in May of Prime Minister Menachem Begin, differences had already begun to emerge between the Carter Administration and the outgoing Labor Party. Following Vance's return from his fact-finding mission to Israel, the four neighboring Arab states, and Saudi Arabia, President Carter announced on February 16 that he would meet personally with Arab and Israeli leaders before the end of May, in order to obtain a "clearer picture" of the Middle East scene. Only then, Carter indicated to the press, would the Administration determine its proper role in promoting an Arab-Israeli settlement. In actuality, however, the President did not wait until June to publicly express his views.

U.S.-Israel Disagreements The Administration took several actions which displeased Israel. On February 17, President Carter cancelled the pending sale of 250 CBU-72 cluster bombs which had been promised to Israel by the previous administration. The official reasons for the cancellation were that the United States was reviewing its entire arms sale policy and that President Carter regarded the cluster bombs as weapons of such an extreme nature that the U.S. should not sell them. Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin told a radio interviewer that during his visit to Washington in March he would try to reverse Carter's decision. Even more distressing to the Israelis was the Administration's decision to block the pending sale of Israeli-made Kfir C-2 fighter bombers to Ecuador. The U.S. had the right to veto the sale, since the planes contained American-made engines. The Israelis regarded the loss of the $200-million sale as a serious blow to Israel's aircraft industry, and to the country's efforts to achieve economic self-sufficiency. Secretary Vance denied that the U.S. decision was intended to put pressure on Israel, and said it was part of a general policy to restrain the Latin American arms race. But when, at hearings on February 24, Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-Ariz.) of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations pointed out to Vance that Ecuador would now turn to France or the Soviet Union to obtain similar aircraft, Vance responded that the American decision was "firm and final," notwithstanding the possibility that others would fill the gap. The Israelis were also annoyed by the State Department's public rebuke to Israel over its oil drilling in the Gulf of Suez, released on the eve of Vance's arrival in UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 123 Israel, and by officially inspired leaks of reports that Israel had illegally obtained American uranium to develop its nuclear weapons capability. There was still some question in Israel, however, whether these actions were explicitly ordered by President Carter or whether they reflected the decisions of middle-level State and Defense Department bureaucrats who were pushing for a more "even-handed" American policy in the Middle East. Indeed, not all the early Carter Administration signals were anti-Israel. On the positive side, the Carter Administration increased by $285 million the economic assistance for Israel contained in the Ford Administration's proposal for fiscal 1978. The new Administra- tion also turned down the visa application of Sabri Jiryis, the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) Israeli affairs expert, who had been invited to attend an American Friends Service Committee conference near Washington in February. The official reason for the denial was that Jiryis' Sudanese passport and original visa application contained false information. The main reason for the rejection, however, was that the State Department felt that approval of the visit on the eve of Vance's trip to the Middle East would be interpreted as a significant gesture of American recognition of the PLO. In a statement in Israel after meeting with Prime Minister Rabin on February 16, and again in an interview on CBS' Face the Nation on February 27, Vance ruled out PLO participation in a reconvened Geneva conference until the organization recognized Israel's right to exist, accepted UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and revised its national covenant, which specifically called for Israel's elimination. Asked if the U.S. would then recognize the PLO, Vance hedged and said that this would create "a new situation and we'll have to take a look at it." Regarding the American role in a reconvened Geneva conference, which Vance said the Arab states and Israel had agreed to attend later in the year, the Secretary of State stressed that the United States should act as a "catalyst" in the negotiating process, but should not come up with a U.S. plan for an overall settlement. This would "hinder" rather than "help," he said.

Carter Outlines Peace Proposal President Carter did not seem to heed his Secretary of State's advice. In welcoming Prime Minister Rabin to the White House on March 7, Carter reaffirmed the American commitment to Israel and stated that the American objective was permanent peace "so that Israel might have defensible borders, so that peace commitments would never be violated." The phrase "defensible borders" was immediately seized upon by reporters as reflecting a significant pro-Israel shift, since the term had been used by the Israelis to justify considerable territorial changes from the pre-1967 lines which the Israelis regarded as vulnerable and inherently indefensible. The Arabs, for their part, demanded that Israel withdraw from all the territories occupied in the June 1967 war. State Department officials tried to explain that the President's choice of words did not signify a change in American policy. 124 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 At a press conference on March 9—to the consternation of Israelis, Arabs, and diplomatic observers—President Carter elaborated his ideas for peace, ideas which bore a striking resemblance to the Brookings Report and the plan that Brzezinski had first proposed three years earlier. Carter dismissed the defensible borders phrase as "just semantics" and proceeded to distinguish between defense lines and "permanent and recognized borders where sovereignty is legal as mutually agreed." He went on to suggest that "there may be extensions of Israeli defense capability beyond the permanent and recognized borders." The components of this defense capability might include Israeli forces, outposts, and electronic monitoring stations as in the Sinai Agreement, and possibly international forces and demilitarized zones. He saw such an arrangement as lasting for an interim period of between two and "eight years or more," during which there would develop "a mutual demonstration of friendship'' and an end to the state of war. The President asserted that the United States and Israel shared the same conception of peace, which included not simply an end of belligerence, but also Arab recognition of Israel's "right to exist in peace, the opening up of borders with free trade, tourist travel, cultural exchange between Israel and her neighbors." Peace would involve "substantial withdrawal" of Israeli forces, although there might be "some minor adjustments in the 1967 borders." In response to a follow-up question, he reiterated that there might be "minor adjustments to the pre-1967 borders," but that this was a matter for Israel and her neighbors to decide. He did not wish to define the exact delineation of borders, noting that he had not yet had a chance to meet with Arab leaders to get their views. In addition to peace and defined borders, the third component in a settlement, he said, was "dealing with the Palestinian question." Carter concluded by insisting that he was not trying to lay down the final terms of a settlement, saying, "I don't know what an ultimate settlement will be." The Israelis, while pleased with the President's definition of peace, were disturbed by his repeated reference to minor adjustments. They believed that the President had seriously undermined their bargaining position, since the Arabs were certainly not going to accept anything less than what the United States, Israel's major supporter in the international arena, believed that Israel should yield. When Secretary of State William Rogers had made public a similar proposal in 1969, it was shelved after encountering strong Israeli and Arab objections. It was easier to ignore the Rogers plan since it never was formally endorsed by President Nixon. But now President Carter had put his personal prestige behind a Middle East peace plan. Carter contended that it was healthy for the points at issue to be "freely and openly debated within our own country and within the countries involved." In response to a question at a town meeting in Clinton, Mass, on March 16, Carter declared that the establishment of Israel was "one of the finest acts of the world nations that has ever occurred." He then went on to define his vision of peace. After reiterating his earlier definition of real peace and the need for agreement on permanent borders to be negotiated between the Arab countries and Israel, the President UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 125 elaborated upon the Palestinian component in a comprehensive settlement. He noted that the Palestinians continued to claim that Israel had no right to exist and that they "have never yet given up their publicly professed commitment to destroy Israel. That has to be overcome." The President continued, "There has to be a homeland provided for the Palestinian refugees who have suffered for many, many years. And the exact way to solve the Palestinian problem is one that first of all addresses itself right now to the Arab countries and then, secondly, to the Arab countries negotiating with Israel." On the plane back to Washington, Carter am- plified his reference to a Palestinian homeland by saying that some provision had "to be made for the Palestinians, in the framework of the nation of Jordan or by some other means." Although he had made similar comments before he became President, the Israelis were considerably upset, and the Arabs pleased, by the acknowledgement for the first time by an American president in recent years that the Palestinians should be regarded as a group entitled to a homeland, and not merely as individual refugees entitled to repatriation or compensation and resettlement. For the Israelis in particular the term "homeland" had nationalistic connotations, since it was the concept of the Jewish national home, incorporated into the Balfour Declaration and the League of Nations Palestine Mandate, that served as the basis for the eventual creation of the Jewish state in 1948. Moreover, the President seemed to be implicitly acknowledging that the PLO spoke for all Palestinians when he said that "the Palestinians" had not given up their objective to destroy Israel, ignoring the fact that there were a considerable number of Palestinian Arabs on the West Bank and elsewhere who were prepared to coexist with Israel. In his Clinton remarks, the President also emphasized that if there were no progress toward peace, a major war might erupt in the Middle East "which could quickly spread to all the other nations in the world." While the United States could survive an oil embargo, he said, "many countries depend completely on oil from the Middle East for their life." Because this was such a crucial area of the world, Carter said, he would be "devoting a major part of my own time on foreign policy between now and next Fall, trying to provide for a forum within which they can discuss their problems and, hopefully, let them seek out among themselves some permanent solution."

U.S. Attitude to the PLO The Carter Administration was, in fact, engaged at the time in behind-the-scenes efforts to get the PLO to modify its public position in the hope of bringing a reborn, peace-loving PLO into the Geneva negotiating process. At the start of 1977 rumors were rife that the PLO was ready to moderate its position and adopt a more realistic posture toward coexistence with Israel. Pales- tinian "spokesmen" visiting the United States and Western Europe reinforced the idea that the PLO leadership was going through an agonizing reappraisal. One 126 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 reason frequently cited was the military setback suffered by the extremist Palestini- ans in their confrontation with Syrian forces in Lebanon. Another was the apparent determination of the Arab confrontation states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, with the powerful backing of Saudi Arabia, to embark upon a "peace initiative" leading to a Geneva conference, in which they would press for establishment of a mini- Palestinian state to be carved out of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Faced with the choice of accepting coexistence with Israel or being frozen out of the negotiations altogether, the PLO leadership was allegedly being prodded by the Arab states to scale down its ambitions. United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim reported on February 16, after completing a trip to the Middle East, that PLO leader Yasir Arafat now appeared to be "more flexible."Waldhei m concluded that an evolutionary process was under- way in the PLO, leading the group away from insistence on a secular, democratic state embracing all of Palestine including Israel, and toward acceptance of a "smaller solution.' The UN chief suggested that Israel and the PLO might come to "mutually recognize each other" during negotiations, although Israeli officials had clearly ruled out any PLO participation in Geneva. Waldheim explained that it was not feasible to meet the goal set by the General Assembly in a resolution calling for the start of the Geneva Conference by March 31, even though both the Arab states and Israel had indicated "a very clear and visible interest" in negotiations. A major test of PLO intentions, Waldheim said, would come in the forthcoming meeting of the Palestine National Council (PNC) scheduled to begin in Cairo on March 12. After talking with Secretary of State Vance in Cairo on February 17, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat told reporters that he was urging Jordan and the Palestini- ans to forge an "open and declared" link, preferably in the form of a confederation, "even before the Geneva Conference meets." Sadat did not spell out how this was to be accomplished. His main concern was to prevent the Palestinian issue from blocking the resumption of Geneva talks. He hoped that if the Palestinians were incorporated within a Jordanian framework, this would overcome American and Israeli opposition to dealing with the Palestinians as officials of the PLO. Moreover, senior Egyptian officials had conferred with Arafat earlier in the day, leading Vance to say that he had "the feeling" that the Egyptians were exerting pressure on the PLO to amend its covenant so as to acknowledge Israel's existence. Jordan's King Hussein had already proposed a confederation under his leadership as far back as 1972, but had shelved the idea after the Arab summit conference in Rabat in 1974 declared the PLO to be the Palestinians' sole legitimate representative. After meeting with Sadat in mid-January 1977, Hussein reiterated his desire for the "establishment of the closest relations" between Jordan and a West Bank Palestinian state, but significantly omitted reference to the PLO. Hussein agreed finally to meet with Arafat in Cairo during an Arab-African conference on March 8. They agreed "in principle" on the need for a strong link between Jordan and a projected Palestinian state, but no details were revealed as to the nature and extent UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 127 of the cooperation, nor was there any indication as to how quickly the proposed link was to be established. In fact, many in the PLO opposed any real cooperation with King Hussein, and the Jordanian monarch remained wary of the PLO's intentions. Nothing tangible came out of the Hussein-Arafat meeting, and Jordan played a cautious waiting game throughout the period under review. The United States Government was also trying to bring about a change in the intransigent official Palestinian position. It was no accident that President Carter, for the first time, gave official governmental backing to the concept of a Palestinian "homeland" in his Clinton remarks on March 16, while the Palestine National Council was meeting in Cairo. Arafat, when told by reporters of the President's remarks, termed Carter's reference to a Palestinian homeland as "a very important note" and as a "progressive step," because it meant that Carter "has finally put his hand on the heart of the problem of the Middle East crisis." In an interview with CBS, Arafat expressed the hope that the President's statement signified "a first step towards a better understanding of the Palestinian cause by the American people," and added that he personally trusted President Carter and was prepared to cooperate with him. Arafat's assessment was, however, immediately challenged by others at the PNC session. Taisir Kubbaa, representative of the rejectionist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, declared: "We do not agree with Arafat. Carter is our main enemy; Israel is only a tool. We reject cooperation with our main enemy." The Carter Administration sent a second signal to the PLO the following day, on March 17, when the PLO observer to the United Nations, Hassan Abdel Rah- man, was invited to hear the President's address to the General Assembly and to attend the following champagne reception, at which the President shook hands with him. Arafat termed the gesture a "very important signal." In response to protests by Israeli officials and American Jewish leaders at this obvious departure from the long-standing American policy of rejecting any official contacts with the PLO so long as it had not abandoned its commitment to Israel's destruction, State Depart- ment officials tried to minimize the significance of the action by placing the responsibility for the invitation on the UN Secretary-General, who was the host. The White House also tried to limit the publicity impact of the event by asking that photogra- phers be barred from the reception. Nevertheless, the prevailing view was that the President's action was intentional and of symbolic significance. The official 15-point political declaration adopted by the PNC in Cairo on March 20 proved disappointing to the Carter Administration, for it did not change the PLO Covenant or express any readiness to coexist with Israel. A State Department comment noted that since the Cairo conference decisions did not alter the PLO's refusal to accept Israel, they would "not contribute" to a resolution of the Middle East conflict. Some press reports, quoting unnamed Western diplomats in Cairo, found "positive" and "'constructive" elements in the declaration. They were apparently reflecting the optimistic briefings by Egyptian officials, who also inspired the official Egyptian newspaper AI Goumhouriah to carry, on March 22, a front-page, red 128 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 banner headline declaring, "The Palestine Liberation Organization is willing to go to Geneva." However, a close look at the actual PLO declaration made it quite clear that the kind of conference and the outcome envisaged were not what President Carter had outlined in his three-point program for peace. The hard line adopted by the PNC in Cairo, despite the control of the meetings by the reputedly more "moderate" wing of the PLO, was in sharp contrast to the optimistic forecasts. The lengthy official PNC declaration refused even to mention the word "Israel." The declaration began by affirming that the Palestine issue was the essence of "the Arab-Zionist conflict." It asked all states to cut off all assistance to and cooperation with what it termed "the racist Zionist regime." The PNC called for escalation of armed struggle, rejected "all kinds of American capitulationist settlements and liquidationist projects,'' threatened to abort the American peace effort, and called on all Arab states to "strengthen the Palestinian revolution in order to cope with the imperialist and Zionist designs." Although the PNC did not formally modify the covenant calling for Israel's dissolution, and the 15-point political declaration retained much of the militant anti-Israel rhetoric, it still was not extreme enough for George Habash's Marxist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The PFLP was annoyed that the PNC had not reaffirmed the 1974 program calling for the revolutionary masses to over- throw King Hussein. The Popular Front rejected the new PLO policy of cooperating with the Arab regimes, since the PFLP contended that "Sadat, Assad, and Hussein are fully within the U.S. orbit." Accordingly, the PFLP declined to occupy its seat on the new PLO executive committee. Said Hammami, the PLO's representative in London who had long taken a more pragmatic public line toward Israel, made a virtue of necessity and contended that the exclusion of the extremist PFLP from the new executive committee "was the most significant political decision" of the Cairo Council session. Others pointed out that the executive committee, which was largely dominated by Arafat's al-Fatah, was now empowered to decide about PLO participation in a Geneva conference, whereas prior to the Cairo conference such a decision required a new special session of the PNC. It was this new fact that prompted the Carter Administration to continue its efforts during the year to induce the PLO to modify its public posture sufficiently to bring it into the Geneva negotiations. Brzezinski, in particular, had not yet changed his own view, expressed in an article in Foreign Policy's Summer 1975 issue, that to tackle "the central problem in the Middle East conflict," the relationship between Israel and the Palestinians, "almost certainly means, in practice, the PLO." While Hammami was indicating that a Palestinian state would coexist with Israel, Farouk Kaddoumi, head of the PLO's political department, made it clear that the organization's shift was tactical and did not reflect a change in ultimate aims: "We are prepared to be flexible and to agree to the establishment of a state on part of our land, but we will never recognize the state of Israel." As-Saiqa leader Zuhair Mohsen, who was also a member of the executive committee and head of the PLO's UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 129 military department, was even more explicit: "Our sole aim in establishing the West Bank Palestinian state is to support our demand for the rest of Palestine." It was these militant assertions that convinced other rejectionist organizations, such as the Arab Liberation Front and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine- General Command, to vote for the Cairo declaration and to join the new executive committee.

Sadat-Carter Talks During Sadat's visit to Washington in April, he emphasized to President Carter that the Palestinian question was "the core and crux" of the Arab-Israel dispute. In a toast at a White House dinner on April 4, he praised Carter for coming "very close to the proper remedy" in his remarks about the need for a homeland where, Sadat said, "they could establish a state." On his arrival in Washington, Sadat had spoken of the need for establishment of "a political entity" where the Palestinians could "at long last be a community of citizens, not a group of refugees." In other remarks as well, Sadat seemed to be vacillating between calling for a Palestinian state, which implied sovereign independence, and a more limited autonomy for the Palestinians within the larger framework of a confederation with Jordan. Sadat seemed less concerned with details than with finding some formula that would get the negotiating process started. Sadat was also eager to obtain additional American financial help to meet Egypt's increasingly serious economic problems, which had been highlighted by rioting in January following the Government's institution of an austerity program cutting back food subsidies. Moreover, Sadat was anxious to get the United States to become a major source of equipment for Egypt's armed forces. During his April visit, Sadat said he wanted some 200 F-5E fighters, as well as anti-tank weapons. Sadat insisted that he wanted the planes not to launch a new attack against Israel, but to deal with the threat of growing Soviet penetration of Africa. He drew an alarming picture of Soviet and Cuban activities in Africa that he said threatened not only Egypt but also the Sudan and Zaire as a result of Soviet involvement in Libya, Ethiopia, Angola, and Mozambique. At the end of the visit, the White House announced that "no commitments" were made in regard to Sadat's specific arms requests, but "Egypt's importance on the continent" was noted, and the two countries agreed to maintain "close, continuing discussions on developments in Africa.' During the Washington visit, President Carter apparently had some influence on Sadat's views as to the nature of the peace to be achieved with Israel. Earlier, Sadat had said that the most that could be expected was an end to the state of belligerence, with any normalization of relations having to wait for the next generation, because of the deep-seated nature of Arab-Israel hatred and mistrust. At a press conference at the end of his three-day April visit, Sadat responded to a question as to whether signing a Geneva agreement would lead to normalization by saying, "For sure, it will be normalization." He added, however, that Egypt should not be pressed to 130 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 include such normalization as trade within the text of the final agreement. Carter Administration officials let it be known that Sadat had told the President that normalization could occur within about five years of a peace agreement.

Hussein-Carter Meeting Sadat was followed to Washington later in April by King Hussein, and discussions centered on the thorny question of Palestinian representation in a Geneva conference. While Arafat had reportedly been insisting on a separate Palestinian delegation, Hussein favored the idea of a single Arab delegation including Palestini- ans. At the conclusion of two days of talks at the White House, on April 26, Hussein told reporters that "Geneva would be a disaster without prior planning and without a realistic appraisal of all the difficulties and possibilities" in advance of the conference. He called on Israel to make "a gamble for peace" by agreeing to withdrawal to the pre-1967 lines. Carter echoed Hussein's caution and suggested that it might be better not to reconvene the Geneva Middle East Peace Conference unless there were "some strong possibility for substantial achievement." However, as the months passed and procedural issues remained unresolved, the Carter Administration, in its eagerness to demonstrate visible progress, began to press for a Geneva conference, notwithstanding the cautious advice Carter seemed to have accepted from Hussein.

Assad-Carter Meeting President Hafez al-Assad of Syria was the next in the series of Arab leaders scheduled to meet with President Carter. But while Hussein had long been in the Western camp—indeed, an embarrassing revelation of CIA payments made over the years to the King had appeared in the Washington Post on the day of Vance's arrival in Amman in February—and President Sadat had in recent years been sharply feuding with the Russians, Assad was anxious to maintain his ties with Moscow. As a sign of his independence from the United States, Assad did not join the procession of Middle Eastern leaders to the White House. President Carter agreed to meet with Assad in Geneva at the conclusion of Carter's participation in a Western summit conference in London. Assad and Carter met in Geneva on May 9 for three-and-a-half hours. They went into detail on the possibility of demilitarized zones and other security arrangements for the Golan Heights, in keeping with Brzezinski's thesis that Israel's security could be assured by means other than extension of Israeli sovereignty over territory occupied in the 1967 war. The talks were described by Brzezinski as "extremely valuable, very informative, very friendly." At their conclusion, Carter praised Assad for demonstrating his "good will" and included Assad as among the "strong and moderate leaders" in the Middle East seeking peace. Assad, in turn, expressed appreciation for President Carter's "sincerity" and agreed that a Middle East UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 131 conference in Geneva "should be well prepared." Carter's expressions, he said, had created an encouraging atmosphere of faith and optimism. After the meeting with Assad, Carter reiterated to reporters that the components of peace must include "a resolution of the Palestine problem and a homeland for the Palestinians." Israeli authorities were troubled by Carter's praise for Assad as a moderate, and by the Administration's implication that defensible borders could be achieved through demilitarization—a view that was greeted with skepticism in Jerusalem, in view of the long record of Syrian violations of the demilitarized zones that had been created as part of the 1949 Syrian-Israeli Armistice Agreement. The Israelis were also distressed by Carter's failure to declare that a Palestinian homeland should be linked to Jordan. Carter did not allay these Israeli fears in a press conference a few days later, on May 12, when he stated that "the exact definition of where that homeland might be, the degree of independence of the Palestinian entity, its relationship with Jordan, or perhaps Syria and others, the geographical boundaries of it, all have to be worked out by the parties involved." Carter also indicated that he believed there was "a chance that the Palestinians might make moves to recognize the right of Israel to exist," and that this would remove a major obstacle to progress. He recalled that the United States, "before I became President," had promised Israel that Washington would not recognize the PLO by direct conversations or negotiations, "as long as the PLO continued to espouse the commitment that Israel had to be destroyed." Carter said that "we are trying to add our efforts" to bring about a change in the PLO position. The Israelis concluded that the United States was eager to involve the PLO in the negotiations, and Jerusalem feared that Carter had bought the Arab thesis that a Palestinian state on the West Bank and Gaza would not pose an inherent threat to Israel, and that some gesture by the PLO toward coexistence with Israel would be enough to justify American contacts with the PLO. Secretary Vance had tried to reassure the Israelis in a meeting with Foreign Minister Yigal Allon in London the previous day, May 11, that the American position on the PLO had not fundamentally changed, that the United States would not make public any peace plan before giving the parties a chance to react to it, and that the U.S. would continue to supply Israel with needed arms, together with "advanced technology." The latter had become an issue after the Carter Administra- tion announced a new arms transfer policy, which would have excluded Israel from the list of countries, such as NATO members, with whom the United States was prepared to enter into co-production agreements for advanced weapons. (AJYB, 1978, [Vol. 78], pp. 103-104.)

Israeli Apprehension Over U.S. Policy Despite the official disclaimers, in early May, apprehension was growing in Israel, and within the American Jewish community, that the Carter Administration was setting the stage for an imposed settlement in the Middle East. United Nations 132 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Ambassador Andrew Young said that the United States would put forward "some formulations" of its own to break the stalemate. President Carter himself told three European journalists that he would not hesitate, if he saw a fair and equitable solution, "to use the full strength of our own country and its persuasive powers to bring those nations to agreement." Secretary Vance also told the press that once the initial round of consultations with Middle East leaders was completed, the United States would make "suggestions on all the core issues." He dismissed as a matter of semantics a reporter's question as to whether these suggestions would amount to a comprehensive peace plan. The popular New York Daily News interpreted Vance's remarks as indicating that he intended to take a "made in the U.S.A. peace plan" to the area on his next visit. "We hope the Carter Administration knows what it is doing," the News editorialized on May 6, noting that the Carter approach "represents a significant departure from past policy, which was to cast the country solely in the role of honest broker between Israel and its Arab foes." The News warned that "'one false step and we could not only damage the prospects for successful negotiations, but destroy our usefulness as trusted middleman as well." The Administration also seemed oblivious to the consequences of its actions upon the Israeli public's thinking. After Prime Minister Rabin had been replaced by Defense Minister Shimon Peres as leader of the ruling Labor Party, the Carter Administration continued to assume that Labor would win in the May 17 elections and that the timetable for Geneva would at most be delayed by a few weeks, to give the new Israeli leader a chance to meet with President Carter. The Carter Adminis- tration was completely unprepared for the results of the May elections, which led to the defeat of Labor and the formation of a government led by Menachem Begin of the opposition Likud Party. (See Louvish, pp. 260-266 for details.) While it is true that Labor's defeat after 29 years of continuous rule was due primarily to domestic factors, a credible case could be made for the argument that at least some of the strength gained by Likud was due to a popular feeling that in the impending peace negotiations the country needed tough new leadership that was prepared to stand up to American pressure. One of the major campaign arguments of the Labor Party had been thai it had experience in dealing with America, and that it had successfully developed and nurtured the special relationship with the United States. Prime Minister Rabin had been Israel's ambassador in Washington for some fiveyears , and it was under the Labor governments that Israel had achieved unprecedented levels of American economic and military aid. The reported failure of Rabin to influence the Carter policy during his trip to Washington, signaled by the refusal of the Carter Administration to lift the ban of Kfir sales to Ecuador, the unveiling of the Palestinian homeland plan, the call for Israeli withdrawal to the 1967 lines with only minor changes, and the continuing American flirtation with the PLO, all undermined the credibility of the Labor Party's claim to influence upon official Washington's thinking. UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 133 Soviet Mideast Policy While the Carter Administration was gathering most of the headlines in its quest for a resumed Geneva conference, the Soviet Union was also actively working to assure itself a place in the formal negotiations. Moscow was still smarting from the ignominy of being frozen out of the disengagement agreements that Dr. Kissinger had brought about between Israel and Egypt and Syria. The Carter approach appeared to be more receptive to a Soviet role. In a major address on March 21, Soviet party chief Brezhnev spoke in favor of "concerted actions" by the Soviet Union and the United States to achieve a just and lasting Middle East settlement. There were certain nuances in the speech that were considered mildly encouraging by Israel, such as Brezhnev's acknowledgment that the drawing up of detailed peace terms was "primarily a matter for the opposing sides themselves," that withdrawal could be carried out in stages, spaced over several months, that all states in the area had the right to "independent existence and security," and that from the moment of the completion of Israeli troop withdrawal "the state of war between the Arab states participating in the conflict and Israel will be ended and relations of peace established." The Soviet leader also favored the establishment of demilitarized zones and the possibility of a UN emergency force or UN observers. On the Palestinian question, Brezhnev declared: "It goes without saying that the inalienable rights of the Palestinian Arab people should be insured, including its right to self-determination, to the creation of its own state." In Jerusalem there was speculation that Moscow might be moving to a resumption of diplomatic relations with Israel, which the Soviet Union had broken in the wake of the 1967 war. But the hopes for a rapprochement between Moscow and Jerusalem were soon to be dashed. On April 4, Yasir Arafat arrived on an official visit to Moscow and, for the first time, was publicly received by Brezhnev. On April 7, a joint statement was issued in which Brezhnev confirmed that the Soviet Union was striving for a comprehensive Middle East settlement, "a pillar of which must be the guaranteeing of the legitimate national rights of the Palestinian Arab people, their right to self-determination and their right to create an independent Palestinian state." The Soviet Union, the statement continued, "constantly and firmly supports the participation of PLO representatives in the Geneva Conference." Arafat emphasized that the Palestinian resistance movement would continue to struggle "against the intrigues of imperial- ism and reaction" and pledged to "strengthen its ties of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union and all the other socialist community countries." Arafat expressed his profound gratitude to the Soviet Union for its "consistent and all- round support." The Soviet leadership in early 1977 also received Libya's Muammer Qaddafi and Iraq's Saddam Hussein. During the year, the Soviet Union significantly increased its military arms supply to both countries, according to CIA and other Western intelligence sources. This raised questions as to the sincerity of the Soviet Union's quest for a genuine Middle East settlement, since Iraq and Libya were vehemently 134 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 opposed to peace with Israel. Syrian President Assad also was promised increased military aid when he visited Moscow in April.

Saudi Position Saudi Arabia was also busy trying to convince the world that the PLO was moderating its position. Crown Prince Fahd told American journalists in Jidda on May 10 that he believed "the leaders of the Palestinian people will be willing to accept any peaceful solution to the problem, if that peaceful solution includes the establishment of a Palestinian state on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip." Fahd stressed that it was imperative to find a solution during 1977; otherwise, "disturb- ances and tensions'' would rise and a renewal of conflict was possible. Foreign Minister Prince Saud al Faisal similarly asserted that failure to reach a solution would lead to "an international catastrophe." Nevertheless, both Fahd and Saud, as well as Petroleum and Mineral Resources Minister Sheikh Zaki Yamani, insisted that neither the pricing nor the production level of Saudi oil would be used as a means to force a solution. Following the Begin victory in Israel, Egyptian Foreign Minister Ismail Fahmi raised the prospect of a new Arab oil embargo in a meeting with reporters on May 22. Oil, he said, "is one of the Arabs' principal weapons, and there should be no doubt that it will be used automatically if Israel persists in its aggression against occupied Arab lands." However, after Saudi Crown Prince Fahd completed two days of talks at the White House on May 25, President Carter said that he had been assured by Fahd that the threat of an embargo was a "completely false report." Carter added that he found "no disturbing differences" about the Middle East in his talks with the Saudi leader and that Fahd had assured him that the Saudis were prepared to live in peace with Israel. Fahd again emphasized the Palestinian issue as the core of the Middle East problem, and Saudi officials privately expressed confidence that President Carter would soon endorse a West Bank-Gaza state. Carter emphasized the vast economic interests that linked the Saudis and Ameri- cans, noting that the Saudis had invested about $60 billion in the United States and were "one of our largest customers," buying $3.5 billion in American goods annually, with that figure expected to grow. This "very important" relationship, Carter said, "helps to tie us together in dealing with political problems which we face in a mutual way." A $100-million, joint Saudi-American solar-energy research program was announced during the visit. Fahd declined to speculate on what effect the Begin election would have on peace prospects, but asked Carter to urge the Israelis not to close the door on a settlement "that would provide a just and lasting peace."

U.S. Reaction to Begin Victory Two days after his election, Menachem Begin visited the Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful) Jewish settlement of Elon Moreh in the West Bank area of Camp UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST f 135 Kaddum to dedicate a synagogue. In his remarks, he declared that in the next few months "there will be many Elon Morehs." The Labor government had refused to grant official recognition to the privately established settlement, since it wished to see settlements only in strategically important areas and not near Arab population centers. In response to a reporter's question as to whether he intended to annex the West Bank, Begin pointed out that since the area of Judea and Samaria was an integral part of the sovereign Jewish land of Israel, he regarded the area as "liberated" and not annexed. The Likud had run on a platform declaring that there would be no foreign rule in the area west of the Jordan River. These statements and actions, which seemed to reject the concept of territorial compromise advocated by the previous Labor government, aroused deep concern in the United States. In an address at Notre Dame University on May 22, President Carter inserted a sentence declaring: "We expect Israel and her neighbors to continue to be bound" by the obligations undertaken in UN Security Council Resolu- tions 242 and 338. In his press conference on May 26, the President reiterated that "withdrawal from West Bank territories—either partially or in their entirety" was envisaged in any ultimate settlement. He refrained from drawing any exact lines, he said, since this was for the parties to work out. Carter was asked whether he thought Begin's views would constitute an obstacle to peace. The President responded that he did not think this would be an insuperable problem, noting that Begin would have to reconcile conflicting interests to form a cabinet. Carter also expressed confidence that Begin's views would be modified "when I meet him personally, and when he meets with the Congressional leaders and with the Jewish Americans who are very deeply interested in this and see the purpose of our own country.1' The President's remarks foreshadowed intensive efforts by both the Carter Ad- ministration and the Begin Government to enlist support within the American Jewish community for their respective approaches to a Middle East settlement. American Jews became increasingly uneasy at the prospect that in a confrontation between the two governments they would be forced to choose sides. Matters were not helped by intimations in some Jewish circles that any dissent from the Begin policies was a betrayal of Israel, and by veiled hints by Administration advocates that opposition to the Carter policy by special interest groups was against the U.S. national interest. In a major speech on June 17 before the World Affairs Council in San Francisco, Vice-President Walter F. Mondale sought to explain the Administration's policy and to reassure the Jewish community. He underscored the United States' "unique and profound relationship" with Israel since its creation. "Our sense of shared values and purposes," he said, means that for Americans "the question of Israel's survival is not a political question, but rather stands as a moral imperative of our foreign policy." Mondale also stressed the need for direct negotiations between the Arab states and Israel, and reasserted that the Carter Administration did "not intend to use military aid as pressure on Israel." He conceded that there might be 136 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 differences over military aid, but insisted that these would only be on military or economic grounds, but not on political grounds. Differences over diplomatic strategy would be worked out on the political level, but would not alter the American commitment to Israel's military security. He added that the U.S. realized that "peace cannot be imposed from the outside, and we do not intend to present the parties with a plan or a timetable or a map." At the same time, Mondale reiterated the Administration's optimistic view that all the Arab leaders with whom Carter met had a "great desire for peace." Moreover, Mondale elaborated on the Brzezinski thesis that security arrangements would be separated from recognized boundaries and, in this way, Israel could return "to approximately the borders that existed prior to the war of 1967." On the Palestinian question, he endorsed the possibility of some arrangement "for a Palestinian homeland or entity—preferably in association with Jordan." Such an association would enhance the viability of the concept and the security of the region, he said in the name of the President. But then he quickly added that "the specifics are for the parties to decide."

Criticism of Carter Policy The Mondale speech failed to reassure the Israelis, and was criticized in the United States. Senator Jacob K. Javits (R-N.Y.), a ranking member of the Foreign Relations Committee, said the Carter proposals might undercut the possibility of a successful U.S. role as mediator. The "persistent public advocacy" by the Carter Administration of Israeli withdrawal to "approximately" the June 1967 lines and the establishment of a Palestinian entity prior to any negotiations between Arab and Israeli leaders, Javits warned, "can only continue to feed Arab illusions that Presi- dent Carter will deliver to them what they have been unable to deliver to themselves" by other means, including war. To be "as specific as Vice-President Mon- dale's blueprint of the Administration's position, in advance of Geneva, has raised both Arab expectations and Israeli fears, thereby inviting failure." On June 27, shortly before Prime Minister Begin's arrival in Washington, the State Department issued a statement on the Administration's Middle East policy pointedly emphasizing consistent American support for the principles in UN Secu- rity Council Resolution 242 and their application through negotiations as called for in Resolution 338. In an attempt to allay the criticism of the Carter policy, the State Department statement stressed that the United States "was not asking for any one-sided concessions from anyone," adding that the Arabs would have to agree to a durable peace with satisfactory security arrangements and normalization of relations with Israel. The new point in the statement, however, was its emphasis that the United States considered that Resolution 242 "means withdrawal from all three fronts in the Middle East dispute—that is, Sinai, Golan, West Bank and Gaza—the exact borders and security arrangements being agreed in negotiations." Such negotiations, the State Department stressed, "must start without any preconditions from any side." To automatically exclude any territories from negotiation "strikes UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 137 us as contradictory to the principle of negotiations without preconditions." This was taken by the Israelis as a pointed criticism of Prime Minister Begin's declarations that the withdrawal provisions of Resolution 242 did not apply to Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), since these areas were not taken by Israel from any legitimate foreign sovereign, but had been liberated from the illegal Jordanian occupation of 1948. In an effort to avoid an immediate confrontation with the U.S. on this matter, the new Israeli government's Basic Policy Guidelines, adopted on June 20, declared that although the Knesset had empowered the Cabinet to apply by administrative order "the law, judiciary and administration of the state to all territory of the Land of Israel" (presumably including the West Bank and Gaza), the Government would not invoke this authority "so long as negotiations are being conducted on a peace treaty between Israel and its neighbors." The Government also promised to bring this matter up for special debate and approval by the Knesset before taking such action. This compromise language was reportedly adopted upon the urging of Foreign Minister Moshe Day an. President Carter was also anxious to avoid a confrontation. Concerned by the mounting criticism in the Jewish community of his Middle East policy, he invited Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler, chairman of the Conference of Major American Jewish Organizations, and some 40 other American Jewish leaders to the White House on July 6. He emphasized that the definition of peace that he was urging the Arab leaders to accept included full diplomatic relations with Israel at the ambassadorial level, trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges. He was much more explicit than he had been in public in expressing opposition to a fully independent Pales- tinian state. He was quoted by one of the participants at the closed-door session as saying: "We see any kind of Palestinian entity as tied to Jordan. Anything else would be a distinct threat to peace; it could easily be used by Qaddafi or the Soviets as a threat to peace. We don't envisage an independent state at all." Carter added that several of the Arab leaders with whom he met shared his view. He did not cite them by name, but on July 10, after meeting in Alexandria, President Sadat and King Hussein agreed to secure a Palestinian role in the Geneva talks by establishing an "explicit link between Jordan and the Palestinians" on the West Bank. There were different assessments of the White House Jewish meeting. Rabbi Schindler characterized it as "a very fruitful, helpful and frank discussion," adding that the group was particularly pleased by the President's definition of peace, and "reassured" by Carter's statements that there was no deviation in his support of Israel expressed during the Presidential campaign. Rabbi William Berkowitz, president of Bnai Zion, disagreed. He believed that Carter had "still left many gaps and doubts and unanswered questions about American policy vis-a-vis Israel." He came away from the "inconclusive, unclear and fuzzy" meeting with the impression that the Administration believed peace required Israel to withdraw to the pre-1967 borders. Berkowitz asserted that there was a continuing erosion of support for Carter among "average Jewish voters," and while some in the Jewish community 138 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 "may have been convinced, many are still skeptical" regarding Carter's policy toward Israel.

Carter-Begin Meeting The widely-predicted American-Israeli confrontation was avoided during the White House meetings on July 19 and 20, as both leaders agreed to concentrate on the procedural steps necessary to bring about negotiations. Commenting on the Israeli elections, Carter noted that Begin represented a nation which demonstrated "the importance of a true democracy where people in an absolutely unconstrained expression of individual preference in open elections can decide who their leader will be." The President added that he was "very proud" of Prime Minister Begin's attitude that all issues were negotiable, and encouraged by Begin's statements that he hoped that talks with Sadat, Hussein, and Assad could commence in Geneva in October. At a press conference in Washington, Begin described his proposals for a framework for direct negotiations, in accordance with Security Council Resolution 338, adding that the government of Israel "acknowledges that Resolution 338 includes and makes reference to Security Council Resolution 242." Israel would negotiate with the accredited delegates of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—as well as Lebanon, if the latter wished to join. The negotiations were to be free and with no prior commitments by either side. Israel proposed a format of separate bilateral commissions composed of Israel and each of her neighbors. Begin categorically rejected the participation of the PLO as a separate delegation or as part of another Arab delegation, since the PLO's "design is to destroy our country and to destroy our people." However, Israel would not object to the participation of individual Pales- tinian Arabs within the Jordanian delegation. Should the Arab states insist on the participation of the PLO, which would make it impossible to reconvene a full- fledged Geneva conference, Begin said, then Israel suggested two alternatives: either the United States should use its good offices to establish three or four mixed commissions for separate bilateral talks on the model of the Rhodes negotiations which led to the 1949 series of Armistice Agreements; or the United States should revive the 1972 idea of proximity talks by which the American delegate would initially shuttle between the representatives of Israel and one or more Arab states meeting in New York or another city, with the U.S. using its good offices to bring them together.

Controversy Over Settlement Policy Upon Begin's return to Israel, the Cabinet Committee on Settlements gave official recognition to three Gush Emunim civilian settlements in the heart of the West Bank which the previous Labor government had refused to legalize. At his press conference two days later, President Carter said that he had let Prime Minister UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 139 Begin know "very strongly" that creation of new settlements would cause "deep concern" to the American Government. Carter added that Israeli settlements in occupied territory had "always been characterized by our government, by me and my predecessors, as an illegal action." Carter said that he had not specifically discussed the question of legalizing existing settlements with Begin, and that the Israeli leader had not given him any prior notice. On August 14, the Israeli Government announced that it was extending economic and social services to the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza, to grant them rights equal to those enjoyed by residents of Israel. The following day, Begin explained that the move was "by no means the beginning of annexation, but was motivated solely by a desire to improve the lot of the Arabs under Israeli rule." On August 17, the Government approved the establishment of three new settlements on the West Bank. The State Department responded with a strongly worded statement, approved by President Carter, reiterating that these "unilateral illegal acts in territories presently under Israeli occupation create obstacles to constructive negotiations." A second statement, while noting the "humanitarian aims" of Israel's extension of economic and social services in the West Bank and Gaza, pointed out that "the action creates an impression of permanence of Israeli occupation . . . that is not helpful." Israeli spokesmen countered by pointing out that the three new settlements were all in close proximity to the 1949 Armistice Demarcation Lines and thus fell within the category of minor modifications that the United States had sanctioned. Moreover, the three settlements had been approved in principle by the previous Labor government, since they could be justified by the need for "secure" boundaries and thus fit into the Allon Plan formula.

Jewish Community Reaction to Begin Begin's election, his more active settlement policy, and his outspoken opposition to territorial compromise on the West Bank aroused misgivings among many American Jews. Rabbi Schindler and the leaders of such intergroup relations organizations as the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress, and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith spoke privately with Begin and other members of his government to convey their concern over the difficulties they were encountering in explaining certain Israeli policies and tactics to the American public. However, these misgivings were rarely given public expression during the period under review. There was a general feeling that the new government in Israel should be given a chance to prove itself, especially since it was premature to judge whether Begin's seemingly tough stance represented an inflexible ideological commitment, or was a diplomatic bargaining position that might be modified in the course of negotiations with the Arab states. Moreover, in view of the mounting pressure on Israel in the international arena and the activist policy being followed by the Carter Administration, there was widespread concern within the Jewish 140 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 community that any public criticism of the Begin Government would be seized upon by elements unfriendly to Israel and used to justify their own criticism of Israeli policies. Finally, there was a widespread feeling among the Jewish masses that American Jews should be supportive of whatever government had been democrati- cally elected in Israel, especially in questions affecting Israel's security. It is noteworthy that even Breira refrained from publicly criticizing the Begin Government. Breira (Alternative), founded in 1973, had been vocal in its criticism of the Israeli Government for its handling of the Arab-Israel conflict. Although Breira never achieved a membership of more than 1,500, its ability to attract some individuals prominent in the rabbinate, on campuses and in the Jewish institutional world, and the public relations skills of some of its spokesmen, had enabled Breira to get considerable press coverage for its views. Breira encountered intensive criticism in early 1977 from several Anglo-Jewish publications, which attacked not only the substance of its positions, but impugned the motives of its advocates. Most of the criticism had focused on Breira's advocacy of the creation of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the call for negotiations by Israel with any Palestinians who had renounced terrorism and accepted Israel's right to exist.

Vance's Second Middle East Trip On August 1, Secretary of State Vance opened the second round of his Middle East travels with a meeting with President Sadat in Alexandria. The Egyptian leader proposed that in preparation for a full-fledged Geneva conference the foreign ministers of the Arab states and Israel meet in New York or Washington in mid- September as a working group. This was seen as a way to bypass the problem of PLO participation in the initial stages. He indicated that he had no objection to the Israeli and Egyptian representatives sitting together. Vance welcomed the idea, saying that the better prepared a Geneva conference was, the greater its chances of success. However, Vance said, it was up to the Arabs to decide if they favored the idea. The Syrians promptly announced that they rejected the working group proposal, and President Assad emphasized that there would be no direct or indirect meetings between the Syrian Foreign Minister and Israeli officials at the UN. After meeting with Lebanese President Elias Sarkis in Beirut on August 3, Vance announced that the Carter Administration would ask Congress to approve $100 million in military credits over the next three years to help Lebanon build up a 3,000-man militia for domestic security. The continuation of factional strife and the absence of Lebanese central government control in the south led to frequent clashes between Christian and Moslem villagers, and to guerrilla raids by Palestinian mili- tants. Earlier in the year, the U.S. had several times exerted behind-the-scenes diplomatic efforts to dissuade Israel and Syria from becoming directly involved with their own forces in the southern region bordering on Israel. UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 141 On Vance's stop in Amman, King Hussein said Jordan "could not afford a failure" in a Geneva conference, and indicated that he was reluctant to commit Jordan to attend unless there was "some understanding of the principles on which we are going to base cur talks" in Geneva. During Vance's visit to Taif, the Saudi summer capital, the Saudis informed him that the PLO was moving toward accepting UN Resolution 242 if the United States made an appropriate reciprocal gesture to open a direct dialogue with the Pales- tinian group. The United States Government had already been in indirect contact with the PLO through meetings of congressmen, such as Lee Hamilton (D-Ind.), chairman of the House International Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, who had met with Arafat in Cairo in mid-July. Hamilton reported that he gained the impression that the PLO leader "accepts Israel" and would accept a Palestinian "mini-state," although Arafat did not say so explicitly. According to highly placed Palestinian sources, Arafat had informed the Saudis that al-Fatah, the main Palestinian guerrilla group which he headed, would acqui- esce in 242 if the resolution were "interpreted" as recognizing the right to create a Palestinian state. In transmitting the message to Secretary Vance, the Saudis reportedly modified it to read "independent homeland" instead of "state,'' presumably to make it appear more congruent with the Carter position. The Carter Administration appeared at this time to be scaling down its requirements for opening discussions with the PLO. In an interview with Time magazine, published August 8, President Carter was asked whether Begin had said he would drop his opposition to any PLO participation in the Geneva Conference, if the PLO were to accept the principle of the existence of Israel. Carter said that Begin had objected to any identifiable PLO members attending such a conference because the PLO was publicly committed to Israel's destruction. The President went on to state: "I cannot speak for Mr. Begin, [but] if the Palestinian leaders adopted that position [acceptance of Israel's existence] or espoused the U.S. Resolutions 242 and 338 as a basis for negotiations at Geneva, we would immediately commence plans to begin talks with the Palestinian leaders." In an informal news conference in Plains, Georgia on August 8, the President reiterated his remarks to Time, and then noted that the PLO might add a unilateral statement to its acceptance of 242 to the effect that the Palestinians "have additional status other than as just refugees." Adding such a proviso, Carter said, "would suit us okay." Speaking to newsmen in Taif, Secretary Vance said that he had been informed that the PLO was contemplating a change in its position, but noted that he had seen nothing concrete as yet. "If the PLO were to accept 242," Vance said, "they would be accepting the principle that they recognize the right of Is- rael to exist in a state of peace, within secure and recognized boundaries." Vance added: "That, in my judgment, would revoke the Covenant.'" This was a departure from Vance's earlier position, enunciated during his February trip, in which he had reiterated the traditional American position that the PLO would have to accept Israel's right to exist, recognize 242 and 338, and explicitly 142 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 renounce or formally amend its National Covenant before the United States would agree to deal with the organization. In Israel, on August 13, Vance reportedly stated to a group of West Bank Arab dignitaries who had been brought together by Foreign Minister Dayan, that the United States considered a transition period under United Nations trusteeship as the most reasonable solution of the issue of a Palestinian homeland. Several West Bank mayors, who refused to meet with Vance, stressed their support for the PLO. Another group of West Bankers who did attend the Dayan reception for Vance asserted that the Arabs actually living in the area should have the right of self- determination. On August 26, the PLO Central Council issued a hard-line statement condemning "all the United States and Zionist maneuvers" as plots aimed at liquidating the Palestinian cause. The statement again rejected UN Resolution 242. The PLO Council warned the "cowards" living "in occupied Palestine" against cooperating with the plans of the Zionist enemy, further warned against "giving credence to imperialist and Zionist promises," and urged instead a renewal of militancy and "confrontation." President Carter termed the statement "an obstacle in the way of our efforts to convene a peace conference."

Palestinian Representation Issue On September 12, on the eve of Secretary Vance's scheduled series of meetings with the Israeli and Arab foreign ministers attending the UN General Assembly, the State Department issued a new policy statement on the Middle East. After reiterating that all participants at a renewed Geneva conference should adhere to the terms of Resolutions 242 and 338, the statement placed special emphasis on settling the question of "the status of the Palestinians" in a comprehensive Arab- Israeli agreement. Toward this end, the statement went on, "the Palestinians must be involved in the peacemaking process. Their representatives will have to be at Geneva for the Palestinian question to be solved." The statement did not make explicit reference to the PLO nor to the form of Palestinian representation. Never- theless, PLO leader Arafat welcomed it as "a positive step." Secretary Vance, on September 14, said that the two alternatives which seemed most promising were Palestinians within a Jordanian delegation or Palestinians within a single pan-Arab delegation. The always outspoken American Ambassador to the United Nations, Andrew Young, declared on September 18 that the PLO would have to be brought into the negotiations. "You're not going to have peace in the Middle East until the people who are doing the fighting are somehow brought to the table," he said, adding, however, that the PLO must first recognize "Israel's right to exist." He also recommended the holding of a plebiscite to determine if the PLO "is truly representative of the aspirations of the entire Palestinian people." UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 143 Following meetings between Foreign Minister Dayan and Secretary Vance, the Israeli Cabinet, on September 25, approved a proposal calling for a single unified Arab delegation, including Palestinians, to attend the opening session of a Geneva conference. The Palestinian Arabs, whom the Cabinet referred to as the "Arabs of Eretz Israel," could not be known officials of the PLO, although they might be sympathizers of the organization. Moreover, Israel would not negotiate with the unified delegation as such; once the ceremonial session was over, the Arabs would have to be split into separate national delegations to negotiate peace agreements with Israel. The Cabinet decision left unclear whether the Palestinians would then become part of the Jordanian delegation, or could also be members of the Egyptian and possibly Syrian delegations as well. The PLO gave a noncommittal response. A PLO spokesman in Beirut reiterated that the PLO was the "sole legitimate" representative of the Palestinian people, adding that after the PLO received "a formal invitation to Geneva," then the organization would ''consider the details of Palestinian representation there." At this news conference on September 29, President Carter also emphasized the need for "adequate Palestinian representation" at a peace conference. He reasserted the recent American position that the United States Government would "begin to meet with and work with the PLO" as soon as they accepted UN Resolution 242 as a basis for negotiations, even with the qualifying comment that they regarded the resolution as inadequately meeting Palestinian interests. Asked whether the United States regarded the PLO as a representative of the Palestinians, the President replied: "Obviously they don't represent a nation. It is a group that represents certainly a substantial part of the Palestinians. I certainly don't think they're the exclusive representatives of the Palestinians. Obviously there are mayors, for instance, and local officials in the West Bank area who represent Palestinians. They may or may not be members of the PLO."

Soviet-American Joint Efforts At his September 29 press conference, Carter noted that "a further complicating factor" in preparing for Geneva was that the Soviet Union was a co-chairman. Therefore, in the call for the conference and in the negotiations preceding the format of the conference "we have to deal with the Soviet Union as well." Intensive Soviet-American discussions, which had begun in August with a meeting between Secretary Vance and the Soviet Ambassador in Washington, Anatoly F. Dobrinin, were capped by a 90-minute meeting between Vance and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei A. Gromyko in New York on September 30. On the following day, a joint Soviet-American statement on the Middle East was issued. The statement began by declaring their agreement on the urgent necessity of achieving a just and lasting comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Noting that some procedural and organizational problems remained, they pledged 144 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 through joint efforts and their contacts with the parties to facilitate the resumption of the Geneva Conference "not later than December 1977." The statement said that the questions to be resolved in a comprehensive settlement included "such key issues as withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the 1967 conflict; the resolution of the Palestinian question, including insuring the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people; termination of the state of war and establishment of normal peaceful relations on the basis of mutual recognition of the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence.'" The joint statement aroused a storm of controversy within the Congress, which had not been informed in advance, among the general American public, and in the Middle East. State Department officials explained that since the Russians were going to be at Geneva in any case, Secretary Vance believed it useful to develop a "common denominator'' of agreed principles with them. The American negotiators claimed, moreover, to have won certain concessions from the Russians in the process of hammering out the joint statement. For instance, the Russians no longer demanded Israeli withdrawal from "all" or from "the" territories, and the Russians now endorsed the goal of normal peaceful relations and not merely an end of the state of belligerence. On the Palestinian question, the statement omitted explicit reference to the Pales- tine Liberation Organization. However, it called for participation in the Geneva Peace Conference "of representatives of all the parties involved in the conflict, including those of the Palestinian people." The Israeli Government was also distressed by the fact that the United States, for the first time, agreed to support "the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people," whereas in the past the United States had limited herself to endorsing the legitimate interests of the Palestinians. State Department officials countered that they had won a concession from the Russians on this point as well, since in the past the Soviet Union had spoken of the legitimate national rights of the Palestinians. State Department officials also noted that the American position went no further than that of the nine-member European Eco- nomic Community, which on June 29, 1977 had adopted a statement affirming their belief that a solution of the Middle East conflict was possible "only if the legitimate right of the Palestinian people to give effective expression to its national identity" were translated into "a homeland for the Palestinian people." From the Israeli perspective, however, the net result of all the Soviet-American semantic bargaining was to erode the solemn United States commitment to Israel on Palestinian participation in Geneva that had been given by former Secretary of State Kissinger to Israeli Foreign Minister Allon as part of the September 1, 1975 Sinai II Agreement (AJYB, 1977 [Vol. 77], pp. 91-92). Most distressing to Israel was the fact that the joint Soviet-American statement made no explicit reference to either Resolution 242 or 338. The American explana- tion was that the Soviet Union had begun by asking for explicit endorsement of General Assembly resolutions that spelled out Palestinian rights, and the compromise solution was to drop reference to any United Nations resolutions. But seen in the context of the Carter Administration's efforts to bring the PLO into the Geneva UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 145 negotiations, the joint statement could be regarded as a face-saving device designed to enable the PLO to come to Geneva without having explicitly to endorse Resolu- tion 242. The American Jewish community was shocked and outraged by the joint Soviet- American statement. In a telegram to Secretary Vance, Rabbi Schindler of the President's Conference said the joint statement appeared to be ''an abandonment of America's historic commitment to the security and survival of Israel" and "a shocking about-face" of the President's public pledges to support a negotiated settlement within the framework of Resolution 242. The joint statement initiated a wave of protest in the Jewish community that had been building over the months. In the aftermath of the October 1 statement, the White House was, in fact, flooded with thousands of irate phone calls, telegrams, and letters. According to Washing- ton observers, the vehemence and volume of the protest surprised the Administra- tion, which had not foreseen the domestic consequences of the joint statement. Some of the political consequences, however, were immediately apparent to Los Angeles Democratic Party leaders, who reported that many normally stalwart Jewish supporters were refusing to buy tickets for a $ 1,000-a-plate, Democratic fund-raising dinner scheduled for October 22. "I have never seen them as upset by anything as they are now," Hershey Gold, a veteran Democratic fund-raiser, told the Los Angeles Times. State Department spokesman Hodding Carter III tried to mollify the opposition, saying that Palestinian rights were not to "be purchased at the expense of Israel" and that PLO endorsement of the joint statement would not in itself constitute "acceptance of our terms for talking to" the PLO. The Israeli and American Jewish critics were joined by many prominent Ameri- cans, such as labor leader George Meany, who questioned the Administration's wisdom in enhancing the Soviet Union's role in the Middle East in the absence of any evidence that Moscow truly shared Washington's basic objectives of peace and stability in the area. The statement explicitly mentioned that in addition to demilitarized zones and the agreed stationing therein of UN troops or observers, "international guarantees of such borders as well as of the observance of the terms of the settlement can be established, should the parties so desire." The statement added that "the United States and the Soviet Union are ready to participate in these guarantees, subject to their constitutional processes." Among members of Congress and their constituents, this raised the spectre of Syria or a PLO-dominated Palestinian entity calling in Soviet troops or "volunteers" to enforce its interpretation of its rights. The result could be open confrontation between Soviet and American forces. Or, if a post-Vietnam mood meant that an American Congress would block any firm response, the Russians or their Cuban surrogates could have the field to themselves, since Moscow was not subject to the same constraints in its "constitutional processes." Senator Henry M. Jackson (D-Wash.) called the joint statement "a step in the wrong direction," noting that not only the Israelis were unhappy about reintroduc- ing the Russians. "The American people must certainly raise the question: 'Why bring the Russians in at a time when the Egyptians have been throwing them out?' " 146 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 the Senator said. Jackson was also angered by the Administration's failure to consult Congress about the proposals for joint Soviet-American guarantees of the Arab- Israel borders, pointing out that this "could mean the positioning of Russian and American troops" in the area, which was a mistaken policy since it would "raise issues of confrontation." Senator Robert J. Dole (R-Kans.) said the statement was an "abdication of Mideast leadership by President Carter." Senator Daniel P. Moynihan (D-N.Y.) charged that the joint statement was a sign of "escalating diplomatic pressure against Israel." National Security Adviser Brzezinski took a more optimistic view. In an interview on Canadian television, Brzezinski said that the Soviet Union "realizes that the situation of continued conflict in the Middle East does not enhance its interests. It jeopardizes them locally and in terms of their relations with us." He expressed optimism that the Geneva Conference would be reconvened before the end of the year, and brushed aside Israeli objections. He expected Israel to attend the Confer- ence, he said, since it did not want to be isolated and left out of the peace-making process. He also left no doubt that the United States was prepared to prod Israel to attend. "I think the point to bear in mind is that the United States is not just an interested bystander, not even just a benevolent mediator," he said. Since the United States "has a direct interest in obtaining a resolution of the conflict," he emphasized, "the U.S. has a legitimate right to exercise its own leverage'' to obtain a settlement. "And that's exactly what we will be doing." President Carter used a softer tone in his address to the UN General Assembly on October 4. "We do not intend to impose from the outside a settlement on the nations of the Middle East," the President said. He also reaffirmed the elements of peace outlined earlier and explicitly mentioned that the "basis for peace" was provided in Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, adding that negotiations in good faith by all the parties were needed to give substance to peace. While declaring that the American commitment "to Israel's security is unquestionable,*' he again asserted that "the legitimate rights of the Palestinians must be recognized."

U.S.-Israel Working Paper The Israeli Government made it clear that it regarded the Soviet-American joint statement as an unacceptable basis for negotiations. Foreign Minister Dayan carried with him a draft statement explaining why his government would not participate in the Geneva talks, as he began six hours of intensive discussions with President Carter and Secretary Vance on the night of October 4-5. Early in the morning, agreement was reached on a joint statement declaring that the United States and Israel agreed that Resolutions 242 and 338 "remain the agreed basis" for Geneva, and that "all the understandings and agreements between them on this subject remain in force.'' The statement also specified that "acceptance of the joint U.S.- U.S.S.R. statement of October 1, 1977 by the parties is not a prerequisite for the UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 147 reconvening and conduct of the Geneva Conference." This formulation enabled Israel to maintain that it regarded the Soviet-American statement as null and void, while the United States could say that it regarded the statement as valid. Dayan, Carter, and Vance also developed a working paper for resolving the procedural obstacles to Geneva, which Dayan was to submit to his government and Vance would present to the other parties. On October 11, the Israeli Cabinet approved the "working paper," which provided that the Arab parties would be represented by a unified Arab delegation, "which will include Palestinian Arabs." After the opening session, the Conference would split into several working groups. The negotiation and conclusion of peace treaties would be by bilateral groups constituted on a geographic basis, i.e., Egypt- Israel, Jordan-Israel, Syria-Israel, and Lebanon-Israel, whenever Lebanon chose to join. West Bank and Gaza issues were to be discussed in a separate working group to consist of Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and the Palestinian Arabs. Solution of the problem "of the Arab refugees and of the Jewish refugees [would] be discussed in accordance with terms to be agreed upon." While American spokesmen had previously acknowledged that the reference in Resolution 242 to "a just settlement of the refugee problem" could apply to Jewish as well as to Arab refugees, the working paper marked the first time that the Jewish refugees from Arab countries were explicitly placed on a par with the Palestinian Arab refugees in a high-level Ameri- can document. The working paper reiterated that 242 and 338 were the agreed basis for the Geneva talks, and that "all the initial terms of reference" of the Geneva Conference would remain in force, except as modified by agreement of the parties. Under these terms, Israel obtained the right to veto the participation by any additional state or other party, such as the PLO, in the negotiations. The working paper did not specify how the Palestinian Arabs to participate in Geneva were to be selected. President Carter welcomed the Israeli Cabinet's approval of the working paper, and in an interview with news editors on October 14 again reassured Israel that any agreement would have to be voluntarily accepted and that he did not favor an independent Palestinian state. Egyptian President Sadat suggested that the Palestinians might be represented in Geneva by noted American professors of Palestinian origin. Although several such persons were known to be close to the PLO ideologically, they had never participated in any terrorist actions and were, therefore, presumably acceptable to Israel. The Saudis, however, took a tougher line. Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal told the National Press Club in Washington, on October 26, that the PLO was "undeniably the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people." He also indicated uneasiness at the American eagerness to have the Geneva Conference begin as soon as procedural details had been arranged, without agreement on basic principles. While Prince Saud spoke of the need for a "peaceful settlement," he never explicitly endorsed Arab peace with Israel. In contrast to his relatively moderate tone in Washington, the Saudi foreign minister was quoted in an interview in the 148 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Beirut newspaper an-Nahar as declaring that in case of a renewal of Arab-Israeli conflict, "not only will Saudi Arabia sacrifice its oil and financial resources, but also the blood of its sons." Damascus was adopting an equally hard line. Syrian Defense Minister Mustafa Tlas declared on Damascus radio on October 7 that Israel's creation constituted an unprecedented act of aggression against the Arab nation, and this made it incumbent to wage a continuous struggle against the Zionists and their imperialist allies. "In revolutionary Syria, we will never extend our hand to shake the treacherous and criminal hand stained with the blood of our martyrs," he declared. The official newspaper of Syria's ruling Ba'ath Party announced on October 22 that "Syria is now taking the line of direct military confrontation with Israel," since the dangers of the "military option are considerably less than the dangers of submitting to ambiguous settlements that bestow legitimacy on Zionist occupation." Meanwhile, the PLO continued its unwillingness to send an unambiguous signal of readiness to abandon its objective of Israel's dissolution.

The Sadat Initiative On November 9, President Sadat delivered a lengthy address at the opening of the fall session of the People's Assembly in Cairo. He reviewed the activities to prepare for resumption of the Geneva Conference, and noted his personal efforts to coordinate the Egyptian position with the leaders of Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, and the PLO. He pointed out that he had met earlier in the day with Yasir Arafat, "a dear brother and a splendid comrade in struggle." After tracing the procedural wrangles over the details of the working paper, Sadat expressed his disdain for procedural details. He said that the Israelis were raising procedural obstacles so that the Arabs should "have a nervous break- down" or "suffer a fit" and declare that they were not going to Geneva. This would put the onus on the Arabs for the failure of peace. Sadat said he would unmask the Israeli tactic, saying, "I agree to any procedural process." He was determined to go to Geneva, he said, because "neither Israel nor the powers of the world can dissuade me from what I want—the Arab territory occupied in 1967 and the rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to establish their state." Noting that his speech was being broadcast for all the Egyptian people and the Arab nation to hear, Sadat then dropped his bombshell: "I am ready to go to the ends of the earth if this will prevent a soldier or an officer of my sons from being wounded—not being killed, but wounded. Israel will be astonished when it hears me saying now before you that I am ready to go to their house, to the Knesset itself and to talk to them." Prime Minister Begin responded the following day, welcoming Sadat's offer and declaring that the Egyptian leader would be received with all honor when he came to Israel. An official invitation was extended by the Knesset, and was transmitted UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 149 to Sadat via the American ambassadors in Tel Aviv and Cairo. (For details of the Sadat visit to Israel, see Louvish, pp. 271-214.) The dramatic Sadat initiative took American officials by surprise, even though President Carter had earlier in the year tried to encourage some direct contact between Sadat and Begin. American officials were at first privately skeptical that anything would result from the Sadat visit, and were fearful that his "high risk" undertaking would further divide the Arab world and scuttle the chances for the Geneva Conference that the United States had been laboring so intensively to bring about. Aside from these policy considerations there was apparently also a certain measure of pique at having been upstaged by the Egyptian president. Indeed, there was some evidence that Sadat's action was prompted by dissatisfaction with Ameri- can policy—particularly the re-introduction of the Russians, after Sadat had worked hard to eliminate them from Egypt, and the American efforts to satisfy the difficult demands of the fence-sitting Syrians—which had convinced Sadat that the Geneva Conference would never get started unless he took matters into his own hands. Whatever the reasons, for several crucial days while opposition was mounting in the Arab world, the United States Government refrained from publicly endorsing the Egyptian move. It was only on November 16 that President Carter declared that Sadat's "unprecedented" decision was "very courageous" and "a step in the right direction." The Administration did not relinquish its hopes for a Geneva conference, and was careful to avoid any impression that it favored the idea of a separate Egyptian-Israeli agreement. This was implicit in Carter's comment that he believed that Sadat's visit to Jerusalem "will be a constructive step toward a general conference that will let the hopes for Middle Eastern peace come closer to realization." Despite Egyptian and American assertions that Sadat was not seeking a separate peace and was presenting all the Arab and Palestinian demands to Israel, virulent opposition to Sadat was mounting in the Arab world. The position of the rejectionists, such as Libya and Iraq, could have been predicted. However, the United States was particularly concerned about the prominent anti-Sadat stand taken by the Syrians, who were ostensibly committed to a peaceful solution. A personal visit by Sadat to Damascus on November 16 failed to convince Assad to endorse the pending Egyptian trip to Jerusalem. On the contrary, Damascus proclaimed a day of national mourning, and Syrian official statements labelled Sadat a "traitor," a "dupe,1' and a "capitulationist." President Carter was only mildly critical of the Syrian position in an ABC news interview on November 20. He explained that the Syrians had been the most difficult because they were in the most difficult position, since they were no match for Egypt or Israel in military strength. "But they are the tie between the moderate Arab world and the Arab world that still is perhaps most radical." Carter added that he believed Assad, whom he recalled meeting in Geneva, "genuinely wants peace," but "he has become kind of a spokesman in a strange way for some of the more radical Arab leaders" who did not want to move toward recognition of Israel. Carter expressed 150 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 the hope that the Sadat visit might break the Arab psychological barrier against recognizing Israel, adding that it was "obvious that President Assad doesn't want to see Syria left out of the future negotiations." The Syrians feared a separate bilateral Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. Since neither he (Carter) nor Sadat nor Begin wanted a separate peace, the President expressed confidence that a Geneva conference would become possible once the rest of the Arabs were reassured that there was no danger of their "being abandoned by the strong nation of Egypt." On his trip to the Middle East in early December, the Secretary of State extracted public declarations from Sadat and Begin affirming that they were not planning a separate deal. Nevertheless, the United States proved unable to convince any of the other Arab states, including the ostensibly moderate pro-Western Jordanians and Saudis, to participate in the conference that Sadat sought to convene in Cairo. Morocco and the Sudan, both friendly to Sadat and geographically removed from the Arab-Israeli conflict, were the only Arab League members openly to support the Egyptian initiative. A rejectionist summit was convened by Colonel Qaddafi in Tripoli. The Iraqis, perennially feuding with Syria, left the conference before the end, because it was not sufficiently militant for them. The other participants from Syria, Libya, South Yemen, Algeria, the PLO, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine issued a declaration terming the Sadat initiative "high trea- son" and decided on the "freezing of political and diplomatic relations" with Cairo. Israel was referred to only as "occupied Palestine," and Sadat was lambasted for allying himself with the "Zionist-imperialist enemy." In addition, the Palestinian groups issued their own communique rejecting "all international conferences based on UN Resolutions 242 and 338, including Geneva.'' Egypt responded by breaking diplomatic relations with the five Arab states that had attended the Tripoli conference. Sadat also recalled the Egyptian ambassador from Moscow, blaming the Russians for the divisions in the Arab world and for instigating the "rubbish" at the Tripoli conference through their "vicious" policy. The United States took a more restrained public stance toward the Russians, despite Moscow statements accusing the U.S. of conspiring with Egypt and Israel to foil the Geneva Conference. Vance said on December 6 that some recent Soviet statements "have not been helpful," and raised questions about "what their ultimate objectives are." Undersecretary of State Philip C. Habib was dispatched to Moscow to urge Soviet authorities to cool their opposition to the Sadat initiative, and to ask the Russians to influence the Syrians in not joining the rejectionists. Habib returned to Washington empty-handed. This resulted in a revision of the American policy of cooperation with Moscow signaled in the October 1 joint statement. National Security Adviser Brzezinski outlined the new American approach on ABC's Issues and Answers on December 11. In an attempt to fit the new realities created by the Sadat initiative into a conceptual framework, Brzezinski spoke of three concentric circles. Beginning with the inner circle of an Egyptian-Israeli settlement, U.S. policy would move outward UNITED STATES, ISRAEL, AND THE MIDDLE EAST / 151 to the intermediate circle and seek an accord among Israel, "the moderate Palestini- ans," and Jordan regarding the West Bank. Finally, the United States would move to encourage an Israeli-Syrian agreement as part of a comprehensive settlement. This could be confirmed with Soviet participation at a Geneva conference, with possible American and Soviet guarantees of the overall settlement. The Russians were thus being relegated once again to a subsidiary role at a later stage in the negotiations. As for the United States, Washington officials made it clear that the Carter Administration would not adopt a "passive posture," but intended actively "to engage in shaping the process" of peace negotiations. Prime Minister Begin flew to Washington in mid-December to present his peace plan to the President before conveying it to Sadat in Ismailia on December 25. President Carter termed the Israeli proposals "constructive" and a "fair basis for negotiation." However, Begin was privately told by American officials that the plan was unlikely to be accepted by Sadat in its initial form. Following the Ismailia meeting, the State Department issued a statement saying the United States was "pleased" that the two sides had agreed to continue the substantive discussions through the establishment of a military committee to meet in Cairo and a political committee to meet in Jerusalem. "Establishing a negotiating framework for a comprehensive settlement will be one of the important items on the agenda in the weeks ahead," the statement concluded. Not only did the United States continue to support the idea of a comprehensive settlement, but it was careful to distance itself from the Begin proposals. Accompa- nying President Carter on his end-of-the-year trip to Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, Secretary Vance emphasized to reporters, while in Warsaw on December 29, that although the Carter Administration believed Israel's proposals for the West Bank were an appropriate start for negotiations, the United States had not endorsed the plan. During the following months, the United States was to exert influence on Israel to "be more forthcoming" regarding a statement of principles on the future status of the West Bank and the ultimate role of the Palestinians.

GEORGE E. GRUEN The Belgrade Conference

Background

A HE FIRST OFFICIAL MEETING arranged in compliance with the follow- up provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Final Act (technically, the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) was held in Belgrade over a period of 27 weeks, from October 4, 1977 to March 10, 1978 (see AJYB, 1978 [Vol. 78], pp. 121-145). Two days before the close of the conference, the 35 participating nations (the NATO allies, the Warsaw Pact countries, Finland, Switzerland, Yugo- slavia, and the Holy See) adopted a final document reflecting the inconclusive character of the proceedings. The signers of the Final Act had committed themselves to implementing its provisions unilaterally, bilaterally, and multilaterally. On the multilateral level, they had agreed to work toward "the deepening of mutual relations, the improvement of security, and the development of the process of detente in the future.1' A "thorough exchange of views on the implementation" of the various provisions was called for in the accord. Toward this end, it was agreed that periodic follow-up meetings would be held, with the first taking place in Belgrade in 1977. The Belgrade Conference was to be governed by the same procedures that applied at Helsinki; each nation was to have an equal voice, and decisions were to be reached by consensus. A group of American and West European legal experts meeting in Strasbourg, France in June 1977 agreed that the Final Act, while not a treaty, did have important implications for international law. The Final Act, in their view, legitimated peaceful political action among the signatory nations in seeking information from one another about implementation of the Helsinki accord, and in demanding compliance with its provisions. This applied with particular force to Principle 7 and Basket 3, the human rights provisions. Both the Communist and the Western nations came to Belgrade with specific objectives in mind. The former, having rendered themselves vulnerable by their human rights commitments at Helsinki, sought to avoid being placed "in the dock" at Belgrade. Toward this end, the Soviet Union employed a variety of tactics, including charging Western critics with interfering in Soviet affairs, threatening to retaliate with counter-charges of Western human rights violations, and diverting attention from the question of past compliance by focusing on proposals for future activities in other areas, such as energy, environment, and transport. On April 25, 1977, Tass, the official Soviet news agency, editorialized that the Conference "must

152 BELGRADE CONFERENCE / 153 be oriented to the future... Proposals by some Western politicians and press organs to amend or make more specific the wording of individual concrete formulations of the Final Act containing important accords, whether concerning measures toward stronger trust or in questions of humanitarian cooperation, are without substance. The Belgrade meeting is not empowered to revise even a single letter in the Final Act." The Western nations, for their part, were determined to press for a reaffirma- tion of the Helsinki human rights commitment, and for a detailed review of compliance—while avoiding confrontation, if possible. They also sought to secure agreement for yet another review meeting. The United States, reflecting congressional sentiment and public expectations, inclined to a tougher stance regarding Communist violations than did other Western nations. In an interview in February 1977, Arthur Goldberg, the head of the United States delegation to the Belgrade Conference, stated that the U.S. "had to speak out honestly to maintain its credibility'' and to give "hope to dissenters in Prague and the So- viet Union " Britain, France, and West Germany generally preferred a more cautious approach, with public exchanges limited to generalities, and particular cases dealt with behind the scenes. This was also the view of the neutral and non-aligned nations. Dissident groups in Eastern Europe, acting on the basis of Principle 7, which confirmed "the right of the individual to know and act upon his rights and duties," undertook to monitor their governments' compliance with the Helsinki accord. They did so in the hope of influencing world public opinion, which, in turn, might be brought to bear on the various Communist regimes. One of the most active of these groups was the Moscow-based Group to Promote the Ob- servance of the Helsinki Agreement in the USSR, whose members, in an appeal dated November 21, 1977, called upon the Western nations to "be absolutely firm and decisive" in dealing with Soviet human rights violations. Similar appeals were made by three other Soviet dissident groups—the Christian Commit- tee to Defend the Rights of Believers in the USSR, the Working Commission to Investigate the Abuse of Psychiatry for Political Purposes, and the Free Adven- tists. Soviet authorities responded to the activities of the monitoring groups by arresting their leaders. Twenty human rights activists were taken into custody; two others, travelling abroad on Soviet passports, were stripped of their citizenship and denied the right to return. In Czechoslovakia, in October 1977, representatives of Charter 77, a dissident group, issued a statement calling on President Gustav Husak to honor the Final Act. They called attention to the harassment of Charter 77 members, and to various other human rights violations. In Poland, in June 1977, a Worker's Defense Committee appealed to the Belgrade participants to act against the arrest of Committee members and other human rights violations. In Rumania, several individuals signed an appeal to Belgrade delegates calling for an investigation of the human rights situation in their country. 154 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The Steering Committee of the World Conference on Soviet Jewry undertook, in preparation for the Belgrade Conference, to survey the situation of Soviet Jewry in the light of the provisions of the Final Act. The survey, published under the title of "Soviet Jewry and the Implementation of the Helsinki Final Act," pointed to gross violations of human rights by the Soviet government. In the United States, the National Conference on Soviet Jewry and other Jewish organizations presented their views and suggestions to the State Department and U.S. Executive-Congressional Helsinki Commission. In November 1977, a delegation of the U.S. National Interreligious Task Force on Soviet Jewry traveled to Belgrade to meet with members of various delegations, including those of the United States, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Hungary, and the Vatican. The delegation intervened on behalf of both Jews and Christians, emphasizing, among other things, the need for specificity in any discussion of the issues of emigration and religious freedom. In June 1977, the Yugoslav government expelled a group of Jewish women (the "35 Group") who had come to Belgrade from 13 Western countries to demonstrate for the rights of Soviet Jews. The demonstrators were prevented from handing out leaflets accusing the Soviet Union of non-compliance with the Helsinki human rights provisions. Five groups of West European parliamentarians of various political orientations visited Belgrade during the course of the Conference to lobby on behalf of Soviet Jews. During the early days of the Conference, a group of more than 100 Jewish activists from nine Soviet cities released a public letter charging Soviet authorities with numerous violations of the Final Act, and pointing to an official antisemitic policy.

The Conference Proceedings

REVIEW OF PAST COMPLIANCE A contentious atmosphere surrounded the Belgrade Conference from the outset. Arthur Goldberg, in his opening statement, indicated that not enough progress had been made in fulfilling the Helsinki accord. He pointed to shortcomings in several areas, including the jamming of broadcasts, the failure to reunite divided families, the persecution of dissidents, and the harassment of monitoring groups. The Soviet delegate responded with a vigorous defense of his country's human rights record, and warned of the dire consequences for the Conference if confrontation became the order of the day. As the Conference unfolded, the United States and Soviet Union clashed repeatedly over the question of how specific the review of the human rights situation should be. The Soviet Union insisted throughout that a discussion of particulars was precluded by the principle of nonintervention. The U.S. and other Western nations, with varying degrees of conviction, insisted that a serious review had to deal with specifics. BELGRADE CONFERENCE / 155 The review of the Final Act proceeded paragraph by paragraph, beginning with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations Between Participating States. The Soviet Union, as expected, stressed Principles 1, 3, and 6, relating to sovereignty, the inviolability of frontiers, and nonintervention. The Western nations, for their part, emphasized Principle 7, dealing with "respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion, or belief." The debate on Principle 7 was the most acrimonious, with the U.S. insisting that governmental respect for it was a precondition for meaningful detente. In this connection, Arthur Goldberg cited by name three leading Soviet dissidents—Anatoly Shcharansky, Yuri Orlov, and Aleksandr Ginzburg—who had been arrested on charges of anti-Soviet activity, as well as several Czechs tried for belonging to Charter 77. The review of Basket 3, "Cooperation in Humanitarian and Other Fields," with its four sections on contacts, information, culture, and education, evoked considerable controversy. The Soviet Union and other East European nations praised their own records of implementation in regard to human contacts, offering statistical evidence on the number of inter-governmental agreements signed. The Western nations, especially the United States, focused on the plight of individuals, with reference to such matters as obstacles to family reunification, the denial of visas on grounds of state security, and the harassment of applicants for exit visas. Two forceful statements on "contacts" were made by U.S. delegates Sol C. Chaikin and Professor Joyce Hughes. Both accused the Soviet Union of violating the Universal Postal Convention by failing to deliver George Meany's invitation to Andrei Sakharov to address the AFL-CIO annual convention in Los Angeles. They also pointed to impediments placed in the way of Sakharov's New York publisher, Random House, when the latter attempted to correspond with him directly. The Soviet delegates countered the charges by asserting that U.S. customs and postal officials opened many thousand pieces of mail each year. The discussion on "information" highlighted fundamental differences in East- West philosophy. The Communist delegates emphasized that journalists and other disseminators of information were obligated by the Final Act to contribute to developing mutual understanding and improved relations among the participating states, and that governments had the right to make them conform to this purpose. The Western delegates stated that their countries did not wish to control the dissemination of information, and that the free flow of information, in itself, contributed to understanding. The Soviet delegate attacked Radio Lib- erty and Radio Free Europe for interfering in the internal affairs of the Com- munist bloc nations, while the U.S. protested the expulsion and harassment of American journalists. In discussing "culture and education," the Communist delegates cited statistics showing that the nations of Eastern Europe imported more books, films, and other cultural materials from the West than vice versa. Western delegates 156 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 replied that in their countries cultural activities were not controlled by the government, and that imported cultural material had to compete with domestic works. The U.S. called for fuller opportunities for exchange scholars and re- searchers to have access to archives and other facilities. They also criticized the obstacles that were placed in the way of collaboration between Eastern and Western scientists.

NEW PROPOSALS In addition to reviewing past compliance with the Helsinki provisions, the West- ern and Eastern bloc nations put forward proposals involving both matters of principle and specific undertakings. Some of the proposals were intended for inclusion in the final document, while others were suggested for adoption as separate resolutions. While the Western proposals touched upon military or ctLer matters related to Baskets 1 and 2, they were concerned primarily with the human rights and humanitarian issues connected with Principle 7 and Basket 3. One proposal affirmed the right of private organizations and individuals to monitor governmental compliance with the Final Act. Another called upon the Helsinki signers to guarantee "freedom of thought, conscience, religion, or belief." Among the many proposals dealing with ways of facilitating contacts between people were those calling for reduced costs for transnational family visits, limits on travel document fees, the issuance of passports that would be valid for five years of unrestricted travel, and speedy consideration of family reunification applications. With respect to information gathering and dissemination, the Western nations proposed, among other things, that foreign journalists be permitted to import reference material needed for the practice of their profession; that they "not be expelled, or otherwise acted against, as a result of news or opinions published or broadcast in the media they represent"; and that foreign press associations be established "to facilitate cooperation among journalist members, and between them and the authorities of the host country, for the purpose of a better exercise of their profession." The Communist bloc proposals were in a quite different vein, carefully avoiding human rights issues. Thus, the Soviet Union and its allies called for special conferences on energy, the environment, transportation, and the restoration of historical and cultural monuments. Bulgaria proposed exchanges and contacts among manual workers, meetings on youth issues, and wider cooperation in the area of sports. Rumania called for a freeze on military budgets, and various pan-European youth activities. Czechoslovakia called for a prohibition against the abuse of the mass information media for "propaganda in favor of war, violence, and hatred among people." BELGRADE CONFERENCE / 157

ARAB-ISRAEL DISPUTE The Final Act had declared the intention of the signatory nations "to promote the development of good, neighborly relations with the non-participating Mediterra- nean states." Malta, with the support of Yugoslavia and Cyprus, sought an active role for the non-European Mediterranean nations in the Belgrade Conference, and looked toward the discussion of political and security issues related to the area. The U.S. and other Western nations, anxious to keep the Arab-Israel dispute from coming up as a subject of discussion, insisted on limiting their participation. How- ever, a number of Arab states which had received observer status used the opportunity to attack Israel. Egypt, Syria, Algeria, and Lebanon introduced the usual anti-Israel themes and rhetoric. The PLO, through its office in Belgrade, lobbied with delegations to encourage the discussion of Mediterranean political issues. They also tried to obtain authorization to address the Conference directly, but a Soviet supporting motion was blocked by Western delegations. Israel, also an observer at Belgrade, spoke of the help it could provide in the areas of agriculture, science, and tourism, and focused on Soviet harassment of Jews seeking to emigrate.

THE FINAL DOCUMENT As the Conference moved toward an inconclusive culmination, some observers, such as the Yugoslav dissident writer Mihajlo Mihajlov, argued that it would be better to adopt no final document than to adopt one that made no reference to human rights. In a public plea to the Conference delegates, Mihaj- lov argued: "The abdication regarding strict defense of human rights would mean an end to detente, reinforcement of totalitarianism, and the first step toward European war It would be better to dissolve the Helsinki agreement than for the world to lose faith in all agreements and declarations " This view, however, did not prevail. Soviet obstructionism and the rule of consensus made it inevitable that the final document, based on a Danish draft, would disappoint Western expectations. Not only did it add nothing to the text of the Final Act with regard to human rights, but it did not even reiterate any of the human rights principles or undertakings already contained in that document. At most, it did so indirectly, in emphasizing the dependence of detente on implementation of the Final Act, and in repeating the "resolve" of the participating states "to implement fully, unilaterally, bilaterally and multilaterally all the provisions of the Final Act." The final document noted that the exchange of views at Belgrade was an important contribution to achieving the aims of the Helsinki accord, even though views differed as to the degree of implementation achieved so far. It noted the resolve of the participating states to hold further meetings, with the next one scheduled for Madrid in November 1980. Note was also taken of the decision to hold a series of sessions to deal with such matters as the peaceful settlement of disputes (Bonn, June 1978); scientific cooperation 158 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 (Montreux, October 1978); and economic, scientific and cultural cooperation in the Mediterranean area (Malta, February 1979). The White House reacted to the final document with the following statement: "We regret that the Soviet Union failed to permit the conference to proceed to its proper conclusion. We intend to press the Soviet Union to fulfill its commitment to respect human rights.'' Arthur Goldberg, in his final plenary statement, declared that the United States was determined to pursue the many ideas proposed in vain for inclusion in the final document. In the weeks following the Belgrade Conference, the United States made clear its intention to continue to utilize the Final Act as a yardstick and goad in its relationships with the East European countries, particularly the Soviet Union. Thus, on June 6, the U.S. Helsinki Commission released a study of the treatment of 22 Soviet dissidents, members of Helsinki monitoring groups, who since February 1977 had been imprisoned, stripped of their citizenship, and in other ways punished on various criminal charges. The study pointed out that Soviet authorities had broken their own laws by conducting improper searches, prolonging pre-trial detentions, and denying the defendants their procedural rights.

Evaluations Opinions in the West varied as to the significance of the Belgrade Conference. If the test of success was a Soviet acknowledgment of wrongdoing, then the Conference was clearly a failure. Pessimists were confirmed in their view by the crackdown on dissidents in the Soviet Union and other East European countries. Some Western and neutral observers attributed the failure of the Belgrade Conference to achieve more to the tactics of the American delegation, which they viewed as too polemical and intended for public applause back home rather than solid accomplishment at the Conference. Other observers maintained that the outcome of the Conference was a foregone conclusion once Soviet authorities recognized the seriousness of their error in agreeing to the Helsinki accord. In this view, Belgrade simply highlighted the fundamental differences between Communist and Western human rights philosophies, and no refinements in U.S. or Western tactics could have yielded a more favorable outcome. Optimistic commentators saw as a major success the fact that human rights had been the central issue at the Belgrade Conference, and that the Soviet Union and its allies had been subjected to continuing and particularized criticism on this score. The optimists also argued that the events of the months preceding the Conference had to be taken into account in evaluating the Belgrade meeting. During this period Western and Communist governments had assembled an unprecedented mass of documentation on human rights, and private groups had been encouraged to undertake protest activities. Finally, the optimists maintained that the Belgrade participants had affirmed either explicitly or implicitly a number of important principles: that human rights are a matter of legitimate international concern; that human BELGRADE CONFERENCE / 159 rights are an important aspect of the agenda of East-West diplomacy; that detente and peace depend on the just conduct of nations toward each other and their own citizens; and that the human rights provisions of the Final Act cannot be ignored, while other aspects of the agreement are honored.

SIDNEY LISKOFSKY Communal

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES OF THE DAY: A COMPENDIUM* DOMESTIC AFFAIRS Affirmative Action develop guidelines for the elimination of discrimination in employment and edu- The American Jewish Committee (AJ- cation. A copy of the letter was sent to Committee) restated its pledge to sup- President Jimmy Carter with the report programs to upgrade "those who quest that he declare a policy which have been historically disadvantaged or "vigorously pursues legitimate aims of discriminated against by reason of race, affirmative action while eschewing any religion, or sex." It rejected the concept taint of a quota system" (August 11). of quotas as being "contrary to the best interests of all Americans, including the Bakke Case disadvantaged," and spelled out details Several organizations—ADL, AJCom- for fair and effective affirmative action mittee, AJCongress, National Jewish programs (May 12). Commission on Law and Public Affairs The American Jewish Congress (AJ- (COLPA), and Jewish Labor Commit- Congress) published an analysis of 20 tee—submitted amici curiae briefs on civil rights decisions affecting the Jewish behalf of Allan Bakke, who had sued the community, and called on all groups to University of California Medical School work for racial justice (June 7). at Davis for denying him entrance while admitting minority students with lower Seven organizations—Agudath Israel of scores. These groups argued that a Su- America, AJCommittee, AJCongress, preme Court decision prohibiting uni- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith versity preferential admissions pro- (ADL), Jewish Labor Committee, Jew- grams based on race would encourage ish War Veterans, and National Council the development of non-discriminatory of Jewish Women—wrote to U.S. Secre- admissions procedures (August 8, 10). tary of Health, Education, and Welfare Joseph A. Califano, Jr., urging him to ADL (September 19) and AJCommittee (September 26) criticized a Justice De- partment brief supporting the Univer- •Compiled mainly from press releases issued by organizations in 1977. References to sity of California as condoning the use items may be found in Index under the vari- of racial quotas in school admissions. ous agencies. AJCommittee and AJCongress issued a 160 JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 161 joint statement recommending a strong school officials to develop understand- affirmative action program beginning at ing and respect for cultural differences the junior high school level "to correct (January 26). ADL produced a film, Black underrepresentation among qual- "Free to Be?", exploring ethnic and reli- ified candidates" (December 30). gious differences (June 30).

AJCongress, AJCommittee, and ADL AJCommittee's Institute on Pluralism joined 76 national organizations in a and Group Identity published a selective pledge to work together for full civil bibliography and literature review in the rights for everyone, in spite of the con- area of mental health and ethnicity. Its troversy which had arisen over the purpose was to point out the importance Bakke case (November 8). of ethnic identity, thus providing federal New York City Quotas agencies with a new perspective for dealing with various social problems (May The New York Metropolitan Council of 15). the American Jewish Congress disputed the Federal Office for Civil Rights Urban Problems (OCR), which had charged the New York City school system with discrimi- Several Orthodox groups, including nation against minority teachers. AJ- Agudath Israel of America, the Na- Congress accused the agency of being tional Council of Young Israel, Torah "ignorant of recent New York City Umesorah, and the Union of Orthodox school history and the legislation it pro- Jewish Congregations (UOJC), formed duced" (January 9). Later in the year, People Against Crime, in an effort to AJCongress protested against OCR's make New York City streets safer threat to withdraw funds from New through tougher laws (April 21). UOJC York schools unless they acceded to ra- called on the Mayor and the New York cial quotas in hiring (September 11). City Police Department to do something ADL termed OCR's plan to assign New about the inadequate police protection York City teachers by ethnic and racial prevailing in Orthodox Jewish com- background "unconstitutional and un- munities in Brooklyn (June 28). democratic" (October 27). AJCongress' Black-Jewish Information ADL reported the settlement of a class Center urged businessmen in high-crime action suit requiring the City College areas to look into the Federal Crime In- Center for Biomedical Education to surance Program offering low-cost pro- admit or recompense students rejected tection against property loss resulting from a 1974 program because of reverse from burglary (May 20). discrimination (June 24). AJCommittee's New York City chapter Ethnicity assisted in a special project to aid small ADL published the proceedings of a merchants whose businesses had been conference on "Pluralism in a Demo- destroyed in the looting that followed a cratic Society," with the aim of helping power blackout (July 21). 162 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The Metropolitan New York Coor- system and the Social Security system be dinating Council on Jewish Poverty re- incorporated into the President's plan ported that efforts by local Jewish reli- (August 11). gious, educational, social service and Employment fraternal organizations in the Washing- ton Heights-Inwood section of the City National Full Employment Week re- had met with success in preserving and ceived the support of AJCongress, upgrading the quality of life of the Jew- whose members were urged to organize ish community there (July 21). rallies and demonstrations (July 27), and AJCommittee, which called for AJCongress' New York Metropolitan comprehensive full employment legisla- Council urged the New York City tion (August. 16). The Jewish Labor Council to take action against banks Committee encouraged support of the refusing mortgage loans to poor people Full Employment Action Council's na- and members of minority groups (June tional job program (July-August). 11). AJCongress announced that, through Welfare and Social Security its affiliated Experience Reserve Bank, it AJCongress issued a study of President was launching a one-year program to Carter's proposed changes in the Social help qualified business persons from mi- Security system, explaining how citizens nority communities in California buy es- would be affected, and describing exist- tablished businesses; management and ing benefits and their limitations (Janu- technical assistance would be provided ary 11). (October 21). AJCongress filed a brief with the New Energy York State Court of Appeals challeng- AJCommittee endorsed President ing a state law prohibiting home relief Carter's proposal for a Federal Energy payments for minors in certain cases. Department (March 9), sponsored a It testified before the New York State joint meeting with 36 voluntary organi- Assembly committees on health and zations to publicize the need for mass welfare that the cuts in public assis- support of the President's energy pro- tance grants and Medicaid proposed gram (April 21), called on Congress to by Governor Hugh Carey would have enact a balanced energy package as a "disastrous impact on the neediest speedily as possible (October 24), and members of our society" (February stated its preference for the de-regula- 24). tion of newly found natural gas (October 28). AJCommittee urged the Carter Ad- ministration to act more boldly in the The National Jewish Community Rela- area of welfare reform (May 14). It sup- tions Advisory Council, coordinating ported the President's proposed restruc- body of nine major Jewish organiza- turing of the welfare system and recom- tions, urged its constituent groups to mended that a national health-care form coalitions with other national JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 163 groups "for an effective energy pro- The National Jewish Welfare Board gram" (August 5). (JWB) announced that its Florence Heller Research Center had received a AJCongress proposed an energy-action grant of $30,000 to conduct a three-year program which called for, among other project on health and physical fitnessfo r things, reduced consumption of im- the elderly (April 12). ported oil and the achievement of energy self-sufficiency (August 26). AJCommittee, together with the Na- tional Council of the Churches of Aged Christ, U.S. Catholic Conference, and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, sponsored a meeting on AJCommittee submitted a brief to the "Images of Old Age in the American New York State Supreme Court arguing Media.' President Carter's counsellor that elderly people eligible for Supple- on the aging spoke of the difference be- mental Security Income (SSI) should tween the media image of the Social Se- also be eligible for Medicaid assistance curity system and its actual provisions (January 5). The court affirmed this po- (December 8). sition. AJCongress filed an amicus brief with Abortion the New York State Supreme Court The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- contesting a state law prohibiting gations of America praised the U.S. Su- home relief payments for recipients of preme Court for not compelling the gov- SSI (May 25). AJCommittee joined ernment to subsidize abortions through those seeking to overturn a New York Medicaid. AJCongress saw the denial of law preventing needy persons over 65 government funds for abortion as from receiving home relief benefits. A "crude discrimination against the poor" court decision granting these benefits (April 26). It criticized President Car- was handed down on December 27. ter for statements justifying the Su- preme Court decision (April 26, June AJCongress' Northern California divi- 27). sion received a grant from the State to provide for five ACTION-VISTA Electoral College volunteers to work in projects for needy Two groups reacted negatively to Presi- senior citizens in San Francisco (March dent Carter's proposal to abolish the 30). Electoral College. AJCongress saw the AJCongress charged that New York revision of the present electoral system State's system of handling nursing-home as a threat to democracy. AJCommittee abuse failed to deal properly with pa- cautioned that the proposed change tient complaints and the hardships of could eliminate the political voice of the sick and elderly (April 11). labor and ethnic minorities (April). 164 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 INTERFAITH ACTIVITIES

Relations with Church Groups ADL issued two volumes, Jewish Philo- ADL expressed deep concern over the sophical Polemics Against Christianity in National Council of Churches' "record the Middle Ages and Stepping Stones to of insensitivity" to Jewish concerns, par- Further Jewish-Christian Relations (July ticularly its "pronounced anti-Israel 19). prejudice" (February 18). AJCommittee praised the United Pres- Meeting with Vatican bodies in Italy, byterian Church's 189th General As- representatives of ADL, AJCommittee, sembly for rejecting a resolution calling the World Jewish Congress, the Syna- for U.S. Government recognition of the gogue Council of America, and the Is- Palestine Liberation Organization (June rael Interfaith Committee discussed 30). AJCommittee and the Texas Bap- Catholic-Jewish relations, especially the tist Convention co-sponsored a three- matter of proselytism (March 27-30). day dialogue on issues of mutual concern (December 5-7). AJCommittee hailed a recommendation by the American Catholic Bishops Com- The Synagogue Council of America par- mittee on Liturgy to omit from the ticipated in the second meeting of the Good Friday ritual a hymn containing Interreligious Peace Colloquium in Lis- offensive references to Jews (April 1). bon. The session focused on ways in AJCommittee's Interreligious Affairs which the major faiths could cooperate Department published a report, pre- to meet pressing human needs (Novem- pared in conjunction with the National ber). Conference of Catholic Bishops, on religious texts used in Catholic schools. The Humanitarian Concerns report noted the slow but steady re- AJCongress urged President Carter to moval of offensive Jewish stereotypes promulgate "a broadly framed amnesty (May 11). for those who resisted this country's The Union of American Hebrew Con- participation in the Vietnam War" (Jan- gregations, in cooperation with the Cen- uary 23). tral Conference of American Rabbis and ADL and AJCommittee praised the the University of Chicago, held a four- Carter Administration's commitment to day convocation for Christian and Jew- human rights and support of Andrei ish scholars to consider changing reli- Sakharov, dissident Soviet physicist gious trends in the western world (April (February 2). AJCongress (April 2) and 17-20). AJCommittee (May 2) applauded Presi- ADL applauded the resolution of the dent Carters statement that foreign General Assembly of the Presbyterian policy must be based on social justice Church denouncing the Christian Yel- and human dignity. AJCommittee's an- low Pages and similar "buy Christian" nual meeting issued a statement on directories (June 24). human rights, and called upon the U.S. JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 165 delegation to the Belgrade Conference Church-State Issues to work to ensure freedom of emigration and other guarantees of individual and AJCongress hailed a New Jersey Court group rights (October 30). ADL ex- of Appeals decision outlawing religious pressed solidarity with Soviet dissidents practices in public schools (March 29). Anatoly Shcharansky and Andrei Sak- It urged New York Governor Hugh harov (November 31). Carey to veto two measures that would revive Sunday blue laws, arguing that The National Interreligious Task Force the State has no right to "compel adher- pressed for human rights and religious ence by all persons" to Sunday obser- liberty in the Soviet Union at the Con- vance (July 28). AJCongress joined with ference on European Security in Bel- 12 New Jersey civic and religious orga- grade. It made a similar appeal to Vati- nizations in challenging a state law pro- can officials (November 18). viding tax deductions for tuition in parochial schools (November 8). AJCongress called on the Carter Ad- The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- ministration to grant haven to 249 In- gations of America criticized a Supreme dochinese refugees living on a tanker Court decision that employers need not off the coast of Singapore (June 22). make special arrangements for people AJCongress and the Union of Ortho- who observe Saturday as the Sabbath, if dox Jewish Congregations praised the such arrangements create overtime pay Israeli government's offer of asylum to costs or violate employee seniority privi- 16 Indochinese refugees rescued by an leges. It called upon Congress to "pass Israeli freighter in the South China remedial legislation to further guarantee Sea (June 24). ADL lauded President the employment rights of the Sabbath Carter's decision to grant emergency observer" (July 6). admission to 15,000 Indochinese refugees (July 20). The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- gations of America hailed the decision of the trustees of the State University of The Synagogue Council of America New York to suspend classes on Rosh adopted a resolution appealing to the Hashanah and Yom Kippur (July 5). governments of South Africa and ADL praised the U.S. Department of Rhodesia to work toward "policies Labor for issuing a reminder to federal based on human dignity, justice, and contractors that "as the Jewish High racial conciliation " (October 7). Holy Days approach employers AJCommittee's annual meeting de- should take positive steps to accommo- plored South Africa's apartheid policy date the needs of those who must be and repressive measures against away from work for religious obser- Blacks, and urged the South African vances" (September 8). government to reduce and ultimately eliminate "legal and de facto discrimi- AJCongress filed an amicus brief de- nation against its non-white popula- fending the right of Congregation Beit- tion" (October 30). Havurah in Norwalk, Connecticut to 166 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 worship in a farmhouse also used for nine religious and civic organizations in sleeping quarters. A Norwalk zoning challenging a Tennessee statute which law prohibited use of the house in this barred clergymen from holding public manner (March 30). AJCongress joined office (August 1).

DISCRIMINATION AND ANTISEMITISM Employment happened, was published by the neo-fascist National Front Press in England, AJCommittee, reporting success in its and promoted by the American Nazi executive suite program, commended Party (February 3). eight major corporations for efforts "to recruit and promote Jewish personnel in The Synagogue Council of America management positions on the basis of and AJCongress announced that pro- merit" (May 14). It made public a report tests by several American and Cana- by its Philadelphia chapter on a substan- dian groups had succeeded in prevent- tial increase in the number of Jews in ing the admission of Ferenc Fiala, managerial positions in the area (June former official of the Nazi-puppet re- 15). AJCommittee hailed the first-year gime in Hungary, to the United States results of an affirmative-action program for a lecture tour (March 21). The under government auspices, involving Congress expressed satisfaction that the hiring and promotion of Jews for the U.S. Immigration and Naturaliza- executive positions with a major nation Service had cancelled the stay of tional insurance company (December deportation against Croatian war crim- 3). inal Andrija Artukovic (May 6). "Buy Christian " AJCommittee, at its annual meeting, ADL reported that over a million copies heard U.S. Representative Elizabeth of the "Christian Yellow Pages" and the Holtzman call on Congress to investi- "Christian Business Directory" had gate why the Immigration and National- been distributed in 18 cities (March 3). ization Service had failed to deal with It filedsui t against the publishers, charg- cases of Nazi war criminals living in the ing them with religious discrimination United States (May 15). It issued a re- (August 25). port claiming that U.S. Nazi groups Nazism constituted no serious danger to Ameri- can political institutions, despite in- ADL reported that The Hoax of the creased activity on their part, and took Twentieth Century, a book by North- under advisement the question of Nazi western University professor Arthur R. rights under the first amendment (Octo- Butz, claiming that the Holocaust never ber 30). JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 167 ISRAEL AND THE MIDDLE EAST U,S. Middle East Policy U.S. Middle East policy (November 17). AJCommittee urged the Carter Ad- Likud Victory ministration to "hold fast to policies that will ensure Israel's survival" (Feb- Prior to the election in Israel, AJCon- ruary 14). AJCongress' national wo- gress restated its commitment "to the men's division warned that "any ac- idea of a Jewish state and to the security commodations Israel may be called of the people of that state" regardless of upon to make must be assessed with "any individual political leader or politi- great care and circumspection" (April cal party" (April 11). Following the vic- 27). The president of the Union of tory of Menachem Begin, AJCongress American Hebrew Congregations al- expressed confidence in continued con- leged that statements by President sultation and exchange between Israeli Carter represented a "disengagement and American Jewish leaders (May 18). from the traditional American position The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- calling for direct negotiations without gations of America lauded Israel's dem- pre-conditions" (June 13). The Union of ocratic system of government and lik- Orthodox Jewish Congregations de- ened the economic philosophy of the tected a "dangerous drift in United Likud to the American free enterprise States Middle East policy" and criti- system (May 20). The American Zionist cized the President's remarks about a Federation called for support of the new Palestinian homeland (June 16). The government and its peace efforts (June president of the Central Conference of 23). American Rabbis called on President Carter to "hold fast to his pre-election Sadat Visit affirmations regarding the State of Is- AJCommittee saw in Egyptian Presi- rael" (June 20). ADL criticized the dent Anwar Sadat's trip to Israel a U.S.-Soviet joint declaration of princi- model for "face-to-face discussions ples for the Geneva Peace Conference, among all parties to the dispute of the deploring the "reintrusion of Soviet in- Middle East" (November 18). The fluence in an area that was compara- American Zionist Federation called the tively well rid of it" (October 3). AJ- Sadat-Begin meeting the beginning of a Committee's National Executive Coun- "new era in Middle East diplomacy cil warned that "a crisis of confidence . . an era in which Jew and Arab face in the administration's Middle East- each other openly'" (November 21). AJ- ern policy has arisen among Ameri- Congress warned that the "euphoria" of can friends of Israel" (October 30). the meeting must be replaced by "sober ADL expressed concern about the evolution of events" (November 21). role of the Arab oil weapon in shaping Hadassah supported the peace plan put 168 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 forward by Israeli Prime Minister Begin anti-Israel, pro-Arab, pro-Palestinian, (December 22). and pro-PLO," because it fosters PLO activity despite that group's avowed aim United Nations to destroy the Jewish State. AJCongress AJCommittee urged Jews not to aban- stated that AFSC had been "misled by don the UN, but to work for its improve- Arab propaganda" into pressuring Is- ment (May 13). rael to negotiate with the terrorist PLO (February). AJCongress hailed U.S. withdrawal from the International Labor Organiza- Terrorism tion because of the "continued exploita- Virtually all Jewish organizations con- tion of that body's processes and proce- demned the release of Palestinian terror- dures for anti-democratic political ist Abu Daoud by the French govern- purposes" (January 12). ment, accusing it of cowardice and The Union of American Hebrew Con- expediency. AJCongress announced gregations asked President Carter and cancellation of a membership travel pro- UN Ambassador Andrew Young to as- gram to France (January 14). sume the ''moral initiative" in reversing AJCongress praised the ambassadors the anti-Zionist resolution passed by the of Egypt, Iran, and Pakistan for their General Assembly (September). intercession on behalf of Jewish and other hostages held by Moslem terror- Palestine Liberation ists in three Washington buildings Organization (March 11). AJCommittee urged ADL charged that a PLO official, for- stronger legal measures against terror- merly ordered to leave the United States ists who took innocent hostages for po- because of passport fraud, had returned litical purposes (March 17). to open a propaganda office in Washing- Following the terrorist highjacking of a ton (January 7). AJCongress expressed Lufthansa plane, AJCongress called regret that President Carter had agreed upon the Carter Administration and to meet with PLO representatives at a civil aviation authorities to boycott all UN reception (March 16), and protested countries giving sanctuary or support to the issuance of a visa permitting the air highjackers (October 24). AJCom- PLO official to "roam the country at mittee's National Executive Council will" (October 31). condemned Algeria, Libya, and Uganda ADL accused the American Friends for granting asylum to highjackers, and Service Committee (AFSC), which had urged a suspension of air service to all invited a PLO official to a Middle East countries abetting such terrorists (Octo- conference, of being a "mouthpiece for ber 30). the propaganda line" of the PLO. Arab Boycott Hadassah, in a letter to the AFSC president, explained that Jewish organiza- Three organizations (AJCommittee, tions perceived AFSC as "antisemitic, AJCongress, and ADL) reported that an JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 169 analysis of boycott-related reports filed criticized proposed Commerce Depart- with the Department of Commerce in- ment regulations as subverting the dicated that 87 per cent of American "thrust and purpose of the anti-boycott firms doing business in Arab countries statute'' (November 16). complied with the boycott (January 6). An AJCongress study revealed a similar AJCongress filed a complaint with the high degree of compliance among the New York State Division of Human largest American corporations (Febru- Rights against Morgan Guaranty Trust ary 1). Upon pressure from AJCongress, and Citibank for "unlawful discrimina- eight major corporations formally tion" in violation of the state anti- agreed not to take part in the boycott boycott law (January 14). (April 21). AJCommittee and ADL exhorted the AJCommittee, AJCongress, and ADL New York State Division of Human opposed the Justice Department's pro- Rights to stop the U.S.-Arab Chamber posed settlement of an antitrust action of Commerce from engaging in acts that against the Bechtel Corporation, claim- encouraged the Arab economic boycott ing it failed to prohibit Bechtel's "partic- of Israel (May 5). In response, the Divi- ipation in, and implementation of, the sion charged Chemical Bank with "dis- Arab boycott of U.S. firms" (April 6). criminatory practice" in compliance with the Arab boycott (May 10). ADL representatives met with leaders of the Business Roundtable (executives of AJCongress labeled as "grossly inaccu- 170 major corporations) to consider the rate" reports that the New York anti- feasibility of drafting a joint statement of boycott law was harming the state's principles with regard to federal foreign economy (February 10, June 13). boycott legislation (March 4). AJCommittee's New York chapter Spokesmen for several Jewish organiza- and AJCongress urged the City Coun- tions testified before the House Commit- cil to adopt pending legislation that tee on International Relations, endors- would prohibit the granting of munici- ing the Bingham-Rosenthal Bill against pal contracts to suppliers participating the Arab boycott (March 8), and before in illegal international boycotts (Au- the Senate Subcommittee on Interna- gust 31). tional Finance, endorsing the Williams- ADL hailed a federal government ban Proxmire proposal (May 3). on anti-Jewish discrimination by U.S. Various Jewish groups witnessed the firms hiring for overseas work (February signing of the first anti-boycott law by 2). In response to a complaint by ADL, President Carter (June 22). AJCom- the U.S. Department of Commerce or- mittee, AJCongress, and ADL called dered the withdrawal of a discrimina- on Secretary of Commerce Juanita tory advertisement for employment in Kreps to enforce the new federal anti- Saudi Arabia which had been publicized boycott law, and to plug potential loop- by the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy holes in the measure (August 24). They (October 13). AJCongress asserted that 170 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 the federal government was a "silent Guide to the Middle East with the name partner" in Saudi Arabia's "religious of Israel omitted from the central map bigotry against Jews" because, in pursu- (October 13). ing economic cooperation with that ADL and AJCommittee accused the country, it participated in "discrimina- French government of endorsing the tory arrangements" (October 13). Arab boycott through an executive order excluding Israel from a law AJCommittee criticized Harper and against discrimination in commerce Row for publishing a Businessman's (August 5,9).

THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE

Soviet Jewry rights manifesto were Zionists involved in a "fight against Socialist Czechoslo- The Synagogue Council of America vakia" (April 26). adopted a resolution reaffirming the obligation of the Jewish community to as- ADL labeled the appointment of a for- sist all Jews who emigrate from the So- mer SS officer to the West German Par- viet Union. liament "an offensive and insensitive act of deep concern" (July 1). The Workmen's Circle, American ORT, and the Jewish Labor Committee par- ADL heard a report from Chief Rabbi ticipated in a Solidarity Day march Moses Rosen of Rumania on the sponsored by the New York Conference strengthened relations between Israel on Soviet Jewry (May 1). Representa- and his country. He described the tives of Jewish groups joined the solidar- Rumanian Jewish community as "thriv- ity program sponsored by the National ing" and "vibrant" (November 10). Conference on Soviet Jewry in Washing- The World Zionist Organization- ton, DC. (June 12). American Section announced that the AJCommittee's National Executive first official delegation of Polish Jews re- Council expressed deep concern over siding in the United States visited Po- the Soviet Union's continued harass- land at the invitation of the Govern- ment of Jewish activists, suppression ment. The group presented a of Jewish religious and cultural life, memorandum requesting action to pre- and denial of the right to emigrate (Oc- serve and commemorate the Polish Jew- tober 30). ish heritage (December 12). European Jewry Jews in Arab Countries AJCommittee denounced the Czecho- The Union of American Hebrew Con- slovak government for its allegation that gregations was instrumental in the ship- the signers of the "Charter 77" human- ment of 2,500 pounds of matzohs to the JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 171 400 Jews living in Alexandria and Cairo, Jewish community of Argentina, and Egypt (February 20). called on the United States to assure the Argentine government that "restoring AJCommittee's Foreign Affairs Depart- basic freedoms will have a direct ment issued an update on the situation impact on Argentine-American rela- of the 5,000 Jews living in Syria. It re- tions " (October 30). ported that while many restrictions and abuses had been eliminated, Jews were The ADL Director of Latin American still under a measure of restraint. The Affairs added his voice to an inter-faith ban on emigration remained in force appeal to Argentine President Jorge (May). Rafael Videla for a holy day amnesty for "prisoners of conscience now being de- The World Organization of Jews from tained without charge in government Arab Countries described Egyptian facilities" (December 20). President Anwar Sadat's invitation to Jews to return to that country as AJCommittee urged Videla to free "nothing but hypocrisy intended to newspaper editor Jacobo Timerman, mislead public opinion." It pointed and permit him and his family to leave out that only five per cent of Egyptian the country (December 21). Jews had held Egyptian citizenship Fourteen leaders of American Jewish (July 28). organizations met with Mexican Presi- Latin America dent Jose Lopez Portillo to assure him that a number of Mexico's votes in the AJCommittee announced the closing of United Nations had "done much to ease its Buenos Aires office because of death past strains" (February 17). threats received by the office's director (July 7). AJCommittee hailed the fifth Jewish- Catholic meeting held in San Jose, Costa ADL reported that three members of Rica as "an important event that holds the Deutsch family, kidnapped on Au- great promise for future cooperation" gust 27 and detained by government au- (April 25). thorities, had been released. Two other AJCommittee urged Congress to ratify family members remained in custody the Panama Canal Treaty, asserting that (October 27). such a step would have a "positive im- AJCommittee's National Executive pact on U.S. relationships with Latin Council reaffirmed its solidarity with the America" (September 2).

JEWISH IDENTITY, RELIGION, AND CULTURE Youth sionary activities. It found that while attempts by religious cults to convert ADL conducted a survey of 200 rabbis young Jews had largely failed, mission- in 136 American cities regarding mis- ary activities continued, causing strong 172 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 anxiety among parents (March 16). AJ- programs in this area in the light of Committee devoted a session of its "rapidly-changing social, cultural, and annual meeting to the impact of cults on behavioral mores and values" (Septem- Jewish young people (May 13). The ber 19). Union of American Hebrew Congrega- tions listed the cult problem high on its At the Union of American Hebrew Con- conference agenda (November 18-22). gregations' biennial General Assembly, Its rabbinical affiliate, the Central Con- it was agreed to develop special syna- ference of American Rabbis, had previ- gogue programs to meet the needs of ously considered the question of "Meth- increasing numbers of singles and sin- ods and Techniques in Dealing with gle-parent families (November 23). Cults" (June 23). Women The North American Jewish Students' Network published A Guide to Jewish The United Synagogue Review, reflect- Student Groups, [Vol. IV], describing ing the views of Conservative Judaism, more than 350 Jewish campus and high- devoted three of its issues to discussions school groups (September). of women in Jewish law, as synagogue Family presidents, and as future rabbis (March 17). JWB's National Conference on Jewish Camping focused on the theme, "The The Central Conference of American Changing Life-Styles, Values, and Rela- Rabbis launched a program to make Re- tionships in the Jewish Family" (Janu- form congregations aware of the grow- ary 16-20). ing number of women rabbis seeking pulpits (October 11). The Tarbuth Foundation, in cooperation with local Jewish federations, The Jewish Theological Seminary sponsored a series of family weekends named a Commission for the Study of in cities throughout New England, Women in the Rabbinate to prepare dealing with such matters as divorce, recommendations for the 1979 Rabbini- the single-parent family, and the aged cal Assembly convention (November (April 28). 10). At its annual meeting, the Union of Or- thodox Jewish Congregations of Amer- Hadassah and AJCongress' National ica dealt with the problems of intermar- Women's Division sent delegations to riage and assimilation as threats to the National Women's Conference in Jewish family life and continuity (May Houston (November 18-21). 15). Hadassah (February 24) and AJCom- The Women's League for Conservative mittee (October 29) declared their sup- Judaism conducted a two-day confer- port of the Equal Rights Amendment, ence on the Jewish family, and held a and urged members to work actively for follow-up conference evaluating action its passage. JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 173 Religion toward a deeper understanding of the meaning of Jewish existence and the Agudath Israel of America held an All- Jewish mission" (February 2). European Conference in Antwerp at which delegates from branches in En- AJCommittee's National Executive gland, Switzerland, Belgium, France, Council issued a statement urging the Austria, Holland, and Denmark made intensification of efforts to promote Jew- plans to strengthen religious observance ish education, particularly in the area of and raise standards of Torah study in day schools (October 28). It also an- European countries (January 6-9). nounced the publication of a series of discussion guides on subjects of concern JWB shipped Passover supplies to U.S. to the Jewish community (January 5). Jewish military personnel and hospitalized veterans throughout the world AJCommittee's Academy for Jewish (February 28), and arranged High Holy Studies Without Walls conducted a five- Day services at all military bases where day seminar on a biblical theme at Bran- Jews were stationed (August 1). deis University (July 11-14). It also sponsored a two-week television series The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- on Jewish history, tradition, and cul- gations of America reported that over ture, broadcast nationally by NBC (Feb- 1,000 newly-settled Russian Jews par- ruary 28-March 11). ticipated in its special Passover seder program in New York and Israel (April JWB's National Conference on Jewish 25). Camping conducted workshops on Jew- ish subjects to "deepen the Jewish The Union of American Hebrew Con- knowledge and commitment of camp gregations' biennial General Assem- executives" (January 6-11). bly considered the theme "Judaism in a Secular Age" and dealt with prob- The North American Jewish Students' lems of synagogue administration, Network sponsored a second Confer- education, worship, social action, and ence on Alternatives in Jewish Educa- interreligious affairs (November 18- tion (August 24-29). 22). The World Zionist Organization- Jewish Education American Section sponsored its seventh annual Yediat Israel examination Agudath Israel of America reported the (April 17). Its Commission on the success of its adult Torah home-study Teaching of Zionism and Israel initi- program. (January 5). ated a pilot program to strengthen and enrich the teaching of these sub- The Women's League for Conservative jects in Jewish schools throughout the Judaism and the Jewish Theological country (December 15). Seminary of America sponsored a series of weekly lectures on biblical texts and The Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, Jewish thought. The program was de- at its 51st annual conference, heard signed for women who wanted "to move scholars speak on Yiddish culture, Jews 174 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 and Russian culture, and New York the Holocaust in St. Louis, St. Paul, Jewry (April 24-27). Buffalo, and other cities (October). The World Zionist Organization- Jewish Culture American Section reported that 120 The Jewish Museum was selected by the contestants from 45 different communi- National Endowment for the Humani- ties met in New York City to compete ties to participate in its Challenge Grant for selection as representatives to the Program. The funds received were to be 1978 International Bible Contest in used to meet operating costs and im- Jerusalem (May 15). prove the facilities (June 20). The Tarbuth Foundation for the Ad- The Tarbuth Foundation for the Ad- vancement of Hebrew Culture inaugu- vancement of Hebrew Culture, in coop- rated three new television series on Jew- eration with the Oxford (England) Cen- ish historical and artistic themes for ter for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, cable TV in New York City (November conducted the first International Con- 14). ference on Jewish Art in Oxford. The conferees urged Jewish communities Holocaust Programs everywhere to seek landmark preservation of Jewish historical sites (August ADL sponsored a poster exhibition enti- 31). tled "The Holocaust: 1933-1945," at the Jewish Museum (April 14-24). AJCongress received a grant of $560,000 under the Federal Compre- The Workmen's Circle held a public cer- hensive Employment and Training Act emony in commemoration of the Holo- (CETA) to hire 50 artists for a variety of caust at which a bronze sculpture by year-long programs involving Jewish Natan Rapoport symbolizing the mar- themes (November 17). tyrdom of victims of the Holocaust was unveiled (April 19). The Jewish Theological Seminary of America library acquired a unique col- ADL established a Holocaust Informa- lection of more than 2,000 manuscripts tion Center to house audio-visual and and books relating to Jewish music (Jan- teaching materials on the Holocaust uary 13). (July 29). ADL sponsored a conference for 200 educators on teaching the Holo- JWB sponsored "Here is Israel," a mul- caust in American secondary schools ti-media production (September-De- (October 9-11). Its New York Regional cember), as well as tours by the Haifa Board hailed a curriculum guide on the Municipal Theater (February 20-April Holocaust for the City's schools as a 16) and the Nesher puppets (Septem- way of helping students "understand the ber). The organization's Book Council background and concerns of the Jewish announced publication of Volume 35 of people" (November 16). the Jewish Book Annual, a trilingual annual of Jewish literary achievement (Oc- JWB, in cooperation with local agencies tober 17). It's Music Council held its and other national groups, instituted 33rd annual Jewish Music Festival, at community projects to commemorate which the theme was "Music of Jewish JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 175 Resistance and Survival" (March 4- kibbutz or moshav (September 6). It April 2). It also sponsored an all-day also sponsored a folk-dance seminar, conference on "Jewish Music in Amer- and an Israel Summer Sports Program, ica: Status and Directions" (June 19). combining a tour of Israel and participation in the Maccabiah Games (January Israel Programs 12). The World Zionist Organization-Amer- Hadassah announced plans to open a ican Section issued the 12th edition of its fifth Youth Aliyah Center to serve as an annual Guide to Israel Programs, listing all-day facility offering remedial instruc- almost 200 programs, from brief study tion, recreation, guidance, and voca- tours to six-month work programs and tional training for teen-agers (August academic courses at the high-school, ye- 21). shiva, and university levels (March 18). JWB participated in the First World More than 100 students participated in Conference of Jewish Community Cen- year-long high school programs spon- ters held in Jerusalem (May 3-8). It sored by the World Zionist Organiza- opened permanent headquarters there in tion's Department of Education and November, and initiated programs Culture and the American Zionist aimed at increasing study, volunteerism, Youth Foundation (August 28). The and travel in Israel (November 25). World Zionist Organization's Torah Education Department arranged for Special tours of Israel included the more than 160 yeshiva students to study American Zionist Federation's ten-day in Israel (February 14). American Zion- tour for 30 journalists (March 6) and ist Youth Foundation sponsored a se- three-week work and study mission for mester of study at Tel Aviv University 24 nuns, priests, and lay Catholics (June for 15 students (February 27). The 28); ADL's two-week study seminar for World Zionist Organization's Depart- 20 professional staff members (March ment of Education and Culture con- 14); and AJCongress' 13th annual ducted a year-long program for 33 col- American-Israel Dialogue in Jerusalem, lege students at Hayim Greenberg bringing together 35 jurists and rabbis College in Jerusalem (September 6). from the United States and Israel (July 5-8). The American Zionist Youth Founda- tion arranged for 85 volunteers to participate in two six-month work and Leadership Training study programs in Israel (February 3). It AJCommittee established the Hilda also sent 70 college graduates to Israel Katz Blaustein Leadership Develop- for a year of social service, as part of its ment Program for the training of com- Sherut La'am program (July 18, Octo- petent and committed leaders on the ber 28). local and national levels (May 13). The American Zionist Youth Founda- JWB, which instituted a leadership de- tion conducted a leadership-training velopment program in 1976, conducted program for high-school graduates, con- a seminar in Atlanta, Georgia to train sisting of a year's study and work on a leaders for that community (May). 176 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The National Federation of Temple gations of America conducted its second Youth produced a documentary film de- national Orthodox Leadership Confer- picting the training of future lay and ence on Public Affairs to explore the rabbinic leaders for Reform Judaism problems and prospects of the urban Or- (May 22). thodox community (November 23-24).

The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- GERALDINE ROSENFIELD Demographic

Jewish Population in the United States, 1978

A HE ESTIMATE of the United States "Jewish Population"* for 1978 is 5,781,000, virtually the same as that reported in 1977 (5,776,000); however, certain regional shifts are evident. In 1978, Jews residing in the Northeast and North Central States comprise 70.9 per cent of the total; in 1977 the figure was 72.2 per cent. The South and West account for 29.1 per cent of the total Jewish population in 1978; in 1977 these regions contained 27.8 per cent of the whole. The two states showing the greatest increase in the South and West, respectively, are Florida and California. A revised upward estimate for the Washington, D.C. area raises the figures for the District of Columbia, Virginia, and Maryland. Local Jewish federations serve as the primary source for the community estimates shown in Table 3. Cities marked with an asterisk provided such estimates either in 1978 or 1977. In the past, estimates for non-federated communities were based on data obtained from the national United Jewish Appeal's field staff. UJA, however, has not been updating these data. In an effort to verify the figures which have been published in the AJYB, questionnaires were sent to synagogues in those areas where population changes were thought likely to have occurred. Such changes, where reported, are included in this year's table. The process of verifying the estimates for all non- federated communities will be completed next year. The state totals shown in Table 1 are the sum of the individual community estimates, excluding duplicate listings and out-of-state figures where a community extends across state boundaries. Also included are communities with less than 100 Jews (not shown in Table 3). The estimates reported in Table 3 take into account the fund-raising and service areas of the federations located in the cities listed. These areas are often larger than the political boundaries of the cities, but are usually smaller than what the Census Bureau defines as a metropolitan area. In most cases, federation fund-raising and

•Represents the number of individuals in households in which one or more Jews reside, and therefore includes non-Jews living in such households as a result of intermarriage, etc. For » discussion of this, see AJYB, 1974-75, Vol. 75, pp. 296-297.

177 178 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 197 9 service areas come closest to the Census definition of an urban area, encompassing the city itself and the more densely populated surrounding areas. Further information with regard to the areas covered is provided in footnotes. While national, regional, and state totals are presented, it should be emphasized that they are only estimates. There is a good deal of variation with regard to the accuracy of the figures.Som e communities have conducted recent population studies, and their totals may be considered relatively close to what a current census would reveal. Other communities rely on estimates based on federation contributor lists and certain assumptions with regard to unaffiliated Jews. It is likely that communities experiencing Jewish population growth will take note of it in population estimates more quickly than communities suffering Jewish population loss. New York City is a special case in that a change in its population estimate could seriously affect the national total. The figurecite d is that given in the 1970 National Jewish Population Study. Annual Census Bureau reports on changes in general population levels are based on birthrates, deathrates, and net migration figures. None of these elements is available for a discussion of shifts in Jewish population. Since there is no question on religion in the U.S. Decennial Census, this source provides no data for Jewish population estimates. The 1970 National Jewish Population Study arrived at a total population estimate quite close to the one published that year in the AJYB. The NJPS found that the number of Jews in the United States had leveled off; it predicted no significant shift within the next decade. The estimates carried in recent AJYB volumes do not contradict this projection.

ALVIN CHENKIN MAYNARD MIRAN JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 179

APPENDIX

TABLE 1. JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1978

Estimated Estimated Jewish Jewish Total Per Cent State Population Population * of Total Alabama 8,825 3,690,000 0.2 Alaska 720 407,000 0.2 Arizona 33,180 2,296,000 1.4 Arkansas 3,280 2,144,000 0.2 California 688,555 21,896,000 3.1 Colorado 31,830 2,619,000 1.2 Connecticut 99,615 3,108,000 3.2 Delaware 9,500 582,000 1.6 District of Columbia . 40,000 690,000 5.8 Florida 391,280 8,452,000 4.6 Georgia 30,680 5,048,000 0.6 Hawaii 1,500 895,000 0.2 Idaho 500 857,000 0.1 Illinois 267,175 11,245,000 2.4 Indiana 24,345 5,330,000 0.5 Iowa 7,745 2,879,000 0.3 Kansas 10,325 2,326,000 0.4 Kentucky 11,385 3,458,000 0.3 Louisiana 16,040 3,921,000 0.4 Maine 7,600 1,085,000 0.7 Maryland 185,745 4,139,000 4.5 Massachusetts 253,400 5,782,000 4.4 Michigan 90,145 9,129,000 1.0 Minnesota 34,480 3,975,000 0.9 Mississippi 3,395 2,389,000 0.1 Missouri 72,770 4,801,000 1.5 Montana 495 761,000 0.1 Nebraska 8,155 1,561,000 0.5 Nevada 13,880 633,000 2.2 New Hampshire .... 4,690 849,000 0.6 New Jersey 442,480 7,329,000 6.0 New Mexico 5,155 1,190,000 0.4 New York 2,143,485 17,924,000 12.0 180 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1 9 7 9

Estimated Estimated Jewish Jewish Total Per Cent State Population Population * of Total North Carolina 12,580 5,525,000 0.2 North Dakota 1,085 653,000 0.2 Ohio 158,500 10,701,000 1.5 Oklahoma 6,040 2,811,000 0.2 Oregon 10,800 2,376,000 0.5 Pennsylvania 418,440 11,785,000 3.6 Rhode Island 22,000 935,000 2.4 South Carolina 8,090 2,876,000 0.3 South Dakota 690 689,000 0.1 Tennessee 17,070 4,299,000 0.4 Texas 70,275 12,830,000 0.5 Utah 2,300 1,268,000 0.2 Vermont 2,465 483,000 0.5 Virginia 58,715 5,135,000 1.1 Washington 15,385 3,658,000 0.4 West Virginia 3,840 1,859,000 0.2 Wisconsin 30,020 4,651,000 0.6 Wyoming 310 406,000 0.1 U.S. TOTAL 5,780,960 216,332,000 2.7

N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. *July 1, 1977, resident population. Total population, including Armed Forces overseas was 216,817,000. Total civilian population was 214,685,000. (Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P. 25, No. 711 and No. 727.) JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 181

TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. JEWISH POPULATION BY REGIONS, 1978

Total Per Cent Jewish Per Cent Region Population Distribution Population Distribution Northeast: 49,280,000 22.8 3,394,175 58.7 New England 12,242,000 5.7 389,770 6.7 Middle Atlantic 37,038,000 17.1 3,004,405 52.0 North Central: 57,941,000 26.8 705,435 12.2 East North Central 41,057,000 19.0 570,185 9.9 West North Central 16,884,000 7.8 135,250 2.3 South: 69,849,000 32.3 876,740 15.2 South Atlantic 34,305,000 15.9 740,430 12.8 East South Central 13,837,000 6.4 40,675 0.7 West South Central 21,707,000 10.0 95,635 1.7 West: 39,263,000 18.1 804,610 13.9 Mountain 10,031,000 4.6 87,650 1.5 Pacific 29,232,000 13.5 716,960 12.4 TOTALS 216,332,000 100.0 5,780,960 100.0

N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. 182 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1 9 7 9

TABLE 3. COMMUNITIES WITH JEWISH POPULATIONS OF 100 OR MORE, 1978 (ESTIMATED)

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

ALABAMA Lancaster (incl. in Ante- COLORADO *Anniston .100 lope Valley) •Colorado Springs .1,000 'Birmingham .4,000 •Long Beach . 12,500 •Denver . 30,000 Dothan .265 •Los Angeles Metropolitan Pueblo . 375 •Gadsden .180 Area .455,000 Huntsville .650 Merced . 100 •Mobile .1,200 Modesto . 260 •Montgomery .1,625 •Monterey .1,500 Selma .210 •Oakland (incl. in Alameda CONNECTICUT Tri-Cities' .120 & Contra Costa Coun- •Bridgeport . 14,500 Tuscaloosa .315 ties) Bristol . 250 Ontario (incl. in Pomona Colchester . 525 ALASKA Valley) •Danbury (incl. New Mil- Anchorage .420 'Orange County . 35,000 ford) .3,000 Fairbanks .210 •Palm Springs .4,500 •Greenwich . 2,200 •Pasadena (also incl. in Los •Hartford (incl. New ARIZONA Angeles Metropolitan Britain) .23,500 •Phoenix .25,000 Area) .2,000 Lebanon .175 •Tucson .8,000 Petaluma . 320 Lower Middlesex •Pomona Valley . 3,500 County . 125 •Manchester .1,200 ARKANSAS •Riverside .1,200 •Meriden . 1,400 •Ft. Smith .160 •Sacramento . 5,700 •Middletown .1,300 Hot Springs .600 Salinas . 240 •Milford . 500 •Little Rock .1,740 San Bernardino . 1,900 •Moodus .150 •Pine Bluff .175 •San Diego .23,000 •New Haven .20,000 Southeast Arkansas" 140 •San Francisco . 75,000 •New London .4,500 Wynne-Forest City . 110 •San Jose . 14,500 •Newtown . 375 •San Pedro .300 •Norwalk .4,000 •Santa Barbara . 3,800 CALIFORNIA •Norwich .2,500 •Alameda & Contra Costa •Santa Cruz .1,000 Putnam .110 Counties . 28,000 •Santa Maria .200 Rockville . 525 •Antelope Valley . 350 Santa Monica . 8,000 •Stamford .11,000 Bakersfield (incl. in Kern •Santa Rosa . 750 Torrington . 400 County) Stockton . 1,050 •Valley Area' .700 El Centro . 125 •Sun City . 800 Wallingford .440 Elsinore . 250 Tulare and Kings •Waterbury .2,800 Fontana . 165 County .155 Westport .2,800 •Fresno .2,200 Vallejo .400 •Willimantic . 400 Kern County . 850 •Ventura County . 5,000 Winsted .110 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 183

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

DELAWARE Fitzgerald-Cordele .125 •Gary (incl. in Northwest •Wilmington (incl. rest of Macon .785 Indiana - Calumet Re- state) .9,500 •Savannah .2,600 gion) •Valdosta .145 •Indianapolis .11,000 Lafayette .600 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HAWAII Marion .170 *Greater Washing- Honolulu .1,500 Michigan City .400 ton' . 160,000 Muncie .175 IDAHO •Northwest Indiana-Calu- 1 .5,000 FLORIDA Boise .120 met Region •Brevard County .2,250 Richmond .110 Daytona Beach .1,200 ILLINOIS Shelbyville .140 *Fort Lauderdale .50,000 Aurora .400 •South Bend .2,600 Fort Myers .300 •Bloomington .125 •Terre Haute 450 Fort Pierce .270 •Champaign- Gainesville .700 Urbana .1,000 IOWA •Hollywood .30,000 •Chicago Metropolitan Cedar Rapids .330 •Jacksonville .6,000 Area .253,000 Council Bluffs .245 Key West .170 Danville .240 Davenport (incl. in Quad •Lakeland .800 Decatur .450 Cities, 111.) Lehigh Acres .125 East St. Louis (incl. in So. •Des Moines .3,300 •Miami .225,000 111.) Dubuque .105 •Orlando .10,000 •Elgin .700 Fort Dodge .115 •Palm Beach •Galesburg .130 Mason City .110 County .40,000 •Joliet .800 Muscatine .120 •Pensacola .725 •Kankakee .260 Ottumwa .150 Port Charlotte .150 •Peoria .2,000 •Sioux City . 1,090 •Sarasota . .5,400 •Quad Cities' .3,000 Waterloo .435 St. Augustine .100 Quincy .200 •St. Petersburg (incl. Clear- Rock Island (incl. in Quad KANSAS water) .10,000 Cities) Topeka .500 •Tallahassee .1,000 •Rockford . 1,025 •Wichita .1,200 11 •Tampa .7,000 •Southern Illinois .2,000 •Springfield .1,150 KENTUCKY Sterling-Dixon .110 •Lexington .1,400 GEORGIA •Waukegan .1,200 •Louisville .9,200 Albany .525 Paducah .175 •Athens .250 INDIANA •Atlanta .22,000 Anderson .105 LOUISIANA •Augusta .1,500 Bloomington .300 •Alexandria .760 Brunswick .120 •Elkhart .160 •Baton Rouge .1,100 •Columbus .1,000 •Evansville .1,200 Lafayette .600 Dalton .235 •Ft. Wayne .1,350 •Lake Charles .250 184 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1 9 7 9

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

•Monroe .300 •Haverhill .1,600 •Saginaw .550 •New Orleans .10,600 Holyoke .1,100 •South Haven .100 •Shreveport .1,600 •Hyannis .245 •Lawrence .2,550 MINNESOTA MAINE Leominster .1,525 Austin .125 Augusta .215 Lowell .2,000 •Duluth .1,000 •Bangor .1,500 •Lynn (incl. Hibbing .155 Biddeford-Saco .375 Peabody) .19,000 •Minneapolis .22,090 Calais .135 Medway .140 •Rochester .240 * Lewiston-Auburn .1,000 Milford .245 •St. Paul .9,750 •Portland .3,500 Mills .105 •Virginia .100 •Waterville .300 •New Bedford .3,100 Newburyport .280 MISSISSIPPI MARYLAND North Berkshire .675 •Clarksdale .160 •Annapolis .2,000 Northampton .350 •Cleveland .180 •Baltimore .92,000 •Peabody .2,600 •Greenville .500 Cumberland .250 •Pittsfield .1,685 •Greenwood .100 Easton Park •Plymouth .500 1 •Hattiesburg .180 Area .100 •Salem .1,150 •Jackson .750 Frederick .400 Southbridge .105 • Meridian .135 •Hagerstown .275 •Springfield .11,000 Natchez .140 Hartford County .420 Taunton .1,200 Vicksburg .260 •Montgomery Webster .125 County' .70,000 •Worcester .10,000 MISSOURI •Prince Georges •Columbia .350 County' .20,000 MICHIGAN •Joplin 115 •Salisbury .300 •Ann Arbor (incl. all •Kansas City .19,000 Washtenaw Kennett .110 MASSACHUSETTS County) .3,000 Springfield .230 •Amherst .750 Battle Creek .245 •St. Joseph .490 •Athol .110 •Bay City .650 •St. Louis .60,000 •Attleboro .200 •Benton Harbor .650 •Beverly .1,000 •Detroit .80,000 •Boston (incl. •Flint .2,395 MONTANA Brockton) 170,000 Grand Rapids .1,500 •Billings .160 •Brockton .5,200 Iron County .160 •Fall River .3,000 Iron Mountain .105 NEBRASKA •Fitchburg .300 •Jackson .375 •Lincoln . 1,050 •Framingham .16,000 •Kalamazoo .650 •Omaha .6,500 •Gardner .100 •Lansing .1,800 •Gloucester .400 Marquette Countjr .175 NEVADA Great Barrington .105 Mt. Clemens .420 •Las Vegas .13,500 Greenfield .250 Muskegon .525 Reno .380 JEWISH POPULATION IN TH E UN ITED STATES / 185

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

NEW HAMPSHIRE •North Jersey 33,500 •Buffalo .22,000 *Claremont .130 •Northern Middlesex Canandaigua .135 •Concord .350 County 17,500 •Catskill .200 •Dover .425 •Ocean County 12,000 Corning .125 Keene .105 •Passaic-Clifton .7,800 Cortland .440 Laconia .160 Paterson (incl. in North Dunkirk .200 •Manchester .2,000 Jersey) •EllenviUe . 1,450 •Nashua .450 Paulsboro .165 •Elmira .1,400 •Portsmouth .700 Perth Amboy (incl. in •Geneva .300 North MiddleseJ •Glens Falls .360 NEW JERSEY County) •Gloversville .535 •Atlantic City (incl. Atlan- Plainfield (incl. in Union Herkimer .185 tic County) .11,800 County) •Highland Falls .105 Bayonne .8,500 •Princeton .2,600 Hudson 470 •Bergen County1 . 100,000 •Raritan Valley' ..18,000 •Ithaca .1,000 •Bridgeton .375 Salem .230 Jamestown .185 •Camden' .26,000 •Somerset County" .6,000 •Kingston .2,400 •Carteret .300 Somerville (incl. in Somer- Liberty .2,100 Elizabeth (incl. in Union set County) Loch Sheldrake- County) Toms River (incl. in Hurleyville .750 •Englewood (also incl. in Ocean County) Monroe .400 Bergen County) 10,000 •Trenton .7,200 •Monticello .2,400 •Essex County™ .95,000 •Union County . 39,500 Mountaindale .150 Flemington .875 •Vineland" .3,335 Greater New Gloucester County0 .165 •Wildwood .425 York . 1,998,000 Hoboken .500 Willingboro (incl. in Cam- New York •Jersey City .8,000 den) City . 1,228,000 Metuchen (incl. ini North Manhattan . 171,000 Middlesex County) NEW MEXICO Brooklyn 514,000 Millville .240 •Albuquerque .4,500 Bronx 143,000 •Monmouth Las Cruces .100 Queens 379,000 County .30,000 Santa Fe .300 Staten Island 21,000 •Morris-Sussex Nassau-Suffolk 605,000 Counties" .15,000 NEW YORK Westchester . 165,000 Morristown (incl. in Mor- •Albany .13,500 New Paltz .150 ris County) Amenia .140 Newark .220 •Mt. Holly .300 Amsterdam .595 •Newburgh- Newark (incl. in Essex •Auburn .315 Middletown .4,900 County) •Batavia .165 •Niagara Falls .1,000 New Brunswick (incl. in Beacon .315 Norwich .120 Raritan Valley) •Binghamton (incl. all •Olean .140 North Hudson Broome County) 4,000 •Oneonta .175 County .7,000 Brewster .175 Oswego .100 186 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

Parksville .140 Whiteville Zone" .330 Oklahoma City Pawling .105 •Wilmington .500 Zone* .190 •Plattsburg .275 Winston-Salem I[incl. in •Tulsa .2,600 Port Jervis .560 N.C. Triad) •Potsdam .175 OREGON *Poughkeepsie .4,900 Corvallis .140 •Rochester .21,500 NORTH DAKOTA •Eugene .1,500 Rockland •Fargo .500 •Portland .8,700 County .25,000 Grand Forks .100 Salem .200 •Rome .205 •Saratoga Springs .500 PENNSYLVANIA •Schenectady .5,400 OHIO .6,500 Aliquippa .400 Sharon Springs .165 •Akron Ash tabula .160 •Allentown 4,980 South •Canton .2,710 •Altoona .1,200 .1,100 Fallsburg •Cincinnati .30,000 Ambridge .250 .11,000 •Syracuse •Cleveland .80,000 Beaver .115 .1,200 *Troy •Columbus .13,000 •Beaver Falls .350 .2,500 *Utica •Dayton .6,000 Berwick .120 .200 Walden East Liverpool .290 •Bethlehem .960 .100 Warwick •Elyria .275 Braddock .250 .250 Watertown Hamilton .560 •Bradford .150 .425 White Lake •Lima .290 Brownville .150 .200 Woodbourne Lorain .1,000 •Butler .340 .300 Woodridge •Mansfield .600 Carbon County .125 •Marion .150 •Carnegie .100 NORTH CAROLINA •Middletown .140 Central Bucks •Asheville .1,000 New Philadelphia . 140 County 400 •Chapel Hill- Newark .105 •Chambersburg .340 Durham . 1,650 Piqua . 120 Chester .2.100 •Charlotte .3,000 Portsmouth .120 Coatesville .305 •Fayetteville (incl. all •Sandusky .150 Connellsville .110 Cumberland •Springfield .340 Donora .100 County) .500 •Steubenville .405 •Easton .1,300 •Gastonia .220 •Toledo .7,500 Ellwood City .110 Goldsboro .120 •Warren .500 •Erie .940 Greensboro (incl. in N.C. •Wooster .200 Farrell .150 Triad) Youngstown .5,400 Greensburg .300 High Point (incl. in N.C. Zanesville .350 •Harrisburg .4,750 Triad) •Hazleton .800 •North Carolina Homestead .300 Triad' .2,700 OKLAHOMA •Indiana .135 •Raleigh .1,375 Muskogee .120 •Johnstown .600 Rocky Mount .110 •Oklahoma City .2,000 Kittanning .175 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 187

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

•Lancaster .1,900 SOUTH CAROLINA Texarkana .100 •Lebanon .425 •Charleston .3,200 •Tyler .500 Lock Haven . 140 •Columbia .2,150 •Waco .700 •Lower Bucks Florence .370 •Wharton .170 County .18,000 Greenville .600 McKeesport .2,100 Orangeburg County . 105 Monessen . 100 •Spartanburg .295 UTAH Mt. Carmel . 100 Sumter .190 Ogden .100 Mt. Pleasant . 120 •Salt Lake City .2,200 New Castle .400 SOUTH DAKOTA New Kensington .475 •Sioux Falls .135 VERMONT Norristown . 2,000 Bennington .120 North Penn . 200 TENNESSEE •Burlington .1,800 •Oil City . 165 •Chattanooga .2,250 •Rutland .350 Oxford-Kennett Johnson City' .210 •St. Johnsbury .100 Square .180 •Knoxville .1,350 •Philadelphia Metropolitan •Memphis .9,000 Area .295,000 •Nashville .3,700 VIRGINIA Phoenixville . 300 Oak Ridge .240 •Alexandria (incl. Falls •Pittsburgh .51,000 Church, Arlington •Pottstown . 700 TEXAS County and urbanized f Pottsville . 500 •Amarillo .300 Fairfax County) 30,000 •Reading .2,800 •Austin .2,000 Arlington (incl. in Sayre .100 Baytown .300 Alexandria) •Scran ton .4,190 •Beaumont .385 •Danville .180 Sharon .470 Brownsville .160 Fredericksburg .140 Shenandoah .230 •Corpus Christi . 1,020 Hampton (incl. in •State College . 450 •Dallas .20,000 Newport News) Stroudsburg .410 De Witt County" .150 •Harrisonburg .115 Sunbury .160 •El Paso 4,500 Hopewell .140 •Uniontown . 290 •Ft. Worth .2,800 •Lynchburg .275 Upper Beaver . 500 •Galveston .645 Martinsville .135 •Washington . 325 •Houston .27,000 •Newport News (incl. Wayne County .210 Kilgore .110 Hampton) .3,000 West Chester . 300 •Laredo .420 •Norfolk (incl. Virginia •Wilkes-Barre 4,300 •Longview .185 Beach) 11,000 Williamsport . 770 •Lubbock .350 •Petersburg .600 •York . 1,600 •McAllen .295 •Portsmouth (incl. •North Texas Suffolk) .1,150 Zone" .100 •Richmond 10,000 RHODE ISLAND Odessa .150 •Roanoke .800 •Providence (incl. rest of Port Arthur .260 Williamsburg .120 state) .22,000 •San Antonio .6,500 •Winchester .110 188 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 197 9

Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population

WASHINGTON •Morgantown .200 •Madison .3,000 Bellingham . 120 •Parkersburg .155 Manitowoc .175 Bremerton (incl. in Weirton .150 •Milwaukee . 23,900 Seattle) •Wheeling .650 Oshkosh .120 •Seattle .13,000 •Racine 405 •Spokane .800 WISCONSIN •Sheboygan .200 •Tacoma . 750 •Appleton .325 •Superior .165 WEST VIRGINIA •Beloit .120 Waukes .135 •Bluefield-Princeton . 190 •Eau Claire .120 •Wausau .155 •Charleston .1,150 •Fond du Lac .100 •Clarksburg . 205 Green Bay .440 WYOMING Huntington .350 •Kenosha .250 •Cheyenne .255

•Denotes estimate submitted within two-year period. •Florence, Sheffield, Tuscumbia. "Towns in Chicot, Desha, Drew Counties. 'Includes Alta Loma, Chino, Claremont, Cucamonga, La Verne, Montclair, Ontario, Pomona, San Dimas, Upland. dCenterbrook, Chester, Clinton, Deep River, Essex, Killingworth, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, Seabrook, Westbrook. 'Ansonia, Derby-Shelton, Oxford, Seymour. 'Greater Washington includes urbanized portions of Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties, Maryland, Arlington County, Fairfax County (organized portion); Falls Church, Alexandria, Virginia. •Rock Island, Moline (Illinois); Davenport, Bettendorf (Iowa). Towns in Alexander, Bond, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Frank- lin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Johnson, Lawrence, Mas- coupin, Madison, Marion, Massac, Montgomery, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, St. Clair, Saline, Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, White, Williamson Counties. 'Includes Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, Munster, Valparaiso, Whiting, and the Greater Calumet region. 'Towns in Caroline, Kent, Queen Annes, Talbot Counties. 'Allendale, Elmwood Park, Fair Lawn, Franklin Lakes, Oakland, Midland Park, Rochelle Park, Saddle Brook, Wykoff also included in North Jersey estimate. 'Includes Camden and Burlington Counties. "Includes contiguous areas in Hudson, Morris, Somerset, and Union Counties. "Includes Clayton, Paulsboro, Woodbury. Excludes Newfield; see Vineland. "See footnote (m). "Includes Guttenberg, Hudson Heights, North Bergen, North Hudson, Secaucus, Union City, Weehawken, West New York, Woodcliff. 'Includes Paterson, Wayne, Hawthorne in Passaic County, and nine towns in Bergen County. See footnote (k). 'Includes Perth Amboy, Metuchen, Edison Township (part), Woodbridge. JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 189 'Includes in Middlesex County, Cranbury, Dunellen, East Brunswick, Edison Township (part), Jamesburg, Matawan, Middlesex, Monmouth Junction, Old Bridge, Parlin, Piscataway, South River, Spottswood; in Somerset County, Kendall Park, Somerset; in Mercer County, Hightstown. 'Excludes Kendall Park and Somerset, which are included in Raritan Valley. "Includes in Cumberland County, Norma, Rosenheim, Vineland; in Salem County, Elmer; in Gloucester County, Clayton, Newfield; in Cape May County, Woodbine. "Greensboro, High Point, Winston-Salem. "Burgaw, Clinton, Dunn, Elizabethtown, Fairmont, Jacksonville, Lumberton, Tabor City, Wallace, Warsaw; and Dillon, Loris, Marion, Mullins, S.C. "Towns in Alfalfa, Beckham, Cadelo, Canadian, Cleveland, Custer, Jackson, Kingfisher, Kiowa, Lincoln, Logan, Oklahoma, Payne, Roger Mills, Tillman, Washita Counties. "Bensalem Township, Bristol, Langhorne, Levittown, New Hope, Newtown, Penndel, War- ington, Yardley. 'Includes Kingsport and Bristol (including the portion of Bristol in Virginia). "Includes communities also in Colorado, Fayette, Gonzales, and La Vaca Counties. "•Denison, Gainesville, Greenville, Paris, Sherman, and Durant (Oklahoma). Canada

Domestic Affairs

"N OCTOBER 17, the House of Commons opened its doors for the first time to the electronic news media. At a cost of $5 million, Canada bought itself non-stop, unedited radio and television coverage of everything that was said in the House. In a unique way, Canadians were able to watch their political leaders and elected representatives at work. The actual substance of the discussions, however, was largely discouraging. The bad news about the economy in 1977 was stunning. Almost no one talked anymore about great times being ahead. During 1977, the national unemployment rate stood at 8.4 per cent, the highest since the depression of the 193O's. Inflation accelerated, and the real income of workers fell. The Canadian dollar was devalued by more than 10 per cent, and Canada borrowed large amounts of money abroad to repay the interest on previous foreign loans. The federal government's $8.5 billion financial deficit was at a record level and promised to go even higher in the next year. Particularly disturbing was the news that major natural resource exporters, such as Inco and Falconbridge, were cutting Canadian production and laying off Cana- dian workers. With oil reserves also dwindling, Canada was losing the "resource security blanket" on which politicians and bureaucrats in Ottawa had long relied to carry Canada through hard times. During 1977, the spectre of a dismembered Canada continued to trouble the nation. More money, as well as people, left the province of Quebec, although exact figures were difficult to determine. There was hope that there would be sufficient time to work out a new arrangement that would please both Quebec and the other provinces before the 1979 referendum that Prime Minister Rene Levesque of Quebec had promised. Some widely-suggested concessions included granting Quebec a role in immigration and communications, and a voice in appointments to the Senate and Supreme Court. Some Canadian politicians and economists suggested a constitutional restructuring of the country to concede the existence of deux nations. In November 1977, Premier Levesque visited Paris and was accorded all the honors normally given to a head of state. Newspaper headlines during the year were dominated by stories of wrongdoing attributed to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Two government-appointed

190 CANADA / 191 commissions investigated the undercover methods of the agency's intelligence branch. The Mounted Police were accused of illegal break-ins, thefts, tampering with the mail, and international espionage. Many Canadians continued to express confidence in the Mounted Police. There was no doubt, however, that the stock of the Mounties, one of the nation's enduring symbols, reached its lowest point in history. The unfolding drama, while providing the public with inside glimpses of police intelligence work, raised grave moral questions. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau took the position that any laws jeopardizing national security had to be changed, and that the Mounties should not be held accountable for any illegal activities carried out in the name of national security.

Foreign Relations Relations between Canada and the United States improved greatly during the year. There was a widespread feeling that the insecurity bred by the Parti Quebecois victory in the Quebec elections had led many English-speaking Canadians to regard Americans as their allies in the fight to keep Canada a united nation. Prof. Louis Balthazar of Laval University in Quebec City wrote: "The Parti Quebecois government has contributed to the creation of a completely new climate for Canadian- American relations as a whole, a climate that is likely to result in the links between Canadians and Americans being strengthened, and to the drawing of a veil over old quarrels." The two countries signed a pipeline agreement to assure the uninterrupted flow of oil and natural gas across each other's territory. The United States government also opted for the construction of a pipeline through Canada to carry natural gas from Alaska to the lower 48 states. If approved by the Canadian Parliament, the project would be the largest private venture ever undertaken. The United States agreed to hold off on those portions of the Garrison diversion project in North Dakota that Canada contended would cause flooding and pollution in Manitoba. At the beginning of the year, the project—a $550 million irrigation scheme—was considered to be the most important issue outstanding between the two countries. On January 1, Canada extended its fishing limit to 200 miles; on March 1, the United States did the same. The extension brought up problems of maritime boundaries, with all that this implied for the future development of underwater minerals. The two countries quickly agreed to an interim arrangement that would allow orderly maritime commerce until a permanent agreement could be negotiated. In 1977, Canada registered a success in the raising of the St. Lawrence Seaway tolls, which the United States had opposed. One issue that was being pursued aggressively by the Canadian government was a clause in the United States Tax Reform Act (which took effect at the beginning of 1977) that disallowed as a tax write-off the costs of United States citizens attending conventions in other countries, 192 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Canada included. There was considerable sympathy in the United States Congress for Canada's case, since it was estimated that Canadian hotels experienced a direct loss of $35 million in the first seven months of the year through cancellations due to the act. At the same time, Canada had a deficit of $781 million in its travel account with the United States in the first six months of the year.

Intergroup Relations There was growing concern over manifestations of racism in major Canadian cities. An Ontario Task Force on Human Relations reported in 1977 that Canadians were living in an ever more diverse and heterogeneous society. In 1951, 19 per cent of Toronto's residents had been born outside the country. By 1971, as the population doubled, the number of foreign born had jumped to 37 per cent. In the last six years, Toronto had attracted 31 per cent of Canada's immigrants, and by 1976 close to 60 per cent of the new arrivals were members of visible minorities—Asians, West Indians, and Africans. The report indicated that "there is in Toronto a body of racist opinion and a broad spectrum of racist attitudes which [manifest themselves] as ethnic jokes, harassment and name-calling." The situation was undoubtedly quite similar in Montreal. A public opinion poll conducted by the Data Laboratories Research Consultants of Montreal for Weekend Magazine showed that 88 per cent of Canadians believed in some kind of supreme being or cosmic force, and that 73 per cent had very strong or somewhat strong religious beliefs. Only 5 per cent had no religious affiliation at all. The overwhelming majority of Canadians were professed Christians: 46 per cent Protestant; 41 per cent Roman Catholic.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of Canada in 1977 was estimated at 305,000. Leading Jewish centers were Toronto (115,000); Montreal (115,000); Winnipeg (20,000); Vancouver (12,000); and Ottawa (7,500). A survey conducted by the Jewish Camp Council (JCC), a United Jewish Appeal (UJA) beneficiary agency, found that 24 per cent of the campers came from single- parent homes. JCC operated four camps in Ontario. "We were aware that the single-parent families were on the increase," said JCC executive director John Bernstein, "but this ratio of one in four really astounded us. We're beginning to catch up with the rest of the community." As a direct result of this finding,th e Social Planning Committee of the Toronto Jewish Congress (TJC) decided to focus its attention on single-parent families, as well as on the steadily increasing number of singles in the Jewish community. An in-depth study was planned to determine what supportive services were needed. CANADA / 193 In a submission to the Quebec provincial government, the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) indicated that 18 per cent of the Jewish community of Montreal, or some 20,000 individuals, were living at or below poverty level. Many of these people were over 65 years of age, and a variety of services were required for them. It was noted that the government had not yet given approval for two additional floors to the Maimonides Hospital and Home for the Aged. The situation was so drastic that the Jewish community was paying $350,000 a year to private nursing homes for the care of 53 indigent old people. A report by Jean Lee of the Toronto Jewish Family and Child Service estimated that about 13,000 people, or 13 per cent of Toronto's Jewish population, were living at or below poverty level.

Immigration A new Canadian immigration act enshrined in law for the first time such fundamental principles as non-discrimination, family reunification, humanitarian concern for refugees, and the promotion of Canada's economic, social, demographic, and cultural goals. Under the new act, the sponsored dependent category was replaced by the family class. Canadian citizens would now be able to sponsor the immigration of a wider range of relatives, including parents under the age of 60. It was anticipated that relatives now eligible for nomination by Canadian citizens would receive the same kind of preference they enjoyed under the previous regulations. The act contained guidelines intended to protect Canada against terrorists and organized crime. It confirmed the obligations Canada had assumed as a party to the United Nations' Convention and Protocol on Refugees, provided for special selection standards for refugees, and gave persons who claimed refugee status new protection under the law. In 1976, the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services (JIAS) had handled 315 new families, as compared with 456 in 1975. The number of immigrant families from the Soviet Union dropped from 324 to 186. A two-day conference in Montreal brought together 40 professionals from across the country to discuss problems relating to Jewish immigration and the integration of newcomers. It was noted that more Russian immigrants were anxious to settle on the prairies, far from Montreal and Toronto, where Jewish immigrants had made their homes ever since the first Jews came to Canada in the 18th century. Social workers in the Canadian west had been swamped with clients that they were too inexperienced to handle. Final statistics for 1977 were expected to show that the number of Israelis emi- grating to Canada was down only slightly from the 1975 peak of 1,668. The population flow between the two countries was now almost entirely one way. In 1976, as in 1975, fewer than 300 Canadians had emigrated to Israel. 194 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Communal Activities The 18th Plenary Assembly of the Canadian Jewish Congress was held in May at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal. The number of registered delegates and alternates came to 1,015. Several hundred persons attended as observers. Elected to office were Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut, president, and David Satok, chairman of the national executive. It was announced that Steve Ain would become national executive director, and that Alan Rose would serve as executive vice-president. Uppermost in the minds of the delegates was the question of the future of Quebec Jewry in the wake of the victory of the separatists in that province. Significantly, one of the 24 resolutions adopted called for increased efforts by CJC to protect civil rights. A joint research project of the Allied Jewish Community Services (AJCS) and the CJC to determine the future of the Jews in Quebec was unveiled at the convention. Called the Quebec Policy Research Institute, the project aimed at ascertaining how many Jews were leaving the province and why. In addition, it was to study legislation which seriously affected Jews in such areas as education, health, welfare services, business, and the professions. The study was headed by McGill University law professor Irwin Cotler; Jack Kantrowitz was named coordinator of research. A committee of 15 lay people—five from AJCS, five from CJC, and five from the community at large—was to supervise the project. A gloomy picture of the Jewish community, in which nearly every organization was in dire financial straits, was painted by Milton Harris, president of the Toronto Jewish Congress, at the second annual meeting of the organization in March. Harris made several five-year projections based on the rate of increased income from 1975 to 1976 in the UJA drive, and the rate of increased expenditures in local and national programs. In 1982, he maintained, UJA would raise $20.5 million as compared with $18.9 million in 1976, a rise of 1.5 per cent. Local and national program expenditures during the same period would go from $5.6 million to $10.8 million, a 93 per cent increase. The United Israel Appeal (UIA) allocations would decrease 33 per cent, from about $12 million to $8 million. Allocations totalling $5,901,900 for Canadian Jewish welfare and educational services were approved by the executive of TJC, which disburses funds raised by UJA. The allocations, which covered the fiscal period July 1, 1977 to June 30, 1978, were only 4.4 per cent higher than the previous year. Ronald Appleby, chairman of TJC's Budget and Finance Committee, called it an austerity budget "which reflects the fact that the 1977 UJA campaign did not raise sufficient funds and thus limited the community's ability to fund all the needs to the extent we would have liked." The budget allocations for Jewish education totalled $3,097,281, an increase of 5.8 per cent over the previous year. Local social service agencies would receive $1,134,409, an increase of 1.6 per cent. National agencies (CJC, JIAS, and UJRA) CANADA / 195 were allocated $1,342,105, an increase of 1.4 per cent. The TJC administrative budget of $378,450 represented an increase of 4 per cent.

Community Relations The Canada Israel Committee (sponsored by the Canadian Zionist Federation, CJC, and B'nai Brith) protested the use of public funds by the Quebec arm of the Canadian University Service Overseas for the distribution of Arab League propaganda, and for printing of anti-Israel pamphlets and articles in its monthly magazine. The Quebec Jewish community felt anxious at the candidacy of Roger Delorme for Parliament. Delorme, a Montreal television broadcaster, had made frequent anti-Zionist and antisemitic remarks. CJC deplored as inadequate a statement by Joe Clark, leader of the Federal Progressive Conservative Party, that Delorme would abide by the party's policies on Israel despite his own publicly stated anti- Zionist views. Jews in Quebec and elsewhere who were members or backers of the Conservative Party were embarrassed by the turn of events. Delorme, however, was defeated in the election. Three synagogues in western Ontario were vandalized during the election campaign. In each instance, an anti-Israel message was scrawled on the walls of the building. Gerald Klein, president of the London (Ontario) Jewish Community Council, declared that the ''acts of vandalism have serious racial overtones. All kinds of people have been living in London for generations in friendship and peace, and vandalism against a house of worship is against all the principles on which our society is based." The London Free Press editorialized that "sooner or later, the kind of people who throw paint on a synagogue and leave hate literature at its doors are bound to expose themselves. An alert community may then be able to identify, arrest, and convict such people of a crime which has no place in our democratic Judaeo-Christian society ' In December, three self-proclaimed neo-Nazis went on trial in Toronto for, among other things, distributing antisemitic propaganda, painting swastikas on synagogues, and conspiring to throw smoke bombs in a stadium where Israeli athletes were competing. The accused—36-year-old Don Andrews, 20-year-old Dawyd Zarytshansky, and 29-year-old Wayne Elliot—faced an array of charges including arson, malicious damage, conspiracy, and possession of explosives. At year's end the trial was continuing. A dispute between the Montreal Symphony Orchestra and the Musicians' Guild had as one of its central issues the demand of the Guild that no performances be scheduled on either Yom Kippur or Easter Sunday. The director general of the Orchestra stated in a written communication: "I reiterate our promise that we will do the utmost to avoid scheduling, in future years, concerts on the Day of Atone- ment." 196 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 A number of changes in the Ontario Human Rights Code were suggested by the Ontario Human Rights Commission. Included were recommendations for legislation, within Provincial jurisdiction, counteracting the Arab boycott. The Commis- sion also advocated the permissibility of "class-action complaints from individuals who believe that they have suffered discrimination as a group.' It asked for provisions to "require all police, high school, and elementary students and some university students to take mandatory human rights courses." In support of these recommendations, the Commission noted that "Ontario is becoming more complex, creating an increasing scope for inter-group tension, racial abuse, violence of the mind and body and various forms of hate literature."

Zionism and Israel In October, the Toronto Zionist Council observed its 70th anniversary, and was hailed in the community for its efforts on behalf of Zionism and Israel over the years. The Canadian Reform movement established Kadima, potentially the largest national Zionist organization. A drive for membership in Reform congregations over the 1977 High Holy Days resulted in close to 3,000 adherents. Formed, in part, as a reaction to trends in Israel questioning the legitimacy of liberal Judaism, Kadima became a bona fide member of the Canadian Zionist Federation and was seeking representation at the World Zionist Congress. There were indications that the Conservative movement was considering a similar plan. Phil Granovsky, national president of UIA, accused the Jewish Agency and the Israeli government of not paying sufficient attention to the Canadian Jewish community. At a meeting of the Agency's board of governors in Jerusalem, Granovsky declared: "Canada is now the second largest producer of cash after the United States. It is my firm conviction that our campaign . . does not receive the attention from Jerusalem that is warranted." In July, at a meeting of the Jewish Agency assembly in Jerusalem, Granovsky was elected chairman of Keren-Hayesod United Israel Appeal, the worldwide fund-raising body. This was the highest post in the international Jewish field ever attained by a Canadian. The Canada Israel Committee took the government to task for its voting record at the United Nations, charging that the government "unnecessarily bent over backwards to be "evenhanded" in the Arab-Israel dispute. It was suggested that the Canadian government's lessened support for Israel in the United Nations was due to significant changes in the world economic landscape, the increased prestige accorded the Palestine Liberation Organization by the international community, and the passage by the United Nations of 50 anti-Zionist resolutions in the past five years. A new project of the Hadassah-Wizo Organization of Canada was announced at the 27th biennial convention in Jerusalem. It involved the restoration of the old Tel Aviv Museum from which Israel's independence had been proclaimed. To be renamed the Hall of Independence, the building would house the scroll of CANADA / 197 independence, documentary material, photographs, and a recording of David Ben-Gurion's speech proclaiming the founding of the state. Despite an estimated 10 to 15 per cent decline in population in the communities it served, UIA of Ontario raised the same amount of money as the year before.

Arab Boycott In December, leaders of major Jewish organizations expressed dissatisfaction with the Canadian government's policy toward the Arab boycott. Trade Minister Jack Homer and External Affairs Minister Don Jamieson reported in the House of Commons that although the government had not changed its policy of opposing the boycott, there were problems in making public a list of those Canadian firms that the government knew to have been asked to include boycott clauses in their sales contracts. According to the Financial Post, Canada was sixth on the list of countries most often blacklisted by the Arab boycott, and 243 Canadian companies and organizations were on the boycott list. Canadian exports to the Middle East totalled $600 million in 1975, compared to $130 million in 1971.

Soviet Jewry During the year, a variety of activities on behalf of Russian Jewry took place throughout the country. Five hundred people attended a "Call to Action" meeting for Soviet Jewry held at the Shaarei Shomayim Synagogue in Toronto on March 30, and sponsored by the Canadian Committee for Soviet Jewry (CCSJ). The audience was asked to participate in sending protest postcards to Soviet party chief Leonid Brezhnev, mailing a small packet of matzot to the Russian ambassador in Ottawa, and providing information on prisoner of conscience Anatoly Shcharansky to members of Parliament. Hundreds of items were mailed. CCSJ acknowledged the assistance of the Toronto Action Committee for Soviet Jewry, the Toronto Group of 35, and the Youth Council for Soviet Jewry. Coinciding with a November 7 celebration held at the Soviet consulate in Mont- real to mark the 60th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, a demonstration for Soviet Jewry in general, and Anatoly Shcharansky in particular, was arranged by the Montreal Group of 35. Taking part in the demonstration was Shcharansky's wife. During her visit, Mrs. Shcharansky spoke at a special assembly and participated in demonstrations held in Montreal and Ottawa. On December 4, about 350 persons attended a Chanukah ceremony in front of the Court House in Vancouver, arranged as part of the worldwide observance of Solidarity Week for Soviet Jewry. In Toronto, a candle-lighting ceremony took place on the lawn of Beth Tzedec Synagogue, where a menorah was specially erected by the Toronto Committee for Soviet Jewry. The Solidarity Week was dedicated to the cause of Anatoly Shcharansky. 198 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 CCSJ maintained almost weekly telephone contacts with three Jewish activists in Moscow: Vladimir Prestin, Pavel Abramovitch, and Viktor Yelistratov. All three men had been out of work since applying for exit visas some years ago. A panel discussion, dealing mainly with the civil and human rights of Soviet Jews, took place in Toronto on February 5. The seminar was part of the mid-winter meeting of the Canadian Bar Association and was sponsored by its civil liberties section for Association members and guests.

Holocaust Observances Over 1,500 people attended the annual Yom Hashoa commemoration, which was held on April 14 at the Beth Tzedec Synagogue in Toronto. The speaker was Dr. Howard Roiter of the University of Montreal. A pictorial display by Yad Vashem was on view in the foyer of the synagogue. More than 600 persons were present at a Yiddish lecture, and over 250 persons at a French lecture, given by Leopold Treeper on June 20 and 21, respectively, under the sponsorship of the Holocaust Memorial Committee of CJC and several Montreal organizations. A memorial service to commemorate the Holocaust victims took place at the Bnai Abraham Synagogue in Winnipeg on the evening of April 14. The following day the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising was commemorated in front of the YMHA community center, with civic, provincial, and federal government representatives participating. During the ceremony a proclamation was read designating April 15-22 Holocaust Memorial Week. Hamilton Jewry viewed an exhibition entitled "The Holocaust and Resistance," and participated in a mass rally which was followed by group discussions.

Religion During 1977, leading rabbis, in comments and letters to the Canadian Jewish News, expressed the view that the relationship between the Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform branches of Judaism in Toronto was slowly deteriorating, with the political and religious debate in Israel serving as the catalyst. Rabbi Herbert Feder of Conservative Congregation Beth Tikvah declared: "Orthodoxy has been increasingly boycotting meaningful dialogue with the Conservative and Reform. This is fruitless and sabotages our necessary kinship. A decade ago," he added, "communication was not ruled out. Now we no longer meet. There is certainly no arena in which individual rabbinic spokesmen talk as human beings. And that's a disgrace." The formation of Kadimah, a Reform Zionist organization, was the subject of dispute. Rabbi David Schochet (Lubavitch) stated that the formation of Kadimah was an "unforgivable move. It has been organized to counteract religious influence in Israel." Rabbi Gunther Plaut of Holy Blossom Temple (Reform) countered Schochet's statement by remarking: "If they are willing to dissolve Mizrachi then CANADA / 199 we will dissolve Kadimah. If Israel adopts a restrictive interpretation of what constitutes proper religious practice, that will bring about alienation in the Dias- pora." At the biennial convention of the Canadian Council of Liberal Congregations in Hamilton, Rabbi Gunther Plaut declared that the entire matter of religious divorce for Reform Jews must be reconsidered. He predicted the polarization of Jewish points of view into two main camps, the Orthodox and the non-Orthodox. "By definition," he argued, "this means that we will move closer to Conservatives and they to us. We ought to welcome this new alliance. We both need it." The theme of the convention was "Prospect and Retrospect." In his keynote address, Rabbi Bernard Baskin of Temple Anshe Sholom (Reform), the host congregation, set the tone when, following an analysis of the philosophy of Reform Juda- ism, he said that "the trend is unmistakable. The direction is toward tradition." In March, over 50 religious and lay leaders, Jewish and Christian, attended a luncheon meeting at the Samuel Bronfman House in Montreal, arranged by the national religious department of CJC, in association with the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews and the Montreal Committee for Catholic-Jewish Relations. The meeting was addressed by Marcel Dubois, a renowned Catholic theologian and leader of the interfaith movement in Israel, on the subject "The Christian Outlook on Israel." During his stay in Montreal, Dubois addressed a number of other Jewish and Christian gatherings. Jews and Christians from across Canada met in Ottawa at an interfaith colloquium to consider the quality of life in the country. This was the first joint undertaking of official Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish bodies. The colloquium, "The Quality and Sanctity of Life," was sponsored by the Canadian Council of Churches, the Canadian Catholic Conference, CJC, and the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews. A new independent Jewish organization designed to foster interest in Judaism, the Association for the Living Jewish Spirit was formed in Toronto. Rabbi Reu- ben Slonim served as chairman of the Leadership Committee. According to Felix Eckstein, secretary-treasurer, the purpose of the new group was to offer members insight into the meaning of Judaism and the task and destiny of the Jewish people.

Jewish Education In a sharp reversal of tradition, TJC called for Ontario government funding for Jewish day schools and for all independent schools in the province. A resolution approved by the TJC executive declared: "Because of the rising costs and growing deficits in our Jewish day schools and the growth of enrollment in them, the Toronto Jewish Congress deems it essential to continue attempts to obtain funding from government sources." 200 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 During 1977, the Jewish school system was plagued by unprecedented deficits, resulting in a 10 per cent across-the-board tuition increase. Projections indicated that TJC would have to allocate close to $3 million in subsidies for education during the year, with some $325,000 of that directed to the administrative arm, the Board of Jewish Education. Presenting the financial report of the Toronto Associated Hebrew Schools, budget chairman Ron Heller indicated that the schools, facing an accumulated deficit just short of $1 million, were "to all intents and purposes bankrupt." The Eitz Chaim School showed a deficit for the year of $600,000 in accumulated debts. The Associated Hebrew Schools and the Eitz Chaim School accounted for some 2,200 students, well over one-third of the entire day school enrollment. Negotiations over the experimental plan to integrate the Associated Hebrew Schools' junior high school into the public system in North York were stalemated. Minister of Education Thomas Wells reiterated his opposition to public funds being given to any school where religious courses were compulsory. Late in the year the North York Board of Education decided to test in the Supreme Court of Canada the legality of integrating a Jewish school into the public system. In Quebec, Jewish day schools were under pressure to increase the hours of French instruction from the present 8 hours a week to 14 or 15 hours. Carl Laxer, chairman of the Association of Jewish Day Schools (AJDS), complained that "more French instruction will reduce the time available for Jewish studies." In November, AJDS received a letter from Education Minister Jacques Yvan Morin offering 60 rather than 80 per cent funding to almost all of the schools. The previous year, the day schools had received a total of $1.8 million from the government. Joe Ain, president of Allied Jewish Community Services, explained what he called "the financial facts of life about Jewish education.'" He stated: Jewish schools in Montreal are funded in four ways: school fees, the schools' own campaigns, allocations from Combined Jewish Appeal (AJCS), and provincial per capita grants. Government grants total more than $6 million and, should a situation develop whereby some or all of the government funds were to be discon- tinued, the schools would be compelled to devise other fiscal resources. Allied Jewish Community Services, through its Combined Jewish Appeal which now supplied $500,000 directly to day schools, will have to make additional grants to schools as one of several means of meeting whatever financial problem may arise. The future of the 22 Jewish pre-schools in the Montreal area was put in doubt following the January implementation of new regulations governing the operation of day care centers and nursery schools. The new ruling transferred jurisdiction over these schools from the Social Affairs Ministry to the Education Department. Oppo- nents claimed that the new regulations would so alter the structure of the pre- schools that they would cease to exist. Ecole Maimonide, a day school maintained by the Sephardic community, rejected a Ministry of Education proposal for a new classification. The Ministry suggested an "ethnic public" status, which would provide the school with 100 per cent subsidi- zation, while placing hiring, curriculum, and teacher evaluation in the hands of a CANADA / 201 public school commission. Jean-Claude Lasry, the school's president, declared: "I'd rather close the school and hold classes in a shopping centre than accept the proposal as it now reads. The only thing that would remain of the school as we know it now would be its name."

Jewish Culture The National Library of Canada received what was believed to be its largest single gift—a $2 million collection of Hebrew books and manuscripts belonging to Jacob M. Lowy of Montreal. The collection included Hebrew and Latin incunabula, Talmud editions, a Flavius Josephus collection, rare Bibles, and Hebrew books dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The collection was to be kept intact under the name of the "Jacob M. Lowy Collection" and housed in the main building of the National Library. Its quarters would allow space for scholars to do research. In June, a $6.5 million complex housing the Koffler Center of the Arts, the Leah Posluns Theatre, and the physical education wing of the YM-YWHA was officially opened. The Koffler Center was hailed as one of the three major "Y"-linked Jewish cultural centers in North America. The Jewish Historical Society of Canada issued the first edition of its semiannual journal. The editor was Rabbi Jonathan Plaut of Windsor; contributing editor was Dr. Stephen Speisman of Toronto, director of Canadian Jewish Congress, Central Region archives. The Jewish Book Month observance in Montreal was attended by an estimated 1,200 persons. The opening lecture was given by Chaim Potok. Activities for Jewish Book Month in Montreal included lectures, the publication of essays and poetry by students, and the exhibition of books of Jewish content in many university and public libraries across the city. The first Toronto Book Fair was well publicized and attended. Speakers included Irving Howe, Lucy Dawidowicz, Howard Blum, Zalman Abramov, Chaim Grade, Matti Meged, and Danny Siegel. Arrangers of the fair were the Jewish Public Library, TJC, the YM-YWHA, and the Federation of Jewish Women's Organiza- tions. An estimated 10,000 people attended the Yiddish Music and Theatre Festival, sponsored by the National Committee on Yiddish, at Hampstead Park in Mont- real in August, 1977. The CBC Festival Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Vic- tor Feldbrill, presented a concert in observance of Toronto's Jewish Music Fes- tival at Beth Tzedec Synagogue. The orchestra, conducted by Boris Brott, participated in a concert held at the Beth Tikvah Synagogue. Included was the composition "From the Diary of Anne Frank" by Oskar Morawetz. A number of Jewish choirs in Toronto presented an "Evening of Jewish Choral Music" at the Beth Emeth Bais Yehuda Synagogue. A new composition by Srul I. Glick was featured. A Jewish Cultural Council was set up in Toronto by TJC as an extension of its Educational and Cultural Committee. The aim of the Council was the 202 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 encouragement of Jewish cultural arts and informal Jewish education. Representa- tion on the Council was open to all synagogues, community agencies, and organizations. An unusual attempt to bring together scholars in the fieldso f literature, rabbinic studies, and biblical history took place at a symposium in Ottawa on "Biblical Literature: Rabbinic and Modern Perspectives." Close to 50 people from throughout North America and Israel attended the three-day symposium co-sponsored by the Ottawa Jewish Community Council and Carleton University.

Publications The Abramsky Variations by Morley Torgov deals, in a manner both serious and amusing, with three generations of a Canadian Jewish family in search of meaning and identity. Matt Cohen's sixth novel, The Colours of War, explores the intricate relationships between fathers and sons, husbands and wives, against the background of rural Ontario. The Governor General's Award for Poetry was presented to Joe Rosenblatt of Toronto for his collection Top Soil: Selected Poems. Rosenblatt was editor of Jewish Dialogue, a Toronto-based literary periodical which publishes short stories and poems. Also honored was Miriam Waddington for her collection of poems The Price of Gold. Myra Paperny of Calgary was among the winners of the Canada Council Children's Literature Prize. Spanning the Generations by Evelyn Kallen is a study of Jewish identity, based, in part, on a doctoral dissertation done for the department of anthropology at the University of Toronto. The Summer 1977 issue of Jewish Dialogue was given over entirely to "Lost Boryslaw, Memories of a Galician Youth." The recollections were those of Meilech Schiff, an 85-year-old Montreal resident and retired carpenter. Wayne Edmonstone wrote The Making of a Critic, about Nathan Cohen, the highly regarded late drama critic of the Toronto Star. Nachman Shemen's Sanctity in Jewish Family Life was written in Yiddish and published in Israel. In Past Redemptions David Birkan of Toronto deals in sonnet form with the traditional 54 portions of the Pentateuch, striving to find contemporary relevance in biblical events and personalities. Out of Place by poet Eli Mandel focuses on the quest for Jewish origins in the small communities of the Canadian prairies. The Noise of Singing and Dark Caves by Abraham Ram are short novels about Montreal Jewish life and a perplexed academic, Moe Tabb. The 18th Plenary Assembly of GJC recognized the importance of Yiddish literature in Canada. It was pointed out that three writers—the late Melech Ravitch, Rachel Korn, and Yehuda Elbarg—received the highly coveted Itzik Manger Prize CANADA / 203 in Israel. Among Yiddish writers who received awards from the J.J. Segal Fund in Montreal over the years were S. Dunsky, Y. Elberg, M. Husid, the late Melech Ravitch, Chava Rosenfarb, M. M. Shafir and J. Zipper.

Personalia Philip G. Givens, a former president of the Zionist Organization of Canada, was appointed Judge of the Ontario Provincial Court and member of the Metropolitan Toronto Police Commission. Willie Rudy was re-elected to a third term as Mayor of Ste. Sophie, Quebec. Jewish Canadians awarded the Order of Canada included: David Golden of Ottawa; Sol Kanee of Winnipeg, former president of CJC and former director of the Bank of Canada; Sam Steinberg, of Montreal, head of a grocery chain bearing the family name; G. Sydney Halter, Q.C. of Winnipeg, the first Football League Com- missioner, known as "the Czar of Canadian football"; Louis Applebaum of Toronto, well-known composer and musicologist; Muriel Kovitz, chancellor of the University of Calgary; Murray Koffler, of Toronto, pharmacist, hotel-owner and patron of the Weizmann Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, the YMHA Arts Centre in Toronto, and other institutions. As a result of the spring 1977 election, the number of Jewish MP's in the Ontario legislature was reduced by two. This was accounted for by the pre-election withdrawal of two Toronto Liberals, Vern Singer and Philip Givens, the defeat of Liberal-turned-Conservative Marvin Shore in London, and the election of David Rotenberg in Singer's former riding. The other three Jewish members of the legislature sat in the previous assembly. They were Larry Grossman of St. Andrews-St. Patrick; Liberal leader Stuart Smith of Hamilton West; and New Democrat leader Stephen Lewis of Scarboro West. Lewis resigned his position as leader of the NDP, although he continued to hold his seat in the Legislature. In the provincial election in Manitoba, 5 Jewish MP's were elected. They were Sidney Spivak, the former leader of the Conservative Party, who was made minister without portfolio; Saul Cherniak; Sidney Green; Saul Miller; and Abe Kovnats. Norman Vickar of Melfort, Saskatchewan, was named Minister of Industry and Commerce of the government of Saskatchewan, thus becoming the first Jewish cabinet minister in the history of that province. Sydney M. Harris, past president of the Canadian Jewish Congress and chairman of the board of governors, was appointed a provincial court judge. Named Dean of Arts and Sciences of the University of Toronto was economist Arthur Kruger. He was the first Jew to hold this post. He served as the first dean of Woodsworth College, the University of Toronto's School of Continuing Education. Allan Gotlieb, deputy minister of Manpower and Immigration for several years, was appointed Under- secretary of State for External Affairs, the second highest post in the ministry. Victor Kugler was awarded the $10,000 Nicholas and Hedy Munk Brotherhood Prize. Channeled through the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews, the prize 204 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 was given to him for providing shelter to the Otto Frank family in Amsterdam when such an act meant risking execution by the Nazis. Retiring from their long held rabbinical posts were Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut of Toronto's Holy Blossom Temple; Rabbi Samuel S. Stollman, spiritual leader of Shaar Hashomayim, Windsor, Ontario; and Rabbi Israel Freedman of St. Catha- rines, Ontario. Dr. Ernest Klein, world-renowned etymologist, received honorary degrees from Guelph and McMaster Universities in Ontario on consecutive days in May. Shmuel Ovnat, Israel's consul general in Toronto for the past five years, left to take up his new ambassadorial post in Burma. Montreal-born Martin Park was appointed the new executive director of the Toronto YM-YWHA. He succeeded David Andrews, who served as director for 25 years. Andrews, in turn, assumed the new post of executive vice-president. Among Canadian personalities who died in 1977 were: Moishe Myerson, veteran community worker, deeply devoted to a variety of Jewish causes; Michael Garber (75) of Toronto, former president of both the Zionist Organization of Canada and CJC; Sara Gittel Salsberg (94), active in support of Jewish education, and a ma- triarch of Toronto's Polish Jews; Selma-Marguerite Marguilies (95), of Montreal, a founder of the Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO) in 1917 and of Ayanot, the first agricultural school for girls in Palestine; Alan Mills (63), Canadian folk singer and actor; Esther Volpe (82), active in women's groups for over six decades; Dr. Abraham I. Willinsky (91), one of the pioneer Jewish doctors in Toronto, and chief urologist at the Toronto Western Hospital until 1946; and David Green (82) of Toronto, who served as president of the Hebrew National Association for many years.

BERNARD BASKIN Latin America

Argentina

Domestic Affairs

Z\T THE END OF 1977, Argentina was a somber nation, still struggling to achieve order and stability. Extreme left- and right-wing terrorism had not been fully contained, although bombings and shoot-outs were far less common. Liberal Argentines were troubled by the fact that some extreme right-wing para-military and para-police forces continued to act with impunity. As the Buenos Aires Herald expressed it:

It is ridiculous to pretend that there is only left-wing subversion in Argentina. Today the evidence suggests that while left-wing terrorism is on its last legs, right-wing extremists are more active than they have ever been . There is also evidence that Nazi symbols have been used by some members of the security forces, who have told prisoners that they admire Hitler and Nazi war criminals ... It does not really matter whether the terrorism comes from the extreme left or the extreme right. .. The important thing is to wipe out all violence. This has not been possible up to now, because the government has not chosen to condemn excesses . . . and because the whole unpleasant subject has been hidden in a fog of fear.

The United States government reduced military aid to Argentina in February because of violations of human rights. U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, during his one-day visit to Buenos Aires at the end of November, brought a list of some 7,500 people whose American relatives had appealed to the United States government for help in tracing their whereabouts. At a press conference on November 30, Foreign Minister Vice-Admiral Oscar A. Montes stated that "the list is unofficial, and not sponsored by the U.S. government. It was turned over by the Embassy in a gesture of cooperation with our authorities." The new United States Ambassador to Argentina, Raul H. Castro, said that the list was given to President Carter by three human rights groups. While acknowledging a marked decrease in the rate of disappearance, Castro indicated that the United States would welcome the publication of a list revealing the names of those arrested, the charges made against them, and the circumstances surrounding their arrests. 205 206 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 On May 7, the 25th Plenary Assembly of the National Conference of Bishops expressed anxiety over the wave of kidnappings and disappearances. The Conference document stated that "no notion of collective security, however important, could infringe upon human rights." With regard to those priests and nuns who had disappeared, the document noted that the Church had its own disciplinary system, and could not accept the light manner in which priests and bishops were sometimes linked with ideologies which are at variance with the Catholic faith. On December 8, a petition signed by almost 1,000 people was published in La Nation. Immediately thereafter, 24 of the signers were arrested by men claiming to be police. The majority were seized by men in civilian clothes, who arrived in unmarked cars outside the Buenos Aires Holy Cross Church. One woman of a group of some 100 who demonstrated weekly throughout the year stated to the press on December 13: "All we want to know is what we ask in the petition: are our missing relatives alive or dead, and where are they?" The Jewish community showed great concern over the fate of Jacobo Timerman, editor of the liberal daily La Opinion, and perhaps Argentina's foremost journalist. On April 15, Timerman was removed from his home and placed under arrest. Although a military court asserted in unequivocal terms that Timerman had no connection whatsoever with subversive activities, at the end of the year he was still being held by the military authorities. A writ of habeas corpus lodged on behalf of Timerman by his wife was turned down by the Court of Criminal Appeals. The charges against him had in no way been clarified. On November 17, at a meeting of the Delegation de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas (DAIA), the organization's president, Nehemias Resnizky, expressed the "deep concern of the Jewish community of Argentina over the decision of the military authorities to hold Mr. Timerman under the terms of the Acta Institutional." International Jewish efforts to secure Timerman's release proved fruitless. Argentine Jewry also evidenced considerable uneasiness over the so-called Graiver affair. In August 1976, David Graiver, a financier who headed the Banque de l'Amerique du Sud of Brussels, was reported dead in a plane crash in Mexico at the age of 32. According to published accounts, Gravier created a fictitious Panamanian company called "New Loring, Inc.'' and swindled investors, mainly Mexicans, out of more than $20 million. In July, the Wall Street Journal, Monte- video's La Manana, and Mexico City's El Sol published full reports about the matter. According to El Sol, Gravier was assassinated by unnamed extremists, and, at the time of his death, was involved in a conspiracy to launder vast sums of money for the Montoneros (Peronist left-wing extremists). On December 10, the Argentine press reported that Graiver's father, brother, and wife were sentenced to 15 years in prison for having acted as financial agents of the Montoneros. Many people remained skeptical about the claim that Graiver and his family were involved with political extremists. The publicity concerning the case had definite antisemitic overtones. ARGENTINA / 207 Planning Minister General Ramon Genaro Diaz Bessone stated at the end of November that the political organizations active on March 24, 1976 (the date of the coup d'etat), would not play a role in determining Argentina's future. In the same month, Interior Minister Albano Hargindaguy made it clear that there would be no national elections until 1987, at the earliest. On November 30, the Buenos Aires Herald stated: "These announcements should have caused panic among the leadership of the country's political movements. But they did not. To say the least, it is difficult for liberal Argentines to imagine the coming decade under a military dictatorship, benign as it may prove to be.'' In October, President Jorge Rafael Videla, at the urging of Jewish groups, in- structed Justice Minister Julio Gomez to prepare a law against racial and religious prejudice. The draft of the legislation was sent to the skeleton parliament, the Legislative Advisory Commission. Reports stated that the law was meant to be comprehensive, and would, if applied effectively, outlaw propaganda and discrimination against racial, ethnic, or religious groups. At the end of the year, the law had not yet been promulgated. In December, the defunct Peronist party reappeared and petitioned the government for the release of Isabel Martinez de Peron. The petition was signed by 100,000 people. At the end of the year, however, Mrs. Peron was still in prison. Similarly, ex-president Hector Campora was still at the Mexican Embassy, where he had been granted asylum in March 1976.

Relations with Israel In spite of ongoing terrorism and systematic attempts by antisemitic groups to intensify anti-Israel feelings in the country, Israel Ambassador Ram Nirgad met with great success in maintaining friendly relations between the governments of Israel and Argentina. He spoke many times on radio and television, and made his influence felt in Jewish communal affairs. In August, he accompanied select representatives of the Argentine Jewish community to a meeting with Prime Minister Begin and his cabinet. At the end of October, he presented a copy of the Encyclope- dia Judaica to Argentine Education Minister Dr. Juan Jose Catalan. In January, university presidents from various Latin American countries, including Argentina, participated in the planting of a peace forest in Jerusalem. At the same time, the third Argentine-Jewish mission to Israel, organized by Keren Kayemet Le'Israel, travelled there in honor of the organization's 75th anniversary. The Argentine-Israel Chamber of Commerce noted in January that Israel was 20th on the list of 130 countries maintaining commercial relations with Argentina, while Argentina was Israel's 13th principal supplier. The final figures for 1975 showed a balance of payment in favor of Argentina of over $15 million. In August, the Argentine chief of staff, General Roberto Edmundo Viola, presented a medal to the Israeli military attache Yosef Castel before the latter's return to Israel. 208 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Guests from Israel included the well-known Israeli chanteuse Hanna Aroni, who performed in Buenos Aires in May. In June, Gvirol Goldring, professor of experimental physics at the Weizman Institute, presented lectures to the Argentine academic community. Dr. Raul Ghinsberg, head of the department of contagious diseases of the Israel Ministry of Public Health, addressed the 7th Latin American Congress of Microbiology in April. Leon Dulzin, treasurer of the Jewish Agency, visited Argentina later in the year, as did Eliezer Shmueli, director general of the Israel Ministry of Education. The Argentine Ambassador to Israel, Enrique Ros, was received by DAIA and spoke in the Comunidad Bet El, prior to taking up his new post at the United Nations. The new Argentine Ambassador to Israel was Jorge Emilio Casal, who had previously served in the position. In June, a series of meetings at the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs resulted in a cultural and educational agreement between the two countries. A visit by the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra to Argentina was planned, as was Argentina's participation in the Spinoza anniversary in Israel. The Argentine-Israeli Council of Agricultural Interchange, headed by Dr. Noe Davidovich, maintained a heavy schedule of activities. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, some 35,000 Argentine Jews have made aliyah. The figure for 1977 was approximately 2,500.

Antisetnitism The Odal publishing house issued a variety of antisemitic materials at the beginning of the year. This led Nehemias Resnizky, president of DAIA, to protest to General Villareal, secretary to President Videla. Several days later, Odal publications were prohibited by the government. A cinema in the city of Cordoba showing "Victory at Entebbe" was bombed. There was material damage, but no casualties. A bomb also exploded at the Natan Gesang School, causing further damage. On June 28, Jacobo Kovadloff, executive director of the American Jewish Com- mittee's office in Latin America, left Argentina, to be joined shortly thereafter by his wife and two children. He had received anonymous telephone calls, warnings, and threats of assassination. The American Jewish Committee had operated its office in Buenos Aires for 29 years. Kovadloff, a highly respected Jewish leader, was considered one of the most knowledgeable people in the country with regard to political affairs, especially matters involving human rights and antisemitic tendencies. Upon his arrival in the United States, Richard Maass, president of the Ameri- can Jewish Committee, issued a statement charging that the ''nature of the harassment to which Mr. Kovadloff and his family were subjected showed that this was neither a prank nor the work of a crank, but rather that security police or other government authorities were maintaining a close watch on the Kovadloff family, and that their lives were threatened." Mr. Maass indicated that he did not regard the ARGENTINA / 209 Jewish community as being endangered. Antisemitism, he noted, was not official government policy. At the same time, he criticized the government for being unable or unwilling to take strong measures to arrest and bring to trial those engaged in antisemitic activity. Mr. Kovadloff himself stated: "Although antisemitic episodes and publications were occurring with alarming frequency and causing justifiable concern within the Argentine Jewish community, these episodes were not representative of the feelings of the majority of the Argentine population, nor of those authorities cooperating with President Videla. Rather they originated with individuals and groups of nazi-fascist mentality and ideology, who infiltrated the government in high positions." On July 6, James Neilson wrote in the Buenos Aires Herald:

On June 19, I had some harsh words for three retired generals, Rodolfo Mujica, Leon J. Bengoa, and Juan Antonio Buasso, and for retired Admiral Horacio Justo Gomez Beret, all of whom had attended the fourth anniversary dinner of the now banned magazine Cabildo. Cabildo is an extreme right-wing publication I find abhorrent, not because of its anti-communism but because of its antisemitism. A recent editorial in it, calling on the armed forces to lay aside their scruples, and deal with the "Jewish problem" in such a way that no Jew would ever again play a major role in the nation's life, looked to me like an encitement to a pogrom on an almost Hitlerian scale. The generals in question challenged Neilson to a duel. In reply, he argued that if "the four really value[d] their honor, . . . they [would] make it clear that they are against nazism and active persecution of the Jews." After several months of silence, Cabildo reappeared as an illustrated monthly edited by Ricardo Curutchet and Juan Carlos Monedero. In March, the executive branch of the national government passed a decree prohibiting Nazi and antisemitic publications. This was hailed by DAIA as "a most important event for Argentina in general, and Jewish life in particular." DAIA president Nehemias Resnizky pointed out that this was the first law of its kind in Latin America. Resnizky attributed its promulgation to the activity of DAIA, and the view of the executive department of the government that antisemitic literature worked against the interests of the country. In May, DAIA had a meeting with Interior Minister General Albano Eduardo Harguindeguy, with regard to publications making Jews appear responsible for various crimes under investigation, particularly the Graiver affair. Minister Har- guindeguy assured the DAIA delegation of the government's intention to suppress antisemitic groups who introduced "elements of disunity into the Argentine family." At a meeting of DAIA at the beginning of May, Nehemias Resnizky denounced the virulent antisemitism seizing major sections of the country as a result of the Graiver affair. He stated that "nobody speaks any longer of the enormous problems that are hindering the growth of Argentina . .. The Graiver case, and any other issue where Jews appear, is held up as the unique factor that explains the Argentine drama today." 210 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Important Buenos Aires papers, such as La Nation, La Prensa, and the Herald, expressed indignation at manifestations of antisemitism, and made detailed mention of the valuable contributions of Jews to the progress and prosperity of Argentina. In June, an important monthly magazine, Carta Politico ("Political Letter") devoted its cover story to "Los Judios" ("The Jews"). The article caused great anxiety in the Jewish community, due to its underlying message that Argentine Jews had better assimilate. It stated quite clearly that there was no room in Argentina for genuine pluralism. Father Jorge Mejia, editor of the prestigious Catholic weekly Criterio, responded by attacking the antisemitic bias of Carta Politico and pointing out the many factual errors contained in the article. It was the considered opinion of many analysts that, despite the government's repeated protests that it was not antisemitic, there were powerful antisemitic forces at work in the country. The almost exclusive emphasis on Jewish names such as Graiver, Gelbard, Broner, and Timerman made it appear as though only Jews were involved in subversive activity, economic crimes, etc. There was no doubt that Jews received especially harsh treatment in the country's prisons and detention centers. Zionism was a hated term, and Jewish prisoners were questioned about Israel's plan to invade Argentina, as well as the headquarters of the "Elders of Zion."

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography Demographic studies by Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University indicated that the Jewish population of Argentina was approximately 300,000. The vast majority of Jews continued to live in Buenos Aires, with sizeable communities in the provinces of Rosario, Cordoba, Santa Fe, La Plata, Tucuman, Mendoza and Bahia Blanca.

Communal Organizations The Asociacion Mutual Argentina (AMIA), a 35,000-member Ashkenazi group, continued to be the largest Jewish organization in the country. The 1977 budget of AMIA was set at $6.5 million. Ninety-three per cent of this amount was expected to come from AMIA's four cemeteries, the only Ashkenazic burial grounds in Buenos Aires. However, as AMIA President Mario H. Gorenstein indicated, since more and more Jews were being buried in non-Jewish cemeteries, the organization's membership was declining. The Delegation de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas (DAIA) was the representative body of Argentine Jewry before the national government and the press. Informativo, published by DAIA, was almost completely devoted to anti-defamation material. ARGENTINA / 211 The third principal organization of Argentine Jewry was the Organization Sionista Argentina (OSA). Segismundo Dresner continued to serve as president. In November, OSA held elections throughout the country. Out of a total of 22,000 members, 6,220 voted. The results were as follows: Labor Zionist, 1,813; Likud, 1,689; Mizrachi, 928. All other movements received considerably fewer votes. Jews of Turkish and Balkan origin, and from the island of Rhodes, were organized into the Asociacion Comunidad Israelita Sefaradi de Buenos Aires (ACIS). The Congregation Israelita Latina united Moroccan Jews, while those of Syrian and Lebanese origin formed the Asociacion Israelita Sefaradi Argentina (AISA). Sepa- rate Sephardic cemeteries were maintained. The Jewish community sponsored other important institutions, among them the newly formed Federation of Sports Clubs, composed of Sociedad Hebraica Argentina, Hakoach, Club Atletico Sefaradi Argentina, and Macabi. Social service and public health institutions included the Hospital Israelita Ezra, Hogar Israelita Argentino para Ancionos y Niiios, Clinica Sefaradi, Comedores Popu- lares Israelitas Argentinos, Liga Israelita Contra la Tuberculosis, and Hogar de Ancianos Adolfo Hirsch. Most of these institutions suffered from a lack of funding. Also active on the Jewish scene were: Confederation Juvenil Judeo Ar- gentina, a union of Jewish youth groups; the Latin American section of the World Jewish Congress; Organization Sionista Femenina Argentina (OSFA), an affiliate of WIZO; Sheerit Hapleita, an organization of concentration camp survivors; Horim, the parent-teachers association of Jewish schools; B'nai B'rith; Keren Kayemet; and Keren Hayesod. There were over 100 Jewish organizations in greater Buenos Aires alone.

Communal Activities Due to the instability of Argentine politics, DAIA had one of its most active years, intervening numerous times with the government, the press and international bodies. At the beginning of the year, a DAIA delegation met with the French ambassador, Francois de la Corce, to express the Jewish community's extreme displeasure at the release of the Arab terrorist Abud Daoud. DAIA received letters of greeting to the Jewish community from President Videla and Admiral Emilio Massera, the commander-in-chief of the navy. In April, the 34th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising was observed at a mass rally sponsored by AMIA, OSA, DAIA, and Sheerit Hapleita. In March, Tenuat Aliyah held its 8th convention. The Argentine Zionist Federa- tion held its annual convention in April. In May, OSFA offered a course on the history of Zionism. It also organized excursions to Israel for Independence Day and Rosh Hashanah. In August, the Labor Zionists conducted their annual convention and elected Simon Edenburg as president. The 29th anniversary of the State of Israel was celebrated by every major Jewish organization. 212 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Mundo Israelita, the organ of the Labor Zionist party, and Argentine Jewry's only Spanish language weekly, celebrated its 54th anniversary in June. Naval Cap- tain Carlos P. Carpintero, secretary of Public Information, sent a message of con- gratulations to the editor, Gregorio Fainguersch. Many Jewish intellectuals, however, criticized Mundo Israelita for its complete silence on the question of human rights. El Comite pro Derechos de los Judios en la Union Sovietica, an organization involved in Soviet Jewry activities, sponsored ceremonies marking the 25th anniversary of the assassination, under Stalin, of Jewish poets and writers. It also published, with the aid of the American Jewish Committee office, Samizdat Judio, a 262-page volume devoted to Soviet Jewish underground writing; the volume was edited by Simcha Sneh. In October, 300 delegates, including 150 from the interior, attended the tenth national convention of the Waad Ha'kehillot. Mundo Israelita stated that the religious problem "was by far the most irritating subject of the entire convention. '• AMIA Chief Rabbi Shlomo Ben Hamu refused to participate in deliberations with any non-orthodox rabbi. Tobias Kamenszain, chairman of the session, warned about the dangers of a religious monopoly by the Orthodox. Marc Turkow maintained that the community was facing a possible "Kulturkampf." AMIA president Mario Gorenstein closed the session by stating: "We will maintain the chief rabbinate and its orientation, but... no one has the right to limit the varied practices and currents which other sectors of Jews may choose to embrace. Those who believe that we will be indifferent in the face of this intolerance are completely mistaken." Marc Turkow spoke about the tremendous divide existing between Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jewry. He maintained, however, that the chief problem facing Argen- tine Jewry was the "phenomenon of colossal Jewish ignorance." He proposed the creation of a commission to study the possible formation of a new umbrella organization for Argentine Jewry, and stressed the critical need for rabbinical leaders who could relate to the younger generation. Gregorio Makowski of Resistencia pleaded for enlightened leadership capable of charting a course for the future, and urged that the Jewish community be open to all. Simon Liberman of Santa Fe found it "extremely depressing to speak at a convention at which the majority of the seats [were] empty," and "younger colleagues conspicuously absent." More generally, he warned his listeners of the "terrifying disintegration of Jewish life taking place." In October, a seminar on geriatric problems was held under the auspices of the United Community Fund and the Argentine Council of Jewish Women. The Hogar Israelita para Ancianos y Ninos celebrated its 62nd anniversary at the end of November. The Latin American Jewish Congress held its 14th plenary convention at the beginning of December in Buenos Aires. Marc Turkow, the veteran Jewish leader who acted as the executive director of the Congress' Latin American section, retired at the end of the year. ARGENTINA / 213 Jewish Education In January, Rabbi Mordechai Edery (Conservative) resigned from the directorate of the Midrasha Ha-ivrit, a position he had held for 12 years, in order to devote himself to his tasks as vice-rector of the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano (Conservative) and co-rabbi of the Comunidad Bet El (Conservative). On January 8, Mundo Israelita stated: "The preparation of Jewish teachers for schools in the interior must be the number one priority of the Jewish community in Buenos Aires." During January and February, the Wa'ad Ha-hinnukh of AMIA, directed by Jaime Barylko, held seminars in the seaside resort of Necochea for administrators of the Jewish school system. A statistical study published by the Wa'ad Ha-hinnukh indicated a 15.7 per cent drop in the enrollment of Jewish primary and secondary school pupils in greater Buenos Aires. On the secondary level the drop-out rate was 49.8 per cent. There were 31 kindergarten and primary schools in Buenos Aires, and 15 in surrounding areas. In July, Rabbi Reuben Nisenbom (Conservative) returned from Bogota, Colombia to become a professor at the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano. At the beginning of November, Argentine ORT conducted its annual science fair. In the same month, the Sephardic community opened a new kindergarten, "Toranit." Dozens of Jewish teachers left their positions because of insufficient salaries. There were virtually no male Hebrew teachers, as it proved impossible to maintain a family on the salaries offered. The Jewish press, Jewish communal leaders, and even officials of the education system repeatedly complained about the failure of Jewish education to strengthen Jewish identity. Jacob Rubel was director of the local center for Jewish studies established under the auspices of Tel Aviv University and the Jewish Agency. Some 80 students enrolled in courses offered there. The Israel Ministry of Education and Culture extended recognition to graduates of Bet Midrash Lemorim Datiim, the religious normal school of Buenos Aires.

Religion A lack of religious vitality and dynamism was evidenced in the estimated number of Jews present in the 50-odd synagogues of greater Buenos Aires during Rosh Hashanah. By the most generous count, some 13,000 Jews out of a total of 225,000 attended services. On Yom Kippur, the figure increased by some 10,000. In March, cornerstone ceremonies were held for the new building of the Orthodox Kolel, Rabino Marcos Guertzenstein. In November, Rabbi Reuben Nisenbom joined Rabbis Marshall T. Meyer and Mordecai Edery in the rabbinate of the Comunidad Bet El, which had hosted some 4,000 Jews on the High Holy Days. In December, groundbreaking ceremonies were conducted for the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano. Both DAIA and the Seminario gave farewell dinners for Father Jorge Mejia, professor of Bible and editor of the Catholic weekly Criterio, before 214 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 he left for the Vatican to assume the position of secretary for Jewish-Christian relations. The Isidoro Mazel religious school gave its annual award to Abraham Berg, president of the committee for construction of the Marcos Guertzenstein yeshiva. The Instituto Superior de Estudios Religiosos (Higher Institute for Religious Stud- ies) of the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano was active in ecumenical affairs. Rabbi Robert Graetz (Reform), local director of the World Union of Progressive Judaism, left the Comunidad Lamroth Hakol to devote his full attention to Temple Emanu-El. Rabbi Shlomo Ben Hamu was designated as interim chief rabbi of AMIA. Due to the instability of the political situation, and terrorist activity in the Province of Cordoba, Camp Ramah Argentina of the Comunidad Bet El did not open in 1977.

Publications The only Jewish weekly in Spanish was Mundo Israelita, which celebrated its 54th anniversary; the only Yiddish daily was Di Presse, which completed its 60th year of publication. Other periodicals included the quarterly Majshavot, published by the World Council of Synagogues and the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano; the German language weekly Jiidisches Wochenblatt; the Yiddish Davka; the Mapam fortnightly Nueva Sion; and the Spanish language fortnightly La Luz. The Sociedad Hebraica Argentina's Davar published a special edition in honor of its 50th anniversary. Several books of Jewish interest appeared during the year. In March, the second edition of Marcos Aguinis' novel Refugiados ("Refugees") was published. DAIA edited another book by the same author on the Argentine naval hero Almirante Guillermo Brown. The book was presented to leading figures of the Argentine navy at a special ceremony in November. In May, Simja Shen published a book of 12 short stories dealing with the Holocaust and other Jewish themes. Abraham Weiss, editor of Acervo Cultural publishing house, continued the publication of a bilingual edition of the Talmud. He had already published the complete works of Josephus and Philo of Alexandria. Five volumes of Baruch Spinoza's writings were also published during the year. Jaime Barylko's An Introduction to Judaism, published by Flaischman and Fisch- bein, appeared in November. In the same month, Simon Dubnow's History of Hasidism was reissued by Sigal Publishing. YIVO continued its important series, Mustenverk fun dee Idisher Literatur, under the editorship of Samuel Rollansky. Editorial Yehuda commenced publication of a bilingual Tanach with a translation of Rashi's commentary. The Biblioteca Popular Judia, sponsored by the Latin American Jewish Congress, celebrated the appearance of its 200th Judaica booklet, 27 of which had been prepared by Dr. Jaime Barylko. ARGENTINA / 215 Personalia Betzalel Baler, Yiddish author and journalist, leader in the Comunidad Bet El, died in Buenos Aires in February, at the age of 84. Dr. Otto Kauders, renowned international lawyer, active in the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano, who lived in Buenos Aires from 1940 to 1976, died in Denver, Colorado on March 6, at the age of 67. Leon Bernstein, commercial director of Paidos Publishing, past president of Comunidad Bet El, past secretary of AMIA, active in the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano, died in Madrid in May, at the age of 64. Naum Radzichowski, secretary general of the Zionist Labor Party, ex-president of the Argentine Zionist Organization, member of the Jewish Agency, ex-secretary and ex-vice-president of AMIA, died in Buenos Aires in July, at the age of 57. Joseph Buttenwieser, born in Hamburg, Germany, leader of Comunidad Bet El and Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano, who came to Buenos Aires in 1950, died on August 9, at the age of 78. Paloma Efron, leading Argentine chanteuse, actress, and television figure, active in Zionist affairs, died in Buenos Aires on September 1, at the age of 63. Jose Ber Gelbard, Argentine industrialist, Peronist leader and ex-minister of finance, died in Washington D.C. on October 4. Jak Spolski, active in AMIA, Hospital Israelita and Keren Hayesod, as well as the Jerusalem synagogue and school, died in Buenos Aires in November, at the age of 74.

NAOMI MEYER Western Europe

Great Britain

Domestic Affairs

J—/VENTS IN GREAT BRITAIN in 1976 and 1977 were dominated by economic developments, both favorable and unfavorable. At the end of the period, the country was in a decidedly optimistic mood, although it was doubtful whether the basic problems of productivity had been solved. Nineteen seventy-six began promisingly enough with a gradual fall in the minimum lending rate from 11 to 9 per cent. In March, however, events took a turn for the worse. The government's general economic strategy was rejected in Parliament by 28 votes. The lending rate rose from 9 per cent in March to 15 per cent in October. The value of the pound sterling fell from $2.02 to $1.70, and did not start to recover until the government announced budget cuts in July and December. These cuts paved the way for a loan from the International Monetary Fund amount- ing to £2,300 million. The economy was also bolstered by a loan of £1,765 million from the Bank of International Settlements and a loan of £873 million from a number of British, West German, and American banks. The ruling Labor Party dealt with the early phases of Britain's economic difficulties under the leadership of James Callaghan, who on March 16, 1976 replaced Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Callaghan had to contend with Labor's growing unpopularity. In May 1976, the Conservatives made substantial gains in local government elections; in June and July, the Labor majority was further reduced; in November, Labor lost two additional seats to the Conservatives; in December, the Opposition made more gains. Labor's losses were partially offset when a pact was made with the Liberals in March 1977. The economic news continued to be mixed. The lending rate, which had reached 14 per cent at the end of December 1976, fell to seven per cent by November 1977. The rate of inflation at the end of 1977 stood at a low 13 per cent. Most importantly, as oil began to flow from wells in the North Sea, Great Britain enjoyed a balance of payments surplus, with reserves reaching a record level of more than $20,000 million. However, unemployment was rampant (1.5 million people), and there was a rash of strikes.

216 GREAT BRITAIN / 217 Overall, in the second half of 1976 and in the first half of 1977, Great Britain's position in the international economy advanced, while the second half of 1977 witnessed a substantial improvement in the standard of living. A sense of well-being came to the fore, and was augmented by the celebration of the Queen's Silver Jubilee. The standing of the Labor Government correspondingly improved.

Intergroup Relations Despite the introduction in June 1977 of an amended Race Relations Act, which made the fomenting of racial hatred a criminal offense, the extreme right-wing National Front continued to grow. Aided by unemployment and the general frustration engendered by Britain's economic problems, the National Front put forward large numbers of candidates in local government elections and parliamentary by- elections, and sometimes succeeded in beating Liberal candidates for third place. In the May 1977 Greater London Council elections, the National Front contested all but one of 92 seats, and polled 119,000 votes—more than its total in the 1974 parliamentary elections throughout Britain. The National Front won no seats, but pushed the Liberals into fourth place in 32 constituencies. An Essex University report concluded that the National Front had become a significant factor on the British scene, and was making rapid gains. In May 1977, the Board of Deputies joined Asian and West Indian organizations in a campaign to stem the growth of the National Front. All the major political parties expressed opposition to racism. In September 1976, the Liberal Party assembly adopted a program of action against increasing racism and fascism in Britain. In October of the same year, the Conservative Party adopted a resolution calling for restrictions on immigration, but stressing that all those entering the country should be treated as equal and welcome members of British society. In December 1977, the Labor Party, in conjunction with the Trade Union Council, announced that it was stepping up a nationwide campaign against racism; its theme was, "The National Front is a Nazi Front." In December, an all-party Joint Committee Against Racism was established by the Board of Deputies and immigrant groups. Violence at National Front marches in London in April and August 1977 led to the banning of a march planned for Manchester in October. In January 1978, 90 Labor MPs signed a motion calling for the dismissal of a judge who had acquitted former National Front Chairman John Kingsley Read of inciting racial hatred.

Foreign Relations Great Britain's foreign relations were dominated by a concern over events in Rhodesia. In February 1976, Lord Greenhill, former head of the diplomatic service, flew to Salisbury to determine whether there was any possibility that British influence might help promote a settlement. In September of that year, a conference of Black and white Rhodesian leaders was held in Geneva to discuss the form an 218 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 interim government might take. The meeting ended without success. In May 1977, the initiative passed to an Anglo-American consultative group which met with Premier Ian Smith, Black nationalist spokesmen, and the leaders of neighboring African countries. This also produced no immediate results, but had the advantage of involving the United States in British endeavors. Toward the end of 1977, Premier Smith took steps to reach an agreement with moderate Black leaders on majority rule.

Relations with Israel In June 1976, for the first time, an Israeli head of state (Ephraim Katzir) was entertained by the Queen of England. In December 1977, Great Britain officially welcomed Prime Minister Menachem Begin, thus ending British ostracism of the former Irgun Zvai Leumi leader, while continuing to affirm that she would "sustain Israel on the difficult road to a lasting peace and not support any settlement which jeopardize^] her existence or security." At the same time, Prime Minister James Callaghan, in an October 1977 address to the Board of Deputies, indicated British support for the establishment of a Palestinian "homeland of some kind," provided it did not present an "unacceptable threat to Israel's security.1' In the wake of President Anwar Sadat's peace initiative, Begin asked Callaghan to urge his partners in the European Economic Community to give the Israeli- Egyptian negotiations a chance to succeed without interference. Following his meeting with Begin, Callaghan voiced satisfaction that both Begin and Sadat "recognize the need for a comprehensive settlement." In December 1977, Britain, like the United States, voiced approval of the proposals presented by Prime Minister Begin to President Sadat. Despite assurances in February 1976 that Britain would not supply the Middle East with arms which might provoke a new Arab-Israeli war or hinder a peace settlement, British Defense Secretary Fred Mulley, in September 1977, signed a £500 million contract designed to strengthen the Saudi Arabian air force. In January 1978, Mulley also signed, with the member countries of the Arab Organization for Industrialization, a "memorandum" calling for the supply of military equipment. The Defense Ministry stated that the new agreement "should help to establish a leading position for Britain's defense industries with the AOI countries and, through them, with the Arab world generally." A poll commissioned by the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Under- standing and published in September 1977, showed that 70 per cent of the population were sympathetic to the Jewish people, but that 43 per cent were opposed to Zionism. In the conflict over Palestine, 29 per cent said their sympathies were mainly with the Israelis, while nine per cent sided with the Palestinians. Seventy-six per cent of those polled felt that the Arabs should agree to recognize Israel. These results confirmed a trend observed by the Institute of Jewish Affairs in a survey of British public opinion polls conducted between the Six-Day War and August 1976. GREAT BRITAIN / 219 The study had noted a lessening of sympathy for Israel (from 46 to 36 per cent) and a slight rise in support for the Arabs (from four to seven per cent). Prime Minister James Callaghan, who had four Jews serving in his cabinet, assured the Labor Friends of Israel in October 1977, that "our country's devotion to Israel transcends governments. And this remains the policy of Her Majesty's Government whatever government may be in office in Israel." Michael Fidler, director of the Conservative Friends of Israel, reacted to Likud's election victory by stating: "Conservatives are naturally gratified that Conservative opinion has proved its electoral validity. However, so far as the Conservative Friends are concerned, their prime objective is friendship with the people and the State of Israel rather than with any political party." Lord Carrington, Conservative peer leader, assured the group, which claimed the support of 110 MPs, that "the next Conserva- tive government will be committed not only to Israel's survival, but also to the achievement of a just and fair solution" of the Arab-Israel conflict. In April 1977, Jeremy Thorpe, principal Liberal Party spokesman on foreign affairs, described the Young Liberals position on the Israel-Arab conflict as "lunatic." The group, at its annual conference, had voiced approval of the United Nations' resolution equating Zionism with racism, and expressed support for the Palestine Liberation Organiza- tion (PLO). Pro-Palestinian Michael Steed was elected Liberal Party president in October. In November 1977, the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Under- standing, while saluting President Sadat's "personal courage" in going to Jerusalem, reiterated its long-held position on the Palestinians, urging the foreign secretary to "establish contact with the PLO leadership and assure them that Britain recognizes and esteems the way in which they have moved . . . towards acceptance of the need for peaceful co-existence between Israelis and Palestinians " Both Zionist and pro-Arab elements in the House of Commons signed a motion welcoming Sadat's visit to Israel and congratulating both Sadat and Begin "for the new hope they have given to the world . Continual purchases by Middle East investors of British property, including London's Dorchester Hotel, popular venue for Jewish functions, aroused comment throughout the period. Exhibitions on "Palestine" and "Moslem Jerusalem" formed part of a four-month "Festival of Islam" in Spring 1976. In July 1977, Foreign Secretary David Owen opened a new Arab-British Center in London. Britain gave only belated and reserved approval to the Israeli rescue raid at Entebbe in July 1976. Labor and Conservative members of Parliament, however, introduced motions congratulating the Israeli Government on "brilliantly and bravely confounding an act of air piracy." They also voiced condemnation of Ugan- dan President Idi Amin "for aiding and arming international terrorists." In January 1977, Britain signed the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism. This came in the wake of the release of Arab terrorist Abu Daoud by a French court. Nonetheless, in August 1977, a senior British diplomat (James Craig, the British ambassador to Syria) met openly, for the first time, with a PLO 220 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 official. The Foreign Office stated, however, that Britain had not changed its policy of refusing to recognize the PLO "until it recognized the right of the State of Israel to exist." The National Union of Students voted in December 1977 to amend its constitution to permit the suspension of student unions denying democratic rights to individual students. This came at the end of a two-year anti-Jewish campaign conducted by Arab and radical students on university campuses throughout Britain. Motions equating Zionism with racism, or condemning Israel as a racist state, were frequently passed by student unions. Attempts were made to expel Zionist groups from the National Union of Students. Jewish student responses to this campaign of vilification ranged from attempts to defeat anti-Israel motions to appeals to the courts and the Commission for Racial Equality. In November 1977, the Zionist Federation (ZF) stated: "It is the responsibility of the Jewish community as a whole and the Zionist movement in particular to seek every opportunity to aid the students in their battle, and to ensure that adequate funds and other resources are made available to the Union of Jewish Students." In August, the Zionist Federation, in cooperation with other organizations, had established an Academics for Israel Committee, and in September had sponsored, together with the B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, Union of Jewish Stu- dents, Board of Deputies, and Britain/Israel Public Affairs Committee, a "Campus Confrontation" conference. In September 1977, the Israel Embassy in London accused the Sunday Times of conducting a "crude, systematic and ugly smear campaign" to isolate Israel in world opinion. This followed a renewal of allegations of torture of Arab detainees in Israeli interrogation centers. A new independent Arab daily, Al-Arab, began publication in June 1977.

Arab Boycott In July 1977, Lord Byers introduced into the House of Lords a Foreign Boycotts Bill which would, if passed, make it illegal to refuse to do business on the basis of a foreign boycott. This action followed a year of protest against the Arab boycott. In February, the Anti-Boycott Coordination Committee of the Anglo-Israel Cham- ber of Commerce had called on members of Parliament to urge the Government to take a more "forthright stand in defense of freedom of trade." In March, a new all-party parliamentary group was established to bring maximum pressure on the Foreign Office and the Department of Trade. In May, another campaign was launched demanding government action against the boycott. Despite these efforts, Secretary of State for Trade Edmund Dell reiterated in Parliament in November that while he deplored the boycott, he had no intention of acting to stop it. He stated: "No figures are available for the effect of the boycott on our trade. We are keeping a close watch on the preparation of the American regulations as regards both their possible extra-territorial impact on the United GREAT BRITAIN / 221 Kingdom and their potential effect on United States firms and their trading operations. But I have no present intention of introducing similar legislation." In July 1977 a branch of the Bank Hapoalim was opened in Manchester. This step was taken as part of an all-out effort by the Israeli Government to close the gap in the trade balance between Israel and Great Britain, by persuading British businessmen to invest in Israel. In October, the UK-Israel Joint Committee, which had been established in 1976 by the British Trade Department and the Israeli Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism, noted an increase in trade between the two countries, and stated that growth prospects were good. The British delegation, however, refused to go beyond the Government's position of deploring the boycott and supplying information on it to British firms, while leaving companies free to act as they wished.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of Great Britain was estimated to be 410,000. Leading Jewish population centers were London (280,000), Manchester (35,000), Leeds (18,000), and Glasgow (13,000). Synagogue marriages declined 24 per cent in 1976, according to information gathered by the Board of Deputies. The 1976 figure of 1,397 was the lowest peace- time total in this century, and showed a faster rate of decline than the national average. Two hundred marriages performed under Reform auspices accounted for 14.5 per cent of the total, while 90 performed under Liberal auspices added up to 6.5 per cent of the whole. Of Orthodox marriages, only the ultra-orthodox sector showed an increase, rising to 97, or six per cent of the 1976 total. Other studies indicated that the ultra-orthodox also had more children than the Anglo-Jewish norm (1.7 per family). Burials and cremations under Jewish auspices, numbering 5,068 in 1976, remained constant. One trend emerging from a comparison of marriage and death rates was the decline of provincial communities. Young people (those marrying) were likely to be found in London, where it was estimated two-thirds of Anglo- Jewry lived.

Communal Activities An anonymous gift of £500,000 to the Central Council of Jewish Social Services financed the purchase of a North-West London Day Center slated to serve an eventual 250 Jewish Welfare Board (JWB) and Blind Society clients daily. Although JWB was forced to close its Samuel Lewis convalescent home in April 1976, because of rising costs, it opened a new North London residential home in August. This 222 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 marked the end of a ten-year expansion program involving the expenditure of £14.5 million on 21 facilities. In April 1977, plans were announced for the first home to be administered by JWB for mentally-handicapped adults. In December 1976, Prince Charles opened a £1.5 million extension to Nightingale House in Wandsworth, London, making the home, housing nearly 400 elderly Jews, the largest of its kind in the United Kingdom. In December 1977, the Duke of Edinburgh opened Edinburgh House, a new home for the aged, in Wembley, Mid- dlesex, under Sephardic auspices. In July 1976, Lord Hirshfield reported the establishment of the Norwood Trust to provide aid to Jewish children overseas. In May 1977, a new fund-raising organization, Norwood Aid, Ltd., was formed to support the Norwood Foundation. In January 1976, Raymond Goldwater, chairman of the Religious Advisory Committee of Anglo-Jewish Youth, stated that aspects of the current Anglo-Jewish youth scene were "terrifying." He pointed out that only eight of the 78 full-time youth workers in the Jewish community were both professionally qualified and Jewishly knowledgeable; that 64 per cent had been in their present positions for less than two years; and that one in five vacant youth leadership positions could not be filled for lack of suitable candidates. Both in London and the provinces, no more than a quarter of Jewish youngsters were associated with any kind of Jewish or Zionist youth activity, Goldwater noted. In the wake of his comments, plans were announced for several new London youth centers.

Zionism The final report of the Sacher committee of inquiry into the reorganization of Jewish Agency activities in Britain was published in June 1976. It described the existence of three separate Zionist educational bodies (the Department for Educa- tion and Culture, the Department for Torah Education and Culture, and the Youth and Education Department of the Jewish National Fund) as "unnecessary and perhaps wasteful," and called for the gradual replacement of Israelis by local teachers in Jewish schools. Eric Moonman's report to the first biennial Zionist Federation meeting in July 1976 included a call for a new drive to widen and strengthen the Zionist movement within the community. Discussions were held with Reform synagogues and the Maccabi Association about affiliation with the Federation, and the Mizrachi Federa- tion was offered "association" status. Cooperation also improved between ZF and the Joint Israel Appeal (JIA). ZF Secretary Aubrey Litt described the year as one of "consolidation, development and expansion." He indicated that ZF was beginning to attract greater numbers of young people and intellectuals. In September, JIA launched an all-out effort to attract more workers. In December 1977, agreement was reached in the long-standing negotiations over the distribution of slots to the Zionist Congress, which was to be held in February GREAT BRITAIN / 223 1978. This eliminated the need for elections, which would have cost an estimated £100,000. Under the agreement, Herut increased its representation by 100 per cent. In addition, four parties—United Zionists, Poale Zion, Herut and Mizrachi—undertook to have students included in their delegations. A highly successful solidarity gathering in support of Israel was held in March 1976. The gathering was sponsored jointly by the Board of Deputies, ZF, and JIA. In December 1977, the weekly Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, official organ of ZF, ceased publication. It was to be replaced by a new monthly in May 1978. There was a decline in aliyah from 511 people in 1975 to 352 people in 1976. This led to the transfer of responsibility for aliyah promotion from the Jewish Agency to ZF. In May 1976, the Jewish Agency Aliyah Department in London embarked on a study aimed at discovering why many would-be candidates either postponed or abandoned their intention to settle in Israel. At the same time, ZF stepped up its campaign by appointing a full-time officer whose sole responsibility was encouraging aliyah. In September 1976, ZF's national executive council decided to mount an aliyah promotion drive with the participation of an Israeli "flying emis- sary." In September 1977, Shalom Solly was appointed executive director of a newly-created National Aliyah and Volunteers Council. Solly saw the committee as working to coordinate all aliyah promotion in Great Britain.

Soviet Jewry The plight of Soviet Jewry continued to be of great concern to British Jews. Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits stated in December 1976 that the hopes generated by his historic mission to the Soviet Union a year before had largely dissipated. Various groups, including the National Council for Soviet Jewry (NCSJ, launched February 1976), National Youth Council for Soviet Jewry (formed April 1976), Women's Campaign for Soviet Jewry, and Conscience '77, sought to utilize every opportunity to convey their message to Soviet authorities and the British public. Visits by Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in March 1976 and Soviet party leader Boris Ponomarov in November 1976, provided opportunities for continuous demonstrations which, in turn, sparked parliamentary and press criticism of Soviet policy. Soviet Jews who had succeeded in leaving Russia visited Great Britain. During Solidarity Week, Chanukah 1977, eight such emigrants spoke at nationwide events. In April 1977, 6,000 marchers protested at the Soviet Embassy, demanding the release of Anatoly Shcharansky. In June 1977, hundreds of MPs were approached in a mass lobbying effort by NCSJ. The first conference organized by the inter- denominational working group of NCSJ, held at Westminster Cathedral in May 1977, heard the Archbishop of York condemn Soviet authorities for denying Jews their rights. 224 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Religion The primary concern of the United Synagogue (US) continued to be adaptation to population shifts. The need to provide for newer communities growing in Lon- don's outer areas lay behind the introduction of a "regionalist" plan. The plan called for the mandatory retirement of individual rabbis in declining communities, and the use of regional ministers who would be paid by several synagogues. Similarly, there was to be a redistribution of resources. Thus, the £55,000 obtained from the sale of the Stoke Newington Synagogue in June 1976 was earmarked to meet synagogue building costs in London's periphery. Early in 1977, several synagogues in East London were closed. An indication of US's intention to expand the scope of its activities in the new areas could be seen in a proposal to amend the Scheme of the United Synagogue Act, granting it the power to promote the establishment of schools. Debate on this proposal, one of 69 presented for the restructuring and merging of constituent and district synagogues, was in process at the end of 1977. Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits proposed to transfer such general synagogue functions as education, youth, and culture from boards of management to new synagogue councils which would have both male and female elected representatives. "The proposal would enable women to participate fully in the activities of congregations," a statement in January 1978 said. The first major study of a suburban Jewish community in Great Britain was begun in November under the direction of the Board of Deputies, to establish whether the facilities existing in the expanding community of Redbridge, outside London, would be adequate for the future Jewish population. Vacancies on US's Beth Din were filled in June 1976 by the appointment of Rabbis Casriel David Kaplin and Isaac Lerner as full-time dayanim; in October 1977, Rabbi Zalmon J. Alony became Federation Rosh Beth Din. Britain's 9,000-strong Sephardic community, organized into some ten or eleven congregations, also witnessed changes. At the annual meeting of the London congregation, in March 1977, it was decided to appoint Dr. Solomon Gaon (whose retirement as Haham of the congregation caused a furor in January) Haham of the Association of Sephardi Synagogues, comprising congregations in London and Manchester. The decision partly implemented a recommendation, made in April 1976 by a special long-term planning committee of the London Spanish and Por- tuguese Synagogues, that the Haham be an officer of the Association, elected by and serving it, rather than senior minister of a specific congregation. The Haham was also to head the Sephardic Beth Din which was under the Association's aegis. The London Board for Shechita raised its fees in February 1977, despite concern about a sharp reduction in Kosher meat and poultry consumption, partially attributed to high prices. Causes of the fee rise were higher staff salaries and the costs involved in bringing the East Ham, London poultry abattoir up to EEC standards. In London, Kashrus Commission President, Frank Levine called for a merger of GREAT BRITAIN / 225 Kashrut supervision by the Ashkenazic and Sephardic communities. A first step in this direction was taken in May 1976 when the London Board for Shechita began to share office space with the Kashrut Commission.

Jewish Education Great concern was expressed over the state of Jewish education in Great Britain. While 25 per cent of Jewish children attended day schools, over 30 per cent received no Jewish education at all. Hillel Foundation Deputy Chairman Fred Worms, in June 1976, described the Jewish educational scene as "never worse." His suggestion that radical improvement be supported by a newly-created division of JIA devoted to fund-raising for education aroused controversy, despite the publication of figures evidencing a drop in the number of children provided for by the London Board of Jewish Religious Education, as well as a critical shortage of places in Jewish day schools. In October 1977, an Association for the Advancement of Jewish Day Schools was founded. In December 1976, a group of Jewish educators proposed summoning Education Secretary Shirley Williams before the European Commission of Human Rights for alleged discrimination against Jewish schools, claiming that the department of education was breaking the law by failing to grant such schools sufficient aid. Professor S.J. Prais of London's City University and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research argued that the Jewish community was experiencing "gross inequality," with only 20 per cent of Jewish children of primary school age being granted state aid, as compared to 80 per cent of all Roman Catholic children. In July, Williams promised full cooperation in establishing improved Jewish educational facilities, by pooling students from different Jewish communities into a single student body, and by turning defunct secular schools into Jewish schools. Reflecting the concern about Jewish education, the revised 1977 program of the Chief Rabbi's Jewish Educational Development Trust sought to promote state aid for established and newly-completed Jewish schools. The program also recognized the need for the Jewish community to assist synagogue schools in meeting operating costs, and called for scholarships to encourage undergraduates in the field of Jewish education, in-service training of teachers, and the use of sophisticated educational technology. In March 1977, US joined with the B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation and the London Jewish Students' Association in a program to provide counselling to Jewish students in 32 colleges and polytechnics in the Greater London area. In November 1977, Asher Fishman, chairman of the London Board of Jewish Religious Educa- tion, announced plans for a joint study program at Northern Polytechnic and Jews' College. In July 1976, the latter school had reported its largest graduating class (22) in 50 years. In July 1977, Dr. Irving Jacobs was appointed to its newly-established Sir Israel Brodie Chair. 226 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Publications The Jewish Chronicle Book Award, given in 1976 to Rabbi Lionel Blue (who, with Rabbi Jonathan Magonet, co-edited a new Reform Synagogues of Great Britain prayer book) for his To Heaven with Scribes and Pharisees, was enlarged in 1977 to become the Jewish Chronicle-Harold H. Wingate Literary Awards. The non- fiction prize was awarded to Chaim Bermant for Coming Home, an autobiography. In the fiction category the winner was David Markish for The Beginning. Two considerable contributions to Anglo-Jewish history were Bill Williams' The Making of Manchester Jewry 1740-1875 and Aubrey Newman's The United Syna- gogue 1870-1970. Varying aspects of Jewish history were presented in Magnus Magnusson's B.C.: the Archaeology of the Bible Lands; Joan Comay's The Hebrew Kings; Geza Vermes' The Dead Sea Scrolls; Nicholas de Lange's Origen and the Jews; Bernard S. Jackson's Essays in Jewish and Comparative Legal History; Arthur Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and its Heritage; Robert S. Wistrich's Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky; Martin Gilbert's The Jews of Russia: Their History in Maps and Photographs; Richard Gutteridge's Open Thy Mouth for the Dumb: The German Evangelical Church and the Jews 1879-1950; H.J. ZimmeFs The Echo of the Nazi Holocaust in Rabbinic Literature; Bradley Smith's Reaching Judgement at Nuremburg; and David Irving's Hitler's War. The Arab-Israeli conflict figured prominently in a large number of works: Mohamed Sid-Ahmed's After the Guns Fall Silent; David Hirst's The Gun and the Olive Branch; Galia Golan's Yom Kippur and After: The Soviet Union and the Middle East Crisis; A.I. Dawisha's Egypt in the Arab World; David Vital's The Origin of Zionism; James Cameron's The Making of Israel; Sir Alec Kirkbride's From the Wings: Amman Memoirs, 1947-1951; Martin Gilbert's Jerusalem Illus- trated History Atlas and The Jews of Arab Lands: Their History in Maps; Richard Deacon's The Israeli Secret Service; and David B. Tinnin's Hit Team. Autobiographical and biographical works included Desmond Stewart's T.E. Law- rence; H.M. Blumberg's Weizman, His Life and Times; Robert Rhodes' Victor Cazalet; Lord Rothschild's Meditations of a Broomstick; Yehudi Menuhin's Unfin- ished Journey; Charles Landstone's / Gate Crashed; Evelyn Cowan's Portrait of Alice; and Lionel L. Loewe's Basil Henriques. Among notable works of fiction were Dan Jacobson's The Confessions of Josef Balsz; Alexander Baron's France is Dying; Chaim Bermant's The Second Mrs. Whitberg; Wolf Mankowitz's The Day of the Women and the Night of the Men: Fables; Elaine Feinstein's The Ecstasy of Dr. Miriam Garner; and New Writings from Israel, edited by Jacob Sonntag. A book of note dealing with religious themes was Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobo vits' The Timely and the Timeless: Jews, Judaism and Society in a Storm-Tossed Decade. A Bibliography of the Printed Works of James Parkes, compiled by Sidney Sugarman and Diana Bailey and edited by David Pennie, was intended to coincide with Parkes's 80th birthday. GREAT BRITAIN / 227 Personalia British Jews who received honors in 1976 and 1977 included Reginald Freeson, minister for Housing and Construction, and Robert Edward Sheldon, financial secretary to the Treasury, who were made Privy Counsellors. Life peerages were awarded to Sir Frank Schon, chairman of the National Research Development Corporation; Sir Bernard Delfont, chairman of EMI Film and Theatre Corporation; Sir Lew Grade, chairman of the Associated Television Corporation; Sir Joseph Kagan, chairman of Kagan Textiles; Sir Max Rayne, industrialist; Sir Joseph Ellis Stone, Harold Wilson's personal physician; and Sir Arthur George Weidenfeld, publisher. Knighthoods were conferred on David Napley, president of the Law Society; Leonard Gordon Wolfson, chairman of the Wolfson Foundation; Judge Rudolph Lyons, circuit judge and recorder of Liverpool; Professor Otto Kahn- Freund, law scholar; Eric Merton Miller, chairman of the Peachey Property Corpo- ration and treasurer of Socialist International; and Sigmund Sternberg, chairman of Commodities Research Unit. Leo Pliatzky, second permanent secretary to the Treasury, was appointed knight commander of the Order of the Bath; Lord Zucker- man became president of the Zoological Society; and Alfred John Balcombe was made a judge of the High Court. British Jews who died in 1976 included: Sir Frank Milton, chief metropolitan magistrate, 1967-1975, in January, aged 70; Cyril Quixano Henriques, eminent Zionist, in January, aged 96; Jack Djanogly, leading British industrialist, in January; Professor Ernst Joseph Cohn, authority on German law, in January, aged 72; Alfred Scheur, Czech-born archaeologist, in February, aged 78; Maurice Jacobson, composer and pianist, in February, aged 80; Rabbi Dr. Ignaz Maybaum, leading exponent of progressive Judaism, in March, aged 79; Olga Somech Phillips, writer, historian and lecturer, in March, aged 74; Sid James, actor, in April, aged 62; Maurice Williams, philatelist, in June, aged 70; Sidney Bright, musician, in July, aged 71; Levi Gertner, leading Anglo-Jewish educator, in July, aged 68; Emil (Solly) Sachs, former South African trade union leader and opponent of racism, in July, aged 72; Harry Samuels, communal leader, in July, aged 82; Sam Keller, former fly-weight and bantam-weight boxer, in July, aged 90; Simon Rurka, joint treasurer, Federation of Synagogues, in July, aged 72; Osias Freshwater, real estate magnate, in July, aged 76; Dr. Leonard Snowman, physician and mohel, in August, aged 76; Mrs. Carmel Gilbert, vice-president, Federation of Women Zionists, in August; Dr. Meir Gertner, educator and Hebraist, in August, aged 71; Gina Bachauer, pianist, in August, aged 63; B.B.Lieberman, former Board of Deputies vice-president and treasurer, in August, aged 87; Harry Gaventa, former president, London Shechita Board, 1947-57, in September, aged 81; Millie Chissick, actress, in September, aged 95; Peter Ury, journalist and composer, in September, aged 55; Elazar Halevy, Hebrew educator and founding member of the Mizrachi Federation in Britain, in October; Cyril Bennett, program controller, London Weekend Television, in No- vember, aged 48; Julius Newman, president, Jewish Deaf Association, in November, 228 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 aged 85; Jacob Bornfriend, artist, in November, aged 72; Rabbi Dr. Arnost Zvi Ehrman, scholar, in December, aged 62; Sir Henry d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, politician, soldier, communal leader, in December, aged 67; Dr. Abraham Roith, psychiatrist, in December, aged 49; Edward Elkin Mocatta, bullion broker, leader in the Reform movement, in December, aged 60; Eliahu Dangoor, prominent Baghdad publisher, in December, aged 93. Jews who died in 1977 included: Rabbi Dr. Eugene Newman, minister of Lon- don's Golders Green Synagogue for over 20 years, in January, aged 63; Hugh Goitein, professor of commercial law at Birmingham University, 1930-1962, in January, aged 80; Sydney Simon Primost, author, broadcaster, in January, aged 76; Theodore Goodman, art and music critic, in February, aged 65; Camille Rachmil Honig, Yiddish writer, in February, aged 71; Isy Geiger, musician, in February, aged 90; Alan Nabarro, communal leader, in March, aged 62; Stefanie Felsenburg, psychiatrist, in March, aged 74; Liza Fuchsova, pianist, in March, aged 63; Dr. Freddy Himmelweit, virologist, bacteriologist, in March, aged 74; Aaron Harold Levy, opthalmic surgeon, in April, aged 101; Benjamin Levin (popularly known as Issy Bonn), comedian, in April, aged 74; Dr. Ralph Jessel, deputy president, Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues, in April, aged 70; Ethel Moss Levy, vice- principal and principal, Evelina de Rothschild School, Jerusalem, 1925-1960, in May; Leslie Maurice, Lord Lever of Ardwick, Member of Parliament, 1950-1970, in July, aged 72; Rabbi Yitzchak Dubow, instructor, Manchester yeshiva, in July, aged over 90; Arnold Silverstone, Lord Ashdown, joint chairman, Conservative Party, since 1974, in July, aged 65; Henry Cohen, Lord Birkenhead, physician, in August, aged 77; Professor Sir Misha Black, architect and industrial designer, in August, aged 66; Dr. Eichon Hindren, pediatrician, in August, aged 69; Jack Morri- son, real estate magnate, communal worker, in August, aged 75; Isidore Godfrey, musical director, D'Oyly Carte Company, 1929-68, in September, aged 76; Marco Bolan (born Mark Feld), pop star, in September, aged 29; Isaiah Shachar, Jewish scholar, in September; Charles Solomon, journalist and mathematician, in October, aged 78; Rabbi Beresh Finklestein, scholar of rabbinic literature, in October, in mid-80's; Millie Miller, Member of Parliament, in October, aged 54; Sir Michael Balcon, doyen of the British filmindustry , in October, aged 81; Julius Lee, professor of endocrine physiology, in November, aged 58; Leo Schafler, former deputy general secretary, Zionist Federation, in November, aged 87; Gottfried Moller, founder of Chevrat Bikkur Cholim, in November, aged 78; Jacob Braude, communal leader, author of Jewish educational surveys, in December, aged 75; Arthur Erdelyi, professor of mathematics, Edinburgh University, in December, aged 69.

LIONEL AND MIRIAM KOCHAN France

Domestic Affairs

N,I INETEEN SEVENTY-SEVEN was marked by disunity and polarization in the two political camps vying for power in the March 1978 national legislative elections: the left opposition and the so-called "presidential majority." On the left, a full schism between the Socialist and Communist parties brought to an end the "common program" initiated in 1972, and entirely changed the outlook for the elections. The left coalition, which had been considered an almost sure winner after the March municipal elections, was greatly weakened. Polls indicated that the left-wing parties would receive about 52 per cent of the vote in the first round; but would, in the absence of an electoral agreement between Socialists and Communists, be defeated in the second. Discord in the governing majority was due primarily to friction between the formerly dominant Gaullist faction and the more moderate centrist elements, or "Giscardiens." There was personal antagonism between ex-Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, subsequently elected mayor of Paris, and both Prime Minister Raymond Barre and President Valery Giscard d'Estaing. These conflicts, however, did not result in a split; the Giscardien-Gaullist coalition held together after the defeat in the March municipal elections. The division in the left opposition was attributable to a tactical maneuver by the Communist Party. Convinced that the problems of the French economy could not be solved through the "common program," Communist leaders felt that their participation in a left government dominated by the Socialist Party would decrease their working class support. They preferred remaining outside the government to running the risk of being the unpopular managers of a deepening crisis. The split between the Communist and Socialist parties sent shock waves through the latter. Socialist Party leader Francois Mitterrand, who had believed it possible to reach an understanding with the Communists, suffered a loss of prestige and faced the prospect of having to campaign against both Prime Minister Barre and Georges Marchais, the Communist Party leader.

Foreign Relations Leonid Brezhnev visited France in June and was received with honors. Lieutenant Colonel Ibrahim Mohammed el Hamdi, president of the Arab Republic of (North) Yemen, was in France in July. King Hussein of Jordan visited Paris in September. In the same month, Prime Minister Barre met with Soviet leaders in the Kremlin. 229 230 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia visited France in October. Prime Minister Rene Le- vesque of Quebec Province was in France in November, as was the Shah of Iran. In September, October, and early November, there was considerable agitation over the capture and execution of Hans Martin Schleyer, a prominent West German business leader, by the Baader-Meinhof terrorist gang. Schleyer's body was found in Mulhouse, Alsace, and it was assumed that he had been executed on French soil. The West German press criticized the French police for an alleged lack of cooperation in the search for the terrorists. On October 21, however, Prime Minister Barre visited Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in Bonn, to commend his firmness in the struggle against terrorism. Ernst Croissant, a West German lawyer who defended the Baader-Meinhof gang and was accused of complicity with the terrorists, took refuge in France, where he was arrested. His extradition to West Germany provoked a storm of protest in left-wing circles. On January 7, the DST (Territorial Defense and Security Forces), acting on an international warrant, arrested Abu Daoud, a Palestinian Arab implicated in the killing of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics. Daoud had assumed an alias and come to Paris from Beirut in order to attend the funeral services for a Palestinian bookseller. As the member of a Palestinian delegation, Daoud had been received by French government officials. It was expected that he would be extradited to West Germany or Israel, but on January 11 the Chamber of Accu- sation of the Paris Court of Appeals decided to free him, and he was expelled from France. The reasons given for Daoud's release were both vague and spe- cious. In fact, the French government had decided to avoid antagonizing the Arab world. In Israel, there was great bitterness; and in France, sharp protests by Jewish and pro-Israel groups.

Relations with Israel The May 1977 Israeli elections, which brought the Likud Party to power, aroused criticism in the media. An attempt was made to portray Menachem Begin as an extreme right-wing nationalist whose accession to power would precipitate a new Middle East war. Jewish and pro-Israel circles were embarrassed by the defeat of Israel's Labor Party. The image—already quite old and a little tarnished—of a "socialist" Israel had been obliterated. Daniel Mayer, a former Socialist minister, and ex-president of the League for the Rights of Man, who for years had written a column in the Zionist magazine La Terre Retrouvee ("The Refound Land"), ceased doing so, declaring that his socialist convictions made it impossible for him to continue to defend Israel under the new political order. The Flatto-Sharon affair outraged many people. Sharon, a Jewish businessman of Polish origin, holding French citizenship, had some matters to settle with French judicial authorities. He fled to Israel, and became an Israeli citizen according to the Law of Return. France requested his extradition. While his record was being examined, Sharon became a candidate, on his own list, in the Knesset elections, and ended FRANCE / 231 up being elected an Israeli deputy by a very comfortable majority. The victory was, in part, a retort by the Israeli electorate to France's release of Abu Daoud. In November, the Sadat-Begin dialogue in Jerusalem helped improve the latter's image among the French populace. The "rightest" stigma was erased, and Begin became quite popular. Jewish and Zionist opinion turned pro-Begin. On the other hand, the Government was quite reserved; unlike other heads of state, President Giscard d'Estaing was slow in congratulating Sadat and Begin on their mutual steps toward peace.

Arab Boycott In June 1977, the French Parliament unanimously passed a law prohibiting racial or religious discrimination in commercial transactions. Two paragraphs in the law made the Arab boycott a crime. But a third, passed at the same time, contained an exemption clause rendering the first two inapplicable when a discriminatory practice was consistent with Government policy. Before two months had elapsed, the Government, in one of its "recommendations and communications" published in the Journal Officiel, interpreted the exemption clause to mean that a boycott was not prohibited if it affected relations with oil-producing countries. This meant that the Arab boycott against Israel could be honored. The reasons given for this virtual repeal of the adopted law referred to the purposes of an earlier law, passed in July 1976, which had been intended to restore France's balance of payments and improve the employment situation. Commenting on this about-face, the jurist Raymond Lindon wrote in the Tribune Juive of August 1977: "I believe there is only one dignified and sensible attitude for any Jew who is not ashamed of his Judaism: to deny his vote to those whose "recommendations and communications' guarantee the return of the Nuremberg laws and the rebirth of the yellow star."

Antisemitism Antisemitic groups disseminated literature denying the reality of the Holocaust. Two pamphlets, The Auschwitz Lie by Thies Christopherson, and Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood, were widely distributed in France, the first in an edition of 60,000 copies. In an article in the October issue of Information Juive, Emile Touati cited a teaching manual used in "free" (Catholic) schools as an example of what Jules Isaac called "the teaching of contempt." Among other things, the manual stated that "the Hebrews were a poor and violent people [who] plundered the lands of peaceful folk," and that, "All Jews are ... sustained by the hope that a savior will arrive who will assure their domination of the world." Toward the end of the year, in Dijon, Jewish merchants were anonymously accused of trapping young girls and women in their shops and selling them into 232 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 white slavery. As in the past, the League Against Anti-Semitism protested, the Jewish community complained, and the mayor offered some soothing words. In the intellectual sphere, two developments were significant in terms of their antisemitic connotations. The works of Louis-Ferdinand Celine, which had hitherto not been discussed on either radio or television because of.their violently antisemitic nature, were lavishly praised on both media. Celine's hatred of Jews was either ignored or minimized. An exhibit on the life and works of Andre Maurois at the Bibliotheque Nationale (National Library) did not mention the Jewish origins of this celebrated writer.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of France was estimated to be 650,000. Paris was the leading Jewish center with a population of 300,000. Other important Jewish communities were Marseilles (65,000), Nice (20,000), Lyons (20,000), and Toulouse (18,000).

Communal Activities The Fonds Social Juif Unifie (FSJU, United Jewish Philanthropic Fund), which collected money for domestic needs, and the Appel Unifie des Juifs de France (AUJF, United Jewish Appeal of France), which raised funds for Israel, suffered severely from the economic recession. Julien Samuel, secretary general of FSJU, who had also served as director of the magazine L'Arche (The Ark) since it began publication, retired, and was named the organization's honorary president. Samuel had been active in Jewish life for 30 years, and had played a key role in rebuilding the French Jewish community after the second World War. On October 30, approximately 65,000 people attended "Twelve Hours for Israel," a celebration in the vast area around the Palais des Expositions de la Porte de Versailles in Paris. The FSJU leadership, fearing that elements on the left might take political advantage of a large gathering, had opposed the event. At the sixth session of FSJU's National Council in November, President Guy de Rothschild sharply criticized the rally's organizers for having bypassed the FSJU, and warned of the danger of a split in the French Jewish community. The election of delegates to the Zionist Congress evoked little excitement. Orga- nized Zionism had never been a potent factor on the French Jewish scene. Accord- ing to official figures, 50,000 voters selected candidates from six lists. The first list was a coalition of four parties: the General Zionists, the United Zionist Federation, Mizrachi, and Herut. This bloc, which supported the Begin Government, was thought likely to win the majority of French Zionist votes. The extreme left wing FRANCE / 233 of Mapam, led by singing star Herbert Pagani, was the only group that mentioned recognition of "national rights of the Arab people of Palestine." In the religious sphere, there were two positive developments. Numerous new synagogues were established in the Paris area and in the south of France. The Lubavitch Youth Organization increased its ranks, drawing new members from non-observant and quite assimilated families. Another youth group of a more political nature, Betar, the Zionist Revisionist youth organization, was revitalized as a result of the popularity of Menachem Begin.

Publications Two books, written by Jews, made a sensation as part of the post-Marxist "new philosophy." They were Andre Gliickman's Les Maitres-Penseurs ("The Master Thinkers"; Grasset) and Bernard-Henri Levy's La Barbarie a Visage Humain ("Barbarism with a Human Face"; Grasset). Among literary works of Jewish interest were Claude Vigee's poems, Delivrance du Souffle ("Deliverance from Breath"; Flammarion). A former professor at Bran- deis University who now teaches at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Vigee won the 1977 Paul Burckhardt Prize for European literature, awarded by the city of Basel. Another winner of an international prize for literature, this one awarded in Germany, was novelist Manes Sperber, for Le pont inacheve ("The Unfinished Bridge"; Calmann-Levy), a memoir continuing his Porteur d'eau ("Water-Car- rier"). Andre Chouraqui, former deputy-mayor of Jerusalem, was awarded a gold medal by the Academie Franchise. A selection of stories by the classic Yiddish writer, J.L. Peretz, Metamorphose d'une Melodie ("Metamorphosis of a Melody"; Albin Michel) was published in a translation by Joseph Gottfarstein. A selection of poems by the Israeli Yehuda Amichai, translated by Liliane Touboul, was issued by Publications Orientalistes de France. Sociologist Albert Memmi, known for his Portrait d'un Juif ("Portrait of a Jew"), wrote Le Desert ("The Desert"; Gallimard), an oriental legend. Raymond Levy's Schwartzenmurtz ou Vesprit de parti ("Schwartzenmurtz or Party Spirit"; Albin Michel), a satire on Communist circles in the post-Stalinist backwash, is generously sprinkled with a mixture of Jewish humor and French wit. Among new books on Israel were Retour de Jerusalem (a translation of Saul Bellow's To Jerusalem and Back; Flammarion) and Sur Israel ("On Israel"; Albin Michel), by the famous Swiss-German novelist and playwright Friedrich Diirren- matt. In the last days of December, because of the Sadat-Begin meeting in Jerusa- lem, a biography of the Israeli prime minister was rushed into publication: Victor Malka's Menahem Begin, la Bible et le Fusil ("Menahem Begin, the Bible and the Gun"; Editions Media). Jean Lacouture's Leon Blum (Seuil), while not directly concerned with the Jew- ishness of this French politician, does show the significance of this aspect of Blum's personality. In France's highly politicized climate, the book became a best seller. 234 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Leon Poliakov's L 'Europe suicidaire ("Suicidal Europe"; Calmann-Levy) was the most recent volume in his monumental history of antisemitism. Answers by France's Chief Rabbi Jacob Kaplan to questions asked him by Pierre Pierrard resulted in Justice pour lafoijuive ("Justice for the Jewish Faith"; Centu- rion). Through the events of Kaplan's own career, the book traces the history of the French Jewish community since the 1920's. Andre Amar, a militant French Zionist and former Jewish resistance fighter, who until very recently had been considered indifferent to religion, made a surprising turnabout in Moise ("Moses"; Editions du Rocher). In Les Juifs et le monde moderne ("Jews and the Modern World"; Seuil), Annie Kriegel, the eminent historian and sociologist who turned from Communism to Zionism, examines the perplexities of the modern Jewish experience. Clefs pour le Judai'sme ("Keys to Judaism"; Seghers) by Andre Neher, is a didactic and dialectical introduction to Jewish humanism. Le Recit de la disparue ("The Story of the Woman Who Disappeared"; Gallimard) by Shmuel Trigano, deals with Jewish theology and philosophy. Trigano is at home in the world of the Kabbalah, but expresses his ideas in a modern fashion.

Personalia Armand Lunel, a Provencal Jewish writer, died on November 3 in Monaco. Born in Aix-en-Provence in 1892, he was a novelist and chronicler of the old ghettos of the papal states of Avignon and Carpentras. In 1926, he won the Theophraste- Renaudot Prize for Niccolo Peccavi ou Vaffaire Dreyfus a Carpentras ("Niccolo Peccavi or the Dreyfus Case in Carpentras"), and in 1976 the Academie Francaise Prize for his entire ouvre. Professor Georges Friedmann died in December at the age of 71. A philosopher and sociologist, he won his greatest fame for research on assembly-line labor. After the establishment of the Jewish state, Friedmann became actively interested in Israeli affairs and made several prolonged trips to the country. One of his books, which attracted a good deal of attention, was Fin du peuplejuif? ("The End of the Jewish People?").

ARNOLD MANDEL Central Europe

Federal Republic of Germany

Domestic Affairs

JJNINETEEN SEVENTY-SEVEN was a challenging year for the federal government in Bonn. The main challenge was to safeguard domestic security and combat terrorism. In addition, the government sought to breathe new life into a stagnant economy. Left-wing extremism dominated the news during the year. In comparison, right- wing extremism remained a marginal phenomenon, although its intensification made for added unrest, particularly among Jews and others who had been persecuted by the Nazi regime. The political leadership systematically sought to curb excesses on the left, while keeping a watchful eye on the right. A chronology of events relating to left-wing extremism includes the following: on January 8, two terrorists opened fire on a Swiss official at a German-Swiss border crossing; on March 24, law offices in Frankfurt were bombed; on April 7, in Karlsruhe, terrorists killed Chief Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback; on April 28, in Stuttgart, terrorist leaders Andreas Baader, Jean-Carl Raspe, and Gudrun Ens- slin were sentenced to life in prison for murder; on May 9, Hans-Joachim Klein, a wanted terrorist, revealed a plot to assassinate the presidents of the Jewish congregations in West Berlin and Frankfurt; on June 2, in Kaiserslautern, terrorists Manfred Grashof and Klaus Juschke were given life sentences; on July 20, in Diisseldorf, terrorists Hanna Krabbe, Lutz Taufer, Karl-Heinz Dellwo, and Bern- hard Rossner received life sentences; on July 30, terrorists in Oberursel shot and killed Jiirgen Ponto, board chairman of the Dresdner Bank; on September 5, terrorists in Cologne kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the West German Confederation of Employers' Associations, killing three policemen and a chauffeur in the process; in exchange for Schleyer's release, the Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF; Red Army Faction), the most important and most fanatical German terrorist organization, demanded the release of 11 imprisoned terrorists, and the Government responded with delaying tactics, negotiating with RAF through a Swiss attorney; on September 22, in Utrecht, the Netherlands, two German terrorists, Knut Fol- kerts and Brigitte Mohnhaupt, killed a policeman, after which Folkerts was

235 236 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 sentenced to 20 years in prison; on October 13, in connection with the Schleyer affair, four Palestinian terrorists hijacked a German passenger plane; fiveday s later in Mogadiscio, Somalia, German commandos stormed the hijacked plane, freeing all the hostages and killing three of the hijackers, and Baader, Raspe and Ensslin, the three RAF leaders, committed suicide; the following day Schleyer was found dead; on November 12, Ingrid Schubert, a terrorist, committed suicide in a Munich prison; on December 20, two terrorists, Christian Moller and Gabriele Krocher- Tiedemann, were arrested in Switzerland. Right-wing extremists also intensified their activities, which consisted of reviling democracy, extolling the Hitler regime, and white-washing Nazi crimes. With growing boldness, right-wing elements exploited the liberality of the democratic system to promote pro-Nazi and anti-democratic views in public. Law-enforcement agencies, for the most part, took only hesitant steps against them, and often displayed disquieting leniency in sentencing the culprits. Together with these extremist tendencies, a so-called "Hitler wave" made itself unpleasantly felt. It took the form of films,records , books, pamphlets, and magazine features seeking to gloss over or even glorify the Nazi dictatorship, as well as Hitler's influence and personality. An important role in this connection was played by a documentary film, Hitler: A Career, based on a book by the historian Joachim C. Fest which made its debut during the summer and promptly became a box-office success. Three months after its first showing, the film had been seen by more than a million viewers in West Germany; it was also a success in Austria and Switzerland. Critics charged that the film presented a distorted view of the Nazi regime and a white-washed Hitler. They regarded it as dangerous, especially for the poorly- informed younger generation. The radical right welcomed the film. Three young Germans in Hamburg, assisted by prominent musicians, produced a two-disc "rock opera" about Hitler, portraying him as an occult figure. According to the producers, English and American firms expressed interest in marketing the records. A growing, openly-conducted trade developed in Nazi paraphernalia, photos, and literature. The official ban on this trade was ignored; the authorities rarely intervened. Toward the end of the year, West German toy stores offered quantities of military toys with Nazi emblems. Bundestag deputies and others vainly demanded legal measures against the manufacturers and distributors. Records of speeches by National Socialist leaders, and Nazi songs and marches appeared in increased quantities. They were offered by both German and foreign producers, and were sold by right-wing radical enterprises, as well as by department stores and other retail outlets, reportedly with considerable success. Though the distribution of Hitler speeches and similar recordings was illegal, law-enforcement agencies hardly ever interceded. At the end of the year, Herbert Wehner, leader of the Social Democratic faction (SPD) in the Bundestag, felt compelled, in the wake of protests from abroad, to emphasize to the legislature that effective measures against such distribution of Nazi materials were urgently needed. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 237 Organizations of Third Reich veterans held dozens of conventions. In particular, HIAG (Hilfsorganisation auf Gegenseitigkeit), the organization of former SS members, kept holding rallies. In more than a few instances, members of the Bundeswehr (West German armed forces) took part in such events. Ulrich Rudel, an unrepentant Nazi officer who had been awarded the Third Reich's highest military decoration, was feted at various veterans' meetings and at rallies of radical right-wing youth organizations. Rudel was lauded in the pages of the Munich weekly Deutsche National-Zeitung, whose editor-in-chief, Gerhard Frey, carried on a pro-Nazi, anti- democratic, anti-Israel, and anti-Jewish campaign with increasing boldness. In July, Werner Nachmann, chairman of the board of the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Germany), warned against the dangers of the "Hitler wave." He felt that young people were being exposed to a totally false image of Hitler, and that Hitler's responsibility for the death of millions was being deliberately ignored. Nachmann stated that the glorification of Hitler might well be followed by a new wave of antisemitism. He added that greedy profit makers and certain radical political interests stood behind the Hitler nostalgia. The Koor- dinierungsrat der Gesellschaften fur christlich-jiidische Zusammenarbeit (Coor- dinating Council of the Societies for Christian-Jewish Cooperation) voiced deep concern "over the growing distribution of writings extolling National Socialism." The Bund der Verfolgten des Naziregimes und Antifaschisten (League of Nazi Persecution Victims and Anti-Fascists) demanded dissolution of all neo-Nazi organizations and confiscation of all neo-Nazi propaganda. The organization of persecution victims in Bavaria protested the SS veterans' rallies, viewing them not only as a danger to the democratic state, but also as a provocation against those who had fought against National Socialism. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) called on the Federal Government to act against neo-Nazi groups and the distribution of neo-Nazi literature. Antisemitic preaching, in particular, the SPD maintained, should be rigorously prosecuted. SPD chairman Willy Brandt, criticizing the rising number of nationalist war veterans' rallies and other neo-Nazi meetings, charged that the communal authorities were much less watchful of neo-Nazi dangers than they were of left-wing attacks on the democratic order. The Federal Government did not share Brandt's concern. A spokesman averred that there was no justification for the charge that the agencies concerned were remiss in watching right-wing extremist groups. In October, the Government declared that it did not consider right-wing extremism a danger to the security of the Federal Republic, but stressed that, because of their stepped-up activities, extreme rightist movements would continue to need careful watching. The Government, it was stated, would continue to see to it that no right-wing extremists were admitted to public service positions. At the same time, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt asserted that both left- and right-wing extremism played only a minor role in the country. An opinion survey conducted by the Elections Research Group in Mannheim found that one third of the voting public constituted potential radical-right sympathizers, a proportion that had remained constant for 10 years. Active sympathy with 238 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 the Nazi regime had declined, but the rejection of such democratic essentials as the multi-party system, the division of powers, and parliamentary give-and-take held steady.

Antisemitism Radical tendencies and occurrences could hardly be separated from antisemitic incidents, since most extremist groups also disseminated anti-Jewish ideas. The anti-Jewish manifestations of the extreme left, assuming the form of anti-Zionism, were directed mainly against Israel, and only in exceptional cases against Jews in Germany. Agitation by right-wing extremists, on the other hand, was openly aimed at Jews in general and against the Jewish minority in the Federal Republic in particular. Anti-Jewish utterances on the right, evidencing growing militancy, included demands that Jews remove themselves from Germany, and even threats of murder. The most conspicuous anti-Jewish group in 1977 was Gary Lauck's NSDAP Foreign Organization, headquartered in Lincoln, Nebraska. Lauck succeeded in filling a growing number of young Germans with enthusiasm for his hate campaign against Jews. The German authorities were unsuccessful in stopping the activity of the NSDAP, or in putting a halt to the illegal importation from the United States of antisemitic literature. Lauck's group was most active in southwestern Germany, around Frankfurt, Hanover, and Hamburg. Toward the end of the year, Hanover became the center of the Lauck group's agitation. Not only were Nazi and antisemitic slogans daubed on walls and anti- Jewish pamphlets distributed, but Jews were also provoked, threatened, and attacked in public. Members of the Hanover Jewish congregation received telephone threats. On several occasions, young people appeared in the streets wearing Nazi- type garb. The police arrested a number, who admitted to being members of the NSDAP. The Lower Saxony state government, however, sought to represent the events in Hanover as the acts of a few outsiders, and as politically insignificant. Another group that publicly agitated against Jews was Erwin Schonborn's Ger- man Soldiers' Combat League. The League asserted that not one Jew had been gassed by the Germans. The group distributed its pamphlets throughout the country, even in armed forces posts, and in front of courthouses where Nazi criminals were being tried. To bring its campaign to the attention of the public at large, the group attempted to hold what it called "Auschwitz conventions" in Nuremberg and Frankfurt. Following protests by democratic organizations and victims of Nazi persecution, the municipal authorities banned these events, whereupon Schonbom arranged to replace them with meetings behind closed doors. A publisher in southern Germany issued a book by a Catholic teacher of religion, Manfred Adler, entitled Sohne der Finsternis— Weltmacht Zionismus ("Sons of Darkness: The World Power of Zionism"). The book was based on the Proto- cols of the Elders of Zion and dedicated "to the victims of Zionism, in human FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 239 fellowship." In July, a German edition of The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, by Arthur R. Butz, an American professor, was issued in West Germany and promoted by the radical right. Dr. Gerhard Frey, editor of the Deutsche National-Zeitung, invited Butz to Germany, where he was introduced to German sympathizers and awarded a prize. A pamphlet, Did Six Million Really Die?, by British author Richard E. Harwood, was also marketed by groups on the far right. Antisemitic episodes were also noted in the armed forces. The high point was a symbolic "Jew burning" at the Bundeswehr Academy in Neubiberg in February. A number of officer candidates sang Nazi songs at a party and burned scraps of paper bearing the word "Jew." As a result of the incident, six men were discharged from the army. Previously, two officer candidates in the same academy had been discharged for right-wing extremist activities. Other Nazi episodes were reported from barracks in Nuremberg and Rheine, and from the Bundeswehr Academy in Ham- burg. In November, following press criticism of right-wing extremist and anti- Jewish tendencies and manifestations in the armed forces, a spokesman for the Defense Ministry stated that antisemitism was not a problem in the Bundeswehr. At the same time, however, he deplored the fact that "no one so far has succeeded in getting the experiences and lessons of the Nazi era across to the young." During 1977, Jewish cemeteries were desecrated in Schorten, Hamburg, Hanover, Cham, Affaltrach, Warburg-Ossendorf, Billerbeck and Havixbeck. In Hanover, a member of the Lauck group was convicted as one of the desecrators and sentenced to 15 months' detention. In April, a court in Celle sentenced four defendants to penalties ranging from nine months' imprisonment to a DM 1,000 fine for defacing the memorial at the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in May 1976.

Foreign Relations In summing up the year's events in the area of foreign affairs, the Government stated that its goal had been to reduce international tensions. This policy found expression in Chancellor Schmidt's visit to Poland, and in efforts to solve the problems between the two Germanies. Schmidt was the first German chancellor to visit the former Auschwitz extermination camp. While there, on November 23, he stated: "We have come to Auschwitz to remind ourselves and others that without knowledge of the past there is no path to the future, and no way to a new, unconstrained relationship between Germans and Poles The crimes of Nazi fascism, the guilt of the German Reich under Hitler's leadership, lie at the bottom of our responsibility. We Germans of today are not guilty as individuals, but we must take upon us the political heritage of those who were guilty. In this lies our responsibility The Middle East conflict figured large in West German foreign policy. In his address to the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 29, Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher emphasized: 240 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 A just and lasting peace settlement must start out from Security Council Resolu- tions 242 and 338, and must implement the following principles: It must respect the right of all states in the region, including Israel's, to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries. It must terminate the territorial occupation Israel has maintained since 1967. It must consider the legitimate rights of the Palestinians ... to self-determination and effective expression of national identity. Thus, any solution must take the need of a homeland for the Palestinian people into account. The Palestinians must take part in the peace negotiations, which must not be blocked by unilateral /aits accomplis. For this reason, the Federal Government goes on record in this forum as opposing the creation of Israeli settlements in the occupied Arab territories. The Government welcomed the peace initiative launched by Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat. Chancellor Schmidt, on an official visit to Cairo in late December, praised Sadat's courage and reaffirmed Bonn's view that the Palestinian people must not be denied "the right to self-determination." Both sides in the Middle East conflict, he pointed out, would "have to bend their energies to self-denial, modifying their heretofore irreconcilable postures and views enough to make a rapprochement possible." He assured President Sadat: "My government supports any steps that will bring peace nearer." West German politicians had a number of contacts with representatives of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) during the year. In November, leading members of the SPD met with PLO representative Dr. Issam Sartawi. Following criticism by Friedrich Zimmermann, a Christian Social Union (CSU) Bundestag deputy, Hans-Jiirgen Wischnewski, state minister in the office of the federal chancellor, declared that the discussion had served to air the views of a "political power that is decisively relevant" to the future of the Middle East. The Bonn PLO bureau chief, Abdallah Frangi, was included in a delegation of Arab ambassadors to Bonn who were invited to Hanover by the prime minister of Lower Saxony, Ernst Al- brecht of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), to engage in discussions with politicians in that state. A few days earlier, Frangi, at a rally organized by German left-wing extremists in West Berlin, had advocated the destruction of the state of Israel.

Relations with Israel The victory of Likud leader Menachem Begin in Israel's parliamentary election on May 17 threatened new tensions in German-Israeli relations. Though the head of CDU, Dr. Helmut Kohl, was the first West European politician to congratulate Mr. Begin on his victory, government circles worried about the future of German- Israeli relations because of Begin's well-known unfavorable attitude toward Ger- many in past decades. Almost without exception, the German press published critical comments and offered gloomy prognoses in regard to both relations between Germany and Israel, and resolution of the Middle East conflict. Only toward the end of the year, in the face of the Egyptian-Israeli peace initiative, did these critics FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 241 arrive at a milder, if still skeptical, assessment of the Begin government and its negotiating posture. A few weeks after Begin's victory, the German ambassador to Israel, Per Fischer, was assured in a conversation with Likud functionaries that the new Israeli government not only wished to maintain relations at the present level, but was hoping to expand them further, especially in the economic sphere. During September, Begin, for the first time, commented on German-Israeli relationships, saying they were normal. He indicated that he felt it had been a mistake to sign a restitution pact as early as 1952. Since relations between Israel and Germany were a reality, however, he made it clear that he contemplated no changes. The first German government representative received by Prime Minister Begin was the new ambassador, Klaus Schiitz, 51, who had been mayor of West Berlin from 1967 to 1977, and had been named in August to succeed Per Fischer. In presenting his credentials to President Ephraim Katzir, Schiitz stated that the Federal Republic was happy that relations between the two countries had developed in a spirit of mutual trust, despite the painful past. Bonn's posture on the Middle East question was severely criticized on several occasions by Israel as being too pro-Arab. Jerusalem signaled to Bonn that keeping silent would be a wiser course than asking political sacrifices of Israel. However, the federal government persisted in its view that the Middle East conflict touched directly upon the interests of Germany and the other states of the European Eco- nomic Community and that taking a clear position was, therefore, indispensable. A visit by Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan to Bonn in late November did not alter this posture. Simcha Ehrlich, Israeli minister of finance, visited Bonn in early December. The Government replied negatively to Israel's request for an increase in capital assistance above the previous level of DM 140 million per year, on the grounds of budgetary strains and numerous obligations to developing countries. However, Bonn declared itself ready to guarantee German investments in Israel, and to promote further investment in the Jewish state. At the end of June, German direct investments in Israel amounted to DM 547 million; German credits to Israel totaled DM 1.65 billion. The Federal Republic was Israel's second biggest export customer. During 1976, merchandise worth $201 million was imported from Israel, 25.3 per cent more than in 1975. Simultaneously, the Federal Republic consolidated its position as the leading importer of Israeli goods among the countries of the European Economic Community; its share of such imports amounted to 22.7 per cent. However, this positive development continued to be impaired by Israel's high deficit in her trade with West Germany; though reduced by more than 44 per cent since 1974, it remained substantial. During the fall, Mayor Shlomo Lahat of Tel Aviv spent two weeks in West Germany. A delegation of Israel's Council of Local Municipalities, invited by its German counterpart, traveled in the Federal Republic to inform itself about 242 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 communal institutions and industrial planning. A youth delegation of the Magen David Adorn, invited by the German Youth Red Cross, visited the country during August. In July, a delegation of the German organization had attended an international Red Cross Youth Conference in Israel. Several groups of Israeli teachers and secondary-school students came to West Germany during the year. A number of Israeli artists presented their work to the German public, among them the painters Rafael Rila, Samuel Bak, Arie Ogen, Raphael Uzan, Yeshayahu Scheinfeld, Itzhak Roman, and Simon Karczmar. The Israeli Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra toured West Germany during the fall. A DM 25,000 International Prize for Research in Communications endowed by a German publisher, Dr. Hubert Burda, was presented in Essen, during November, to an Israeli researcher, Dr. Eliahu Katz. In May, the Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft (German-Israeli Society) in Bonn elected Erik Blumenfeld of Hamburg, a CDU Bundestag deputy, as its new president. He replaced another Bundestag deputy, Heinz Westphal of the SPD. Westphal was elected a vice-president, as were Detlef Kleinert, Hans Stercken, arid Walter Hesselbach. Blumenfeld had been interned in a concentration camp during the Nazi era because of his Jewish descent. His election was surrounded by controversy, touched off by the question of whether the Society was free to adopt a posture critical of Israel. A minority advocated "critical solidarity," with the right of dissenting from official Israeli policy. A majority, led by Blumenfeld, thought that such criticism of Israeli policies would not be opportune. The controversy led to a split. The minority formed a new group, dedicated to serving German-Israeli understanding and cooperation according to its own principles. Named Deutsch-Israelische Ar- beitsgruppe fur Frieden im Nahen Osten (German-Israeli Working Group for Peace in the Middle East), the new body was headed by Professor Rolf Rendtorff, a Social Democrat, who was one of the founders of the German-Israeli Society and who vigorously denied pro-Arab tendencies. In October and November, the German- Israel Society and its Israeli sister organization conducted a workshop conference to discuss joint tasks and objectives. On this occasion, the German body sharply protested the Bonn government's attitude vis-a-vis Israel in the UN and in the European Economic Community. Yad Vashem in Jerusalem awarded the honorary title "Righteous Among the Peoples" to three German citizens, Gerhard Radke, the late Carl Hermann, and Eva Hermann, for helping persecuted Jews under the Nazi regime. To date, about 100 Germans have been awarded this distinction. The president of the Federal Republic, Walter Scheel, honored another West German citizen, the publisher Axel Springer, for his consistent championing of German-Jewish and German-Israeli reconciliation and cooperation. In May, on the occasion of his 65th birthday, the publisher was awarded the Grand Cross of the Federal Order of Merit. In January 1978, Springer was the first German citizen, other than a diplomat, to be received by Prime Minister Begin. Thousands of West German citizens visited Israel. The volume of German tourism jumped with the inauguration of charter flights. In March, a delegation of the FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 243 German Union of Teachers and Scholars met in Israel with representatives of the Israel Union of Teachers to discuss revision of school textbooks in Germany and Israel. About 100 German book publishers joined in a display at the International Book Fair in Jerusalem during April and May. In June, the president of the Bavar- ian Youth League, Adolf Waibel, together with a leadership delegation of the German Federal Youth League, came to Israel as guests of the Council of Youth Movements. The president of the German Athletic Federation, Willi Weyer, and the organization's secretary general, Karlheinz Gieseler, were guests at the Tenth Mac- cabiah Games during July. They also met with Israeli government representatives and took part in the consecration of a memorial for the Israeli athletes killed at the Munich Olympics.

Restitution September 10, 1977 marked the 25th anniversary of the signing, in Luxemburg, of the agreements by which Bonn obligated itself to pay a total indemnity of DM 3 billion to the Jewish State, and DM 450 million to the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany. Annemarie Renger, a prominent SPD politician, wrote in the government weekly Das Parlament: The Federal Republic of Germany has sought to stress the special nature of the Restitution Agreement and to keep it apart from commercial settlements with other creditor nations. The Republic did not look upon restitution as a way of lessening Germany's guilt; rather, it was to help the Germans come to grips with their past . In addition to its moral significance, the Luxemburg agreement carried much political weight. From the destruction and expulsion of the Jews, the State of Israel had arisen. Therefore, restitution was a form of aid, born of a special obligation, to the building and the survival of the State of Israel... The Restitution Agreement and its correct implementation, especially in political situations difficult for Israel, was the premise for a new beginning between Jews and Germans. Since then, many personal encounters have awakened an awareness in Israel of a different, democratic Germany and have led to a changed attitude. With the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1965, the political relationship between the two states became normalized. Yet a moral obligation vis-a-vis the Jewish people remains. The agonizing experiences of history cannot, and shall not, be forgotten. Of 4,318,000 applications for indemnification filed under the Federal Indemnifica- tion Law, which governs recompense for persecution suffered by individuals, 4,298,000 had been settled. Approximately DM 42 billion had been disbursed for this purpose. Future obligations under this law, especially annuities to be paid, could amount to an additional DM 30 billion. Under the Federal Restitution Law, which governs compensation for illegally confiscated property, some 732,000 applications had been filed. Of these, 730,000 had been settled, at a cost of about DM 3.9 billion. After a change in the law in 1964, an additional 291,000 applications for special benefits in hardship cases were received. About 237,000 of these had so far been settled. In the future, approximately DM 400 million more was to be disbursed 244 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 under this law. Pursuant to other restitution laws and special arrangements, about DM 4.3 billion had been paid out, among other things, for restitution to former members of the public service, in benefits to war victims, in social insurance, to provide for former employees of Jewish communities, and to look after racial persecution victims not of the Jewish faith, as well as survivors of medical experi- ments on humans. It was expected that DM 2.4 billion more would be paid out on behalf of these victims. In addition, the Federal Republic had concluded restitution agreements with 12 European states for the benefit of persecuted nationals of these states and of their survivors. About DM 1 billion had been disbursed on this account. Total expenditures for righting Nazi wrongs had thus far come to about DM 54 billion. By the time the annuities expired, the total was expected to exceed DM 85 billion.

Nazi Trials The Central Office for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes in Ludwigs- burg reported in July that since the end of World War II a total of 6,425 persons had been sentenced in Nazi trials held on West German soil; 151 of them had received life sentences. Since May 1945, well over 80,000 Germans had been charged with participation in Nazi crimes. Since 1958, 352 legal proceedings had ended in a verdict, involving 832 defendants; 560 of these had been sentenced (128 to life imprisonment), while 218 were acquitted, and proceedings against 54 were terminated. Early in 1977, the Central Office was still investigating 289 cases of Nazi crimes against 4,600 persons. New proceedings were added during the year, partially because new incriminating evidence continued to arrive from Poland. The work of the Central Office was to officially terminate on December 31, 1979, when the Statute of Limitations would take effect. Kiel: In July, a former police captain, Werner Heinrich Pbhls, 61, was acquitted of having assisted in the murder of several hundred Jews in the Soviet Union in 1942. The reasons given for the verdict were that the defendant had acted "under wartime conditions" and out of a "sense of duty," and that no cruelty on his part could be proved. The prosecutor's office in Kiel filed accusations against three former SS officers, Ernst Ehlers, Konstantin Canaris, and Kurt Asche, who were charged with having assisted in the deportation of some 26,000 Jews to the Auschwitz extermination camp between 1942 and 1944. Darmstadt: In April, a former police sergeant, Friedrich Rondholz, was acquitted of having murdered four Soviet prisoners of war. Hanover: In September, a trial began against former SS officers Kurt Heinemeyer, 69, and Max Olde, 69, who were charged with jointly committing murder in extermination actions against Jews in southern Poland between 1942 and 1944. Proceed- ings against Rudolf Korner, 70, were separated from the trial and temporarily suspended, on grounds that he was ill. In October, a criminal court which since August 1976 had been trying three former police officers, Heinrich Rathje, Reinhold FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 245 Witt, and Friedrich Keller, for mass murder of Jews in Poland suspended proceedings against the chief defendant, Johannes von Dollen, 78, because he was ill. For the same reason, proceedings against two other co-defendants, Michael Gerhardt and Karl Irle, had been halted earlier. Frankfurt: In July, former SS sergeant Hubert Gomerski, 65, was sentenced, in a retrial, to 15 years' incarceration for abetting the murder of more than 100,000 Jews in the Sobibor extermination camp. Gomerski had already received a life sentence for the same crimes in 1950. In September, former SS members Horst Czerwinski and Josef Schmidt went to trial. They were accused of murdering several inmates in the Lagischa sub-camp at Auschwitz and during an evacuation march from a camp at Golleschau to Loslau. Hamburg: In July, former SS and police major Viktor Arajs, 67, went to trial for abetting the murder of more than 35,000 Latvian Jews and other civilians in the Riga district. In August, a former police and SS officer, Gerhard Maywald, 64, was sentenced to four years' detention for abetting the murder of 320 Jews from Riga. In November, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the case of former SS sergeant Wilhelm Eickhoff must be retried because of a grave procedural error. A Hamburg court, in 1976, had sentenced Eickhoff to 12 years' detention for murdering Jews, and the Federal Court had subsequently imposed a life sentence. Wilhelm Rosenbaum, a former SS member who had been sentenced to lifetime detention for the murder of more than a hundred Jews, but had been released for six months under a clemency grant in December 1976, had to go back to prison in June, when the Hamburg Senate refused further clemency. Dusseldorf: A trial of 14 former guards at the Majdanek extermination camp, begun in November 1975, continued with no end in sight. In April, the court began to examine surviving camp inmates, mainly Poles. By the end of the year, about 150 witnesses had been examined; well over 100 remained on the waiting list. All of the defendants were free on bail. The court traveled to Poland to examine witnesses and visit the site of the former Majdanek camp. Aschaffenburg: Proceedings commenced in September against former SS members Hans Olejak, 59, and Ewald Pansegrau, 56, for murdering at least 50 internees in the Jaworzno sub-camp at Auschwitz. The defendants received greetings in the form of flowersfro m unnamed "fellow veterans." The head of the neo-Nazi German Soldiers' Combat League, Erwin Schonborn, distributed pamphlets outside the courthouse, as he had done elsewhere during Nazi trials. The pamphlets denied that Jews were killed in gas chambers, and offered a DM 10,000 reward to anyone who could conclusively prove that one Jew had been gassed. Schonborn also accused Jewish witnesses of lying. He was, nevertheless, heard by the court as a witness concerning the gassing of Jews in Auschwitz. In his testimony, he again called the gassings the biggest lie in history. On August 15, Herbert Kappler, former SS police chief of Rome, who was serving a life sentence in Italy for his responsibility in the shooting of hostages, some of them Jews, was removed by his wife from a prison hospital in Rome and taken 246 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 to Germany. He subsequently lived there as a free man, and was given police protection after threats were made against his life. The Bonn Government, on constitutional grounds, refused to extradite him to Italy. Chancellor Schmidt and the SPD expressed disapproval of Kappler's abduction to freedom and condemned his crimes. Groups of foreign persecution victims and resistance fighters, as well as others, accused the Federal Republic of sympathy for Nazi criminals, especially after the freeing of Kappler was widely hailed by the West German public. In August, a former SS officer, Eduard Roschmann, died in Asuncion, Paraguay. He had been wanted for crimes against Jews in Riga, and had lived in South America under the name of Federico Wegener.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography On January 1, the Jewish community in the Federal Republic numbered 27,379 members, 12,976 of them women. Their average age was 45 years. During 1977, 922 immigrants and 408 emigrants were registered, as were 74 births and 491 deaths. Thirty-nine persons converted to Judaism. The largest communities were in West Berlin (5,626), Frankfurt (5,033), Munich (3,859), Dusseldorf (1,671), Hamburg (1,344), and Cologne (1,213). Jews living in the Federal Republic without being registered as members of Jewish communities were estimated to number between 10,000 and 15,000. It was estimated that the intermarriage rate in the Federal Republic was as high as 60 per cent.

Communal Activities The effects of right- and left-wing extremist acts in the Federal Republic were repeatedly discussed and scored by the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Cen- tral Council of Jews in Germany). The Council regarded the flood of antisemitic pamphlets, attempts in sectors of the press to minimize or deny the mass murders in ghettos and concentration camps, and frequent rallies of former SS members as serious causes of concern. At its annual meeting, held in Hanover during June, the Council stated its "unconditional determination to strengthen the Jewish community in the Federal Republic" and resist any attack on freedom and democracy. In February, Werner Nachmann was elected to his fifth consecutive term as chairman of the Central Council's board. In the spring, Nachmann accompanied Foreign Minister Genscher on his visit to Israel. He and the Council's general secretary, Alexander Ginsburg, represented the organization at the convention of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany and the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture, held in Amsterdam during June, as well as at the meeting of the General Council of the World Jewish Congress in Washington during FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 247 October and November. In December, at the invitation of the Hungarian Govern- ment and the Central Federation of Hungarian Jewish Communities, Nachmann and Ginsburg took part in a celebration marking the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest. Representatives of the Central Council entered into frequent conversations with leading politicians and attended the conventions of the CDU, SPD, and Free Demo- cratic Party (FDP). In October, a conversation with Federal Defense Minister Georg Leber dealt with various antisemitic and anti-democratic manifestations in the West German armed forces. In June, the Council affirmed its readiness to support any measures that might ease the plight of Syrian Jewry. During the same month, the Council appealed to the West German government and to President Tito of Yugoslavia to use their influence at the Belgrade Conference on behalf of security, cooperation, and the reduction of tensions in Europe, so that Jews might be accorded their internationally recognized human rights. Late in November, representatives of the Central Council met in Bonn with Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan. In December, the Council appealed to the German government and the European Economic Community to support the initiatives taken by prime ministers Sadat and Begin. In January, Hans Filbinger, prime minister of the state of Baden-Wiirttemberg, paid an official visit to the Jewish community in Stuttgart. In February, the president of the Berlin Chamber of Deputies, Peter Lorenz, visited the Berlin Jewish community; and in June the federal minister for economic cooperation, Marie Schlei, was a guest there. In December, the prime minister of Hesse, Holger Bbrner, visited the Jewish community in Frankfurt.

Religion At a plenary meeting held in Munich during January, the Rabbinerkonferenz in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Rabbinical Conference in the Federal Republic of Germany), numbering 10 members, decided that in view of the small number of rabbis in the country and the large territory each had to serve, it would limit itself to specifically religious tasks. In November, members of the Rabbinical Conference and the United Lutheran Church of Germany held a workshop in Hanover. The session focused on ways of representing Jews and Judaism in Protestant religious teaching, particularly in textbooks. It was felt that, in view of the growing number of antisemitic incidents, efforts had to be made to overcome the widespread ignorance of Judaism among Lutherans, and to reduce deep-seated prejudices that were often unconscious. The Lutheran representatives were asked to request of the appropriate church agencies that future ministers and teachers of religion be given basic information on Judaism and Christian-Jewish relations while in training. Furthermore, they were requested to urge that these matters receive greater attention in advanced and in-service 248 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 training of church functionaries, and in the various branches of church-sponsored programs for young people and adults.

Education and Youth Work "The Future of Our Communities" was the theme of a youth convention of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, held in Wiirzburg during March. Seventy young Jews from the Federal Republic and West Berlin were given an opportunity to discuss their problems with rabbis, educators, and experienced community members. The participants agreed that Jewish survival depended primarily on the quality of religious life. At the same time, it was noted that young people tended to be alienated from Judaism. To bring about any improvement in this situation, it was argued, more rabbis and teachers would have to be put to work at the congregational level, and regular study seminars would have to be conducted at the regional level. One such seminar, on the subject "The Sabbath and Its Various Aspects," took place during June in Cologne. A conference of delegates of the Bundesverband Jiidischer Studenten in Deutsch- land (Federal Association of Jewish Students in Germany), meeting in Munich during May, reaffirmed the tasks of the organization: to work for effective cooperation among Jewish organizations; to promote the well-being of the Jewish people; to support the State of Israel as the cultural and national home of the Jewish people; and to combat antisemitism. The apathy of many Jewish students was deplored. In July in Aachen, the Association conducted a weekend seminar on the current political situation, focusing mainly on the Middle East. "Policies for Israel's Secu- rity" was the theme of another weekend seminar of the Association, held in West Berlin in November. The Bundesverband Jiidischer Jugend (National Federation of Jewish Youth), centered in the Ruhr region, also conducted a variety of programs. A one-day seminar was devoted to "Pairing Problems of Jewish Youth," a theme which had great urgency in view of the high rate of intermarriage. In March in Munich, a seminar of the European Young Leadership Cabinet was conducted on the theme "Jewish History from 1880 to 1980." Eighty delegates from 11 European countries participated. In July, Maccabiah Germany, the Jewish sports organization, took part in the Tenth Maccabiah Games in Israel, with a delegation of 45 persons. The delegation won six gold medals, four silver, and three bronze, and took seventh place in the team standings. The most successful athletes were Hanka Rohan, Blanka Rohan, and Hanna Slama, who won four gold medals in table tennis. Dany Leder, a gymnast, took the other two gold medals, as well as two silver and one bronze. FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 249 Christian-Jewish Cooperation In July, the Ullstein publishing house in Berlin celebrated its 100th anniversary. The occasion was marked by a gathering of persons prominent in German public life and representatives of the Jewish community. A message from President Walter Scheel noted that Jews had brought the house its prestige, influence, and prosperity, and that Jewish journalists, scholars, and artists had contributed significantly to its success. At the 17th German Protestant Church convention in West Berlin, during June, a working group on "Jews and Christians," with Jewish participants, discussed problems of German-Jewish and Christian-Jewish coexistence. A joint Jew- ish-Christian service was also held. The Coordinating Council of Societies for Chris- tian-Jewish Cooperation chose "Martin Buber: Dialogue Today" as its theme for 1978. The 1978 Brotherhood Week, scheduled for early March, was also to be devoted to this theme. The President awarded the Federal Order of Merit to several German citizens who had risked their lives to help persecuted Jews during the Nazi era: Gerda Knofler, who had provided asylum and other aid to numerous Jews between 1937 and her arrest in 1941; Georgette Gruschke, who for two years of the war hid a Jewish writer; and Anton Skerlownik, who hid three Jews in his home during the war years. In June, the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York awarded an honorary doctorate to Dr. Gertrud Luckner, 76, a German Catholic who risked her life during the Nazi years to aid Jews, and who, since the war, has championed Christian-Jewish understanding.

Publications German-language publishers issued many new books dealing with Jewish life during the Nazi era: Leo Sievers, Juden in Deutschland: Die Geschichte einer 2000- jdhrigen Tragodie ("Jews in Germany: The History of a 2,000-Year Tragedy"; Stern Buch-Verlag, Hamburg); Gerda Luft, Heimkehr ins Unbekannte: Eine Darstellung der Einwanderung von Juden aus Deutschland nach Paldstina vom Aufstieg Hitlers zur Macht bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges 1933-1939 ("Going Home Into the Unknown: An Account of Jewish Immigration from Germany to Palestine, from Hitler's Ascent to Power Until the Outbreak of the Second World War, 1933-1939"; Hammer, Wuppertal); Margarete Sallis-Freudenthal, Ich habe mein Land gefunden: Erinnerungen ("I Have Found My Land: Memoirs"; Knecht, Frankfurt); Rolf Vogel, Ein Stempel hat gefehlt: Dokumente zur Emigration deutscher Juden ("A Stamp Was Missing: Documents of the Emigration of German Jews"; Droemer Knaur, Munich); Charlotte E. Zernik, Im Sturm der Zeit: Ein persb'nliches Dokument ("In the Tempest of the Times: A Personal Document"; Econ, Diisseldorf); Jiirgen Serke, Die verbrannten Dichter ("The Burned Poets"; Beltz, Weinheim); Hans Sahl, Die Wenigen und die Vielen: Roman einer Zeit ("The 250 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Few and the Many: Novel of an Era"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Kurt Tucholsky, Briefe aus dem Schweigen 1932-1935 ("Letters from Out of the Silence, 1932-1935"; Rowohlt, Reinbek). On Jewish history: Carl Cohen, The Impact of the Protestant Reformation on the Jews (Schneider, Heidelberg); Bruno Kirschner, Deutsche Spottmedaillen aufJuden ("German Medals Satirizing Jews"; Battenberg, Munich); Hans Liebeschiitz and Arnold Paucker, DasJudentum in der deutschen Umwelt 1800-1850 ("Jewry in the German Environment, 1800-1850"; Mohr, Tubingen); Eugen Taeubler, Aufsdtze zur Problematikjiidischer Geschichtsschreibung 1908-1950 ("Essays on Problems of Jewish Historiography, 1908-1950"; Mohr, Tubingen); Jacob Toury, Soziale und politische Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland 1847-1871: Zwischen Revolution, Reaktion und Emanzipation ("Social and Political History of the Jews in Germany, 1847-1871: Amid Revolution, Reaction and Emancipation"; Droste, Diisseldorf); Ulrich Dunker, Der Reichsbund Jiidischer Frontsoldaten 1919-1938: Geschichte eines jiidischen Abwehrvereins ("The National League of Jewish Combat Veterans: History of a Jewish Defense Agency"; Droste, Diisseldorf); Joachim Freyburg and Hans Wallenberg, Hundert Jahre Ullstein ("A Hundred Years of the House of Ullstein'7; Ullstein, Berlin). On National Socialism: Adalbert Riickerl, Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungs- lager im Spiegel deutscher Strafprozesse: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno ("Nazi Extermination Camps in the Mirror of German Criminal Trials: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno"; Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart); Hans Robin- sohn, Justizalspolitische Verfolgung:Die Rechtsprechungin "Rassenschandejallen" beim Landgericht Hamburg 1936-1943 ("Administration of Justice as Political Persecution: Court Rulings in 'Miscegenation' Cases Before the Hamburg Regional Court, 1936-1943"; Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart); Avraham Barkai, Das Wirtschaftssystem des Nationalsozialismus: Der historische und ideologische Hinter- grund 1933-1936 ("The Economic System of National Socialism: The Historical and Ideological Background, 1933-1936"; Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne); Werner Maser, Niimberg: Tribunal der Sieger ("Nuremberg: Tribunal of the Vic- tors"; Econ, Diisseldorf); Viktor E. Frankl,. . Trotzdem ja zum Leben sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager (" . . And Yet Say Yes to Life: A Psy- chologist Experiences the Concentration Camp"; Kosel, Munich); Karl Sauer, Die Verbrechen der Waffen-SS ("The Crimes of the Waffen SS"; Rbderberg, Frankfurt); Lieselotte Maas, Handbuch der deutschen Exilpresse 1933-1945, Band II ("Hand- book of the German Press in Exile, 1933-1945," Vol. II; Hanser, Munich). Ancient Jewish History: Shmuel Safrai, Das jiidische Volk im Zeitalter des Zweiten Tempels ("The Jewish People in the Era of the Second Temple"; Neu- kircher, Neukirchen-Vluyn); Gerhard Prause, Herodes der Grosse: Kb'nig der Juden ("Herod the Great: King of the Jews"; Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg); Svend Holm-Nielsen, Die Psalmen Salomons: Jiidische Schriften aus hellenistisch- rbmischer Zeit ("The Psalms of Solomon: Jewish Writings from the Hellenist- Roman Age"; Mohn, Giitersloh); Gott sprach zu Abraham: Die Geschichte des FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 251 biblischen Volkes und seines Glaubens ("God Spoke to Abraham: The Story of the People of the Bible and Its Faith"), with 72 pictures in full color by Erich Lessing and introductory text by Claus Westermann (Herder, Freiburg). The Jewish religion: Pinchas Lapide, Auferstehung: Einjudisches Glaubenserleb- nis ("Resurrection: An Experience in Jewish Faith"; Kosel, Munich); Simon Schoon and Heinz Kremers, Nes Ammim: Ein christliches Experiment in Israel ("Nes Ammim: A Christian Experiment in Israel"; Neukircher, Neukirchen- Vluyn); Hugo S. Bergmann, Die dialogische Philosophie von Kierkegaard bis Buber ("The Philosophy of Dialogue from Kierkegaard to Buber"; Schneider, Heidelberg); Bernhard Uhde, Judentum im Religionsunterricht: Sekundarstufe II—Einfuhrung, Unterrichtsmodell, Arbeitsmaterial ("Judaism in Religious Instruction: Secondary Level II—Introduction to the Subject; Model Study Plan; Study Materials"; Don Bosco, Munich). Biography: Rivka Horwitz, Buber's Way to "I and Thou": An Historical Analysis and the First Publication of Martin Buber's Lectures; Schneider, Heidelberg); Wie- brecht Ries, Transzendenz als Terror: Eine religionsphilosophische Studie uber Franz Kafka ("Transcendence as Terror: A Study of Franz Kafka in Terms of the Philoso- phy of Religion"; Schneider, Heidelberg); Heinrich Graetz, Tagebuch und Briefe ("Diary and Letters"; Mohr, Tubingen); Ernst Pinchas Blumenthal, Diener am Licht: Eine Biographie Theodor Herzls ("Servant of the Light: A Biography of Theodor Herzl"; Europaische Verlagsanstalt, Cologne); W.P. Eckert, H.L. Goldschmidt, and L. Wachinger, Martin Bubers Ringen um Wirklichkeit ("Martin Buber's Struggle for Reality"; Bund, Cologne); Gerhard Wehr, Der deutsche Jude: Martin Buber ("A German Jew: Martin Buber"; Kindler, Munich); Margarete Buber-Neumann, Milena, Kafkas Freundin ("Milena, Kafka's Woman Friend"; Langen-Miiller, Munich). Prose and Poetry: I.Z. Kanner, Jiidische Mdrchen ("Jewish Fairy Tales"; Fischer, Frankfurt); Edgar Hilsenrath, Der Nazi und der Friseur ("The Nazi and the Hair- dresser," a novel; Literarischer Verlag Braun, Cologne); Heinrich Heine, Die Wahl- Esel: Ein satirisches Lesebuch ("The Donkey Electors: A Satirical Reader"; Satire Verlag, Cologne); Heinrich Heine, Gedichte ("Poems"; Diogenes, Zurich); Ephraim Kishon, Mein Freund Jossele: Auch Schwindeln willgelernt sein ("My Friend Yos- sele: Also Fakery Needs to Be Learned," satires; Langen-Miiller, Munich); Salcia Landmann, Marienbad: Ein Roman in Briefen nach Scholem Alejchem ("Marien- bad: A Novel in Letters, after Sholom Aleichem"; Herbig, Munich); Mascha Kaleko, Der Gott der kleinen Webefehler: Spaziergdnge durch New Yorks Lower East Side und Greenwich Village ("The God of Small Flaws: Walks Through New York's Lower East Side and Greenwich Village"; Eremiten-Presse, Diisseldorf); Jurek Becker, Schlaflose Tage ("Sleepless Days,'' a novel; Suhrkamp, Frankfurt). 252 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Personalia Rose Auslander, 70, a poet, originally from Czernowitz and now residing in Diisseldorf, was awarded the DM 10,000 Andreas Gryphius Prize for East German Literature by the Artists' Guild in Esslingen. She also received the Ida Dehmel Prize for Literature of the Federation of Societies of Women Artists and Friends of the Arts in Hamburg. The DM 20,000 Lessing Prize of the city of Hamburg was awarded to writer Jean Amery, born in Vienna in 1912, a resident of Brussels since 1945. The writer Hermann Kesten, born in 1900, now living in the United States, received the DM 20,000 Nelly Sachs Prize of the city of Dortmund for his services in promoting understanding and reconciliation among nations. Lorin Maazel, now leader of the Cleveland Orchestra, was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit, First Class, by President Scheel, in recognition of his services to the cultural life of Berlin, where he was chief music director of the German Opera and conducted the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1965-1971. The Central Council of Jews in Germany awarded its DM 3,000 Leo Baeck Prize for 1977 to a former member of its board of directors, the late Josef Neuberger, an SPD politician and former minister of justice in the state of North Rhine-West- phalia. Hermann Lewy, 72, of Diisseldorf, the long-time editor-in-chief of the Allgemeine jiidische Wochenzeitung, the only national Jewish weekly in West Ger- many, was awarded the Great Cross and Star of the Federal Order of Merit by the President for his services to German-Jewish reconciliation. The Federal Cross of Merit, First Class, was awarded to Heinz Bar of Diisseldorf, for his services in reviving Jewish sports in postwar Germany and in consolidating Jewish communal life. Max Willner, director of the Central Welfare Agency of Jews in Germany, was named an honorary fellow of Tel Aviv University in appreciation of his services on behalf of the university, and his activities in support of culture and research for the benefit of Israel and the Jewish people. Hans Wallenberg, a journalist who had played a significant role in the revival of a free press in postwar Germany, had been editor-in-chief of the Neue Zeitung, and for years had occupied leading positions at the daily Die Welt and other major publications, died in Berlin on April 13, at the age of 69.

FRIEDO SACHSER German Democratic Republic

X HE EAST BERLIN Jewish community had 369 members at the end of June, 248 of them 60 years or older. The other seven communities in the country had about 350 additional members. In November, a Jewish communal library was opened in East Berlin in the presence of numerous public officials. The library comprised about 1,000 volumes and was to be expanded. At the opening, Peter Kirchner, chairman of the East Berlin Jewish community, expressed the hope that the new library would help promote Jewish cultural life in the country. Representatives of the Federation of Jewish Communities in the German Demo- cratic Republic took part in the World Conference of Religious Representatives for a Durable Peace, Disarmament, and Just Relationships Among Nations, held in Moscow during June; in the regional convention of the European Section of the World Jewish Congress in Milan in September; and in the Third European Confer- ence of the International Council of Jewish Women in London during October. Also in October, the president of the Federation, Helmut Aris, stated in a message to the 14th party congress of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany: "Antisemitism and racism have been overcome and no longer have a place in our republic, in contrast to events of fascist and racist cast in the Federal Republic of Germany and other capitalist countries." In May, the new Jewish cemetery in Dresden had been desecrated. During a visit to the Netherlands in February, Foreign Minister Oskar Fischer stated that the problem of restitution to victims of Nazi persecution had been concluded, as far as his government was concerned. The German Democratic Republic, he said, had met all its obligations. On December 19, Jurek Becker, 40, a well-known Jewish writer who had grown up in the Lodz ghetto and been interned in a German concentration camp with his parents, left East Germany for political reasons. Becker, a winner of the East German National Prize, is best known for Jacob the Liar, which was made into a film. In the area of foreign policy, the German Democratic Republic continued to support the radical forces in the Arab campaign against Israel. East Germany accused Israel of numerous crimes against the Palestinians. The press compared Israelis to Nazis; cartoons repeatedly pictured Moshe Dayan as a disciple of Hitler. The PLO was enthusiastically supported. In a congratulatory telegram to Yasir Arafat on his reelection as chairman of the PLO Executive Committee, Party Secretary Erich Honecker praised the "long-standing fraternal cooperation and anti-imperialist solidarity'' between East Germany and the PLO.

253 254 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 In connection with the Israeli-Egyptian peace negotiations, the German Demo- cratic Republic openly backed the opponents of President Sadat, especially Syria and Libya. The Foreign Ministry voiced "surprise and regret" over the "unex- plained and unjustified" closing of the East German consulate in Alexandria, Egypt. In the opinion of Werner Lamberz, a member of East Germany's Politburo, the solution of the Middle East conflict was not to be found in an "imperialist-Zionist sham peace," which "in reality would contain the germ of new wars, but only in a comprehensive peace settlement." For this reason, Lamberz said, the German Democratic Republic would continue to favor reconvening the Geneva Conference.

FRIEDO SACHSER Eastern Europe

Poland

ALMON, G the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe, Poland, as the ancient center of Jewish religious and secular life, occupies a special place. Today it contains a small Jewish remnant valiantly trying to preserve some semblance of Jewish life. It is difficult to predict if such efforts will prove successful; much depends on general political conditions and the attitude of the authorities. In 1977, there were no changes in the top leadership of the country. Edward Gierek was secretary of the PPZR (Polish Communist Party), and Piotr Jarosze- wicz was prime minister. The head of state, whose power was limited, was Henryk Jablonski. The crisis of June 1976, when workers rioted in protest against increases in food prices, subsided, but the essential problems of the Polish economy remained unsolved. The continuing contradictions within industrial enterprises, some 75 per cent of which were integrated into large corporations, resulted in a growing bureau- cracy without affecting productivity or helping to stop the upward spiral of prices. In fact, the authorities quietly introduced price increases, which in some sectors reached 20 to 45 per cent. At the end of 1977, 14 top members of the Party, including former head of state Edward Ochab, demanded radical revision of domestic policy with a view to resolving the problem of a continuing lack of essential food products. At the same time, Polish dissidents gained increased support among both intellectuals and workers. The Congress of Polish Writers, which met in April 1978 in Katowice, provided an interesting illustration of the oppositionist spirit prevailing among Polish intellectuals. Speakers openly demanded changes in the political line—more freedom and the abolition of censorship. A list of some 80 writers in official disgrace was made public. Professor Edward Lipinski, an economist, was active in the Workers Defense Committee, created to defend workers who were fined, jailed, or dismissed from their jobs following the 1976 riots. Professor Lipinski, a Marxist, protested against what he called the "Russian type" of socialism. There were some moves toward reconciliation between the authorities and the Catholic Church. In the fall of 1977, there was a meeting between Gierek and Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski. In December 1977, Gierek visited Pope Paul VI at the Vatican. In January 1978, during the visit of United States President Jimmy Carter, his wife

255 256 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Rosalyn, and Zbignew Brzezinski, Carter's adviser on national security had an unusual meeting with the Catholic Primate. In October 1978, the Communist leadership of Poland hailed the election of Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyla as Pope. The Polish head of state went to Rome for the Pope's investiture.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

The Jewish population of Poland was estimated to be 6,000. This number included some Jews who did not identify with the Jewish community. There were varied estimates of the number of Jews who had changed their names and integrated into Polish society. Some local observers believed that their number was considerable. Officially, some 1,500 Jews were affiliated with the Cultural and Social Union of Polish Jews, which held its seventh annual congress in October 1977 in Szrudborow. Delegates representing 17 local affiliates participated in the congress; they were greeted by a representative of the PPZR. Ruta Gutkowska, executive head of the Union, continued in the post of secretary. The Union, which was based in Warsaw, undertook efforts in, among other places, Wroclaw, Katowice, Zary, Walbrzych, Dzierzoniow, Krakow, Szczecin, and Lodz. These activities were limited mainly to lectures, amateur theatricals, and the like. There are no Jewish schools in Poland. The younger generations of Polish Jews do not understand Yiddish. Folksztyme, the official Yiddish weekly, also published a Polish edition. The Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw maintained its activities and was in contact with the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York. The Bulletin, a periodical issued by the Institute, included articles on the Holocaust and the Jewish situation in Poland before World War II; studies dealing with the former subject strictly followed the Communist Party line. The Jewish State Theater, under the direction of Szimon Szurmily, presented its repertoire in Yiddish, but audiences were provided with Polish translations. The theater added to its repertoire a new play, Widerstand ("Resistance"), by the late Soviet Yiddish writer Noah Luria. The play, directed by Jacob Rotboim, deals with Jewish life in the ghetto under German occupation. In addition to the secular Cultural and Social Union, there was a Union of Religious Congregations which was based in Warsaw and claimed several local affiliates. There were no rabbis, no mohalim, and very few open synagogues. Reli- gious life is deteriorating to a critical stage. During the Passover holiday, matzot were made available, but it was difficult under the existing conditions to observe kashrut. There was in Warsaw, however, a Jewish communal kitchen, sponsored by the Union of Religious Congregations, which distributed kosher meals. Little, if anything, was done to maintain old Jewish cemeteries in places where Jews no longer lived. POLAND / 257 In April 1978, there was a commemoration of the 35th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. Some 15 countries, including the United States, Israel, West Ger- many, France, and the Soviet Union, were represented at the ceremonies. The Israeli delegation was headed by Gideon Hausner, the prosecutor of Adolf Eichmann, and included the Polish-Jewish resistance fighter Stefan Grayek. General Yitzhak Arad represented Yad Vashem. On April 17 Janusz Wieczorek, the minister in charge of war veterans, reopened the Jewish pavilion at Auschwitz, which had been closed since 1967, when the antisemitic policy of the government resulted in an exodus of many Jewish activists and intellectuals from the country. Dr. Nahum Goldmann, representing the World Jewish Congress, delivered an address in Yiddish. On April 18, Yad Vashem awarded Righteous Gentile medals to 19 Poles who, during the occupation, at great personal risk, saved the lives of many of their Jewish compatriots. On the same day, a memorial meeting took place in Philharmonic Hall in Warsaw, with Ruta Gutkowska as the principal speaker representing the Polish Jewish community. On April 19, foreign delegations to the commemoration laid wreaths at the Warsaw Ghetto monument, which was surrounded by a military guard. This was the first time in many years that the annual commemoration of the Warsaw Ghetto revolt assumed a distinctly Jewish character. In the city of Rypin, in the region of Wroclaw, the authorities opened a home for orphans in the name of Janusz Korczak. Representatives of the Cultural and Social Union participated in the dedication ceremony, which included a presentation of Korczak and His Children, a play about the great Jewish educator and his martyrdom under the Nazis, presented by the local drama circle of the Teachers Union. LEON SHAPIRO Yugoslavia

XAAVING ADOPTED a new constitution in 1974, the Yugoslav Assembly in 1976 promulgated a new labor law which, according to its sponsors, codified the Yugoslav concept of "self-managing socialism." Marshal Tito, president-for-life of Yugoslavia, and his collaborators viewed this "self-managing" approach as totally different from the "centralist" type of Communist management found in the USSR and China. The Belgrade model is based on the assumption that workers should directly control the government and economy. The authorities were faced with dissent on many fronts: intellectuals calling for greater freedom; separatists, particularly among the Croatians, putting forth nationalist claims; and "hardliners" advocating the return of Yugoslavia to the Soviet bloc and, concomitantly, to Soviet methods of administration. Yugoslav leaders also had to deal with various religious groups, including the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and Moslems, who were promoting educational activities and distributing religious literature. The official press repeatedly called the attention of the authorities to the fact that children of members of the Communist League were being baptized, sometimes without the knowledge of their parents. While the authorities were combating pro-Soviet tendencies and protesting "So- viet meddling" in the affairs of Yugoslavia, Soviet boss Leonid Brezhnev visited Belgrade (November 1976). Brezhnev decried the "fairy tales" about Soviet designs on Yugoslavia, and repeatedly pledged to honor Yugoslav sovereignty. In any event, Yugoslav leaders made it clear that they would fight for their freedom and their "own way to socialism.' The political situation was further complicated by the advancing age of Tito, who is in his mid-80's. Yugoslavia continued its support of Yasir Arafat and the PLO. Arafat, during a visit to Belgrade in December 1976, was received with the honor accorded a chief of state. Although Yugoslav-Israeli relations had been terminated following the Six-Day War in 1967, the authorities did not interfere with the Jewish community's support of the State of Israel. The aging president was frequently reported as seeking to promote a peaceful solution to the Israel-Arab conflict. In January 1977, the Yugoslav prime minister, Dzemal Bijedic, was killed in an airplane crash. He was replaced by Veslin Djuranowic, a Montenegran by birth.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

The Jewish population of Yugoslavia was estimated to be 6,000, with 1,500 in the capital city of Belgrade, 1,200 in Zagreb, and 1,100 in Sarajevo. Jewish communal 258 YUGOSLAVIA / 259 activities were conducted by the Federation of Jewish Communities, an officially recognized body. Lavoslav Kadelburg, an eminent Jewish leader, continued to serve as president of the Federation; its executive head was the secretary, Lucy Petrovic. The Federation promoted Jewish activities in, among other places, Belgrade, Du- brovnik, Zagreb, Skopje, Split, Sarajevo, Subotica, Novi Sad, Ljubljana, and Zemun. According to official data, many cities with a Jewish population did not have a synagogue. In fact, the Federation was essentially a secular body dealing only peripherally with religious matters. In some places, Sabbath and holiday services were conducted by qualified laymen, mostly older people. There was no formal system of religious education, and the absence of trained religious personnel made it difficult to maintain religious life. Intermarriage was widespread in most of the communities. The Federation was affiliated with the World Jewish Congress and was in close contact with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York, both of which supported its social and cultural activities. The Federation of Jewish Communities maintained a wide variety of cultural activities. In the ten largest communities, it sponsored Jewish youth clubs and children's groups that met regularly. From time to time, these groups attended lectures given by persons from abroad. The Federation operated summer camps at which children from Yugoslavia joined with others from Hungary, Rumania, Cze- choslovakia, and Israel. Included in the camp experience were visits to Jewish historical sites. The Federation organized seminars for young lay leaders. It maintained a central Judaica library which supplied Jewish literature to at least nine community libraries. Jewish publications appeared regularly. Five issues of Zbornik, an anthology devoted to Jewish concerns, were published. Other publications included Jevrejski Pregled ("Jewish Review"); Kadima, a youth magazine; Jevrejski Almanah ("Jew- ish Almanac"); and a luah (calendar), edited by Rabbi Cadik Danon, containing some prayers printed in Hebrew and transliterated into Latin letters. The Federation was preparing a short history of the Jewish people in the Serbo-Croatian language, a volume on the Sephardic tradition in Yugoslavia, and, in collaboration with Hitahdut Olei Yugoslavia in Tel Aviv, a Jewish guide to Yugoslavia. In Belgrade and Zagreb, two Jewish choirs continued their activities, presenting programs of Jewish music to Yugoslav audiences, as well as audiences abroad. Courses in He- brew for teenagers and young adults were provided through the Federation. The Jewish Historical Museum and the Historical Archives, both in Belgrade, had accumulated a large number of artifacts and documents relating to the Jewish past in Yugoslavia. Much of this material, however, still remained to be classified and catalogued. Concern was expressed as to whether the oldest Yugoslav synagogue, in Dubrovnik, was being properly maintained. As in other East European countries, many old Jewish cemeteries were in urgent need of repair.

LEON SHAPIRO Israel

RI INETEEN SEVENTY-SEVEN was a year of great political upset in Israel, and of a new era in the quest for peace. The elections on May 17 put an end to a generation of Labor dominance in the Knesset and government, bringing the veteran Herut leader Menachem Begin to power at the head of an anti-socialist coalition. A month later, however, Labor retained its position in the elections to the quadrennial convention of the Histadrut, the General Federation of Labor. At the end of October, the new Begin government announced a drastic reversal in economic policy, based on the abolition of foreign currency controls and the free floating of the Israeli pound. At the beginning of 1978, there were signs of a developing clash with various groups of workers demanding higher wages to compensate for price increases. Meanwhile, in November 1977, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt dropped a bombshell by offering to conclude a permanent peace with Israel—the first time such an offer had been made by an Arab leader. His conditions were that Israel withdraw from all territories taken in the Six-Day War of 1967 and agree to self- determination for the Palestinians. It was later disclosed that the visit had been prepared by a secret Israeli offer to restore the whole of Sinai to Egyptian sovereignty. At the end of December, Prime Minister Begin presented his peace proposals, based on withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai and self-nile for Palestinian Arabs, to United States President Jimmy Carter in Washington, and to President Sadat in Ismailiyah. Egypt and Israel agreed to continue negotiations in a military committee in Cairo, and in a political committee in Jerusalem.

The Elections (For the early stages of the events leading up to the elections, see AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], pp. 475-7.) Shortly before nominations day, there were signs of unrest among hawkish members of the Labor Party. Mordecai Ben-Porat resigned and formed an independent list. Former Defense Minister Moshe Dayan met with Menachem Begin, leader of the Likud, to discuss the possibility of running on his list, but nothing came of it, reportedly because Begin would not agree that there be no annexation of Judea and Samaria as long as peace discussions were proceeding. To appease Dayan, a score 260 ISRAEL / 261 of Labor Party leaders stated that, when the next government was formed, they would insist that the nation be consulted before any territory in Judea and Samaria be ceded. Dayan agreed to run on the Labor ticket. Seven Labor leaders, including Knesset Speaker Israel Yeshayahu and Israel Galili, minister without portfolio, failed to secure places on the Labor-Mapam Alignment's list. Twenty of the first 50 names, regarded as having a fair prospect of being elected, were nominated by the party's regional groupings, and the other 30 by an appointments committee, which also decided on the order of listing. Heading the list were Defense Minister and acting Prime Minister Shimon Peres, Foreign Minister Yigal Allon, and former Foreign Minister Abba Eban. On March 1, the council of the Likud approved its election platform on foreign affairs, which declared that a Likud government would participate in the Geneva Peace Conference and invite the neighboring Arab states "to conduct direct negotiations for the signature of peace treaties between them without prior conditions." It would "strive for an agreement" with Syria and Egypt, "taking into consideration the interests and needs of the parties" (a formula which left the way open for territorial concessions). In regard to the "West Bank," the platform declared: "Judea and Samaria will not be handed over to any foreign rule; between the sea and the Jordan there shall be only Israeli sovereignty." Each of the Likud's components chose its leading candidates separately by secret ballots in several stages. The governing bodies and list of parliamentary candidates of the Democratic Movement for Change (DMC) were elected directly by the entire membership on February 18. The 33,000 registered members were asked to pick 30 candidates out of 151 names, in order of preference. The results aroused some surprise and controversy. DMC's opponents insinuated that organized groups had succeeded in manipulating the voting, pointing out that the first ten names on the list included three former leaders of the Free Center, that two Druzes (representing little more than one per cent of the population) were in 12th and 13th places, and that women, former members of the Shinui movement, and the poorer neighborhoods were under-represented. DMC leaders retorted that their example had induced other parties to adopt more democratic methods of choosing their nominees. The main plank in DMC's elections platform was the reform of the electoral system. On peace policy, DMC declared that Israel's defense border should be "the River Jordan, including areas west of it essential for Israel's defense. In order to retain its Jewish and democratic nature," the plank continued, "Israel must be ready for territorial compromise while safeguarding its security needs." Security considerations would be "the guiding principle in determining settlement priorities." The economic planks, which were somewhat similar to those of the Likud, called for more opportunity for individual initiative, and a reduction in government interference. DMC representatives would be given freedom of action on questions concerned with the relations between religion and state. In the nominations of the National Religious Party (NRP), Yitzhak Raphael, former minister of religious affairs, was ousted in favor of two of his younger 262 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 lieutenants. Rabbi Hayim Druckman, closely associated with the Gush Emunim religious activists, was added to the list in second place by common consent, rein- forcing the influence of the younger, more hawkish, circles in the party. Tourism Minister Moshe Kol, the veteran leader of the Independent Liberal Party (ILP), gave way to Gideon Hausner. Shortly before the election, Hillel Seidel, one of ILP's Knesset members, joined the Likud. Public meetings played a small part in the election campaign. Appeals by the parties were made primarily through the press, radio, and television. The party campaigns were financed, in large part, by statutory allocations from the Treasury, in proportion to the Knesset strength of the parties, and under the supervision of the state comptroller. The Likud mounted a vigorous and effective election campaign, carried out by a prominent advertising agency under the direction of General (Reserves) Ezer Weizman. Its two main watchwords were "Force No. 1" and "Change the Govern- ment"—claiming that, after 29 years of Labor domination, it was time to try an alternative government, and that the Likud was the only political force capable of playing that role. It concentrated on domestic affairs, especially scandals (see AJYB, 1978 [Vol. 78], pp. 476-7), and portrayed Labor as riddled with corruption. It claimed to be a party of peace, playing down its opposition to withdrawal from Judea and Samaria. A special effort was made to build up the image of its leader, Menachem Begin, as a sympathetic personality and a statesman of world stature. The Labor-Mapam Alignment, whose campaign was conducted by Yosef Sarid, a young Knesset member, pointed to the inclusion of 14 candidates from the Oriental communities and eight women in the first 50 names on its list, as showing Labor's broad-based representative character. The Alignment's main slogan was "We are the Address"—admitting responsibility for past shortcomings, but claiming credit for achievements, and asking for renewed confidence in its capacity to provide a re-invigorated leadership. It portrayed the Likud as a "one-man-show," and Menachem Begin as a man who had failed in eight election attempts. In the event of large Likud gains, Labor forecast political deadlock and national chaos. NRP appealed to broader circles on the lines of "You don't have to be religious to vote NRP," and presented itself as a positive alternative to the Labor-dominated regime, rather than—as in past years—a potential partner. DMC presented Professor Yigal Yadin as the most suitable candidate for prime minister, backed by a capable and experienced team, with a comprehensive program of social and political reform. Its main barbs were aimed at Labor, although it also attacked the Likud as an old-style party. General (Reserves) Ariel Sharon led a list called Shlomzion (Peace of Zion) with a strongly nationalist platform. Two left-wing parties, Hadash (Front for Democracy, Peace, and Equality), which appealed mainly to Arab voters, and Shelli (Peace and Equality for Israel) called for the establishment of a Palestinian state, and readiness to withdraw to the June 1967 lines as part of a peace settlement. The former came out for recognition ISRAEL / 263 of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the representative of the Pales- tinian people, while the latter stressed the compatibility of its policy with essential Zionist aims. An unusual candidate was Samuel Flatto-Sharon (see AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], p. 472), who employed paid vote-getters and conducted a lavish campaign of press advertising based on the watchword "The Solitary Man in the Knesset." Public opinion polls taken in the first four months of 1977 indicated that the Alignment retained a slight lead over the Likud, with 10-20 seats going to DMC. A very high proportion—around 40 per cent—of those polled, however, either refused to answer or expressed no opinion. The polls also showed a striking contrast between general approval of the government's record on foreign affairs and defense, and even more pronounced disapproval of its economic and social policies. After Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin's retirement from the contest (AJYB, 1978 [Vol. 78], p. 477), Shimon Peres was left with little more than a month to impress himself on the electorate as a potential prime minister. His image as a successful minister of defense was damaged by the publication, on April 26, of the state comptrollers annual report, which pointed out, inter alia, a number of instances of inefficiency and waste in the administration of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). On May 11, less than a week before the elections, 54 paratroopers and airmen were killed in a helicopter crash during a training exercise, and the Likud hinted that Peres had been too busy with party politics to look after the armed forces. In a television confrontation between the Likud and Labor leaders, Begin was confident and incisive, while Peres was subdued and unimpressive. The results of the election, as compared with those of 1973, are given below. Likud's first-place finish, with a percentage of the popular vote approaching that gained by Labor in the past, and Labor's relegation to second place, with little more than a quarter of the seats, astonished both parties. The results were a disappoint- ment to DMC, because they dashed its hopes of holding the balance between the two major parties. Hadash's gain of one seat was less than had been expected, but it polled a majority of the Arab votes. Shelli won a smaller percentage of the votes than its constituent parts had in 1973. The most crushing defeat was suffered by the Independent Liberals, who had played a modest but influential role in Israel's political history, and had participated in almost all cabinets. An analysis of the voting showed that the Likud and the religious parties gained especially among the communities of Oriental origin, while the Alignment's losses went mainly to DMC in the areas with a larger population of European origin, and to the Likud among the Oriental communities. Most commentators believed that the results were due not merely to the events and actions of the immediate past, but to deep-seated social developments, particularly the tendency among the Oriental communities, native-born Israelis, and young people to vote against the ruling party, whose hold had been weakened by the gradual depoliticization of the government and other public bureaucracies. 264 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 ELECTIONS TO 8TH KNESSET (December 31, 1973) AND 9TH KNESSET (May 17, 1977)

1973 1977

Eligible voters 2,037,478 2,236,293 Votes cast (%) 1,601,098 (78.6) 1,771,726 (79.2) Invalid votes (%) 34,243 (2.1) 23,906 (1.3) Valid votesa 1,566,855 1,747,820 Valid votes cast for parties not qualifying8 75,887 46,969 Valid votes counting in allocation of seatsa 1,490,968 1,700,851 Quota per Knesset seatb 12,424 14,173

Knesset Seats Party Popular Vote (%) Net gain Net gain 1973 1977 or loss 1973 1977 or loss Likud 473,309 (30.2) 583,075 (33.4) +(3.2) 39 43 +4 Alignment 621,183(39.6) 430,023(24.6) -(15) 51C 32d -19 Democratic Move- — — 202,265(11.6) — — 15 + 15 ment for Change . National Religious 130,349 (8.3) 160,787 (9.2) +(0.9) 10 12 + 2 Party Agudat Israel 60,012 (3.8)e 58,652(3.4) +(1.0) 4 Poalei Agudat Israel 23,956 (1.4) 5 1 Democratic Front for 53,353 (3.4)f 79,733 (4.6) + (1.2) 4 5 + 1 Peace & Equality Flatto-Sharon — — 35,049 (2.0) — + 1 Shlomzion — — 33,947(1.9) — + 2 Shelli 32,616 (2.1)B 27,281(1.6) +(0.2) 1 + 1 United Arab List .. 39,012 (2.5)h 24,185(1.4) -(1.1) 3 -2 Independent Liberals 56,560 (3.6) 21,277 (1.2) -(1.0) 4' -3 Citizens' Rights 35,023 (2.2) 20,621 (1.2) -(1.0) 3 -2 Movement Zionist & Social — — 14,516 (0.8) Renewal Bet Israel 3,195 (0.2) 9,505 (0.5) +(0.3) (Yemenites) Arab Reform — — 5,695 (0.3) Movement Women's Party — — 5,674 (0.3) Kach (Meir Kahane) 12,811(0.8) 4,396(0.2) -(0.55) Workers'Front .... 13,332(0.9) 2,498(0.14) -(0.8) New Generation ... — — 1,802(0.1) Zionist Panthers . . . 5,945 (0.4) 1,798 (0.1) -(0.3) Coexistence with — — 1,085 (0.06) Justice (Arab) . .. Other Lists (1973).. 30,155 (1.9) ISRAEL / 265

" Only lists receiving at least one per cent of the valid votes cast—i.e. 17,478 in 1977—are entitled to share in the allocation of seats. bThe quota for one Knesset seat is the number of valid votes cast for the lists qualifying—i.e. 1,700,851 in 1977—divided by 120. <• Arie Eliav and Mordecai Ben-Porat withdrew from the party before the elections. " Moshe Dayan withdrew from the party after the elections. eIn 1973, Agudat Israel and Poalei Agudat Israel formed one list: the Torah Religious Front. fIn 1973, Rakah—New Communist List «In 1973, Moked (Focus) and Meri (Radicals) hIn 1973, Progress & Development (Arab) and Bedouins' List 1 Hillel Seidel withdrew and joined the Likud.

The Histadrut Elections The Labor-Mapam Alignment's supporters, particularly in the kibbutzim, reacted to the party's parliamentary debacle by redoubling their campaign efforts for the election of delegates to the 13th convention of the Histadrut, which would determine the composition of its governing bodies for the next four years. Yeruham Meshel, the incumbent secretary-general, was renominated to head the Labor list, which included leaders of some of the larger workers' committees, but not prominent political figures. The Likud list was headed by David Levi, a young father of ten from the new immigrants' town of Beit Shean, who had come from Morocco during the period of mass immigration. Eleven lists were submitted, representing the major political parties except the religious ones, which had their own labor federations. As in the Knesset elections, lavish press advertising was a prominent feature of the campaign, but unlike 1973, there was no television propaganda. The Likud called upon voters to complete its parliamentary victory by giving it control of the Histadrut, while the Alignment stressed the need for a strong Histadrut under its leadership, as a counterweight to a Likud dominated government. Sixty-nine per cent of the 1,354,794 members voted, and the valid votes totaled 917,126. The results (see p. 266) were a surprise to both sides. Not only did Labor's share of the total drop much less than had been expected, leaving it in firm control, but it gained almost 60,000 more votes than it had on May 17. (In 1973, it had received about 150,000 more votes for the Knesset than for the Histadrut.) The Likud, though failing to achieve its declared objective, considerably improved its strength. The big losers, as in the Knesset elections, were the smaller parties. The Alignment also maintained its majority in Na'amat (Women Workers and Volun- teers)—formerly Mo'etzet Hapo'alot (Working Women's Council)—and almost all the local labor councils, the elections to which were held simultaneously. 266 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 ELECTIONS TO THE 13TH CONVENTION OF THE HISTADRUT, THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF LABOR, 1973 AND 1977. (with Knesset votes, 1977, for main parties)

1973 1977 Votes % Votes Dele- % Knesset gates 1977 Alignment 447,541 58.35 507,236 841 55.31 430,023 Likud 174,038 22.69 258,466 428 28.18 583,075 DMC — — 73,594 122 8.02 202,265 Hadash 18,240" 2.38 27,781 46 3.03 79,733 Religious Workers 32,782 4.27 16,491 27 1.80 — ILPandCRM... 45,811 5.97 11,685 19 1.27 41,898 Shelli 21,118b 2.75 10,162 16 1.11 27,281 Others 27,470 3.61 11,711 1.28 "In 1973, Rakah (New Communist List) bIn 1973, Moked (Focus), Meri (Radicals) and Left Union

The New Government The results of the elections dictated the composition of the new government within fairly narrow limits. The Likud, together with Shlomzion (whose two members joined Herut on May 29), NRP, and Flatto-Sharon, could command 58 votes, but needed the support of either Agudat Israel or DMC to have a majority. Labor firmly declined to join a government of national unity. While Begin was in the hospital, to which he had been admitted for a rest after the strains of the election, he startled the country by offering Moshe Dayan the post of foreign minister in his new cabinet. The appointment aroused fierce public controversy. Both the Liberals and DMC had expected to receive the post, while Labor spokesmen denounced Dayan's readiness to serve under Begin so soon after the elections, in which he had stood on the Alignment list, and demanded his resignation from the Knesset. The ferment soon died down, however, and the Likud started negotiations with NRP and Agudat Israel, which submitted numerous conditions concerned mainly with religious affairs. On June 7, after the publication of the official election results and the statutory consultations with representatives of the parties, President Ephraim Katzir entrusted Begin with the task of forming a government. After seeing the President, Begin recited a psalm at the Western Wall in Jerusalem and paid a visit to Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, spiritual mentor of Gush Emunim. The negotiations with NRP and Agudat Israel were rapidly concluded, but the Council of Sages, composed of recognized authorities on rabbinic law, whose rulings were binding on Agudat Israel in all matters, authorized only its joining the coalition but not accepting a cabinet ISRAEL / 267 portfolio. The talks with DMC raised many problems concerning foreign policy, settlement in the administered areas, and cabinet posts for its nominees. Begin, anxious to form his government as quickly as possible, so that he could go to Washington to meet President Carter, concluded the negotiations with NRP and Agudat Israel, and the coalition agreement among the three parties was signed on June 12. It envisaged a number of social reforms, but 35 out of the 43 clauses were concerned with religious matters, such as legislation to provide that no autopsy be performed without the written consent of the deceased's family, stricter implementation of Sabbath work laws, and the amendment of the recently passed Termination of Pregnancy law to prohibit abortions on the grounds of difficult family or social conditions. A particularly controversial clause promised that any woman would be exempt from army service without further investigation, as customary hitherto, upon submitting a duly attested declaration that service would be incompatible with her religious mode of life. Prime Minister Begin undertook to make every effort to secure the passage of a private members' bill providing that only conversions in accordance with Orthodox religious law would be recognized under the Law of Return. A committee was to draft a bill, subject to the consent of all three parties, to reform the electoral system. Begin presented his cabinet, consisting of 13 members, to the Knesset on June 20. Police was incorporated into the Ministry of Interior; Tourism was combined with Commerce and Industry; a new Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure was established; Labor was merged with Social Welfare to form a Ministry of Social Better- ment, Communications, and Transport. For the first time, an NRP nominee was appointed minister of education and culture. The deputy premiership and three ministries—Labor and Social Betterment, Justice, and Transport and Communica- tions—were left open for nominees of DMC in case it later decided to join the coalition; in the interim, they were managed by Yoram Eridor, deputy minister in the prime minister's office. An opening clause in the new government's basic policy guide lines, presented to the Knesset for approval together with the list of ministers, declared: "The Jewish people has an eternal, historic right to the Land of Israel, the inalienable heritage of its forefathers." The government would "plan, establish, and encourage urban and rural settlement on the soil of the homeland." It would be ready to take part in the Geneva Conference "on the basis of Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338" and would not invoke its authority (under a law passed in June 1967) to apply Israeli law and jurisdiction to further parts of the Land of Israel "so long as negotiations are being conducted on a peace treaty between Israel and her neighbors.1' The Knesset gave the government a vote of confidence, 63 to 53. The talks with DMC, suspended during Prime Minister Begin's visit to the United States in July, broke down in August over the question of electoral reform, as NRP objected to DMC's proposals, which would have endangered its parliamentary representation. Begin announced that he would fill the vacant cabinet posts with Likud nominees; but on October 21, a few days before the new appointments were 268 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 due, DMC decided to join the government on the terms already offered. If DMC ministers objected to proposals for settlement in the administered territories, the final decision would be made by the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Commit- tee; DMC members would have freedom of conscience on religious matters; and an electoral reform scheme, acceptable to the coalition parties, would be enacted before the next elections. Professor Yadin explained that he had become convinced that Israel faced "the toughest test since 1948" in connection with the reconvening of the Geneva Conference and that, therefore, DMC must join the government to strengthen it. Opponents within DMC argued that this would be a betrayal of the movement's basic principles and its promises to the voters; but the DMC council approved the proposal 68 to 45, and its representatives joined the cabinet on October 24. In order to maintain a balance between the parties, two additional Likud ministers, without portfolio, were added to the cabinet on January 10, 1978.

THE BEGIN CABINET (installed on June 20, 1977) Prime Minister Menachem Begin (Likud-Herat) Deputy Prime Minister Yigael Yadin (DMC)a Agriculture Ariel Sharon (Likud-Herat) Construction Gideon Pat (Likud-Liberal) Defense Ezer Weizman (Likud-Herut) Education & Culture Zevulun Hammer (NRP) Energy & Infrastructure Yitzhak Moday (Likud-Liberal) Finance Simha Ehrlich (Likud-Liberal) Foreign Affairs Moshe Dayan (Independent) Health Eliezer Shostak (Likud-La'am) Immigrant Absorption David Levi (Likud-Herat) Industry, Commerce, & Tourism Yigael Hurwitz (Likud-La'am) Interior & Police Yosef Burg (NRP) Justice Shmuel Tamir (DMC)a Labor and Social Betterment Israel Katz (DMC)a Religious Affairs Aharon Abu-Hatzeira (NRP) Transport & Communications Meir Amit (DMC)a Without Portfolio Haim Landau (Likud-Herat)b Moshe Nissim (Likud-Liberal)b a Took office on October 24 (see text). b Took office on January 10, 1978.

Deputy Ministers In the P.M.'s Office Yoram Eridor (Likud-Herut) Defense Mordecai Zippori (Likud-Herut) Finance Yehezkel Flomin (Likud-Liberal) Industry, Commerce, & Tourism Yitzhak Peretz (Likud-La'am) ISRAEL / 269 The Quest for Peace Israel's foreign relations during the year were dominated by the quest for peace with her Arab neighbors, and the reconvening of the Geneva Peace Conference. At the end of a visit to Israel in February (the first stage in a tour of six Middle East countries), the new United States secretary of state, Cyrus Vance, pledged "full consultations" with the Israeli government, reiterated America's commitment to a strong and secure Israel, and delivered an invitation to Prime Minister Rabin to visit Washington. (For an account of the visit, see AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], p. 466.) Foreign Minister Allon told the cabinet on May 8 that Israel had expressed concern to Washington about the Jewish state's exclusion from the list of favored nations for the purpose of arms supplies and joint weapons production (AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], pp. 103-4). After President Carter reassured a Senate delegation that Israel would still be included in the list, and Allon and Secretary of State Vance met in London, Allon told the cabinet on May 15 that Israel was "thoroughly satisfied" with Carter's statement of firm commitment to Israel's deterrent strength. Further statements by President Carter and United States spokesmen after the Knesset elections aroused renewed concern. At a cabinet meeting on June 5 to sum up the outgoing government's work, Rabin said that Carter's statements about the need for a "homeland" for the Palestinians were "a serious retreat" from past American policy. Statements by Likud leader Menachem Begin, in the first flush of enthusiasm after his election victory, indicated a hard line over the future of Judea and Samaria. Begin sent Shmuel Katz, a close friend later appointed his advisor on overseas information, to the United States to explain his outlook. He established cordial relations with the new United States ambassador, Samuel Lewis and with Senator Richard Stone, chairman of the Senate subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia. When presenting his cabinet to the Knesset on June 20, Begin declared that a national consensus rejected withdrawal to the 1967 borders and the establishment of a Palestinian state. Moshe Dayan, who was to become foreign minister, appealed to all Zionist parties not to squabble with each other until the Arabs, the United States, or someone else presented concrete proposals. Government circles were very pleased with President Carter's cordial message to Begin on his accession as prime minister. While reiterating his opposition to the establishment of a Palestinian state and a return to 1967 borders, Begin told the Zionist General Council on June 23: "The words 'not negotiable' are not in our dictionary. Everything is negotiable. The negotiations, however, must be free . . . without any externally devised formula for a settlement." Begin was given a ceremonial send-off when he left for his visit to the United States on July 15. According to unofficial reports, he was prepared to tell President Carter that Israel would not agree to withdraw its forces from any part of the West 270 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Bank and Gaza Strip, but would be ready to make a substantial withdrawal in Sinai, and adjust the lines on the Golan Heights. Israel was prepared to attend a renewed Geneva Conference, which could meet on October 10 or later. The first three days of Begin's visit were spent in meetings with Jewish leaders in New York. The talks with President Carter in Washington on July 19 and 20 were marked by the obviously cordial relations established between the two leaders, who were reported to have agreed that there was no need to resolve their outstanding differences in advance of the Geneva Conference. Despite previous apprehensions, Begin declared that there had been no confrontation. In a briefing of Israeli correspondents in Washington, a "senior Israeli official" contrasted Begin's policy with that of the previous government. He stated that Rabin, in trying to secure American agreement to Israel's positions, had only invited pressure for concessions. In a parliamentary debate on July 27, Labor Party leader Shimon Peres warned against "groundless optimism" and said that, by avoiding substantive political issues in favor of short-term agreements with the United States on procedure, Begin had waived American support and might well have set a snare for future Israel-U.S. relations. Secretary of State Vance visited Israel again on August 9 and 10, after talks in Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia, to discuss arrangements for the reconvening of the Geneva Conference. It was agreed that the discussions with the U.S. would continue during the UN General Assembly in September. Begin declared that there had been a "breakthrough in the peacemaking process," but Vance stated that there had been "no narrowing of gaps." Begin announced in a September 6 radio interview that Foreign Minister Dayan would be taking with him to the United States the draft of a peace treaty with Egypt, which would also apply to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. In Dayan's talks, which started on the 19th in Washington, a central issue was the American proposal for a united Arab delegation including Palestinians. The aim of this proposal was to avoid the difficulty of Palestinian representation at the Geneva Conference. This idea was first opposed by the Israelis, but was later accepted with certain conditions. On October 1, America dropped a bombshell by issuing, together with the Soviet Union, a joint statement of principles favorable to the Arab cause. The Israeli government declared that the joint statement could only "further harden the positions of the Arab states and make the Middle East peace process still more difficult." On the 5th, however, while American Jewry was girding itself for a massive protest against the U.S.-USSR statement, Carter, Vance, and Dayan agreed, during a marathon session at the White House, on a working paper for the resumption of the Geneva Conference. The Arabs would be represented at the opening session by a unified Arab delegation, including "Palestinian Arabs." The negotiations would then be conducted by working groups. The West Bank and Gaza issues would be discussed in a working group consisting of Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and Palestinian Arabs. There would be separate discussions of the problem of "the Arab refugees ISRAEL / 271 and the Jewish refugees." The working paper was unanimously approved by the cabinet on October 11, and by a 41-28 vote in the Knesset on the 13th. Four weeks later, while the discussions were continuing, President Sadat startled the world. At the opening session of the Egyptian Peoples' Assembly, on November 9, he declared his unprecedented intention to go to the Knesset in Jerusalem. The next day, Prime Minister Begin said that if Sadat came to Jerusalem, he would be received with all honor. On the 15th, an official written invitation to Sadat was delivered to U.S. Ambassador Lewis for transmission to Cairo. On the 17th, Sadat accepted Begin's invitation, and the next morning 60 Egyptian officials, most of them security men, arrived at Ben-Gurion airport to prepare for the visit. Within 48 hours, communications facilities, with direct telephone links to Cairo and world centers, were installed at the airport, the King David Hotel (where the main Egyp- tian delegation was to be housed), and the Jerusalem Theater, for hundreds of media correspondents. Sadat arrived at Ben-Gurion airport after the end of the Sabbath on November 19, and was welcomed by President Katzir, the prime minister, and the entire cabinet. Together with the president and the prime minister, he stood at attention as the Egyptian and Israeli national anthems were played. Sadat reviewed a guard of honor and received a 21-gun salute. Crowds, waving Egyptian and Israeli flags, lined the road and cheered as Sadat's motorcade approached Jerusalem. The two leaders held their first talk the same evening in Sadat's hotel suite. Next day, Sadat attended prayers at the al-Aqsa mosque, visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and toured Yad Vashem, the Holocaust memorial to European Jewry, where he wrote in the visitor's book: "May God guide our steps for peace. Let us end all suffering for mankind." In the afternoon, after a working lunch with Begin, he went to the Knesset, where he laid a wreath at the foot of the monument to the fallen soldiers of IDF. Addressing the Knesset in Arabic, Sadat opened with a passionate call for peace, but warned that he had not come to Jerusalem to conclude a separate peace between Egypt and Israel. He admitted that the Arabs had previously rejected Israel, but urged a new beginning: "We refused to meet with you anywhere; yes . . We used to brand you as 'so-called Israel'; yes . Yet today I tell you, and I declare it to the whole world, that we accept living with you in permanent peace based on justice We accept all the international guarantees you want "Peace for Israel," he stated, would mean that "Israel could live within her borders with her Arab neighbors in safety and security . . ." However, Sadat added, "There are Arab territories which Israel has occupied, and still occupies by armed force. We insist on complete withdrawal from these territories, including Arab Jerusalem." The "Palestine cause,1' he stressed, was "the crux of the entire problem." A peace agreement in Geneva would have to be based on, among other things, the "achievement of the fundamental rights of the Palestinian people and their right to self-determination, including the right to establish their own state." (It was noted, however, that Sadat made no mention of the PLO in his speech.) 272 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 In his reply, which was delivered without notes, Begin paid tribute to Sadat's courage, recalled that Israel's leaders had always wanted peace, and offered friendship and cooperation to the Arabs. He declared: "We seek a real, full peace, with complete reconciliation between the Jewish people and the Arab people . . . Let us negotiate . as free men for a peace treaty." Begin invited the President of Syria and King Hussein of Jordan to follow in Sadat's footsteps; he also invited "genuine spokesmen of the Arabs of the Land of Israel to come and hold talks with us about our common future ..." Sadat had been aware, Begin said, even before he came to Jerusalem, that "we have a different position from his on the permanent borders between ourselves and our neighbors." But he continued, "I call upon the President of Egypt and all our neighbors. Do not say that on any subject whatsoever there will be no negotiations . .. Everything can be negotiated No side shall present prior conditions . Let us start the negotiations; let us continue with them, resolutely, until we succeed ... in signing a treaty for peace." Shimon Peres, chairman of the Labor Party, and the only other speaker, said, "Peace must be based on a reciprocal compromise, in contrast to war, which is built on a unilateral victory. We are prepared for [territorial] compromise with each of the Arab states ... so long as they do not affect security . . We are aware of the existence of the Palestinian identity." In the evening, after the historic Knesset session and a working dinner, the two leaders met for a private talk. On Monday the 21st, Sadat had private meetings with Begin and Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, and went on to the Knesset to meet separately with party representatives. A basic concern, he told the coalition factions, must be "security for Israel." At the same time, however, Israel would have to make "very hard decisions." At the beginning of a press conference given jointly by Sadat and Begin to sum up the visit, Begin read a mutually acceptable statement: "In response to the sincere and courageous move by President Sadat, the government of Israel proposes that this hopeful step be further pursued through dialogue between the two countries concerned, thereby paving the way towards successful negotiations leading to the signing of peace treaties in Geneva with all the neighboring Arab states." During Sadat's visit, Begin said, "a momentous agreement was already achieved, namely, no more war, no more bloodshed, no more threats." Both leaders replied "Yes" to the question: "Are you now both convinced of the sincerity of the desire for peace of each of you?" One of the main motives behind his visit to Israel, Sadat indicated, was "to give the peace process new momentum and to get rid of the psychological barrier that, in my idea, was more than seventy per cent of the whole conflict ..." Sadat expressed his deep gratitude to the Israeli people, "whose welcome I can never forget." On November 27, a few days after Sadat's return home, Egypt invited Israel, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, the United States, and the USSR to attend an "informal" conference in Cairo to prepare the way for the Geneva Conference. Despite the ISRAEL / 273 efforts of Secretary of State Vance, who went to Amman and Damascus, Jordan and Syria refused to attend. The Cairo conference opened on December 14 under the chairmanship of General Ensio Siilasvuo, the UN chief of staff in the Middle East, with only Egypt, Israel, and the United States represented. Israelis were profoundly impressed by the atmosphere surrounding the conference. The Israeli delegation, accompanied by approximately 50 journalists, was warmly greeted by the Egyptians. In a telephone survey in Israel, 41.2 per cent of those polled indicated that they were willing to give up the whole West Bank "in return for true peace and appropriate security guarantees"; 16.4 per cent were prepared to give up part of the area. In another poll, 46 per cent stated that they did not expect another war, and an unprecedented 90 per cent thought that Egypt was sincerely interested in peace with Israel. Over 100,000 people participated in a peace "happening" in Tel Aviv. Working parties were set up in Cairo to discuss the agenda in detail, while Begin and his advisors prepared detailed peace proposals, which Begin presented to Presi- dent Carter on the 16th. On the following day, Sadat invited Begin to visit Egypt for further talks, and there was a second Begin-Carter meeting on the 18th. Begin was clearly delighted at the reception of his proposals, which, he said, Carter considered "a fair basis" for negotiations. "I am leaving here a happy man," he declared. On December 25-26, after a brief visit to Cairo by Defense Minister Ezer Weiz- man, Begin discussed the proposals with Sadat at Ismailia. At the end of the talks, Sadat announced that the negotiations would be continued through two ministerial- level committees: one on political affairs, headed by Foreign Minister Dayan, in Jerusalem, and one on military matters, chaired by Defense Minister Gamasy, in Cairo. There were differences regarding Judea and Samaria (the West Bank) and the Gaza Strip. While Israel offered self-rule for the Arabs of these areas, Egypt demanded the establishment of a Palestinian state. Begin's peace plan was disclosed in detail, for the first time, in the Knesset on December 28. With reference to Judea, Samaria, and Gaza, the plan called for "self rule." Military government would be abolished, and an eleven-man administrative council, elected by the residents, would direct all affairs "relating to the Arab residents of the areas." Security and public order in the areas would be the responsibility of the Israeli authorities. Residents would be free to choose either Israeli or Jordanian citizenship, and would be entitled to vote in the elections to the respective legislatures. Residents of Israel would be entitled to acquire land and settle in the areas, and residents of the areas who opted for Israeli citizenship would be assured "freedom of movement and freedom of economic activity" in Israel. Two committees representing Israel, Jordan, and the administrative committee would be established—one to decide questions involving legislation in the areas, the other to determine norms of immigration to the areas by Arab refugees "in reasonable number." Both committees would adopt rulings by unanimous decision only. Israel stood by "its right and its claim to sovereignty of Judea, Samaria, and the 274 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Gaza district," but proposed, "for the sake of agreement and peace, that the question of sovereignty in these areas be left open." The final clause read: "These principles will be subject to review after a five-year period." The central feature of the plan in terms of the future of Sinai was the withdrawal of Israeli forces to the international boundary. The Sinai II agreement of September 1975 for the thinning out of forces between the Suez Canal and the Gidi-Mitla line was to remain valid, and the Egyptian army was not to cross the line. Jewish settlements in the Rafa area, south of the Gaza district were to "remain in place." They were to be linked with Israel's administration^nd courts and protected by "an Israeli force." For a transition period of several years, IDF forces would be stationed on a defensive line in central Sinai, and airfields and early warning systems would be maintained, until the withdrawal of the forces to the international boundary. Freedom of navigation in the Straits of Tiran was to be guaranteed. In the Knesset debate, Labor leader Shimon Peres stressed the advantages of seeking a solution in cooperation with Jordan, including territorial compromise. The proposals were hotly denounced by Geula Cohen (Likud-Herat) and Moshe Shamir (Likud-Land of Israel Movement), while doubts were expressed by some NRP members. They were, however, approved by a vote of 64 to 8 (Communists, Cohen, Shamir, and one NRP), with 40 abstentions (Labor, three NRP, two Likud, and Shelli).

Lebanese Border The "Good Fence" policy of humanitarian aid to the inhabitants of southern Leba- non (see AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], pp. 467-8) continued, and was deeply appreciated by the Maronite Christians in the area. Francis Rizzak, political advisor to Major Sa'ad Hadad (commander of the mainly Christian forces in south Lebanon), told the press on April 18, during one of his frequent visits to Israel: "The people of Lebanon have entered into a fraternal alliance with Israel, from which they will not deviate and for which they are ready to pay with their blood." Hadad himself wrote: "Our former enemy, Israel, is today the only and the last support we have." A close watch was kept on the situation in the area to prevent the approach of Palestinian guerrillas and Syrian forces. Toward the end of January, Israel complained about the deployment of a Syrian battalion around Nabatiya, and in mid- February, the Syrians started withdrawing their forces northward from the town. In April, tension rose again. Shells fell in Misgav Am, just south of the border, and Israeli artillery fired several rounds at Palestinian forces. The situation quieted down, and Syria agreed to the extension of the mandate of the UN Disengagement Observation Force (established in 1974), which was approved by the Security Coun- cil on May 24. Prime Minister Begin was outspoken about Israel's support for the Lebanese Christians. On August 9, he told an American Jewish delegation: "It shouldn't be ISRAEL / 275 a secret. When a barrage is opened on Christian villages, we aim our fire at the source of the hostile fire." On September 16, when the struggle between the Chris- tians and Palestinians intensified, Israeli troops were sent to protect women and children in Christian villages, while the men were fighting. Katyusha rocket shells were firedfro m Lebanese territory during the next few days on Naharyia, Safad, and Kiryat Shmona, injuring several persons. A ceasefire went into effect on the 26th, and Defense Minister Weizman warned that Israel would not allow the situation to deteriorate again. On the whole, the situation was quiet until early November, when three persons were killed and five injured by Katyusha rockets fired at Naharyia. In retaliation, Israeli planes and artillery strafed PLO bases near Tyre.

Other Foreign Relations Resentment was felt at the statement of the European Economic Community (EEC), issued in London on June 29, supporting the Palestinian people's "legitimate right to a homeland" and rejecting "territorial conquests by force." Foreign Minis- ter Moshe Dayan said on July 3 that the statement represented a further erosion of the EEC attitude toward Israel and would hamper the peace-making process. Friendly contact was maintained with European organizations, and there were a number of official visits by European statesmen and delegations. Dayan visited the German Federal Republic in November, and Begin visited Britain in December. On February 8, Israel signed an additional protocol to the 1975 agreement with EEC, providing for cooperation in the fields of industry, science and technology, as well as a financial protocol for investment aid from the European Bank. Israel's relations with France improved somewhat after Foreign Minister Louis De Guiringaud's visit at the end of April, but there was still dissatisfaction with France's role in shaping EEC's unfavorable policies toward Israel. At the beginning of August, Israel protested against the French government's decision that an anti- boycott law would not apply to Arab-imposed restrictions on trade with Israel. After the agreement between Portugal and Israel to establish diplomatic relations (see AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], p. 472), the Israeli consulate in Lisbon became an embassy. The opening of a Portuguese embassy in Israel, however, was delayed. There was no change during the year in the unfriendly attitude of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc countries, with the exception of Rumania. Prime Minister Begin paid a five-day visit (August 25-30) to the latter country. He described his meetings with the Rumanian Jewish community as "the most moving day in my life since the day Israel declared its independence." There were numerous visits to Israel by Latin-American groups and public figures. President Katzir's cordial reception on a state visit to Mexico in November and December eliminated the last vestiges of tension arising out of Mexico's support of anti-Zionist resolutions at the United Nations in 1975. Israel maintained varied economic ties with Black African countries, and, in some of them, had representatives serving as interest officers in the embassies of third 276 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 countries. On February 4, Prime Minister Rabin had a secret three-hour conference in Geneva with President Felix Houphouet-Boigny of the Ivory Coast, and a joint communique issued after the talks declared that "dialogue is the best method for achieving peace in the region." Relations with South Africa were kept low-key during the year, and government spokesmen repeatedly denied reports of military links between the two countries.

Administered Territories Between June 1967 and September 1977, 77 new settlements had been established in the administered territories; 26 on the Golan Heights; 21 in the lower Jordan valley and on the eastern slopes of Samaria; seven in the Etzion bloc, north of Hebron; three in western Samaria; 17 in the Rafah area (north-eastern Sinai) and the southern tip of the Gaza Strip; and three on the east Sinai coast. Prime Minister Rabin said on January 6 that these settlements enhanced the country's security, and provided a firm basis for Israel's demand for peace with defensible borders. The government's aim was to strengthen the confrontation lines along the Golan Heights, on the Jordan River, and at Ophira (Sharm al Sheikh), to protect Jerusalem and the Hebron hills, and to ensure a blocking zone south of the Gaza Strip. In May, a settlement was established on the West Bank, but it was only a short distance east of the former armistice lines. Two days after the elections, Begin made some far-reaching statements at Elon Moreh, a settlement established by the Gush Emunim religious activist movement on the grounds of the army camp at Kadum (see AJYB 1977 [Vol. 77], p. 495 and AJYB 1978 [Vol. 78], p. 482). "In a few weeks or months," he averred, "there will be many Elon Morehs; there will be no need for a Kadum." In reply to a question whether the government would "annex" the administered territories, he retorted, "We don't use the word 'annexation'; you 'annex' foreign land, not your own country." In an ABC interview broadcast on May 22, he declared that Judea and Samaria were "an integral part of our sovereignty." On July 26, the cabinet Commit- tee on Settlement officially recognized the Gush Emunim settlements at Kadum, Ophra, and Ma'alei Adumim. On August 17, the Joint (government and Zionist Organization) Settlement Committee approved the establishment of three new settlements in the territories close to the former armistice lines. In reply to American criticism, government sources pointed out that the settlements were all within the limits of the "minor adjustments" in the borders which even the United States was prepared to endorse; and on August 21 the Cabinet stated, "Israel does not and cannot accept the assertion that settlement by Jews in the Land of Israel is illegal." Speaking in a television interview on September 2, Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon, chairman of the government Settlement Committee, outlined a 20-year plan to settle two million people in the administered areas, mainly in a new belt of settlements running from the Golan Heights along the River Jordan to the southern tip of Sinai. ISRAEL / 277 Early in September, it was reported that Gush Emunim, tired of waiting for the new government to act, was preparing to establish 12 new settlements in the heart of the West Bank. The government asked it to exercise restraint, in view of the negotiations with the United States; but on September 28, after a long discussion with Prime Minister Begin, it was agreed that its groups be allowed to settle on the grounds of army and police camps. Six settlements were established in this way; but one group, which set out without permission to settle near Jericho, was stopped by the army with Begin's approval. The Treasury allocated funds to reimburse Gush Emunim for past outlays and new expenditures. On September 30, during a visit by Prime Minister Begin, plans were announced to expand the population of Yamit (a coast town in the Rafah area) from about one to thirty thousand within the next two years. At his request, Begin was allocated a home in the settlement of Ne'ot Sinai, 2 kms. east of El-Arish. On August 14, the cabinet announced a policy of "equalization of services" for the inhabitants of the administered territories. Several local Arab leaders denounced the decision, and Yossi Sand, a Labor member of the Knesset, declared that it "smells of annexation.' Cabinet Secretary Arie Na'or, on the other hand, termed the move "humanitarian, not political," its object being to provide the population with the same standard of governmental services as that afforded citizens of Israel. He added, however, that the coalition parties were committed to the total integration of the areas into Israel "when the time is ripe." Speaking at the UN Assembly debate on October 10, Foreign Minister Dayan said that Israel aimed at equal rights and full coexistence for Israelis and Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, Judea, and Samaria. "The settlements will not decide the final borders between Israel and its neighbors," he emphasized. "The border will be decided upon in the negotiations."

Economic Affairs Nobel prize-winner Milton Friedman, of the University of Chicago, was invited to advise the new government on economic policy, as his advocacy of the elimination of government intervention conformed to one of the Likud's central planks. At the beginning of July he came to Israel to receive an honorary degree from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, but met only once with Finance Minister Simha Ehrlich. On June 29, Prime Minister Begin called for a program of "Social Justice without Socialism," and invited the Histadrut and the employers to join the government in negotiating a "social contract" to bring about economic stability and combat inflation. The proposal, however, was opposed by some ministers, and by the Manufac- turers Association. As the previous Knesset had passed only an interim budget for April-July, a further two-month interim budget was introduced to enable the new government to consider its fiscal policy. On July 17, Finance Minister Erhlich announced a series of drastic measures, including cuts in subsidies and state expenditures, to reduce inflationary pressure and prevent depletion of foreign-currency 278 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 reserves. The Histadrut called for a one-hour work stoppage in protest against the price increases, but the response was limited. In August, the Knesset approved a budget of IL 124 billion (about $12 billion) for the entire financial year 1977-78, comprising the two interim budgets. It became clear, however, that further measures would have to be taken to cope with inflation. By the end of September, currency in circulation had grown by over IL 10 billion, nearly twice as much as envisaged for the entire fiscal year, and an 8.8 per cent cost-of-living allowance was paid from October. On October 23, the cabinet decided on further subsidy cuts, which would immediately increase the prices of staple commodities and public transport by up to 10 per cent. On October 28, Finance Minister Ehrlich announced a radically new economic policy, based on the free convertibility of the Israeli pound, and the abolition of control on foreign-currency accounts in local banks, cash holdings of up to $3,000 per person, and accounts of up to $3,000 in foreign banks. The 15 per cent defense duty on imports and the premium on exports were abolished, and the value added tax was raised from 8 to 12 per cent, with corresponding reductions in purchase taxes. Subsidies were further reduced, involving price increases of 15 per cent, but the foreign-travel tax was abolished. Welfare payments, pensions, and children's allowances were raised by 12 per cent, to compensate lower-income groups. Ehrlich said the plan would usher in a new era of economic growth, stabilize the economy, stimulate exports, attract foreign investments, and eliminate bureaucratic impediments to economic activity. Israel would now "join the club" of western nations and could become an important financial center. The new policy was announced on the Sabbath eve. When the banks reopened on Monday, October 31, they sold dollars freely to the public for 15.5 pounds per dollar, rather than the previous rate of 10.35 pounds per dollar; but there was no rush on foreign currency. Many work committees and labor councils protested the new policy. Histadrut Secretary-General Yeruham Meshel described it as "a declaration of class war by a government that concerns itself only with the problems of the moneyed classes." The Histadrut estimated that about half a million people took part in demonstrations and strikes throughout the country; but some groups refused to stop work, and Likud spokesmen charged that some workers had been coerced into striking. Prime Minister Begin declared on November 2: "This government, which was formed on the basis of the people's will, will not be frightened by threats from without or within. The bolshevik-like tones heard these days will quickly disappear." The new economic policy dominated the Histadrut's quadrennial convention on November 7-9, which was the stormiest in its history. However, Absorption Minis- ter David Levi, who had headed the Likud list at the Histadrut elections and had voted against the new policy in the cabinet, made a conciliatory speech; and Meshel was given a standing ovation when he was re-elected secretary-general and promised to be the servant of all members regardless of party. The main features of the economy during the year were: growth of only 1-3 per cent in the GNP, continuing the slow-down which had started in 1973 after ISRAEL / 279 increases of 11-12 per cent in 1971 and 1972; a drop of one per cent in the resources at the disposal of the economy, owing to a fall in imports; a rise of 13 per cent in exports; a rise of 3-4 per cent (1 per cent per capita) in personal consumption; a drop of 14 per cent in public consumption (expenditure by government and local authorities), due to a 20 per cent fall in defense expenditure as against a 2-5 per cent increase in civilian spending; a drop of 10-11 per cent in gross local investment; and increases of 9 per cent in agricultural output and 4-5 per cent in industrial production, counteracted by a drop of 15.5 per cent in construction. Prices of goods and services at the disposal of the economy rose by an average of 43 per cent, after a rise of 31 per cent in 1976; while those of goods and services for private consumption rose by only 35-36 per cent (29 per cent in 1976). Over a million tourists arrived, a 25 per cent increase over 1976.

Other Domestic Affairs At the end of the year, the population totalled 3,650,000—3,076,000 Jews and 574,000 non-Jews. This meant a 2.1 per cent increase during the year (1.8 per cent for Jews and 3.5 per cent for others). The estimated balance of immigration over emigration was only 4,000, and the growth in the rest of the Jewish population— 56,000—was due to natural increase. The Termination of Pregnancy law, legalizing abortions on the grounds of, inter alia, serious social or family hardship, was passed on January 31, although bitterly opposed, before and after, by the religious parties. In March, the Likud and Labor Party agreed on the terms of the latter's electoral reform bill, which had been given a preliminary reading in 1974 but had been held up in committee. Filibustering by representatives of Mapam, NRP, and Agudat Israel, however, prevented further progress. Two proposals by Prime Minister Begin met with considerable public criticism and were ultimately dropped. One was to combine Holocaust Memorial Day and the memorial day for the war dead with the fast of Tish'a Be'av. The other, at first adopted by the cabinet, was to hold a military parade on Israel's 30th Independence Day. There was heated controversy over President Katzir's remission, on Begin's recommendation, of part of the prison sentence of Joshua Bension on grounds of ill-health. Bension was released on September 8 after serving two years of a 12-year prison sentence for embezzling $39 million from the funds of the Israel British Bank, of which he was manager. The prime minister's office stated that Bension had been released on purely medical grounds, but opposition spokesmen insinuated that the motivation was political, as Bension was a supporter of Gush Emunim. Justice Joel Sussman, president of the Supreme Court, took the unprecedented step of labeling the decision a use of presidential prerogative to short-cut normal legal processes. A police committee, headed by Assistant Commander Michael Bochner, was appointed in August to examine allegations that organized crime existed in Israel. 280 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 In its report, published on September 4, the committee said that there was no "super-organization" like the "syndicate" in the United States; nor was there any organized penetration of the police, courts, or government by criminals. There were, however, groups specializing in particular crimes on a basis of mutual aid and internal discipline. The committee also reported that police morale was low, owing to poor pay, and that there was a shortage of investigators. Interior and Police Minister Joseph Burg announced immediate measures to improve the situation at a cost of IL 140 million, and a public committee was appointed to make long-term recommendations. Catholic Archbishop Hilarion Capucci, who was sentenced on December 9, 1974 to 12 years' imprisonment for supplying arms and explosives to Palestinian terrorists, was liberated on November 7 in response to a request for clemency from Pope Paul VI. The terms of the Sephardi and Ashkenazi chief rabbis, which expired on October 15, were extended for up to nine months. On November 13, Rabbi Shalom Mashash, chief rabbi of Morocco, and Rabbi Bezalel Zolti were elected Sephardi and Ash- kenazi chief rabbis of Jerusalem, respectively. The posts had been vacant for many years.

Israeli Arabs In the Knesset elections, the Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (DFPE), led by the Communists, won 49 per cent of the Arab and Druze votes, in comparison to 37 per cent for the New Communist List (Rakah) in 1973. The Labor-Mapam Alignment's percentage fell from 13 to 11 per cent, its losses presumably going to DMC, which had four per cent. The United Arab List, associated with the Align- ment, received 16 per cent, compared to 26 per cent for the corresponding Arab lists in 1973. In the Histadrut elections, the Alignment, with 60 per cent of the Arab votes, kept its strength; while the DFPE, with 32 per cent, made only slight gains. There was some unrest among Israeli Arabs over government land policy and efforts to combat illegal building, especially in the Galilee and Negev. Ariel Sharon, minister of agriculture in the new government, alleged on August 23 that Negev Bedouin, moving northward with their flocks in search of pasture, had set up some 800 encampments in the coastal area. He warned Bedouin sheikhs on September 28 that the government would not tolerate illegal construction. On October 16, the government agreed to halt the demolition of nine illegally-built Bedouin houses in the Negev, and the Bedouin promised to stop unlicensed building. On November 8, a riot in the Galilee Arab village of Majd al-Kurum over the demolition of an illegally-built house led to the death of one Arab; the arrest of 30 people, four of whom were hospitalized for injuries; and the injuring of two Jewish workers and 22 policemen. In reply to a Knesset demand for an inquiry, Interior Minister Burg stated that all Arab localities had received more building land, and that Majd al-Kurum's land reserves had been increased by 30 per cent. Over 3,000 ISRAEL / 281 structures had been erected in the north without permits, and legal action had been taken against only 167 of them, he added. In response to the efforts of an Israeli Arab delegation which went to Amman in February to offer condolences to King Hussein on the death of his wife Alya, the Jordanian government persuaded Saudi Arabian authorities to allow Israeli Mus- lims—defined as "Moslems of Arab land occupied since 1948"—to go to Mecca for the haj (pilgrimage) with Jordanian travel documents.

Israel and World Jewry Of the 21,500 olim in 1977—nine per cent more than in 1976—12,500 registered as immigrants and 9,000 (mainly from the western countries) as potential immigrants. Two-fifths—8,400—came from the Soviet Union, compared to 7,000 in 1976. There was also an increase of some 30 per cent in the number of olim from North America, to over 4,000. Some 3,000 olim came from Latin America. The most serious problem in regard to immigration from the USSR was that of the "drop-outs"—those opting, on arrival at the transit station in Vienna, to go to some country other than Israel. About half of the Jews who left the USSR "dropped- out" in this way—most of them going to the United States—and the Hebrew Immigrants Aid Society (HIAS) was blamed, in Israel, for helping them to do so. Discussions of the problem between the Jewish Agency and American Jewish organizations were inconclusive. In Israel, there were frequent demands by representatives of the government, the Jewish Agency, and other public bodies for the removal of all restrictions on the departure of Jews from the Soviet Union. The Zionist General Council, meeting on June 22, pledged support for the new government's efforts to achieve peace, and called for world support for the rights of Jews in the Soviet Union and Syria. The Jewish Agency assembly, meeting on June 26-30, devoted considerable attention to the solution of Israel's domestic social problems. Over a million Jews outside Israel—10 per cent more than in 1971—registered in the World Zionist Organization's membership drive in preparation for the 29th Zionist Congress, to be held in Jerusalem on February 20, 1978. Among Jewish bodies holding conferences in Israel during the year were the Women's International Zionist Organization, the World Union of Jewish Jour- nalists, and the World Congress of Jewish Community Centers. Two thousand sportsmen from abroad, as well as 450 from Israel, took part in the 10th Mac- cabiah Games, which opened on July 12. There was an increase of 50 per cent in the participation of young people from Europe and North America in the Zionist Organization's annual summer projects. Prime Minister Begin established close and cordial relations with American Jewry. Rabbi Alexander Schindler, chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations, paid frequent visits to Israel for consultations on foreign policy. During Begin's visit to the United States in July, he paid his respects 282 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 to religious leaders, including the Lubavitcher Rebbe and Rabbi Joseph Solo- veitchik. A delegation of rabbis representing the Conservative and Reform movements in the United States came to Israel in mid-August to express concern about concessions by the new government to the Orthodox religious parties. The delegation was particularly agitated over a proposed change in the Law of Return that would recognize only Orthodox conversions to Judaism. They met with the chief rabbis and Prime Minister Begin, who told them that he was bound by the coalition agreement to support the change in the law. He suggested, however, that they try to reach a compromise over the question with the Orthodox rabbinate in the United States.

Personalia Moshe Rivlin was elected chairman of the Jewish National Fund Directorate; Rabbi Simha Bunim Alter was acclaimed Rebbe of Gur; Brigadier General Moshe Levi was appointed head of the Central Command; and Avraham Kidron presented his credentials as Israeli ambassador in London. Avraham Ofer, minister of housing, died in Tel Aviv, January 3, at the age of 55; Abraham Dickenstein, founder of Ampal, died in Tel Aviv, February 16, at the age of 76; Rabbi Israel Alter, Rebbe of Gur, died in Jerusalem, February 20; Ezra Z. Shapiro, chairman of Keren Hayesod, died in Jerusalem, May 15, at the age of 75; Professor Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, historian, died in Jerusalem, May 17, at the age of 63; Aviad Yaffe, director-general of the Jewish Agency, died in Kfar Sava, May 19, at the age of 54; Arye Nir, retired commissioner of prisons, died in Jerusalem, June 6, at the age of 65; Avraham Cygiel, former member of Jewish Agency Executive, died in Herzlia, June 24, at the age of 67; Oedoen Partos, composer and violist, died in Tel Aviv, July 7, at the age of 70; Julian Meltzer, veteran journalist and executive vice-chairman of the Weizmann Institute of Science, died in Jerusa- lem, August 6, at the age of 73; Nahum Nardi, composer of popular songs, died in Tel Aviv, September 9, at the age of 76; Meyer W. Weisgal, chancellor of the Weizmann Institute of Science, died in Rehovot, September 28; Professor Raphael Mahler, historian, died in Tel Aviv, October 4, at the age of 78; Zvi Yaron, writer and editor, died in Jerusalem, October 8, at the age of 56.

MISHA LOUVISH South Africa

Domestic Affairs

283 284 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Board of Deputies (SAJBD) and the Cape rabbinate joined the widespread protest against this action. The economic situation remained troubled, and many large companies showed smaller profits. Bankruptcies caused widespread losses by the public, especially in the real estate area. It was noted, however, that despite South Africa's difficulties (for political and other reasons) in competing in overseas markets, the long range economic outlook was positive, because measures had been introduced to fight inflation and restore a more favorable balance of payments.

Foreign Relations International criticism of South Africa mounted. At the same time, attention was increasingly drawn to the whole of southern Africa because of developments in Angola, Namibia, Rhodesia, and Mozambique, most especially the presence of Cuban troops in some of these countries. Some observers, including former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, viewed developments in the African subcontinent as an extension of the East-West conflict. There was widespread reaction abroad to the riots in the Black township of Soweto, and the subsequent rioting elsewhere. Outrage was expressed at the judicial finding that no one could be held responsible for the death of the young Black leader Steve Biko, while in detention. There was strong criticism of the detention without trial of a number of people, including Percy Qoboza, editor of the banned Black newspaper The World, and members of the so-called "Committee of Ten," a Soweto leadership group. Finally, protests were made against the banning of the editor of the Eastern Province Herald, Donald Woods, who subsequently fled the country. International opprobrium isolated South Africa politically, economically, and culturally. Toward the end of 1977, the United Nations agreed to the imposition of a ban on the sale of arms to South Africa. Andrew Young, United States ambassador to the UN, and David Owen, British foreign secretary, emphasized demands by the international community for basic changes in the Republic, including a call for majority rule. The South African government, however, rejected these demands, and continued to put forward its own solution to the volatile race problem: the separate development in independent states of all Black ethnic groups in South Africa. Namibia (South West Africa), previously administered by South Africa, was placed under the direct control of an administrator general, Justice Marthinus T. Steyn. Formulas were advanced for its independence by the end of 1978, including free elections in the territory. Disputes concerning the continued presence of South African troops in the area, and other matters, continued to prevent wide acceptance of plans advanced by the international community, the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), and the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA). Both SWAPO and DTA claimed to represent the views of the Namibian majority. SOUTH AFRICA / 285 Relations with Israel The election of Menachem Begin as prime minister had no significant effect on relations between South Africa and Israel. Begin was reported to have said: "While we reject racism, we see no reason to shun a hand of friendship that has been reaching to us from a forest of hatred and violence." The long-awaited visit of a minister of Israel to South Africa took place when Finance Minister Simha Ehrlich came to the Republic in February 1978. During the visit, details concerning trade, the opening of mutually beneficial investment opportunities, and other financial agreements were ratified by Ehrlich and South African Finance Minister Owen Horwood. It also became possible, for the first time, for South Africans to purchase Israel bonds. A double taxation agreement was entered into by the two countries. Frequent cultural and scientific exchanges continued. Among these were the highly acclaimed visit to South Africa of the Bat Dor Ballet Company, and similar visits to Israel by South African performers; exchanges of art exhibitions; and the exchange of scientists involved in such areas as water conservation, industrial technology, and medicine. Israel agreed to obey the UN arms embargo against South Africa. Commenting on this, Die Vaderland, a leading Afrikaans daily, stated: "Although Israel has to obey the UN sanctions embargo—something for which we cannot blame her—she will not allow herself to be prescribed to with regard to what her relationship to a friend should be.'' In November, on the eve of the general elections, The Star, a Johannesburg newspaper, published the transcript of a conversation in which Minister of Justice J.T. Kruger was alleged to have said: "You cannot deny your own homeland. You cannot deny the fact that there are Jews outside Israel and Israel is still a homeland. They are sending money to Israel and then they run away from other places . . The Minister later claimed that his remarks were quoted out of context. Reaction in Israel was sharp, since the remark was taken to imply that South African Jews send money to Israel and then leave at the first signs of difficulty in their own country. Davar, the Israeli daily, commented: "The statement of Minister Kruger cannot go unanswered. He has offended South African Jewry as well as the State of Israel It is necessary to demand a full retraction from the government in Pretoria." South African Foreign Minister Roelof F. Botha sent a note of explana- tion to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, in which he completely disassociated the government from the "reported negative remarks" about the South African Jewish community. Most South African newspapers, and particularly the Afrikaans press, showed understanding of Israel's problems, and devoted extensive space to reports of affairs in the Middle East. This was particularly so during the visit of President Sadat to Jerusalem. 286 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The ambassador of Israel, Itzhak Unna, enjoyed great popularity in South Africa, most especially because he learned to speak fluent Afrikaans. He put Israel's position on a number of issues before the public, and appeared on the national television service.

Antisemitism Antisemitism was not prevalent in South Africa, and was particularly eschewed by the government and all official public bodies. However, small neo-Nazi and other extreme right-wing groups continued to propagate antisemitic views in cheap monthly broadsheets distributed at random or to subscribers. These groups were rabidly anti-Black and anti-Jewish. They earned the contempt of most people, and were roundly condemned as sowers of hatred by the general press, both English and Afrikaans. Newly established among these groups was a South African branch of the British National Front. There were reports as well of the existence of a branch of the Ku Klux Klan. Antisemitic material from abroad, including Arthur Butz's notorious The Hoax of the 20th Century, continued to be distributed on a small scale. Other manifestations of anti-Zionism and antisemitism continued in three journals: Die Afrikaner, official organ of the ultra-right Herstigte Nasionale Party; The SA Observer, edited by S.E.D. Brown; and Muslim News, a paper which enjoyed a fair circulation among Moslems, mainly in the Cape Town area, and espoused the views of Arab propagandists. During the election there were some attempts to drum up anti-Jewish sentiment in certain quarters. By and large, they were of little moment, except in the Cape, where two Jewish candidates were assaulted by unknown extremists. For the first time, a Jew, Abe Hoppenstein, stood for election to Parliament as a National Party candidate. Attempts were made to introduce a Jewish element into the election. SAJBD issued a statement deploring these attempts, stressing that Jews participated in politics as individual citizens. The credibility of pro-Nazi propaganda which sought to deny the Holocaust was greatly undermined by events surrounding the banning of Richard Har- wood's Did Six Million Really Die? When attempts were made to appeal the banning, Arthur Suzman presented an affidavit to the Appeal Board completely refuting Harwood's calumnies. Suzman's evidence was widely reported, and served to discredit those who supported Harwood and other writers espousing similar views. A book based on the whole matter and containing the substance of Suzman's affidavit was subsequently published by SAJBD. The first edition of this book, Six Million Did Die—The Truth Shall Prevail, by Arthur Suzman and Denis Diamond, was completely sold out. A second edition containing important additional material was prepared. The book enjoyed an especially favorable reception in West Germany, SOUTH AFRICA / 287 where a partial translation was being prepared for wide distribution by an agency of the German government. A number of public lectures on the book drew large audiences in South Africa.

JEWISH COMMUNITY

Communal Activities The tensions in South Africa had their effects on the Jewish community, which numbered 118,000. There was considerable speculation about increased emigration from South Africa. While no statistics singling out Jewish emigration were available, it could be assumed that Jewish emigration was at least proportional to the general trend, which showed a decided increase in the number of people leaving the country. Most such people were professionals. There has been a noticeable increase in South Africans taking up residence in Israel since 1976. The emigration of members of the community, and a fairly difficult financial climate, had deleterious effects on communal funding. The United Communal Fund (UCF), which provided for the financial needs of local institutions, experienced increased difficulties in meeting its growing commitments, even though it showed every sign of increasing its overall income. The two major fund-raising organizations were UCF and the Israel United Ap- peal (IUA). During 1977, IUA's men's campaign was launched by Haim Zadok, former Israel minister of justice, and Akiva Hoffman. UCF's women's campaign was launched by Chaim Potok, the American writer. The chairman of IUA was I.A. Maisels; Mendal Kaplan was chairman of UCF. At its various public meetings, and in its two publications, Jewish Affairs (En- glish) and Buurman (Afrikaans), the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (SAJBD) continued to stress the need for harmonious intergroup relations, help for the underprivileged, and the removal of all discrimination based on race, color, or creed. Contact with Black leaders in the political and cultural spheres was encouraged by SAJBD. The Board itself met with Chief Lennox Sebe of the Ciskei, Chief Cedric Pathudi of Baphuta Tswana, and Chief Gatsha Buthelezi of KwaZulu. Chief Sebe visited Israel and spoke very positively of his experiences there. Representatives of SAJBD attended a number of conferences of Jewish organizations abroad, most notably meetings of the Material Claims Conference and the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. A large delegation under the leadership of the Board's president, D.K. Mann, attended the meeting of the General Assembly of the World Jewish Congress in Washington in October. Mann delivered a paper on South African Jewry that was widely acclaimed. With the extension of the period of compulsory military service from one to two years, SAJBD saw the need for a well-coordinated chaplaincy service. It broadened 288 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 the work it had undertaken for many years in this area by establishing a Joint National Jewish Chaplaincy Council under the chairmanship of Cecil Meltz. The chief chaplain was Rabbi L.D. Sandier; Hilton Kaplan was appointed administrative director. A regular magazine for servicemen, Daf LaChayal was produced by SAJBD. To meet the religious requirements of many Jewish servicemen, the army provided full kashrut facilities at a number of bases throughout the country. The Union of Jewish Women sent festival packages to men who were unable to spend holidays at home.

Zionism The South African Zionist Federation (SAZF) was particularly active in the area of aliyah because of the growing interest in settlement in Israel. Through its well- organized network of Zionist associations and parties, especially the Women's Zion- ist Council, SAZF engaged in widespread educational programs, and conducted numerous tours to Israel. The work of various Zionist youth movements was supported. Close organizational contact was maintained with Israel through an active and well-organized committee and office of SAZF in Tel Aviv. The president of SAZF was Edel Horwitz; Julius Weinstein served as chairman.

Religion As it became increasingly difficult to fill rabbinical posts in South Africa, particularly in small towns, a number of congregations began to employ Hebrew teachers in a rabbinical capacity. Four new Orthodox synagogues were established in the Linksfield, Victory Park, Randburg, and Edenvale areas around Johannesburg. These areas had gained in Jewish population as a result of shifts away from older areas such as Berea and Yeoville. The Lubavitch movement showed signs of growth, and exerted influence among certain groups of university students and young people. No appointment was made to replace Rabbi Arthur S. Super as chief minister of the United Progressive Jewish Congregation, after his departure for Israel. The Progressive movement was represented on the South African Jewish Board of Deputies by Rabbi Walter Blumenthal and on the South African Zionist Federation by Rabbi Ben Isaacson. Rabbi Bernard M. Casper was chief rabbi of the Federation of Synagogues of South Africa (Ortho- dox); Rabbi Eugene J. Duschinsky was the Av Beth Din (Cape Town).

Jewish Education The community was well served by ten day schools located in all the major cities. These schools were financedtotall y by the community, and were the major beneficiaries of the United Communal Fund. Their teaching syllabi were designed by the SOUTH AFRICA / 289 South African Board of Jewish Education (SABJE), whose educational outlook was Zionist and Orthodox. Rabbi Isaac Goss served as director. The day schools served some 45 per cent of all Jewish children in Johannesburg, and about 65 per cent in the Cape area. In Durban and Port Elizabeth the proportion was estimated to be even higher. In addition to the day schools there were a number of afternoon schools. The Avida/Zlotnick Seminary, under the direction of Rabbi Moshe Kurts- tag, trained Hebrew teachers and rabbis.

Jewish Culture Two significant books that appeared were The Celibacy of Felix Greenspan by Lionel Abrahams and B'ikvei HaParshayot by Rabbi Eugene J. Duschinsky. A major amount of SAJBD's work was in the cultural sphere, with the result that SAJBD was recognized as one of the most important sponsors of cultural events in Johannesburg. In October, it organized the first Johannesburg Film Festival, at which many internationally acclaimed filmsmad e their South African debuts. Nota- ble among these was Hester Street, which went on to enjoy considerable popular success on the commercial circuit. Proceeds from the festival were donated to the Urban Foundation, an organization dedicated to the improvement of the quality of life within urban Black areas. At its museum, SAJBD held a number of exhibitions, most notably one entitled "Shtetl Life," centering around a collection of eight oil paintings by Raphael Man- delzweig. They were donated to the museum by the well-known local Judaica collectors Abel and Sarah Shaban. Other valuable acquisitions were two important bronzes by the South African sculptors Moses Kottler and Herman Wald. SAJBD was establishing a collection of contemporary works of art by South African Jewish artists.

Personalia The University of the Witwatersrand awarded honorary doctorates to Emmanuel P. Bradlow, Israel A. Maisels, and Ellen Hellman. Leslie Frankel was appointed a director of the United Mizrachi Bank, Ltd. (Israel); Ted Mauerberger was elected mayor of Cape Town; Professor M.F. Kaplan was appointed to the advisory committee of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Harry Hurwitz was appointed adviser to the Israel prime minister. A number of Jews were appointed judges: Henry J. Preiss, David Friedman, Namie Philips, and Richard Goldstone. People appointed to important communal offices included: Rachiel Rapaport, president, Women's Zionist Council; Aubrey Zabow, chairman, Cape Committee of SAJBD; David Drutman, administrative director, Federation of Synagogues of South Africa; Selwyn Franklin, rabbi, Durban United Hebrew Congregation; Steven Rein, national chairman, South African Jewish Ex-Service League; Franz 290 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Auerbach, chairman, South African National Yad Vashem; Rose Norwich, president, and Anna Morris, executive director, Union of Jewish Women; Mike Belling, organizing secretary, Western Province Zionist Council; and Bernard Lazarus, president, Council of Natal Jewry. Among prominent Jews who died during the year were: Dr. Harry Abt, distinguished figure in religious, cultural, and educational life, in April; Geoff Josman, general secretary, Eastern Cape Zionist Council, in April; Mrs. Len Davis, broadcaster and journalist, in May; Arnold Golembo, chairman, South African Revision- ist Organization, and honorary officer of SAZF, in August; and Sam Cohen, philanthropist and pioneer of South West Africa, in October.

DENIS DIAMOND World Jewish Population

JL HERE ARE NO PRECISE DATA on Jewish population in the various countries. The figures presented below represent the best possible estimates for 1977. They are based on local censuses, communal registration figures, and data obtained from a special inquiry conducted in Spring, 1977 (AJYB, 1978 [Vol. 78], p. 517). Some figures were obtained from local informants, mostly people involved in Jewish communal affairs. These figures are of varying degrees of accuracy, and are subject to a substantial margin of error. They will be revised when more precise data become available.

DISTRIBUTION BY CONTINENTS

The estimated world Jewish population at the end of 1977 was 14,286,000. Of the total number, about 6,698,000 (47 per cent) lived in the Americas, some 4,163,000 (29 per cent) in Europe, including the Asian parts of Turkey and the USSR, and over 3,172,000 (22 per cent) in Asia. Only some 177,000 (1.5 per cent) remained in Africa, and 75,000 (0.5 per cent) in Australia and New Zealand.

TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH POPULATION BY CONTINENTS, 1977

Continent Number Per Cent Europe (including Asiatic USSR and Turkey) 4,163,370 29.0 America, (North, Central, and South) 6,698,070 47.0 Asia 3,172,410 22.0 Africa 177,770 1.5 Australia and New Zealand 75,000 0.5 TOTAL 14,286,620* 100.0 •Because sources and dates were not always identical, there may be discrepancies between figures given in the tables below and those in other sections of this volume.

Europe Of the approximately 4,163,000 Jews in Europe, some 2,840,000 were in the Communist area, including 2,678,000 in the Soviet Union, 80,000 in Hungary, some 60,000 in Rumania, and about 6,000 in Poland. There was a continuing debate about the number of Jews in the USSR (see the article "Soviet Jewry Since the Death of 291 292 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Stalin" in this volume). Some 1,320,000 Jews lived in non-Communist countries. France had about 650,000, making it not only the largest Jewish community in Western Europe, but also the fourth largest in the world. Great Britain had 410,000; Belgium, 41,000; Italy, 39,000, and Germany (including both West and East Ger- many) 34,000, about 5,500 of whom lived in West Berlin.

TABLE 2. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRIES, 1977

Total Jewish Country Population' Population Albania 2,550,000 300 Austria 7,510,000 13,000" Belgium 9,890,000 41,000 Bulgaria 8,760,000 7,000 Czechoslovakia 14,920,000 13,000 Denmark 5,070,000 7,500" Finland 4,730,000 1,320 France 52,920,000 650,000 Germany 79,210,000" 34,000" Gibraltar 30,000 650" Great Britain 55,930,000 410,000" Greece 9,170,000 6,000 Hungary 10,600,000 80,000 Ireland 3,160,000 4,000 Italy 56,170,000 39,000" Luxembourg 360,000 1,000 Malta 300,000 50 Netherlands 13,770,000 30,000" Norway 4,030,000 950 Poland 34,360,000 6,000 Portugal 9,450,000 600 Rumania 21,450,000 60,000 Spain 35,970,000 10,000 Sweden 8,220,000 16,000" Switzerland 6,350,000 21,000 Turkey 40,160,000 27,000" USSR 256,670,000 2,678,000' Yugoslavia 21,560,000 6,000 TOTAL 4,163,370 •United Nations Statistical Office, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, and other sources, including local publications. "Includes West Germany, East Germany, and both sectors of Berlin. 'Includes Asian regions of the USSR and Turkey. "Reply to 1977 inquiry. WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 293 North, Central, and South America The number of Jews in the United States, including all persons living in Jewish households, was estimated at about 5,781,000 (see the article "Jewish Population in the United States, 1978" in this volume). Canada had an estimated 305,000 Jews, and Central America about 574,000. The Jewish population figure for Argentina was 300,000. While this estimate was accepted by some local informants, it was contested by others.

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES, BY COUNTRIES, 1977

Total Jewish Country Population" Population Canada 23,140,000 305,000" Mexico 62,330,000 37,500 United States 215,120,000 5,781,000 Total North America 6,123,500 Barbados 250,000 70* Costa Rica 2,020,000 2,500" Cuba 9,460,000 1,500 Curacao 150,000 700 Dominican Republic 4,840,000 200 El Salvador 4,120,000 350" Guatemala 6,260,000 2,000 Haiti 4,670,000 150 Honduras 2,830,000 200 Jamaica 2,060,000 500 Nicaragua 2,230,000 200 Panama 1,720,000 2,000 Trinidad 1,080,000 300 Total Central America and West Indies 10,670 Argentina 25,720,000 300,000 Bolivia 5,790,000 2,000 Brazil 109,180,000 150,000" Chile 10,450,000 27,000 Colombia 24,330,000 12,000 Ecuador 7,310,000 1,000 Paraguay 2,720,000 1,200 Peru 16,090,000 5,200" Surinam 440,000 500 Uruguay 2,800,000 50,000 Venezuela 12,360,000 15,000 Total South America 563,900 TOTAL 6,698,070 aSee Table 2, notea. "See Table 2, note". 294 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Asia, Australia, and New Zealand The Jewish population of Asia was over 3,171,000. Of these, 3,076,000, or approximately 97 per cent, were in Israel, the second largest Jewish population center in the world. There were 80,000 Jews in Iran and 8,000 in India. It was difficult to ascertain if events in Lebanon had any impact on the number of Jews in Lebanon and Syria. The Jewish population of Australia was estimated at about 70,000, and that of New Zealand at 5,000.

TABLE 4. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN ASIA, BY COUNTRIES, 1977

Total Jewish Country Population* Population Afghanistan 19,800,000 200 Burma 30,830,000 200 China 852,130,000 30 Cyprus 640,000 30 Hong Kong 4,380,000 250 India 610,080,000 8,000" Indonesia 139,620,000 100 Iran 33,400,000 80,000 Iraq 11,510,000 350 Israel 3,650,000 3,076,000 Japan 112,420,000 400" Lebanon 2,960,000 400 Pakistan 72,370,000 250 Philippines 43,750,000 200 Singapore 2,280,000 500 Syria 7,600,000 4,500 Yemen 6,870,000 1,000 TOTAL 3,172,410 'See Table 2, note". "See Table 2, note*.

TABLE 5. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, 1977

Total Jewish Country Population' Population Australia 13,640,000 70,000" New Zealand 3,140,000 5,000 TOTAL 75,000 'See Table 2, note " "See Table 2, note1. WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 295 Africa The Jewish population of Africa stood at about 177,000, including some 118,000 in South Africa. It was not clear whether events in Rhodesia had a substantial impact on the number of Jews there. An estimated 28,000 were in Ethiopia. The Jewish communities of the Maghreb were very small—some 18,000 in Morocco, 7,000 in Tunisia, and about 1,000 in Algeria. Egypt had 400 Jews and Libya 20.

TABLE 6. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION IN AFRICA, BY COUNTRIES, 1977

Total Jewish Country Population" Population Algeria 17,300,000 1,000 Egypt 38,070,000 400 Ethiopia 28,680,000 28,000 Kenya 13,850,000 400 Libya 2,440,000 20 Morocco 17,830,000 18,000 Republic of South Africa 26,130,000 118,000* Rhodesia 6,530,000 3,800* Tunisia 5,740,000 7,000 Zaire 25,630,000 750 Zambia 5,140,000 400 TOTAL 177,770 "See Table 2, note'. "See Table 2, note".

COMMUNITIES WITH LARGEST JEWISH POPULATION

The largest Jewish community was in the United States, followed by Israel and the Soviet Union. Together they accounted for some 81 per cent of the world Jewish population. France, Great Britain, Canada, and Argentina had Jewish communities of 300,000 or over. Brazil had a Jewish population of 150,000, while that of South Africa stood at 118,000. The balance of the countries had Jewish communities of less than 100,000 each. 296 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

TABLE 7. COUNTRIES WITH LARGEST JEWISH POPULATION

Jewish Country Population United States 5,781,000 Israel 3,076,000 Soviet Union 2,678,000 France 650,000 Great Britain 410,000 Canada 305,000 Argentina 300,000

TABLE 8. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION, SELECTED CITIES*

Jewish City Population Adelaide 1,600" Amsterdam 20,000" Ankara 550" Antwerp 13,000 Athens 2,800 Auckland 1,500 Basel 2,300 Belgrade 1,500 Berlin (both sectors) 6,000 Bern 800 Bogota 5,500 Bombay (and district) 6,970" Bordeaux 6,400" Brisbane 1,500" Brussels 24,500 Bucharest 40,000 Budapest 65,000 Calcutta 300" Cape Town 25,650" Cochin 500 Copenhagen 7,000" Durban 5,990" Florence 1,400 Geneva 3,250 Glasgow 13,000" Goteborg 4,000" Guatemala City 1,500 Haifa 210,000 Helsinki 1,000 Istanbul 23,000" WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 297

Izmir 2,500" Jerusalem 266,000 Johannesburg 57,500" Kiev 170,000 Kobe 80" Leeds 18,000" Leningrad 165,000 Lima 5,000" Lisbon 550 Liverpool 6,500" London (greater) 280,000" Luxembourg 850 Lyons 20,000 Madrid 3,000 Malmo 4,000" Manchester (greater) 35,000" Manila 300 Marseille 65,000 Melbourne 34,000 Mexico, D. F. 32,500 Milan 9,000" Montevideo 48,000 Montreal 115,000" Moscow 285,000 Nice 20,000 Oslo 750 Ottawa 7,500" Paris 300,000 Perth 3,200" Plovdiv 1,000 Porto Alegre 12,000" Prague 3,000 Rabat 2,500 Recife 3,000" Rio de Janeiro 55,000" Rome 10,000" Salisbury 2,000" Salonika 1,300 San Jose 2,500" Sao Paulo 75,000" Sarajevo 1,100 Sofia 4,000 298 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1?i i y Stockholm 8,000" Strasbourg 12,000 Subotica 250 Sydney 28,500" Teheran 50,000 Tel Aviv-Jaffa 394,000 Tokyo 320" Toronto 115,000" Toulouse 18,000 Trieste 1,200 Vancouver 12,000" Valparaiso 4,000 Vienna 9,000 Wellington 1,500 Warsaw 4,500 Winnipeg 20,000" Zagreb 1,200 Zurich 6,150 •For cities in the United States, see Table 3 of section, "Jewish Population in the United States" in this volume. "See Table 2, note".

LEON SHAPIRO Directories Lists Necrology

National Jewish Organizations1

UNITED STATES Organizations are listed according to functions as follows: Religious, Educational 310 Cultural 305 Community Relations 301 Overseas Aid 308 Social Welfare 328 Social, Mutual Benefit 326 Zionist and Pro-Israel 331 Note also cross-references under these headings: Professional Associations 338 Women's Organizations 338 Youth and Student Organizations 339

COMMUNITY RELATIONS Jewish values of justice and humanity to the Arab-Israel conflict in the Middle East; AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR JUDAISM (1943). rejects nationality attachment of Jews, par- 309 Fifth Ave., Suite 303-6, N.Y.C., ticularly American Jews, to the State of 10016. Pres. Clarence L. Coleman, Jr.; Sec. Israel as self-segregating, inconsistent with Alan V. Stone. Seeks to advance the uni- American constitutional concepts of indi- versal principles of a Judaism free of na- vidual citizenship and separation of church tionalism, and the national, civic, cultural, and state, and as being a principal obstacle and social integration into American insti- to Middle East peace. Report. tutions of Americans of Jewish faith. Brief: Special Interest Report AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE (1906). In- stitute of Human Relations, 165 E. 56 St., AMERICAN JEWISH ALTERNATIVES TO N.Y.C., 10022. Pres. Richard Maass; ZIONISM, INC. (1968). 133 E. 73 St., Exec. V. Pres. Bertram H. Gold. Seeks to N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Elmer Berger; V. prevent infraction of civil and religious Pres. Mrs. Arthur Gutman. Applies rights of Jews in any part of the world; to

'Information in this directory is based upon replies to questionnaires circulated by the editors. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply approval of the organizations by the publishers, nor can they assume responsibility for the accuracy of the data. An asterisk (*) indicates that no reply was received and that the information, which includes title of organization, year of founding, and address, is reprinted from AJYB, 1978 (Vol. 78).

301 302 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

advance the cause of human rights for peo- ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY RE- ple of all races, creeds, and nationalities; to LATIONS WORKERS (1950). 55 W. 42 St., interpret the position of Israel to the Suite 1530, N.Y.C., 10036. Pres. Joel Ol- American public; and to help American lander; Sec. Harold Adler. Aims to stimu- Jews maintain and enrich their Jewish late higher standards of professional prac- identity and, at the same time, achieve full tice in Jewish community relations; integration in American life; includes encourages research and training toward Jacob and Hilda Blaustein Center for that end; conducts educational programs Human Relations, William E. Wiener Oral and seminars; aims to encourage coopera- History Library, Leonard and Rose Sperry tion between community relations workers International Center for the Resolution of and those working in other areas of Jewish Group Conflict. AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR communal service. BOOK (with Jewish Publication Society of America); Commentary; Present Tense; COMMISSION ON SOCIAL ACTION OF RE- What's Doing at the Committee. FORM JUDAISM (1953) (under the auspices of the Union of American Hebrew AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS (1918). Ste- Congregations). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., phen Wise Congress House, 15 E. 84 St., 10021. Chmn. Alex Ross; Co-Dirs. Albert N.Y.C., 10028. Pres. Arthur Hertzberg; Vorspan, Balfour Brickner. Develops Exec. Dir. Naomi Levine. Works to foster materials to assist Reform synagogues in the creative religious and cultural survival setting up social-action programs relating of the Jewish people; to help Israel develop the principles of Judaism to contempo- in peace, freedom, and security; to elimi- rary social problems; assists congregations nate all forms of racial and religious big- in studying the moral and religious im- otry; to advance civil rights, protect civil plications in social issues such as civil liberties, defend religious freedom, and rights, civil liberties, church-state rela- safeguard the separation of church and tions; guides congregational social-action state. Congress Monthly; Judaism. committees. Issues of Conscience; Newslet- ter. , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1933). Ste- phen Wise Congress House, 15 E. 84 St., CONFERENCE OF PRESIDENTS OF MAJOR N.Y.C., 10028. Pres. Leona Chanin; Exec. AMERICAN JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS Dir. Esther H. Kolatch. Committed to the (1955). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. achievement of social justice through its Chmn. Alexander M. Schindler; Exec. Dir. international and domestic programs; Yehuda Hellman. Coordinates the activi- works for a free and secure Israel, world ties of 32 major American Jewish organiza- peace, human dignity, and the creative tions on the American scene as they relate continuity of the Jewish people; supports to American-Israeli affairs, and problems Louise Waterman Wise Youth Hostel in affecting Jews in other lands. Annual Re- Jerusalem. port; Middle East Memo. ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH OR- B'RITH (1913). 315 Lexington Ave., GANIZATIONS-CCJO (1946). 61 Broad- N.Y.C., 10016. Nat. Chmn. Burton M. Jo- way, N.Y.C., 10006. Hon. Chmn. Rene seph; Nat. Dir. Benjamin R. Epstein. Seeks Cassin (Alliance Israelite Universelle); Co- to combat antisemitism and to secure jus- Chmn: Jules Braunschvig (Alliance Israel- tice and fair treatment for all citizens ite Universelle), Harry Batshaw (Canadian through law, education and community re- Friends of Alliance Israelite Universelle), lations. ADL Bulletin: Face to Face; Fact Victor Lucas (Anglo-Jewish Association); Finding Report; Israel Backgrounder; Law V. Chmn. Marcel Franco (American Notes; Rights. Friends of Alliance Israelite Universelle); Sec.-Gen. Moses Moskowitz. A nongov- ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CENTER WORK- ernmental organization in consultative sta- ERS (1918). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. tus with the UN, UNESCO, International Pres. Hans Mayer; Exec. Dir. Debbie Labor Organization, UNICEF, and the Schwartz. Seeks to enhance and improve Council of Europe; cooperates and con- the standards, techniques, practices, scope, sults with, advises and renders assistance and public understanding of Jewish com- to the Economic and Social Council of the munity center and kindred work. The United Nations on all problems relating Kesher; Viewpoints. to human rights and economic, social, NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 303 cultural, educational, and related matters labor support for Israel's security and So- pertaining to Jews. viet Jewry, and Jewish communal support for labor, social, and economic change; •COORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH OR- supports Yiddish cultural institutions. JLC GANIZATIONS (1947). 1640 Rhode Island News. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. Pres. David M. Blumberg (B'nai B'rith), Lord Fisher of Camden (Board of Deputies , NATIONAL TRADE UNION COUNCIL of British Jews), Maurice Porter (South FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (1956). Atran Center African Jewish Board of Deputies); Exec. for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., V. Pres. Daniel Thursz (U.S.). As an orga- 10021. Chmn. Edward Schneider; Exec. nization in consultative status with the Ec- Dir. Betty Kaye Taylor. Works with trade onomic and Social Council of the United unions on programs and issues affecting Nations, represents the three constituents labor and the Jewish community. (B'nai B'rith, the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and the South African Jewish , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1947). Board of Deputies) in the appropriate Atran Center for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 United Nations bodies for the purpose of St., N.Y.C., 10021. Nat. Chmn. Eleanor promoting human rights, with special at- Schachner. Supports the general activities tention to combatting persecution or dis- of the Jewish Labor Committee; provides crimination on grounds of race, religion, or secondary school and college scholarships origin. for needy Israeli students; participates in educational and cultural activities. COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN CIVIL SERVICE, INC. (1948). 45 E. 33 St., , WORKMEN'S CIRCLE DIVISION OF N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Louis Weiser; Sec. (1939). Atran Center for Jewish Culture, Robert H. Gottlieb. Supports merit sys- 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. Chmn. Saul tem; combats discrimination; promotes all Charow; Co-Chmn. Samuel Perel. Pro- Jewish interest projects; sponsors scholar- motes aims of, and raises funds for, the ships; is member of Greater N.Y. Confer- Jewish Labor Committee among the ence on Soviet Jewry, Jewish Labor Com- Workmen's Circle branches; conducts mittee, America-Israel Friendship League. Yiddish educational and cultural activities. CJO Digest. JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE UNITED INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH POLICY PLANNING STATES OF AMERICA (1896). 1712 New AND RESEARCH (see Synagogue Council of Hampshire Ave., N. W., Washington, America, p. 319). D.C., 20009. Nat. Comdr. Herman H. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH Moses; Nat. Exec. Dir. Irwin R. Ziflf. Seeks COMMUNAL SERVICE (1966). 15 E. 26 St., to foster true allegiance to the United N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Charles Zibbell; Sec- States; to combat bigotry and prevent defa- Gen. Miriam R. Ephraim. Established by mation of Jews; to encourage the doctrine Jewish communal workers to strengthen of universal liberty, equal rights, and full their understanding of each other's pro- justice to all men; to cooperate with and grams and to communicate with colleagues support existing educational institutions in order to enrich quality of their work. and establish new ones; to foster the educa- Conducts quadrennial international con- tion of ex-servicemen, ex-service women, ferences in Jerusalem and periodic regional and members in the ideals and principles of meetings. Proceedings of International Americanism. Jewish Veteran. Conferences; Newsletter. : NATIONAL MEMORIAL, INC; NA- JEWISH LABOR COMMITTEE (1934). Atran TIONAL SHRINE TO THE JEWISH WAR Center for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 St., DEAD (1958). 1712 New Hampshire Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Jacob Sheinkman; N.W., Washington, D.C., 20009. Pres. Exec. Dir. Emanuel Muravchik. Serves as Meyer J. Abgott; Treas. Cherie Siegel. Ad- a link between the Jewish community and ministers shrine in Washington, D.C., a the trade union movement; works with the repository for medals and honors won by AFL-CIO and other unions to combat all Jewish men and women for valor from forms of racial and religious discrimination Revolutionary War to present; maintains in the United States and abroad; furthers Golden Book of names of the war dead. 304 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY information among national and local Jew- (formerly AMERICAN JEWISH CONFER- ish youth organizations to help them ENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY) (1964; reorg. deepen the concern of American Jewish 1971). 11 W. 42 St., Rm. 1075, N.Y.C., youth for world Jewry with special empha- 10036. Chmn. Eugene Gold; Exec. Dir. sis on Soviet and Israeli Jews; represents Jerry Goodman. Coordinating agency for Jewish youth in the Conference on Presi- major national Jewish organizations and dents, National Conference on Soviet local community groups in the U.S., acting Jewry, United States Youth Council, etc. on behalf of Soviet Jewry through public education and social action; stimulates all STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY, segments of the community to maintain an INC. (1964). 200 W. 72 St., N.Y.C., interest in the problems of Soviet Jews by 10023. Nat. Dir. Jacob Birnbaum; Nat. publishing reports and special pamphlets, Coord. Glenn Richter. Provides informa- sponsoring special programs and projects, tion and action guidance to adult and organizing public meetings and forums. student organizations, communities and News Bulletin, Leadership Wrap-Up Series. schools throughout U.S. and Canada; as- : SOVIET JEWRY RESEARCH BU- sists individual Soviet Jews financially REAU. Organized by NCSJ to monitor emi- and by publicity campaigns; helps Rus- gration trends. Primary task is the ac- sian Jews in the U.S.; aids Rumanian cumulation, evaluation, and processing of Jews seeking emigration; maintains information regarding Soviet Jews, espe- speakers bureau. Soviet Jewry Action cially those who apply for emigration. Newsletter. NATIONAL JEWISH COMMISSION ON LAW WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS (1936; org. in AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (COLPA) (1965). U.S. 1939). Stephen Wise Congress House, 66 Court St., Bklyn., 11201. Pres. Sidney 15 E. 84 St., N.Y.C., 10028. Pres. Philip Kwestel; Sec. Martin B. Cowan. Voluntary M. Klutznick; Chmn. Gov. Bd. Lord association of attorneys whose purpose is Fisher of Camden; Chmn. Amer. Sect. to represent the Orthodox Jewish commu- Jacob Katzman; Chmn. No. Amer. Sect. nity on legal matters and matters of public Edgar N. Bronfman; Sec. Gen. Gerhart M. affairs. Reigner (Geneva); Dir. No. Amer. Branch, NATIONAL JEWISH COMMUNITY RELA- Exec. Dir. Amer. Sect. Max Melamet. TIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL (1944). 55 Seeks to intensify bonds of world Jewry West 42 St., N.Y.C., 10036. Chmn. Theo- with Israel as central force in Jewish life; dore R. Mann; Exec. V. Chmn. Albert D. to strengthen solidarity among Jews Chernin; Sec. Raymond Epstein. Consulta- everywhere and secure their rights, sta- tive, advisory, and coordinating council of tus, and interests as individuals and national Jewish organizations and local communities; to encourage development Jewish councils that seeks cooperatively of Jewish social, religious, and cultural the promotion of understanding of Israel life throughout the world and coordinate and the Middle East; freedom for Jews in efforts by Jewish communities and or- the Soviet Union; equal status and oppor- ganizations to cope with any Jewish tunity for all groups, including Jews, with problem; to work for human rights gen- full expression of distinctive group values erally. Represents its affiliated organiza- and full participation in the general soci- tions—most representative bodies of Jew- ety. Through the processes of the Council, ish communities in more than 60 its constituent organizations seek agree- countries and 18 national organizations ment on policies, strategies, and programs in Amer. section—at UN, OAS, UN- for most effective utilization of their collec- ESCO, Council of Europe, ILO, UNI- tive resources for common ends. Guide to CEF and other governmental, intergov- Program Planning for Jewish Community ernmental, and international authorities. Relations. Publications (including those by Institute of Jewish Affairs, London): Christian At- NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH YOUTH COUN- titudes on Jews and Judaism; Compen- CIL (1965). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. dium of Current Jewish Research; Folk, Chmn. David Stiefel; V. Chmn. Lynn Velt un Medinah; Gesher; Jewish Journal Goldstein. Provides a framework for coor- of Sociology; Patterns of Prejudice; Soviet dination and exchange of programs and Jewish Affairs. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 305

strong Jewish press in the U.S. and Can- ada. AJPA Bulletin. CULTURAL

AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RE- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR JEWISH MUSIC SEARCH (1920). 3080 Broadway, N.V.C., (1974). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. 10010. 10027. Pres. Salo W. Baron; Sec. Isaac E. Pres. Albert Weisser; Sec. Hadassah B. Barzilay. Encourages research by aiding Markson. Seeks to raise standards of com- scholars in need and by giving grants for position and performance in Jewish liturgi- the publication of scholarly works. Pro- cal and secular music; encourages research ceedings, American Academy for Jewish in all areas of Jewish music; publishes Research. scholarly journal; presents programs and sponsors performances of new and rarely AMERICAN BIBLICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA SOCI- heard works and encourages their record- ETY (1930). 24 West Maple Ave., Monsey, ing; commissions new works of Jewish in- N.Y., 10952. Pres. Leo Jung; Exec. V. terest. Musica Judaica Journal. Pres. Bernard Greenbaum; Author-Ed. Menachem M. Kasher. Fosters biblical- talmudical research; sponsors and pub- ASSOCIATED AMERICAN JEWISH MUSEUMS, lishes Torah Shelemah (the Encyclopedia INC. (1971). 303 LeRoi Road, Pittsburgh, of Biblical Interpretation) and related pub- Pa., 15208. Pres. Walter Jacob; V. Pres. lications; disseminates the teachings and William Rosenthall; Sec. Robert H. Leh- values of the Bible. Hatkufah Hagdola; man; Treas. Jason Z. Edelstein. Maintains Noam. regional collections of Jewish art, historical and ritual objects, as well as a central AMERICAN HISTADRUT CULTURAL EX- catalogue of such objects in the collections CHANGE INSTITUTE (1962) 33 E. 67 St., of Jewish museums throughout the U.S.; N.Y.C., 10021. Nat. Chmn. Herbert Le- helps Jewish museums acquire, identify vine; Exec. Dir. Nahum Guttman. Serves and classify objects; arranges exchanges of as a vehicle for promoting better under- collections, exhibits, and individual objects standing of the efforts to create in Israel a among Jewish museums; encourages the society based on social justice. Provides a creation of Jewish art, ceremonial and rit- forum for the joint exploration of the ur- ual objects. gent social problems of our times by American and Israeli labor, academic and ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOCIOLOGICAL community leaders. Publishes pamphlets STUDY OF JEWRY (1971). Dept. of Sociol- and books on various Israeli and Middle ogy, University College, Rutgers Univer- East topics. sity, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903. Pres. Celia S. Heller; Sec.-Treas. Chaim I. Wax- AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY man. Arranges academic sessions among (1892). 2 Thornton Rd., Waltham, Mass., social scientists studying Jewry; facilitates 02154. Pres. David R. Pokross; Dir. Ber- communication among social scientists nard Wax. Collects, catalogues, publishes studying Jewry through meetings, newslet- and displays material on the history of the ter, and related materials. Contemporary Jews in America; serves as an information Jewry: A Journal of Sociological Inquiry. center for inquiries on American Jewish history; maintains archives of original source material on American Jewish his- ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH LIBRARIES (1966). tory; sponsors lectures and exhibitions. c/o National Foundation for Jewish Cul- American Jewish Historical Quarterly; ture, 408 Chanin Bldg., 122 E. 42 St., Newsletter. N.Y.C, 10017. Pres. Margot S. Berman; Sec. Edith Degani. Seeks to promote and AMERICAN JEWISH PRESS ASSOCIATION improve services and professional stan- (formerly AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF dards in Jewish libraries; serves as a center ENGLISH JEWISH NEWSPAPERS) (1943) for the dissemination of Jewish library in- c/o American Jewish World, 9 North 4 St., formation and guidance; promotes publi- Minneapolis, Minn. 55401. Pres. Norman cation of literature in the field; encourages Gold; Sec. Doris Sky. Seeks the advance- the establishment of Jewish libraries and ment of Jewish journalism, the attainment collections of Judaica and the choice of of the highest editorial and business stan- Jewish librarianship as a vocation. AJL dards for members, and the maintenance of Bulletin; Proceedings. 306 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH PUBLISHERS the State of New York. Provides children (1962). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. with training in instrumental and vocal Pres. Jacob Steinberg. As a nonprofit skills as well as musicianship, combining group, provides a forum for discussion of instruction in Western music with musical mutual problems by publishers, authors, heritage of the Jewish people; adult divi- and other individuals and institutions con- sion offers instrumental, vocal, and dance cerned with books of Jewish interest. classes, music workshop for teachers, ensemble workshops, and classes of special CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUDIES, INC. interest covering many areas of music- (1974). 1605 Ave. J., Blclyn, N.Y., 11230. making, dance, and theatre; has Jewish Dir. Yaffa Eliach; Chmn. Adv. Bd. Allen Music Teacher-Training Institute, a part- J. Bodner. Collects and preserves docu- time program for professional musicians or ments and memorabilia, oral histories and music majors; sponsors Hebrew Arts literary works on the Holocaust period for Chamber Players, Hebrew Arts Chamber purpose of documentation and research; Orchestra, Jewish Young People's concerts arranges lectures and exhibits; maintains in schools. Notes & Quotes. speakers bureau and audio-visual department. Newsletter. HEBREW CULTURE FOUNDATION (1955). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Chmn. Mil- CENTRAL YIDDISH CULTURE ORGANIZA- ton R. Konvitz; Sec. Moshe Avital. Spon- TION (CYCO), INC. (1943). 25 E. 78 St., sors the introduction of the study of He- N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Noah Singman; Sec. brew language and literature in institutions Jona Gutkowicz. Promotes and publishes of higher learning in the United States. Yiddish books; distributes books from other Yiddish publishing houses through- HlSTADRUTH IVRITH OF AMERICA (1916; out the world; publishes annual biblio- reorg. 1922). 1841 Broadway, N.Y.C., graphical and statistical register of Yiddish 10023. Pres. Myron Fenster; Exec. Dir. books, and catalogues of new publications. Shlomo Shamir. Emphasizes the primacy Zukunft. of Hebrew in Jewish life, culture, and education; aims to disseminate knowledge of CONFERENCE ON JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES, written and spoken Hebrew in the Dias- INC. (formerly CONFERENCE ON JEWISH pora, thus building a cultural bridge be- RELATIONS, INC.) (1939). 250 W. 57 St., tween State of Israel and Jewish communi- N.Y.C., 10019. Pres. Jeannette M. Baron; ties throughout the world. Hadoar; Hon. Pres. Salo W. Baron; V. Pres. Joseph Lamishpaha. L. Blau, J. M. Kaplan. Publishes scientific studies on the Jews in the modern world, JEWISH ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, dealing with such aspects as antisemitism, INC. (1925). c/o Sec'y, 123 Gregory Ave., demography, economic stratification, his- West Orange, N.J., 07052. Headquarters: tory, philosophy, and political develop- Dropsie University, Philadelphia, Pa. ments. Jewish Social Studies. 19132. Pres. Jewish Center, N.Y.C. Leo Jung; Pres. Emeritus Dropsie Univ. CONGRESS FOR JEWISH CULTURE, INC. Abraham I. Katsh. Scholarship, contribu- (1948). 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. tions, accomplishments of Jews in the arts Joseph Landis; Exec. Dir. Hyman B. Bass. and sciences; recognition by election to Seeks to centralize and promote Jewish membership and/or fellowship; publishes culture and cultural activities throughout papers delivered at annual convocations. the world, and to unify fund raising for Annals. these activities. Bulletin fun Kultur Kon- gres; Zukunft; Leksikonfun der Nayer Yid- JEWISH BOOK COUNCIL OF JWB (1925). 15 disher Literature; Pinkos far der Forshung E. 26 St., N.Y.C, 10010. Pres. Sidney B. fun der Yiddisher Literature un Presse; Hoenig; Dir. Sharon Strassfeld. Promotes World of Yiddish. knowledge of Jewish books through dissemination of booklists, program materi- HEBREW ARTS SCHOOL FOR MUSIC AND als; stimulates observance of Jewish Book DANCE (1952). 15 W. 65 St., N.Y.C., Month; presents literary awards and li- 10023. Bd. Chmn. and Pres. Abraham brary citations; cooperates with publishers Goodman; Dir. Tzipora H. Jochsberger; of Jewish books, and gives advice on gen- Hon. Sec. Benjamin W. Mehlman Chart- eral Jewish literature. Jewish Book Annual; ered by the Board of Regents, University of Books in Review. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 307

JEWISH INFORMATION BUREAU, INC. LEO BAECK INSTITUTE, INC. (1955). 129 E. (1932). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., 10019. 73 St., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Max Gruene- Chmn. Judah A. Richards; Sec. Bruce wald; Sec. Fred Grubel. Engages in histori- Graeber. Serves as clearing house of infor- cal research, the presentation and publica- mation for inquiries regarding Jews, Juda- tion of the history of German-speaking ism, and Jewish affairs; refers inquiries to Jewry, and in the collection of books, communal agencies. Index. manuscripts and documents in this field; publishes monographs. LBI Quarterly Bul- JEWISH MUSEUM (1904) (under auspices of letin; LBI News; LBI Year Book LBI Li- Jewish Theological Seminary of America). brary and Archives News. 1109 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10028. Dir. Joy Ungerleider-Meyerson; Admin. Henry MEMORIAL FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- Korn. Main repository in U.S. of Jewish TURE, INC. (1964). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., ceremonial objects. Collection ranges from 10010. Pres. Nahum Goldmann; Exec. Biblical archaeology to Italian Judaica to Dir. A.J. Sherman. Supports Jewish cul- contemporary silver. Offers changing con- tural and educational programs all over the temporary exhibitions of paintings, sculp- world, in cooperation with universities and ture and photography, in addition to films, established scholarly organizations; con- lectures, children's programs, walking ducts annual scholarship and fellowship tours of Lower East Side. Dedicated to ex- program. Annual Report. ploring richness and diversity of past and present Jewish life; publishes catalogues of NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- contemporary exhibitions. TURE (1960). 1512Chanin Bldg., 122 E. 42 St., N.Y.C., 10017. Pres. Amos Comay; Exec. Dir. Harry I. Barren. Provides con- JEWISH MUSIC COUNCIL OF JWB (1944). 15 sultation, guidance, and support to Jewish E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Chmn. Shalom communities, organizations, educational Altman; Dir. Mrs. Irene Heskes. Promotes and other institutions, and individuals for Jewish music activities nationally, annu- activities in the field of Jewish culture; ally sponsors and promotes the Jewish awards fellowships and other grants to stu- Music Festival, and encourages participa- dents preparing for careers in Jewish schol- tion on a community basis. Jewish Music arship and to established scholars; makes Notes and numerous music resource publi- awards for creative efforts in Jewish cul- cations for national distribution. tural arts and for Jewish programming in small and intermediate communities; en- JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMER- courages teaching of Jewish studies in col- ICA (1888). 117 S. 17th St., Philadelphia, leges and universities; serves as clearing- Pa., 19103. Pres. Edward B. Shils; Ed. house of information on American Jewish Maier Deshell; Exec. V. Pres. Bernard I. culture; administers Joint Cultural Appeal Levinson. Publishes and disseminates among local Jewish welfare funds in behalf books of Jewish interest on history, reli- of 9 national cultural organizations, and gion, and literature for the purpose of help- administers Council for Archives and Re- ing to preserve the Jewish heritage and cul- search Libraries in Jewish Studies. Jewish ture. AMERICAN JEWISH., YEAR BOOK Cultural News. (with American Jewish Committee). •NATIONAL HEBREW CULTURE COUNCIL JUDAH L. MAGNES MEMORIAL MUSEUM— (1952). 1776 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10019. JEWISH MUSEUM OF THE WEST (1962). Pres. Frances K. Thau; Exec. Dir. Judah 2911 Russell St., Berkeley, Calif., 94705. Lapson. Cultivates the study of Hebrew as Pres. Marvin Weinreb; V. Pres. Alfred a modern language in American public Fromm; Dir. Seymour Fromer. Serves high schools and colleges, providing guid- both as museum and library, combining ance to community groups and public edu- historical and literary materials illustrating cational authorities; annually administers Jewish life in the Bay Area, the Western National Voluntary Examination in He- States, and around the world; provides ar- brew Culture and Knowledge of Israel in chives of world Jewish history and Jewish the public high schools, and conducts sum- art; repository of historical documents in- mer seminar and tour of Israel for teachers tended for scholarly use; changing exhibits, and other educational personnel of the facilities open to the general public. public school system, in cooperation with 308 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Hebrew University and WZO Hebrew in : MAX WEINREICH CENTER FOR AD- Colleges and Universities. VANCED JEWISH STUDIES (1968). 1048 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10028. Pres. Nathan RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH IMMI- Reich; Act. Dean Marvin I. Herzog. GRATION, INC. (1971). 570 Seventh Ave., Trains scholars in the fields of Eastern N.Y.C., 10018. Pres. Curt C. Silberman; European Jewish life and culture; the Sec. Herbert A. Strauss. Studies and re- Holocaust; the mass settlement of Jews in cords the history of the migration and ac- the U.S. and other countries; Yiddish lan- culturation of Jewish Nazi persecutees in guage, literature, and folklore through in- the various resettlement countries; is in ter-university courses and seminars and its process of preparing world-wide biograph- panel of consultants. Annual Bulletin. ical handbook of outstanding emigres, in partnership with the Institut fur Zeitge- OVERSEAS AID schichte, Munich, Germany. AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR JUDAISM PHILAN- THROPIC FUND (1955). 386 Park Ave. S., SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF CZECHOSLO- 10th fl., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Charles J. VAK JEWS, INC. (1961). 87-08 Santiago Tanenbaum; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Anna Wall- St., Holliswood, N.Y., 11423. Pres. Lewis ing Matson. Through offices in Austria, Weiner; Sec. Joseph Abeles. Studies the France, West Germany, Italy and the history of the Czechoslovak Jews, collects United States, maintains programs offering material and disseminates information freedom of choice and resettlement assis- through the publication of books and pam- tance in Western Europe and the United phlets. The Jews of Czechoslovakia book States to Jewish refugees from the Soviet series, Vol. I (1968), Vol. II (1971); Vol. Ill Union, Eastern Europe and Arab coun- in prep. Annual Reports and Pamphlets. tries.

YESHIVA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM (1973). AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE ALLIANCE 2520 Amsterdam Ave., N.Y.C., 10033. ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE, INC. (1946). 61 Curator Mrs. Dalia Tawil. Dir. of Admin. Broadway, NYC, 10006. Pres. Marcel Sylvia A. Hershkowitz. Collects, preserves, Franco; Exec. Dir. Saadiah Cherniak. interprets, and displays ceremonial objects, Helps networks of Jewish schools in rare books and scrolls, models, paintings, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Alliance Review; and other works of art expressing the Jew- Revista de la Alliance. ish religious experience historically, to the present. AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE, INC.—JDC (1914). 60 E. 42 St., N.Y.C., 10017. Pres. Donald M. Rob- YIDDISHER KULTUR FARBAND—YKUF inson; Exec. V. Pres. Ralph I. Goldman. (1937). 853 Broadway, Suite 2121, N.Y.C., Organizes and finances rescue, relief, and 10003. Exec. Sec. Ruth Baharas. Publishes rehabilitation programs for imperiled a monthly magazine and books by contem- needy Jews overseas; conducts wide range porary and classical Jewish writers; con- of health, welfare, rehabilitation, education ducts cultural forums and exhibits works assistance and aid to cultural and religious by contemporary Jewish artists and institutions, programs for 430,000 needy materials of Jewish historical value. Yid- Jews in 25 countries overseas. Major areas dishe Kultur. of operation are Israel, North Africa, Iran and Europe. Guidelines for Services Needed Yivo INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH, for the Aged; Helping the Blind in Israel; INC. (1925). 1048 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., JDC Annual Report; JDC in Israel; JDC 10028. Chmn. Morris Laub. Engages in Overseas Guide; JDC World. Jewish social and humanistic research; maintains library and archives of material AMERICAN ORT FEDERATION, INC.—OR- pertaining to Jewish life; serves as informa- GANIZATION FOR REHABILITATION tion center for organizations, local institu- THROUGH TRAINING (1924). 817 Broad- tions, information media, and individual way, N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Harold Fried- scholars and laymen; publishes books. Ye- man; Exec. Dir. Paul Bernick. Teaches vo- dies fun Yivo—News of the Yivo; Yidishe cational skills in 24 countries around the Shprakh; Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Sci- world, particularly in Israel, to over 83,000 ence; Yivo Bleter. persons annually, with the largest program NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 309 of 50,000 trainees in Israel. The teaching A.R.I.F.—ASSOCIATION POUR LE RETA- staff numbers about 3,400. Annual cost of BLISSEMENT DES INSTITUTIONS ET program is over $52 million. ORTBulletin; OEUVRES ISRAELITES EN FRANCE, INC. ORT Yearbook. (1944). 119 E. 95 St., N.Y.C., 10028. Pres. Baroness Robert de Gunzburg; Sec.-Treas. : AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN Simon Langer. Helps Jewish religious and FRIENDS OF ORT (1941). 817 Broadway, cultural institutions in France. N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Simon Jaglom; Chmn. Exec. Com. Jacques Zwibak. Pro- CONFERENCE ON JEWISH MATERIAL motes the ORT idea among Americans of CLAIMS AGAINST GERMANY, INC. (1951). European extraction; supports the Litton 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Nahum ORT Auto-Mechanics School in Jerusa- Goldmann; Sec. A.J. Sherman. Utilizes lem. balance of funds received from the German Federal Republic under Luxembourg agreement for relief to needy Jewish vic- : AMERICAN LABOR ORT (1937). 817 tims of Nazi persecution and needy non- Broadway., N.Y.C., 10003. Chmn. Shelley Jews who risked their lives to help such Appleton; Exec. Sec. Samuel Milman. Pro- victims. Annual Report. motes ORT program of vocational training among Jews. FREELAND LEAGUE (1935). 200 W. 72 St., N.Y.C., 10023. Pres. Nathan Turak; Exec. : BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ORT Sec. Mordkhe Schaechter. Promotes the (formerly YOUNG MEN'S AND WOMEN'S development and use of Yiddish as a living ORT) (1937). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., language. Afn Shvel (in Yiddish). 10003. Pres. Rose Seidel Kalich; Exec. Sec. Helen S. Kreisler. Promotes work of HIAS, INC. (1884; reorg. 1954). 200 Park American ORT Federation. Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Carl Glick; Exec. V. Pres. Gaynor I. Jacobson. World- wide Jewish migration agency with offices, : NATIONAL ORT LEAGUE (1914). affiliates, committees in United States, 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Bruce Europe, North Africa, Latin America, B. Teicholz; Chmn. Exec. Bd. Jack Wein- Canada, Australia, Israel, and New Zea- stein; Exec. V. Pres. and Sec. Jacob Zonis. land. Assists migrants and refugees from Promotes ORT idea among Jewish frater- Eastern Europe, the Middle East, North nal landsmanshaften, national and local Africa, and Latin America to find new organizations, congregations; helps to homes in the United States and other coun- equip ORT installations and Jewish arti- tries. Responsible for premigration plan- sans abroad, especially in Israel. ORT Bul- ning, visa documentation, consular repre- letin. sentation and intervention, transportation, reception, initial adjustment and reunion : WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT (1927). of families; carries on adjustment of status 1250 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10001. Pres. and naturalization programs; provides pro- Ruth Eisenberg; Exec. V. Pres. Nathan tective service for aliens and naturalized Gould. Represents and advances the pro- citizens; works in the United States gram and philosophy of ORT among the through local community agencies for the women of the American Jewish commu- integration of immigrants; conducts a nity through membership and educational planned program of resettlement for Jew- activities; supports materially the voca- ish immigrants in Latin America; has tional training operations of World ORT; worldwide location service to assist in contributes to the American Jewish com- locating missing friends and relatives; con- munity through participation in its author- ducts educational campaigns on oppor- ized campaigns and through general edu- tunities for migration and resettlement, cation to help raise the level of Jewish with particular emphasis on family reun- consciousness among American Jewish ion. F. Y.I.; HIAS Annual Report; HIAS women; through its American Affairs pro- Bulletin; Statistical Abstract. gram, cooperates in efforts to improve quality of education and vocational train- JEWISH RESTITUTION SUCCESSOR ORGANI- ing in U.S. Facts and Findings; Highlights; ZATION (1948). 15-19 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., Insights; The Merchandiser; Women's 10010. Pres. Monroe Goldwater; Sec. Saul American ORT Reporter. Kagan. Acts to discover, claim, receive, 310 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 and assist in the recovery of Jewish heirless peer exchanges at retreats, conferences, or unclaimed property; to utilize such as- and special programs. Cabinet Com- sets or to provide for their utilization for muniques. the relief, rehabilitation, and resettlement of surviving victims of Nazi persecution. , YOUNG WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP CABINET (1977). 1290 Ave. of the Ameri- UNITED JEWISH APPEAL, INC. (1939). 1290 cas, N.Y.C., 10019. Pres. Jane Sherman. Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. Gen. Encourages young Jewish women to be- Chmn. Leonard R. Strelitz; Pres. Frank R. come involved with their local Jewish com- Lautenberg; Exec. V. Chmn. Irving Bern- munities. stein. Channels funds for overseas humanitarian aid, supporting immigration and set- WOMEN'S SOCIAL SERVICE FOR ISRAEL, tlement in Israel, rehabilitation and relief INC. (1937). 240 W. 98 St., N.Y.C., 10025. in 30 nations, and refugee assistance in Pres. Rosi Michael; Sec. Dory Gordon. U.S. through Joint Distribution Commit- Maintains in Israel apartments for the tee, United Israel Appeal, United HIAS aged, old age homes, nursing home, hospi- Service and New York Association for tal for incurable diseases, rehabilitation de- New Americans. partment, department for bone injuries, soup kitchens. AnnualJournal; Newsletter. , FACULTY ADVISORY CABINET (1975). 1290 Ave. of the Americas. Chmn. Michael Walzer; Dir. Melvin L. Libman. RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL To promote faculty leadership support for local and national UJA campaigns through AGUDAS ISRAEL WORLD ORGANIZATION educational and personal commitment; to (1912). 471 West End Ave., N.Y.C., make use of faculty resources and expertise 10024. Chmn. Central Com. Am. Sect. on behalf of UJA and Israel. Isaac Lewin. Represents the interests of Orthodox Jewry on the national and inter- , RABBINICAL ADVISORY COUNCIL national scenes. (1972). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. Chmn. Joseph H. Look- AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA (1912). 5 stein; Dir. Melvin L. Libman. To promote Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. Exec. Pres. rabbinic leadership support for local and Morris Sherer; Exec. Dir. Boruch B. Bor- national UJA campaigns through educa- chardt. Mobilizes Orthodox Jews to cope tion and personal commitment; to make with Jewish problems in the spirit of the use of rabbinic resources on behalf of UJA Torah; sponsors a broad range of construc- and Israel. tive projects in fields of religion, education, children's welfare, protection of Jewish re- , UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS DEPT. ligious rights and social services. Jewish (1970). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, Observer; Dos Yiddishe Vort. N.Y.C., 10019. Student Advisory Board. To crystallize Jewish commitment on the , CHILDREN'S DIVISION—PIRCHEI campus through an educational fund-rais- AGUDATH ISRAEL (1925). 5 Beekman St., ing campaign involving various programs, N.Y.C., 10038. Pres. Avrohom Portowitz; leadership training, and opportunities for Nat. Dir. Joshua Silbermintz. Educates participation in community functions. Orthodox Jewish children in Torah; encourages sense of communal responsibility; , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1946). 1290 communal celebrations, learning groups, Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. Pres. and welfare projects. Darkeinu; Leaders Mrs. Merrill L. Hassenfeld; Nat. Chmn. Guide. Marilyn Brown, Peggy Steine; Dir. Rena Button. Ideas That Click; Right Now; , GIRLS' DIVISION—BNOS AGUDATH Women s Division Record. ISRAEL (1921). 5 Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. Natl. Coordinator Esther Weis- , YOUNG LEADERSHIP CABINET berger. Educates Jewish girls to the his- (1977). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, toric nature of the Jewish people; encour- N.Y.C., 10019. Exec. Dir. Laurence H. ages greater devotion to and understanding Rubinstein; Chmn. Ralph J. Stern. Com- of the Torah. Kol Bnos. mitted to the creative survival of Jews, Ju- daism, and Israel through dialogues with , WOMEN'S DIVISION—N'SHEI leading scholars and writers, and through AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA (1940). 5 NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 311 Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. Pres. Mrs. Joseph J. Weiss. An organization of former Esther Bohensky, and Mrs. Josephine and current chaplains of the armed forces Reichel. Organizes Jewish women for phil- of the U.S. which seeks to enhance the reli- anthropic work in the U.S. and Israel and gious program of Jewish chaplains in the for intense Torah education, seeking to armed forces of the U.S. and in Veterans' train Torah-guided Jewish mothers. Administration hospitals.

, YOUTH DIVISION—ZEIREI ASSOCIATION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH SCIEN- AGUDATH ISRAEL (1921). 5 Beekman St., TISTS (1947). 116 E. 27 St., N.Y.C., 10016. N.Y.C., 10038. Pres. Joseph Ashkenazi; Pres. Herbert Goldstein; Bd. Chmn. Nora Exec. Dir. Yaakov Bender. Educates Jew- Smith. Seeks to contribute to the develop- ish youth to realize the historic nature of ment of science within the framework of the Jewish people as the people of the Orthodox Jewish tradition; to obtain and Torah and to seek solutions to all the prob- disseminate information relating to the in- lems of the Jewish people in Israel in the teraction between the Jewish traditional spirit of the Torah. The Zeirei Forum; Am way of life and scientific developments—on Hatorah, Daf Chizuk, Yom Tov Publica- both an ideological and practical level; to tions. assist in the solution of problems pertaining to Orthodox Jews engaged in scientific AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR JEWISH EDU- teaching or research. Intercom; Proceed- CATION (1939). 114 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., ings. 10011. Pres. Arthur Brody; Exec. V. Pres. Isaac Toubin. Coordinates, promotes, and BETH MEDROSH ELYON (ACADEMY OF services Jewish education nationally HIGHER LEARNING AND RESEARCH) through 18 constituent national organiza- (1943). 73 Main St., Monsey, N.Y., 10952. tions and 49 affiliated Bureaus of Jewish V. Pres. Ira Miller; Chmn. of Bd. Arthur Education; conducts and administers ex- Sternfield. Provides postgraduate courses change program for Israeli teachers; offers and research work in higher Jewish stud- fellowships in Jewish educational leader- ies; offers scholarships and fellowships. An- ship; sponsors and supports the National nual Journal. Curriculum Research Institute, including the Dept. of Methods & Materials, the Na- B'NAI B'RITH HlLLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. tional Board of License, and the Commis- (1923). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., sion on Teaching About Israel. National Washington, D.C., 20036. Chmn. B'nai Council on Jewish Camping engages in sta- B'rith Hillel Com. Seymour Martin Lipset; tistical and other educational research, Internat. Dir. Norman E. Frimer. Provides provides community consultations, and a program of cultural, religious, educa- conducts community studies. Information tional, social, and counseling content to and Research Bulletins; Jewish Education Jewish college and university students on News; Jewish Education Directory; Peda- 350 campuses in the United States, Aus- gogic Reporter; Curriculum Newsletter. tralia, Canada, England, Israel, the Neth- erlands, South Africa, Switzerland, Italy, ASSOCIATION FOR JEWISH STUDIES (1969). Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and Sweden. Widener Library M. Harvard University, Clearing House; Campus; Hillel "Little Cambridge, Mass., 02138. Pres. Marvin Book" series; Inside Hillel. Fox; Exec. Sec. Charles Berlin. Seeks to promote, maintain, and improve the teach- B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION ing of Jewish studies in American colleges (1924). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., and universities by sponsoring meetings Washington, D.C., 20036. Chmn. Youth and conferences, publishing a newsletter Com. Horace Stern; Internat. Dir. Sidney and other scholarly materials, setting stan- Clearfield. To help Jewish teenagers dards for programs in Jewish studies, aid- achieve self-fulfillment and to make a max- ing in the placement of teachers, coordinat- imum contribution to the Jewish commu- ing research and cooperating with other nity and their country's culture; to help the scholarly organizations. AJS Review; members acquire a greater knowledge and Newsletter. appreciation of Jewish religion and culture. BBYO Advisor; Monday Morning; Shofar. ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CHAPLAINS OF THE ARMED FORCES (1946). 15 E. 26 St., BRANDEIS-BARDIN INSTITUTE (1941). 1101 N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Reuven Seigel; Sec. Peppertree Lane, Simi Valley, Calif., 312 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 93064. Chmn. of Bd. Steve Broidy; Pres. logical graduate institution in America Richard Gunther; Dir. Dennis Prager. completely dedicated to Hebrew, Biblical Maintains Brandeis Camp Institute (BCI) and Middle Eastern studies; offers gradu- for college students as a leadership training ate programs in these areas. Course study institute; Camp Alonim for children 8-16, includes the cultures and languages of Ara- and House of the Book Association week- bic, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Akkadian, and an- end institutes for married adults, in an cient Egyptian peoples; offers Ph.D. de- effort to instill an appreciation of Jewish gree. Jewish Quarterly Review. cultural and spiritual heritage and to create a desire for active participation in the , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF (1925). American Jewish community. Brandeis- Broad and York Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Bardin News. 19132. Pres. Sidney B. Hoenig; Sec. Ha- noch Guy. Enhances the relationship of CANTORS ASSEMBLY (1947). 150 Fifth Ave., the alumni to the University. Newsletter. N.Y.C., 10011. Pres. Kurt Silbermann; GRATZ COLLEGE (1895). 10 St. and Tabor Exec. V. Pres. Samuel Rosenbaum. Seeks Rd., Philadelphia, Pa., 19141. Chmn. Bd. to unite all cantors who are adherents to of Overseers Daniel C. Cohen; Pres. Daniel traditional Judaism and who serve as full- Isaacman; Dean Saul P. Wachs. Prepares time cantors in bona fide congregations, to teachers for Jewish schools and teachers of conserve and promote the musical tradi- Hebrew for public high schools; grants tions of the Jews, and to elevate the status Master of Hebrew Literature, Bachelor of of the cantonal profession. Annual Pro- Hebrew Literature and Bachelor of Arts in ceedings; Journal of Synagogue Music. Jewish Studies degrees; is accredited by the CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN Middle States Association of Colleges and RABBIS (1889). 790 Madison Ave., Secondary Schools and the Association of N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Rabbi Ely E. Pilchik; Hebrew Colleges; provides studies in Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Joseph B. Glaser. Judaica and Hebraica, maintains a Hebrew Seeks to conserve and promote Judaism high school, two college preparatory de- and to disseminate its teachings in a liberal partments for cadet teachers, and a school spirit. CCAR Journal; CCAR Yearbook. of observation and practice; provides Jew- ish studies for adults; community-service CENTRAL YESHIVA BETH JOSEPH RABBINI- division (central agency for Jewish educa- CAL SEMINARY (in Europe 1891; in U.S. tion) coordinates Jewish education in the 1941). 1427 49 St., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11219. city and provides consultation services to Pres. and Dean Jacob Jofen. Maintains a Jewish schools of all leanings. Alumni school for teaching Orthodox rabbis and Newspaper; College Bulletin; DCS Bulletin; teachers, and promoting the cause of Gratz Chats; GC Annual of Jewish Studies; higher Torah learning. 75th Anniversary Volume; Kinnereth; Telem Yearbook; What's New. CLEVELAND COLLEGE OF JEWISH STUDIES (1964). 26500 Shaker Blvd., Beachwood, HEBREW COLLEGE (1921). 43 Hawes St., Ohio, 44122. Pres. Martin Goldstein; Bd. Brookline, Mass., 02146. Pres. Eli Grad; Chmn. Maurice Terkel; Sec. Mrs. Elsa Ko- Assoc. Dean Herbert Rosenblum. Provides nigsberg. Trains Hebrew- and religious- intensive programs of study in all areas of school teachers; serves as the department Jewish culture from the high-school of Hebraic and Judaic studies for Cleve- through college and graduate-school lev- land area colleges and universities; offers els, also at branches in Hartford, New intensive Ulpan and Judaic studies for Haven, Providence, and Springfield; main- community; serves as Jewish information tains ongoing programs with most major center through its library; grants teachers local universities; offers the degrees of diplomas and degrees of Bachelor of He- Bachelor and Master of Hebrew Litera- brew Literature, Bachelor of Judaic Stud- ture, and Bachelor and Master of Jewish ies, and Master of Hebrew Literature. Education, with teaching certification; Index to Jewish Periodicals. trains men and women to teach, conduct and supervise Jewish schools; offers exten- DROPSIE UNIVERSITY (1907). Broad and sive Ulpan program; offers courses de- YorkSts., Philadelphia, Pa., 19132. Acting signed to deepen the community's aware- Pres. Leon J. Perelman; Sec. Joseph B. ness of the Jewish heritage. Hebrew College Saltz. The only nonsectarian and nontheo- Bulletin. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 313

HEBREW THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE (1921). Newspapers on Microfilm (1957); First Sup- 7135 N. Carpenter Rd., Skokie, 111., 60076. plement (1960). Pres. Irving J. Rosenbaum; Exec. Bd. Chmn. Seymour J. Abrams; Sec. Joseph R. : RHEA HIRSCH SCHOOL OF EDUCA- Friedman. An institution of higher Jewish TION (1967). 3077 University Mall, Los learning which includes a division of ad- Angeles, Calif., 90007. Pres. John Adler. vanced Hebrew studies, a school of liberal Dean Lewis M. Barth; Dir. William Cut- arts and sciences, a rabbinic ordination ter. Serves national and local needs in reli- program, and a graduate school in Judaic gious education through teacher training, studies. Trains rabbis, teachers, educa- consultation, laboratory research; offers tional administrators, communal workers, M.A. program in Jewish and Hebrew edu- and knowledgeable lay leaders for the Jew- cation; conducts summer institutes and ish community. HaSofer; Yeshiva Women joint programs with University of South- Bulletin. ern California. Newsletter.

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE—JEWISH INSTI- : SCHOOL OF EDUCATION (1947). 40 TUTE OF RELIGION of Cincinnati, New W. 68 St., N.Y.C., 10023. Pres. Alfred York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem (1875; Gottschalk; Dean Paul M. Steinberg. 1922; merged 1950; 1954; 1963). 3101 Clif- Trains and certifies teachers and principals ton Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220; 40 W. for Reform religious schools; offers M.A. 68 St., N.Y.C., 10023; 3077 University degree with specialization in religious edu- Ave., Los Angeles, Calif., 90007; 13 King cation. David St., Jerusalem, Israel. Pres. Alfred : SCHOOL OF JEWISH COMMUNAL Gottschalk; Bd. of Govs. Chmn. Jules SERVICE (1968). 3077 University Ave., Backman; Sec. Henry H. Hersch. Prepares Los Angeles, Calif., 90007. Pres. Dr. Al- students for rabbinate, cantorate, religious- fred Gottschalk; Dir. Gerald B. Bubis. school teaching, community service, aca- Offers certificate and master's graduate demic careers; promotes Jewish studies; studies in Jewish psychological, sociologi- maintains libraries and a museum; offers cal, cultural, historical, and valuation Ph.D. and D.H.L. degrees in graduate materials to those employed in Jewish school; engages in archaeological excava- communal services, or preparing for such tions; publishes scholarly books through work, regardless of setting or professional Hebrew Union College Press. American discipline; offers M.S.W. and M.A. in Jew- Jewish Archives; Bibliographica Judaica; ish educational and communal service HUC—JIR Catalogue; Hebrew Union Col- through HUC and M.A. in conjunction lege Annual; Studies in Bibliography and with University of Southern California. Booklore. : SCHOOL OF SACRED MUSIC (1947). , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE 40 W. 68 St., N.Y.C., 10023. Dean Paul M. (1889). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Steinberg. Trains cantors and music per- Ohio, 45220. Pres. Norman Kalian. Pro- sonnel for congregations; offers B.S.M., motes the welfare of the Hebrew Union M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. Sacred Music College-Jewish Institute of Religion, and Press. of its graduates. : SKIRBALL MUSEUM (1913; 1972 in : AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES Calif.). 3077 University Mall, Los Angeles, (1947). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, Calif., 90007. Dir. Nancy Berman. Col- Ohio, 45220. Dir. Jacob R. Marcus; Assoc. lects, preserves, researches and exhibits art Dir. Abraham Peck. Maintained for the and artifacts made by or for Jews, or other- preservation and study of North and South wise associated with Jews and Judaism. American Jewish historical records. Provides opportunity to faculty and stu- American Jewish Archives. dents to do research in the field of Jewish art. AMERICAN JEWISH PERIODICAL CENTER (1957). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cin- HERZLIAH-JEWISH TEACHERS SEMINARY cinnati, Ohio, 45220. Dir. Jacob R. Mar- (1967). 69 Bank St., N.Y.C., 10014. Pres. cus; Exec. Dir. Herbert C. Zafren. Main- Eli Goldstein; Exec. Dir. Aviva Barzel; V. tains microfilms of all American Jewish Pres. for Academic Affairs Meir Ben- periodicals, 1823-1925; selected periodi- Horin. Offers undergraduate and graduate cals, since 1925. Jewish Periodicals and programs in Jewish studies; continuing 314 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 education courses for teachers in Hebrew standards and qualifications, safeguard in- and Yiddish schools; academic and profes- tegrity of Hillel profession; represents and sional programs in major disciplines of Ju- advocates before National Hillel Staff, Na- daism, historic and contemporary, with tional Hillel Commission, B'nai B'rith Su- emphasis on Hebrew language and litera- preme Lodge, Jewish Federations and ture; Yiddish language and literature, Jew- Welfare Funds. ish education, history, philosophy, and sociology. JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETY, INC. (sponsored by NATIONAL FEDERATION OF : GRADUATE DIVISION (1965). Dean TEMPLE BROTHERHOODS) (1893). 838 Meir Ben-Horin. Offers programs leading Fifth Ave. N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Robert E. to degree of Doctor of Jewish Literature in Katz; Exec. Dir. Av Bondarin. Dissemi- Hebrew language and literature, Yiddish nates authoritative knowledge about Jews language and literature, Jewish education, and Judaism; assigns rabbis to lecture at history, philosophy, and sociology. Admits colleges; endows courses in Judaism for men and women who have bachelor's de- college credit at universities; donates Jew- gree and background in Hebrew, Yiddish, ish reference books to college libraries; and Jewish studies. Annual Horace M. sends rabbis to serve as counselor-teachers Kallen lecture by major Jewish scholars. at Christian Church summer camps and as chaplains at Boy Scout camps; sponsors : HERZLIAH HEBREW TEACHERS IN- institutes on Judaism for Christian clergy; STITUTE, INC. (1921). V. Pres. for Aca- produces motion pictures for public service demic Affairs Meir Ben-Horin. Offers four- television and group showings. Brother- year, college-level programs in Hebrew hood. and Jewish subjects, nationally recognized Hebrew teachers diploma, preparatory JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS ASSOCIATION courses, and Yiddish courses. OF AMERICA, INC. (1900). 236 Second Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Shaye Pinsky; : JEWISH TEACHERS SEMINARY AND V. Pres. S. Mandel. To further and propa- PEOPLE'S UNIVERSITY, INC. (1918). V. Pres. for Academic Affairs Meir Ben- gate traditional liturgy; to place cantors in Horin. Offers four-year, college-level pro- synagogues throughout the U.S. and Can- grams leading to Yiddish teachers diploma ada; to develop the cantors of the future. and Bachelor of Jewish Literature; offers Kol Lakol. preparatory courses and Hebrew courses. JEWISH RECONSTRUCTIONS FOUNDATION : Music DIVISION (1964). Performing (1940). 432 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. Arts Div. Dir. Cantor Marvin Antosofsky. Pres. Ira Eisenstein; Exec. V. Pres. Ludwig Offers studies in traditional and contempo- Nadelmann; Chmn. of Bd. Benjamin Wm. rary music, religious, Yiddish, secular and Mehlman. Dedicated to the advancement Hebraic; offers certificate and degree pro- of Judaism as an evolving religious civiliza- grams in Jewish music education and can- tion, to the upbuilding of Eretz Yisrael as tonal art, and artist diploma. the spiritual center of the Jewish people, to the furtherance of universal freedom, jus- INDEPENDENT RABBINATE OF AMERICA tice, and peace and the fostering and estab- (1970). 130 W. 42 St., Suite 1305, N.Y.C., lishment of Reconstructionist foundations 10036. Dir. Rabbi Henry Lieberman; Exec. and fellowship movements; sponsors Dir. Rabbi Chaim Lieberman. Maintains Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in active placement service for the three Philadelphia, Pa.; publishes books through branches in Judaism; seeks to improve the the Reconstructionist Press; maintains professional and economic standing of its Reconstructionist Federation (congrega- members; screens the authenticity of their tions and havurot). Reconstructionist. ordinations. Monthly Newsletter; Rabbini- cal Registry and Directory. : RECONSTRUCTIONIST FEDERATION OF CONGREGATIONS AND FELLOWSHIPS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HILLEL (1954). 432 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. DIRECTORS (1949). 5715 S. Woodlawn Pres. Leonard Leveton; Exec. Dir. Ira Ave., Chicago, 111., 60637. Pres. Daniel I. Eisenstein; Assoc. Dir. Ludwig Nadelman. Leifer; Sec. Richard Marker. Seeks to pro- Committed to the philosophy and program mote professional relationships and ex- of the Reconstructionist movement. News- changes of experience, develop personnel letter. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 315

RECONSTRUCTIONIST RABBINICAL 10027. Exec. Prod. Milton E. Krents. Pro- ASSOCIATION (1975). 432 Park Ave. So., duces radio and TV programs expressing N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Rabbi Arnold Rach- the Jewish tradition in its broadest sense, lis; Sees. Rabbis Lee Friedlander, Mitchell with emphasis on the universal human sit- Smith. Advances the principles of Recon- uation: "Eternal Light," a weekly radio structionist Judaism; provides forum for program; 7 "Eternal Light" TV programs, fellowship and exchange of ideas for produced in cooperation with NBC; and 12 Reconstructionist rabbis; cooperates with "Directions" telecasts with ABC: distrib- Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, and utes program scripts and related reading Reconstructionist Federation of Congrega- lists. tions and Havurot. RRA Newsletter. : FANNIE AND MAXWELL ABBEL JEWISH TEACHERS ASSOCIATION—MORIM RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN RABBINICS (1926). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. (1951) 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. Michael Leinwand; Sec. Dorothy G. Co-Dirs. Louis Finkelstein, Saul Lieber- Posner. Promotes the religious, social, and man. Fosters research in Rabbinics; pre- moral welfare of children; provides a pro- pares scientific editions of early Rabbinic gram of professional, cultural, and social works. activities for its members; cooperates with other organizations for the promotion of : INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY goodwill and understanding. JTA Bulletin. IN THE HUMANITIES (1968). 3080 Broad- way, N.Y.C., 10027. Dean Ismar JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF Schorsch; Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Stanley AMERICA (1886; reorg. 1902). 3080 Broad- H. Fuld. A graduate program leading to way, N.Y.C., 10027. Chancellor Gerson D. M. A. degree in all aspects of Jewish Stud- Cohen; Chmn. Bd. of Dir. Sol. M. Lino- ies and Ph.D. in Bible, Jewish education, witz. Organized for the perpetuation of the history, literature, philosophy, or rabbin- tenets of the Jewish religion, cultivation of Hebrew literature, pursuit of biblical and : INSTITUTE FOR RELIGIOUS AND SO- archaeological research, advancement of CIAL STUDIES (N.Y.C. 1938; Chicago Jewish scholarship; maintains a library 1944; Boston 1945). 3080 Broadway, with extensive collections of Hebraica and N.Y.C, 10027. Pres. Gerson D. Cohen; Judaica, a department for the training of Dir. Jessica Feingold. Serves as a scholarly rabbis, a pastoral psychiatry center, the and scientific fellowship of clergymen and Jewish Museum, and such youth programs other religious teachers who desire author- as the Ramah Camps and the Leaders itative information regarding some of the Training Fellowship. Conservative Juda- basic issues now confronting spiritually- minded men. : AMERICAN STUDENT CENTER IN : MELTON RESEARCH CENTER JERUSALEM (1962). P.O. Box 196, Jerusa- (1960). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C, 10027. lem, Israel. Dean Shamma Friedman; Dir. Exec. Dir. Elaine Morris. Devises new cur- Reuven Hammer. Offers programs for ricula and materials for Jewish education; Rabbinical students, classes in Judaica for has intensive program for training curricu- qualified Israelis and Americans, and an lum writers; recruits, trains and retrains intensive program of Jewish studies for un- educators through seminars and in-service dergraduates. programs; maintains consultant and super- visory relationships with a limited number : CANTORS INSTITUTE AND SEMI- of pilot schools. Melton Newsletter. NARY COLLEGE OF JEWISH MUSIC (1952). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. Dir. : SCHOCKEN INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH David C. Kogen; Dean Morton J. Wald- RESEARCH (1961). 6 Balfour St., Jerusa- man. Trains cantors, music teachers, and lem, Israel. Librarian Yaakov Katzenstein. choral directors for congregations. Offers Incorporates Schocken library and its programs leading to degrees of B.S.M., related research institutes in medieval He- M.S.M., and D.S.M., and diploma of Haz- brew poetry and Jewish mysticism. Schocken Institute Yearbook (P'raqim).

_: DEPARTMENT OF RADIO AND TEL- : SEMINARY COLLEGE OF JEWISH EVISION (1944). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C, STUDIES-TEACHERS INSTITUTE (1909). 316 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. Dean Ivan Pres. Pincus Iseson; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi G. Marcus. Offers complete college pro- Bezalel Reifman. Maintains elementary di- gram in Judaica leading to B.H.L. degree; vision in the Hebrew and English depart- conducts joint program with Columbia ments, lower Hebrew division and Mesivta University, enabling students to receive high school, rabbinical academy, and post- B.A. from Columbia and B.H.L. from the graduate school for advanced studies in Seminary, after four years. Talmud and other branches of rabbinic scholarship; maintains Camp Morris, a : UNIVERSITY OF JUDAISM (1947). summer study camp. Igud News Letter; 15600 Mulholland Dr., Los Angeles, Kol Torah; Kuntrasim; Merchav; Shofar. Calif., 90024. Pres. David L. Lieber; V. Pres. Max Vorspan, David Gordis. West MIRRER YESHIVA CENTRAL INSTITUTE (in Coast school of JTS. Serves as center of Poland 1817; in U.S. 1947). 1791-5 Ocean undergraduate and graduate study of Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11223. Pres. Judaica; offers pre-professional and profes- and Dean Rabbi Shrage Moshe Kalmano- sional programs in Jewish education and witz; Exec. Dir. and Sec. Manfred Han- allied fields, including a pre-rabbinic pro- delsman. Maintains rabbinical college, gram and joint program enabling students postgraduate school for Talmudic re- to receive B.A. from UCLA and B.H.L. search, accredited high school, and Kollel from U. of J. after 4 years, as well as a and Sephardic divisions; dedicated to the broad range of adult education and Jewish dissemination of Torah scholarship in the activities. community and abroad; engages in rescue and rehabilitation of scholars overseas. MACHNE ISRAEL, INC. (1940). 770 Eastern Parkway, Bklyn., NY., 11213. Pres. NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR FURTHER- Menachem M. Schneerson (Lubavitcher ANCE OF JEWISH EDUCATION (1951). 824 Rebbe); Dir., Treas. M.A. Hodakov; Sec. Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11213. Nissan Mindel. The Lubavitcher move- Exec. V. Pres. Jacob J. Hecht; Sec. Morris ment's organ dedicated to the social, Drucker. Seeks to disseminate the ideals of spiritual, and material welfare of Jews Torah-true education among the youth of throughout the world. America; aids poor, sick and needy in U.S. and Israel; maintains camp for under- MERKOS L'INYONEI CHINUCH, INC. (THE privileged children; sponsors Hadar Ha CENTRAL ORGANIZATION FOR JEWISH Torah and Machon Chana, seeking to win EDUCATION) (1940). 770 Eastern Park- back college youth and others to the fold of way, Bklyn., N.Y., 11213. Pres. Mena- Judaism; maintains schools and dormitory chem M. Schneerson (the Lubavitcher facilities; sponsors Heroes Fund to aid wid- Rebbe); Dir. Treas. M.A. Hodakov; Sec. ows and orphans of heroes fallen in recent Nissan Mindel. The educational arm of the Israeli wars. Panorama; Passover Hand- Lubavitcher movement. Seeks to promote book; Seder Guide; Spiritual Suicide; Jewish education among Jews, regardless Focus. of their background, in the spirit of Torah- true Judaism; to establish contact with NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR JEWISH EDUCA- alienated Jewish youth, to stimulate con- TION (1926). 114 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., cern and active interest in Jewish educa- 10011. Pres. Leivy Smolar; Exec. Sec. Jack tion on all levels, and to promote religious M. Horden. Fellowship of Jewish educa- observance as a daily experience among all tion profession, comprising administrators Jews; maintains worldwide network of re- and supervisors of national and local Jew- gional offices, schools, summer camps and ish educational institutions and agencies, Chabad-Lubavitch Houses; publishes Jew- and teachers in Hebrew high schools and ish educational literature in numerous lan- Jewish teachers colleges, of all ideological guages and monthly journal in fivelan - groupings; conducts annual national and guages: Conversaciones con la juventud; regional conferences in all areas of Jewish Conversations avec les jeunes; Schmuessen education; represents the Jewish education mil kinder un yugent; Sihot la No-ar; Talks profession before the Jewish community; and Tales. co-sponsors, with American Association for Jewish Education, a personnel commit- MESIVTA YESHIVA RABBI CHAIM BERLIN tee and other projects; cooperates with RABBINICAL ACADEMY (1905). 1593 Jewish Agency department of education Coney Island Ave., Bklyn., N.Y., 11230. and culture in promoting Hebrew culture NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 317 and studies; conducts lectureship at He- synagogues in their adult education pro- brew University. Jewish Education; Shevi- grams. Bulletin. ley Hahinuch. : INTERCOLLEGIATE COUNCIL AND •NATIONAL COUNCIL OF BETH JACOB SCHOOLS, INC. (1945). 1415 E. 7 St., YOUNG SINGLE ADULTS (formerly MAS- Bklyn, N.Y., 11230. Pres. Israel M. Zaks; SORAH INTERCOLLEGIATES OF YOUNG IS- Chmn. of Bd. Shimon Newhouse; Sec. RAEL; 1951). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. David Rosenberg. Operates Orthodox all- Pres. Leon Shepshaievitz; Dir. Stanley W. day schools from kindergarten through Schlessel. Organizes and operates kosher high school for girls, a residence high dining clubs on college and university cam- school in Femdale, N.Y., a national insti- puses; provides information and counsel- tute for master instructors, and a summer ing on kashrut observance at college; gives camp for girls. Bais Yaakov Digest; Pnimia college-age youth understanding and ap- Call. preciation of Judaism and information on issues important to Jewish community; ar- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL ranges seminars and meetings; publishes (1912). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Nat. pamphlets and monographs. Hashkafa. Pres. Herman Rosenbaum; Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm. Maintains a program : YISRAEL HATZAIR (reorg. 1968). 3 of spiritual, cultural, social and communal W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Pres. Jackie activity towards the advancement and per- Goldstein; Nat. Dir. Arnold Grant. Fos- petuation of traditional, Torah-true Juda- ters a program of spiritual, cultural, social, ism; seeks to instill in American youth an and communal activities for the advance- understanding and appreciation of the eth- ment and perpetuation of traditional ical and spiritual values of Judaism. Spon- Torah-true Judaism; strives to instill an sors kosher dining clubs and fraternity understanding and appreciation of the high houses and an Israel program. Viewpoint; ethical and spiritual values and to demon- Hashkqfa Series; Massoeah Newspaper. strate compatibility of ancient faith of Is- rael with good Americanism. , AMERICAN FRIENDS OF YOUNG IS- RAEL SYNAGOGUES IN ISRAEL (1926). 3 NATIONAL FEDERATION OF JEWISH MEN'S W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Chmn. Marvin CLUBS, INC. (1929). 475 Riverside Dr., Luban; Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm. Suite 244, N.Y.C., 10027. Pres. Morton R. Promotes Young Israel synagogues and Lang; Exec. Dir. David L. Blumenfeld. youth work in synagogues in Israel. Promotes principles and objectives of Con- servative Judaism by organizing, sponsor- , ARMED FORCES BUREAU (1912). 3 ing, and developing men's clubs or brother- W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Dir. Stanley W. hoods; supports Leaders' Training Schlessel; Assoc. Dir. David Rinzler. Ad- Fellowship national youth organization. vises and guides the inductees into the Torchlight. armed forces with regard to Sabbath observance, kashrut, and Orthodox behavior. NATIONAL JEWISH CONFERENCE CENTER Guide for the Orthodox Serviceman. (1974). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., 10019. , EMPLOYMENT BUREAU (1912). 3 W. Chmn. Lee Javitch; Dir. Irving Greenberg; 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Exec. V. Pres. Exec. Dir. John S. Ruskay. Devoted to Ephraim H. Sturm; Employment Dir. leadership education for the American Dorothy Stein. Operates an on-the-job Jewish community. Conducts weekend re- training program under federal contract; treats and community gatherings, as well helps secure employment, particularly for as conferences on various topics. Newslet- Sabbath observers and Russian immi- ter. grants; offers vocational guidance. View- point. , HOLOCAUST RESOURCE CENTER (1978). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., 10019. : INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH STUDIES Assoc. Dir. Michael Berenbaum. Dissemi- (1947). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Pres. nates information on the Holocaust to the Herman Rosenbaum; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi American Jewish community; develops Ephraim H. Sturm. Introduces students to Holocaust memorial projects. Shoah; A Jewish learning and knowledge; helps form Review of Holocaust Studies and Com- adult branch schools; aids Young Israel memorations. 318 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITALITY COMMIT- worldwide P'eylim movement which has TEE (1973). 201 S. 18 St., Rm. 1519, Phila- groups in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Eng- delphia, Pa., 19103. Pres. Allen S. Mailer; land, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzer- Exec. Dir. Steven S. Jacobs. Assists con- land, France, and Israel; engages in relief verts and prospective converts to Judaism, and educational work among North Afri- persons involved in intermarriages, and the can immigrants in France and Canada, as- parents of Jewish youth under the influ- sisting them to relocate and reestablish a ence of cults and missionaries, as well as strong Jewish community life. P'eylim Re- the youths themselves. Our Choice. porter; N'she P'eylim News. NATIONAL JEWISH INFORMATION SERVICE •RABBINICAL ALLIANCE OF AMERICA FOR THE PROPAGATION OF JUDAISM, INC. (IGUD HARABONIM) (1944). 156 Fifth (1960). 5174 W. 8th St., Los Angeles, Ave., Suite 807, N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Calif., 90036. Pres. Moshe M. Maggal; V. Rabbi Abraham B. Hecht. Seeks to pro- Pres. Lawrence J. Epstein; Corr. Sec. Ra- mulgate the cause of Torah-true Judaism chel D. Maggal. Seeks to convert non-Jews through an organized rabbinate that is con- to Judaism and revert Jews to Judaism; sistently Orthodox; seeks to elevate the po- maintains College for Jewish Ambassadors sition of Orthodox rabbis nationally, and for the training of Jewish missionaries and to defend the welfare of Jews the world the Correspondence Academy of Judaism over. Also has Beth Din Rabbinical Court. for instruction on Judaism through the Perspective. mail. Voice of Judaism. RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY (1900). 3080 Broad- NER ISRAEL RABBINICAL COLLEGE (1933). way, N.Y.C., 10027. Pres. Rabbi Stanley 400 Mt. Wilson Lane, Baltimore, Md., S. Rabinowitz; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi 21208. Pres. Rabbi Jacob I. Ruderman; V. Wolfe Kelman. Seeks to promote Con- Pres. Rabbi Herman N. Neuberger. Trains servative Judaism, and to foster the rabbis and educators for Jewish communi- spirit of fellowship and cooperation ties in America and worldwide. Offers among rabbis and other Jewish scholars; bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees in cooperates with the Jewish Theological talmudic law as well as Teachers Diploma. Seminary of America and the United College has four divisions: Mechina High Synagogue of America. Beineinu; Con- School, Rabbinical College, Teachers servative Judaism; Proceedings of the Training Institute, Graduate School and a Rabbinical Assembly. branch in Toronto, Canada. Maintains an active community service division. Ner Is- RABBINICAL COLLEGE OF TELSHE, INC. rael Bulletin; Alumni Bulletin; Bito'one (1941). 28400 Euclid Ave., Wickliffe, Chanecha Yeshivas Ner Yisroel; Ohr Ha- Ohio, 44092. Pres. Rabbi Mordecai Gifter; nair Talmudic Journal; Zacher L 'A vrohom Sec. Moshe Helfan. College for higher Jew- Torah Journal. ish learning specializing in talmudic studies and rabbinics; maintains a preparatory OZAR HATORAH, INC. (1946). 411 Fifth academy including secular high school, a Ave., NYC, 10016. Pres. Joseph Shalom; postgraduate department, a teachers train- Int). Pres. S.D. Sassoon; V. Pres. Moshe ing school, and a teachers seminary for Milstein. Establishes and maintains ele- women. Pri Etz Chaim; Peer Mordechai; mentary, secondary and boarding schools, Alumni Bulletin. combining a program of religious and secular education for Jewish youth in Morocco, RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF AMERICA, INC. Iran, Syria and France. Bulletin. (1923; reorg. 1936). 1250 Broadway, Suite 802, N.Y.C., 10001. Pres. Walters. Wurz- P'EYLIM—AMERICAN YESHIVA STUDENT burger; Exec. V. Pres. Israel Klavan. Pro- UNION (1951). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. motes Orthodox Judaism in the commu- Pres. Nisson Alpert; Dir. Avraham nity; supports institutions for study of Hirsch. Aids and sponsors pioneer work by Torah; stimulates creation of new tradi- American graduate teachers and rabbis in tional agencies. Hadorom; Record; Sermon new villages and towns in Israel; does reli- Manual; Tradition. gious, organizational, and educational work and counseling among new immi- RECONSTRUCTIONIST RABBINICAL COL- grant youth; maintains summer camps for LEGE (1968). 2308 N. Broad St., Philadel- poor immigrant youth in Israel; belongs to phia, Pa., 19132. Pres. Ira Eisenstein. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 319 Trains rabbis for all areas of Jewish com- for, and coordinates policies of, national munal life: synagogues, academic and edu- rabbinical and lay synagogal organizations cational positions, Hillel centers, Federa- of Conservative, Orthodox, and Reform tion agencies; requires students to pursue branches of American Judaism. Sponsors outside graduate studies in religion and Institute for Jewish Policy Planning and related subjects; confers title of rabbi and Research. SCA Report. grants degree of Doctor of Hebrew Letters. : INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH POLICY •RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF RELIGIOUS PLANNING AND RESEARCH OF (1972). JEWRY, INC. (1941; reorg. 1954). 471 West 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washing- End Ave., N.Y.C., 10024. Chmn. Isaac ton, D.C., 20036. Chmn. Philip M. Klutz- Strahl; Sec. Marcus Levine. Engages in re- nick; Dir. Max Singer. Seeks to strengthen search and publishes studies concerning American Jewry by conducting and pro- the situation of religious Jewry and its moting systematic study of major issues problems all over the world. confronting its future vitality, for which it enlists informed academic and lay people; SHOLEM ALEICHEM FOLK INSTITUTE, INC. sponsors research and analysis on the sub- (1918). 3301 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, ject and disseminates findings to syna- N.Y., 10467. Pres. Burt Levey; Sec. gogues and other Jewish organizations. Noah Zingman. Aims to imbue children Analysis; Background. with Jewish values through teaching Yiddish language and literature, Hebrew TORAH UMESORAH—NATIONAL SOCIETY and the Bible, Jewish history, the signifi- FOR HEBREW DAY SCHOOLS (1944). 229 cance of Jewish holidays, folk and choral Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. Nat. Pres. singing, and facts about Jewish life in Samuel C. Feuerstein; Nat. Dir. Joseph America and Israel. Kinder Journal Kaminetsky. Establishes Hebrew day (Yiddish). schools throughout U.S. and Canada and services them in all areas including place- SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE TOURO SYNA- ment and curriculum guidance; conducts GOGUE, NATIONAL HISTORIC SHRINE, teacher training institutes, a special fellow- INC. (1948). 85 Touro St., Newport, R.I., ship program, seminars, and workshops 02840. Pres. Seebert J. Goldowsky; Sec. for in-service training of teachers; pub- Theodore Lewis. Assists in the mainte- lishes textbooks and supplementary read- nance of the Touro Synagogue as a na- ing material; conducts education research tional historic site. and has established Fryer Fdn. for research SPERTUS COLLEGE OF JUDAICA (1925). 618 in ethics and character education; super- N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111., 60605. vises federal aid programs for Hebrew day Pres. David Weinstein; Bd. Chmn. Philip schools throughout the U.S. Olomeinu— Spertus. Educates teachers of Hebraica Our World; Tempo; Torah Umesorah Re- and Judaica for elementary and secondary port; Machberet Hamenahel. Jewish schools; certifies Hebrew teachers for public and private Illinois schools; pro- : INSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL EN- vides Chicago area colleges and universi- RICHMENT (1973). 229 Park Ave. S., ties with specialized undergraduate and N.Y.C., 10003. Dir. Bernard Dov Milians. graduate programs in Judaica and serves as Provides enriched training and upgraded a Department of Judaic Studies to these credentials for administrative, guidance, colleges and universities; serves as Midwest and classroom personnel of Hebrew day Jewish information center through its schools and for Torah-community leaders; Asher Library and Maurice Spertus Mu- offers graduate and undergraduate pro- seum of Judaica; grants degrees of Master grams, in affiliation with accredited univer- of Arts in Jewish Education and in Jewish sities which award full degrees: M.A. in Communal Service, Bachelor of Arts, and geriatric counseling, early childhood and Bachelor of Judaic Studies. Journal of Jew- elementary education, applied human rela- ish Art. tions (adult, family, alcoholism counseling), health, nutrition; M.B.A. in manage- SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA (1926). ment; M.S. in special education, reading; 432 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. B.S. in education; B.A. in liberal arts, so- Rabbi Saul I. Teplitz; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi cial sciences, business, gerontology. Profes- Henry Siegman. Serves as spokesman sional Enrichment News (PEN). 320 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HE- with an emphasis on the relevance of the BREW DAY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Jewish heritage to the general culture of (1960). 229 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. Western civilization. Annual Bulletin. Pres. David H. Schwartz; Bd. Chmn. Rabbi Saul Wolf; Exec. Coord. Bernard UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGA- Dov Milians. Coordinates the work of the TIONS (1873). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., fiscal directors of Hebrew day schools 10021. Pres. Rabbi Alexander M. Schin- throughout the country. NAHDSA Review. dler. Serves as the central congregational body of Reform Judaism in the Western : NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HE- Hemisphere; serves its approximately 740 BREW DAY SCHOOL PARENT-TEACHER affiliated temples and membership with re- ASSOCIATIONS (1948). 229 Park Ave. S., ligious, educational, cultural, and adminis- N.Y.C., 10003. Nat. Pres. Mrs. Henry C. trative programs. Keeping Posted; Reform Rhein; Exec. Secy. Mrs. Samuel Brand; Judaism. Chmn. of Bd. Mrs. Clarence Honvitz. Acts as a clearinghouse and service agency to * : AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF CAN- PTAs of Hebrew day schools; organizes TORS OF (1956). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., parent education courses and sets up pro- 10021. Pres. Ramon Gilbert; Exec. Dir. grams for individual PTAs. National Pro- Raymond Smolover. Members receive in- gram Notes: PTA Bulletin; Fundraising vestiture and commissioning as cantors at With a Flair; PTA With a Purpose for the ordination-investiture ceremonies at He- Hebrew Day School. brew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion-Sacred School of Music. Through NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF YE- Joint Placement Commission, serves con- SHIVA PRINCIPALS (1956). 229 Park Ave. gregations seeking cantors and music di- S., N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Joel Kramer; rectors. Dedicated to creative Judaism, Exec. Sec. Rabbi Joshua Fishman; Bd. preserving the best of the past, and en- Chmn. David Mykoff. A professional orga- couraging new and vital approaches to reli- nization of primary and secondary yeshiva gious ritual, music and ceremonies. day-school principals which seeks to make yeshiva day-school education more effec- : COMMISSION ON SOCIAL ACTION OF tive. Machberet Hamenahel. REFORM JUDAISM (see p. 302).

: NATIONAL YESHIVA TEACHERS : NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEM- BOARD OF LICENSE (1953). 229 Park Ave. PLE ADMINISTRATORS OF (1941). 838 S., N.Y.C., 10003. Bd. Chmn. Elias Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Walter C. Schwartz; Ex. Consult. Zvi H. Shurin. Is- Baron; Adm. Sec. Harold Press. Fosters sues licenses to qualified instructors for all Reform Judaism; prepares and dissemi- grades of the Hebrew day school and the nates administrative information and general field of Torah education. procedures to member synagogues of UAHC; provides and encourages proper : SAMUEL A. FRYER EDUCATIONAL and adequate training of professional syna- RESEARCH FOUNDATION (1966). 229 Park gogue executives; formulates and esta- Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. Chmn. Bd. of blishes professional ideals and standards Trustees Jack Sable; Dir. Louis Nulman. for the synagogue executive. NATA Jour- Strengthens the ethics programs of Hebrew nal. day, afternoon, and Sunday schools, summer camps, and Jewish centers through : NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEM- moral sensitivity-training program; pro- PLE EDUCATORS (1955). 838 Fifth Ave., vides extensive teacher-training program; N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Raymond Israel; publishes monographs, newsletter, and Exec. Sec. Harvey Kaye. Represents the teachers' bulletin. Fryer Foundation News- temple educator within the general body of letter. Reform Judaism; fosters the full-time profession of the temple educator; encourages TOURO COLLEGE (1970). 30 W. 44 St., the growth and development of Jewish reli- N.Y.C., 10036. Pres. Bernard Lander. gious education consistent with the aims of Chartered by the N.Y. State Board of Re- Reform Judaism; stimulates communal in- gents to operate and maintain nonprofit, terest in and responsibility for Jewish reli- four-year college with liberal arts pro- gious education. NATE News; Compass grams leading to B.A. and B.S. degrees, Magazine. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 321

: NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- slides, and plans of contemporary and PLE BROTHERHOODS (1923). 838 Fifth older synagogue buildings. Synagogue Ser- Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Robert E. Katz; Exec. Dir. Av Bondarin. Promotes Jewish education among its members, along with UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGA- participation in temple, brotherhood, and TIONS OF AMERICA (1898). 116 E. 27 St., interfaith activities; sponsors the Jewish N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Harold M. Jacobs; Chautauqua Society. Brotherhood. Exec. V. Pres. Pinchas Stolper. Serves as the national central body of Orthodox : NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- synagogues; provides educational, reli- PLE SISTERHOODS (1913). 838 Fifth Ave., gious, and organizational guidance to con- N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Lillian Maltzer; gregations, youth groups, and men's clubs; Exec. Dir. Eleanor R. Schwartz. Serves represents the Orthodox Jewish commu- more than 600 sisterhoods of Reform Juda- nity in relationship to governmental and ism; inter-religious understanding and so- civic bodies, and the general Jewish com- cial justice; scholarships and grants to rab- munity; conducts the national authorita- binic students; braille and large type Judaic tive U Kashruth certification service. Jew- materials for Jewish blind; projects for Is- ish Action; Jewish Life; Keeping Posted; U rael, Soviet Jewry and the aging; is News Reporter. women's agency of UAHC and cooperates with World Union for Progressive Juda- : NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SYNA- ism. Notes for Now. GOGUE YOUTH (1954). 116 E. 27 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Meir Weinman; Nat. : NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- Dir. Baruch Taub. Serves as central body PLE YOUTH (1939). 838 Fifth Ave., for youth groups of traditional congrega- N.Y.C., 10021. Dirs. Daniel Freelander tions; provides such national activities and and Leonard Troupp. Seeks to train Re- services as educational guidance, Torah form Jewish youth in the values of the syn- study groups, Chavrusa-community ser- agogue and their application to daily life vice, programs consultation, Torah library, through service to the community and con- Torah fund scholarships, Ben Zakkai gregation; runs department of summer Honor Society, Friends of NCSY; con- camps and national leadership training in- ducts national and regional events includ- stitutes; arranges overseas academic tours ing week-long seminars, summer Torah and work programs, international student tours in over 200 communities, Israel sum- exchange programs, college student pro- mer seminar for teens and collegiates, grams in the U.S. and Israel, including an Camp NCSY in Israel for preteens. Divi- accredited study program in Israel. sions include Senior NCSY in 18 regions and 465 chapters; Junior NCSY for pre- , AND CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF teens, CYT-College Youth for Torah; AMERICAN RABBIS: COMMISSION ON B'nai Torah Day School and NCSY in Is- JEWISH EDUCATION OF (1923). 838 Fifth rael. Keeping posted with NCSY; Advisors' Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Chmn. Martin S. Newsletter; Mitsvos Ma 'asiyos; Holiday Se- Rozenberg; Dir. Rabbi Daniel B. Syme. ries; Jewish Thought Series; Leadership Develops curricula and teachers' manuals; Manual Series; Texts for Teen Study. conducts pilot projects and offers educational guidance and consultation at all age : NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF OR- levels to member congregations and affili- THODOX SYNAGOGUE ADMINISTRATORS ates and associate bodies. What's Happen- (1964). 116 E. 27 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. ing; Compass; E\ Harold M. Jacobs. Seeks to utilize the experience and knowledge of the synagogue , AND CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF administrator in establishing specific pro- AMERICAN RABBIS: JOINT COMMISSION fessional standards and practices for Or- ON SYNAGOGUE ADMINISTRATION thodox congregations. (1962). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Chmn. Mrs. Lillian Maltzer; Dir. Myron : WOMEN'S BRANCH (1923). 84 Fifth E. Schoen. Assists congregations in man- Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. Pres. Mrs. Samuel A. agement, finance, building maintenance, Turk; Exec. V. Pres. Mrs. Mordecai A. design, construction, and art aspects of Stern. Seeks to spread knowledge for the synagogues; maintains the Synagogue Ar- understanding and practice of Orthodox chitectural Library consisting of photos, Judaism, and to unite all Orthodox women 322 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

and their synagogal organizations, services guidance; aims to enhance the cause of affiliates with educational and program- Conservative Judaism, further religious ming materials, leadership and organiza- observance, encourage establishment of tional guidance and has an NGO repre- Jewish religious schools; embraces all ele- sentative at UN. Hachodesh; Newsletter. ments essentially loyal to traditional Juda- ism. Program Suggestions; United Syna- UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF THE gogue Review; Yearbook Directory and UNITED STATES AND CANADA (1900). Buyers' Guide. 235 E. Broadway, N.Y.C., 10002. Pres. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein; Chmn. Rabbi , ATID, COLLEGE AGE ORGANIZA- Symcha Elberg, Dir. Rabbi Hersh M. TION OF (1960). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, Ginsberg. Seeks to foster and promote 10010. Student Advisory Board. Seeks to Torah-true Judaism in U.S. and Canada; develop a program for strengthening iden- assists in the establishment and mainte- tification with Judaism, based on the per- nance of yeshivot in the United States; sonality development, needs and interests maintains committee on marriage and di- of the collegian. ATID Curricula Judaica; vorce and aids individuals with marital ATID Bibliography. ATID Bookmobile difficulties; disseminates knowledge of tra- Project. ditional Jewish rites and practices and publishes regulations on synagogal structure; : COMMISSION ON JEWISH EDUCA- maintains rabbinical court for resolving in- TION (1930). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, dividual and communal conflicts. Ha- 10010. Chmn. Rabbi Joel H. Zaiman; Dir. pardes. Morton Siegel. Promotes higher educational standards in Conservative congrega- UNION OF SEPHARDIC CONGREGATIONS, tional schools and Solomon Schechter Day INC. (1929). 8 W. 70 St., N.Y.C., 10023. Schools and publishes material for the ad- Pres. The Haham, Solomon Gaon; Sec. Jo- vancement of their educational program. seph Tarica; Bd. Chmn. Victor Tarry. Pro- Briefs; Impact; In Your Hands; Your Child. motes the religious interests of Sephardic Jews; prepares and distributes Sephardic , JEWISH EDUCATORS ASSEMBLY OF prayer books and provides religious leaders (1951). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10010. for Sephardic congregations. Pres. Jay Stern; Admin. Herbert L. Tep- per. Promotes, extends, and strengthens UNITED LUBAVITCHER YESHIVOTH (1940). the program of Jewish education on all lev- 841-853 Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., els in the community in consonance with 11230. Pres. Eli N. Sklar; Chmn. Exec. the philosophy of the Conservative move- Com. Rabbi S. Gourary. Supports and or- ment. Annual Yearbook; Quarterly Bulle- ganizes Jewish day schools and rabbinical tin; Newsletters. seminaries in the U.S.A. and abroad. : JOINT COMMISSION ON SOCIAL AC- UNITED ORTHODOX SERVICES, INC. (1971). TION (1958). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. 131\-V) St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11219. Coor- 10010. Co-chmn. Jerry Wagner, Dolly dinator Rabbi Zev Perl; Adm. Dir. Ira Ax- Moser; Dir. Muriel Bermar. Consists of elrod; Exec. Sec. Mrs. Lillian Deutsch. representatives of United Synagogue of Centralized religious administrative um- America; Women's League for Conserva- brella organization, with 35 affiliates tive Judaism; Rabbinical Assembly, and worldwide; acts as liaison between various National Federation of Jewish Men's religious groups with specialized functions Clubs; reviews public issues and cooperates and the Jewish community; initiates pro- with civic and Jewish community organi- jects of its own. zations to achieve social action goals. Ju- daism in Social Action. UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (1913). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. 10010. Pres. Simon , KADIMA OF (formerly PRE-USY; Schwartz; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Benjamin reorg. 1968). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Z. Kreitman. National organization of 10010. Int. Co-ordinator Carol Chapnick Conservative Jewish congregations. Main- Silk. Dir. Robert J. Leifert. Involves Jew- tains 12 departments and 20 regional ish pre-teens in a meaningful religious, offices to assist its affiliated congregations educational, and social environment; fos- with religious, educational, youth, commu- ters a sense of identity and commitment to nity, and administrative programming and the Jewish community and Conservative NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 323 Movement; conducts synagogue-based Schechter Residence Hall. Women's chapter programs and regional Kadima League Outlook. days and weekends. KADIMA; Mitzvah of the Month; Kadima Kesher; Advisors Aid WEST COAST TALMUDICAL SEMINARY (Ye- Series; Chagim series. shiva Ohr Elchonon) (1953). 851 No. Kings Rd., Los Angeles, Calif., 90069. , NATIONAL ACADEMY FOR ADULT Pres. Abraham Linderman; Dean S. Wass- JEWISH STUDIES OF (1940). 155 Fifth erman; Sec. David Bass. Provides facilities Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. Chmn. Bd. of Gov. for intensive Torah education as well as Morris Fond; Dir. Marvin S. Wiener. Pro- Orthodox rabbinical training on the West vides guidance and information on re- Coast; conducts an accredited college pre- sources, courses, and other projects in paratory high school combined with a full adult Jewish education; prepares and pub- program of Torah-Talmudic training and a lishes pamphlets, study guides, tracts, and graduate Talmudical division on college texts for use in adult-education programs; level. publishes the Jewish Tract series and distributes El-Am edition of Talmud. Dis- WORLD COUNCIL OF SYNAGOGUES (1957). tributes black-and-white and color films of 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10010. Pres. David "Eternal Light" TV programs on Jewish Zucker; Dir. Muriel M. Bermar; Exec. Dir. subjects, produced by Jewish Theological in Israel Pesach Schindler. International Seminary in cooperation with NBC. Bulle- representative of Conservative organiza- tin. tions and congregations (Hatenuah Hamasoratit); promotes the growth and , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SYNA- development of the Conservative move- GOGUE ADMINISTRATORS OF (1948). 155 ment in Israel and throughout the world; Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. 10010. Pres. Burton D. supports new congregations and educa- Shanker. Aids congregations affiliated with tional institutions overseas; holds biennial the United Synagogue of America to fur- international convention; represents the ther aims of Conservative Judaism through world Conservative Movement in the more effective administration; advances World Zionist Organization. professional standards and promotes new methods in administration; cooperates in WORLD UNION FOR PROGRESSIVE JUDAISM, United Synagogue placement services and LTD. (1926). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, administrative surveys. NASA Newsletter; 10021. Pres. David H. Wice; Exec. Dir. NASA Journal. Richard G. Hirsch; Sec. Jane Evans; N.A. Bd. Dir. Ira S. Youdovin. Promotes and , UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH OF coordinates efforts of Reform, Liberal, and (1951). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10010. Progressive congregations throughout the Pres. David Marcu; Exec. Dir. Paul world; supports new congregations; assigns Freedman. Seeks to develop a program and employs rabbis overseas; sponsors for strengthening identification with seminaries and schools; organizes interna- Conservative Judaism, based on the per- tional conferences of Liberal Jews. Interna- sonality development, needs, and inter- tional Conference Reports; News and Views; ests of the adolescent. Achshav; HaMa- Shalhevet (Israel); Teshuva (Argentina). drich: A Journal of Informal Jewish Education; Tikun Olam; USY Alumni YAVNE HEBREW THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, Assn. Newsletter. INC. (1924). 510 Dahill Road, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. Pres. Nathan Shapiro; Exec. , WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CONSERVA- Dir. Solomon K. Shapiro. School for TIVE JUDAISM (formerly NATIONAL higher Jewish learning; trains rabbis and WOMEN'S LEAGUE) (1918). 48 E. 74 St., teachers as Jewish leaders for American N.Y.C, 10021. Pres. Ruth Perry. Consti- Jewish communities; maintains branch in tutes parent body of Conservative women's Jerusalem for Higher Jewish Education- groups in U.S., Canada, Puerto Rico, Mex- Machon Maharshal and for an exchange ico, and Israel; provides them with pro- student program. Yavne Newsletter. grams in religion, education, social action, leadership training, Israel affairs, and com- YAVNEH, NATIONAL RELIGIOUS STUDENTS munity affairs; publishes books of Jewish ASSOCIATION (1960). 25 W. 26 St., interest; contributes to support of Jewish N.Y.C, 10010. Pres. Eleanor Swift; Theological Seminary and Mathilde V. Pres. Robert Adler. Seeks to promote 324 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 religious Jewish and Zionist education on education and community agency work; the college campus, to facilitate full observ- awards Hebrew Teacher's diploma and ance of halakhic Judaism, to integrate the B.S. in Education. insights gained in college studies, and to Sponsors two high schools for boys and become a force for the dissemination of two for girls (Manhattan and Brooklyn). Torah Judaism in the Jewish community; Auxiliary services include: Stone-Saper- initiated kiruv programs aimed at drawing stein Center for Jewish Education, Sephar- into the established Jewish community dic Studies Program, Brookdale Founda- alienated and assimilated Jewish students; tion Programs for the Aged, Maxwell R. publishes occasional monographs in Yav- Maybaum Institute of Material Sciences neh Studies Series; conducts summer tours and Quantum Electronics. to Israel and Western Europe and an East- ern Europe holocaust study tour. Kol Yav- , ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF neh. Parshat Hashavua Series; Yavneh Shi- MEDICINE (1955). 1300 Morris Pk. Ave., ron. Guide to Jewish Life on the College Bronx, N.Y., 10461. Dean Ephraim Campus. Friedman. Prepares physicians and conducts research in the health sciences; YESHIVA UNIVERSITY (1886). 500 W. 185 awards M.D. degree; includes Sue Gold- St., N.Y.C., 10033. Pres. Norman Lamm; ing Graduate Division of Medical Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Herbert Tenzer. Sciences (Dir. Jonathan R. Warner), The nation's oldest and largest private uni- which grants Ph.D. degree. Einstein Col- versity founded under Jewish auspices, lege's clinical facilities and affiliates en- with a broad range of undergraduate, grad- compass five Bronx hospitals, including uate, and professional schools, a network Bronx Municipal Hospital, Montefiore of affiliates, publications, a widespread pro- Hospital and Medical Center, and the gram of research, community service agen- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in cies, and a museum. Curricula lead to Mental Retardation and Human Devel- bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and profes- opment. AECOM News; AECOM News- sional degrees. Undergraduate schools pro- letter; Kennedy Newsletter. vide general studies curricula supplemented by courses in Jewish learning; ALUMNI OFFICE, 500 West 185th graduate schools prepare for careers in Street, N.Y.C., 10033. Dir. Rabbi medicine, law, mathematics, physics, so- Abraham Avrech. Seeks to foster a close cial work, education, psychology, Semitic allegiance of alumni to their alma mater by languages, literatures, and cultures, and maintaining ties with all alumni and servic- other fields. It has five undergraduate ing the following associations: Yeshiva schools, nine graduate schools, and ten affi- College Alumni, Pres. Sam Bloom; Erna liates, with its four main centers located in Michael College of Hebraic Studies Manhattan and the Bronx. Inside Yeshiva Alumni; James Striar School of General University; Yeshiva University Report. Jewish Studies Alumni; Stem College Undergraduate schools for men at Main Alumnae, Pres. Mrs. Doina L. Bryskin, Center: Yeshiva College (Dean Daniel C. Mrs. Marga Marx; Teachers Institute for Kurtzer) provides liberal arts and sciences Women Alumnae, Pres. Rivka Brass Fin- curricula; grants B.A. degree. Erna Mi- kelstein; Albert Einstein College of Medi- chael College of Hebraic Studies (Dean cine Alumni, Pres. Robert M. Chaflin; Fer- Jacob M. Rabinowitz) awards Hebraic kauf Graduate School of Humanities and Studies and Hebrew Teacher's diplomas, Social Sciences Alumni, Pres. Alvin I. B.A., and B.S. James Striar School of Gen- Schiff; Wurzweiler School of Social Work eral Jewish Studies (Dir. Morris J. Besdin) Alumni, Pres. Neva Rephun, Norman grants Associate in Arts degree. Winkler; Bernard Revel Graduate School Undergraduate schools for women at —Harry Fischel School Alumni, Pres. Ber- Midtown Center, 245 Lexington Ave., nard Rosensweig; Rabbinic Alumni Pres. N.Y.C., 10016; Stern College for Women Max N. Schreier; Alumni Council, Chmn. (Dean Karen Bacon) offers liberal arts and Abraham S. Guterman, offers guidance to sciences curricula supplemented by Jewish Pres. and Bd. of Trustees on university's studies courses; awards B.A., Jewish Stud- academic development and service activi- ies certificate, Hebrew Teacher's diploma. ties. Alumni Review; AECOM Alumni Teachers Institute for Women (Dir. Ba- News; Jewish Social Work Forum; Stern ruch N. Faivelson) trains professionals for College Alumnae Newsletter; Wurzweiler NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 325 School of Social Work Alumni Association Cantor's certificate and cantonal diploma. Newsletter; Yeshiva College Alumni Bulle- Sephardic Community Activities Program tin. (Dir. Rabbi Solomon Gaon): serves the specific needs of 70 Sephardi synagogues in , BELFER GRADUATE SCHOOL OF the U.S. and Canada; holds such events as SCIENCE (1958). 500 W. 185 St., N.Y.C., annual Sephardic Cultural Festival; main- 10033. Dir. Dr. David Finkelstein. Offers tains Sephardic Home Study Group pro- programs in mathematics and physics, in- gram. American Sephardi. Community cluding college teaching in those areas; Service Division (Dir. Victor B. Geller) conducts advanced research projects; con- makes educational, organizational, pro- fers M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. gramming, consultative, and placement re- , BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO SCHOOL OF sources available to congregations, LAW (1976). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. schools, organizations, and communities in Dean Monrad G. Paulsen. Prepares stu- the U.S. and Canada, through its youth dents for the professional practice of law or bureau, department of adult education, lec- other activities in which legal training is ture bureau, placement bureau, and rab- useful; grants L.L.D. degree. binic alumni. National Commission on Torah Education (Dir. Robert S. Hirt); , BERNARD REVEL GRADUATE Camp Morasha (Dir. Zvi Reich) offers SCHOOL (1937). 500 W. 185 St., N.Y.C., Jewish study program; Educators Council 10033. Dean Haym Soloveitchik. Offers of America (Dir. Robert S. Hirt) formu- graduate work in Judaic studies and Se- lates uniform educational standards, pro- mitic languages, literatures, and cultures; vides guidance to professional staffs, rab- confers M.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. bis, lay leaders with regard to curriculum, and promotes Jewish education. , FERKAUF GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES , SOCIETY OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE (1957). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDI- Dean Morton Berger. Offers graduate pro- CINE (1953). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. grams in elementary and secondary educa- Exec. Dir. Edwin Cohen. Seeks to further tion, administration, psychology, Jewish community support of Einstein College. education, and special education; grants M.S., M. A., Specialist's Certificate, Doctor , WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION (1928). of Education, and Ph.D. degrees. 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Mrs. Stanley Schwartz; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Malkah , HARRY FISCHEL SCHOOL FOR Isseroff. Supports Yeshiva University's na- HIGHER JEWISH STUDIES (1945). 500 W. tional scholarship program for students 185 St., N.Y.C., 10033. Dean Haym Solo- training in education, community service, veitchik. Offers summer graduate work in law, medicine, and other professions, and Judaic studies and Semitic languages, liter- its development program. YUWO News atures, and cultures; confers M.S., M.A., Briefs. and Ph.D. degrees. , WURZWEILER SCHOOL OF SOCIAL , (affiliate) RABBI ISAAC ELCHANAN WORK (1957). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY (1896). 2540 10003. Dean Lloyd Setleis. Offers graduate Amsterdam Ave., N.Y.C., 10033. Chmn. programs in social casework, social group Bd. of Trustees Charles H. Bendheim; Dir. work, community social work; grants Mas- Rabbi Zevulun Charlop. Offers compre- ter of Social Work and Doctor of Social hensive training in higher Jewish studies; Welfare degrees. grants semikha (ordination) and the degrees of Master of Religious Education, , (affiliate) YESHIVA UNIVERSITY OF Master of Hebrew Literature, Doctor of Los ANGELES (1977). 9760 West Pico Religious Education, and Doctor of He- Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif., 90035. Bd. brew Literature; includes Kollel (Institute Chmn. Samuel Belzberg; Co-chmn. Ro- for Advanced Research in Rabbinics; Dir. land E. Arnall; Dean of Admin. Rabbi Rabbi Hershel Schachter), and auxiliaries. Marvin Hier. Offers Jewish studies pro- Cantonal Training Institute (Dir. Macy gram for college-age men with limited He- Nulman) provides professional training of brew background, Yeshiva program for cantors and other musical personnel for day-school and yeshiva high-school gradu- the Jewish community; awards Associate ates, and Bet Medrash program of Torah 326 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

scholarship; students encouraged to pursue conferences, publication, and lecture pro- B.A. or B.S. degree at college of their grams. Member, Council of Jews from choice; completion of YULA program Germany. leads to additional degree or diploma. Re- sponse. AMERICAN SEPHARDI FEDERATION (1972). 521 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10017. Pres. Li- YESHIVATH TORAH VODAATH AND liane L. Winn; Exec. Dir. Gary Shaer. MESIVTA RABBINICAL SEMINARY (1918). Seeks to preserve the Sephardi heritage in 425 E. 9 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. Pres. the United States, Israel, and throughout Henry Hirsch; Chmn. of Bd. Fred F. the world by fostering and supporting reli- Weiss; Sec. Earl H. Spero. Offers Hebrew gious and cultural activities of Sephardi and secular education from elementary congregations, organizations and com- level through rabbinical ordination and munities, and uniting them in one overall post-graduate work; maintains a teachers organization; supports Jewish institutions institute and community-service bureau; of higher learning and those for the train- maintains a dormitory and a nonprofit ing of Sephardi lay and religious leaders to camp program for boys. Chronicle; Mesivta serve their communities everywhere; as- Vanguard; Thought of the Week; Torah sists Sephardi charitable, cultural, religious Vodaath News. and educational institutions everywhere; disseminates information by the publica- * , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION (1941). 425 tion, or assistance in the publication, of E. 9 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. Pres. Mar- books and other literature dealing with Se- cus Saffer; Chmn. of Bd. Seymour Plu- phardi culture and tradition in the United chenik. Promotes social and cultural ties States; supports efforts of the World Se- between the alumni and the schools phardi Federation to alleviate social dis- through fund raising; offers vocational parities in Israel. Sephardi News. guidance to students; operates Camp Torah Vodaath; and sponsors research fel- AMERICAN VETERANS OF ISRAEL (1949). lowship program for boys. AnnualJournal; c/o Samuel E. Alexander, 548 E. Walnut Hamesivta Torah Periodical St., Long Beach, N.Y., 11561. Pres. Na- than Nadler; Sec. Samuel E. Alexander. SOCIAL, MUTUAL BENEFIT Maintains contact with American and Ca- nadian volunteers who served in Aliyah AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWISH FIGHT- Bet and/or Israel's War of Independence; ERS, CAMP INMATES AND NAZI VICTIMS, promotes Israel's welfare; holds memorial INC. (1971). 315 Lexington Ave., N.Y.C., services at grave of Col. David Marcus; is 10016. Pres. Solomon Zynstein; Exec. Dir. affiliated with World Mahal. Newsletter. Adele Grubart. Seeks to perpetuate memory of victims of the Holocaust and make ASSOCIATION OF YUGOSLAV JEWS IN THE Jewish and non-Jewish youth aware of the UNITED STATES, INC. (1940). 247 W. 99 Holocaust and resistance period. Martyr- St., N.Y.C., 10025. Pres. Sal Musafia; dom and Resistance. Sec. Mile Weiss. Assists members and Jews and Jewish organizations in Yugo- AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWS FROM slavia; cooperates with organization of CENTRAL EUROPE, INC. (1942). 570 Sev- former Yugoslav Jews in Israel and else- enth Ave., N.Y.C., 10018. Pres. Curt C. where. Bulletin. Silberman; Exec. V. Pres. Herbert A. Strauss. Seeks to safeguard the rights and BNAI ZION—THE AMERICAN FRATERNAL interests of American Jews of Central ZIONIST ORGANIZATION (1908). 136 E. 39 European descent, especially in reference St., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. William Berko- to restitution and indemnification; through witz; Exec. V. Pres. Herman Z. Quitt- its Research Foundation for Jewish Immi- man. Fosters principles of Americanism, gration sponsors research and publications fraternalism, and Zionism; fosters He- on the history of Central European Jewry brew culture; offers life insurance. Blue and the history of their immigration and Cross hospitalization, and other benefits acculturation in the U.S.; sponsors a social to its members; sponsors settlements, program for needy Nazi victims in the youth centers, medical clinics, and Bnai U.S. in cooperation with United Help, Inc. Zion Home for Retardates in Rosh and other specialized social agencies. Ha'ayin, Israel. Program is dedicated to Undertakes cultural activities, annual furtherance of America-Israel friendship. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 327

Bnai Zion Foundation Newsletter; Bnai Unser Gedank (Australia); Unser Shtimme Zion Voice. (France); Tsait-Fragn (Uruguay). BRITH ABRAHAM (1887). 853 Broadway, JEWISH PEACE FELLOWSHIP (1941). Box N.Y.C., 10003. Grand Master Samuel F. 271, Nyack, N.Y., 10960. Pres. Naomi Schwab. Protects Jewish rights and com- Goodman; Hon. Chmn. Isidor B. Hoff- bats antisemitism; supports Israel and man. Unites those who believe that Jewish major Jewish organizations; maintains ideals and experience provide inspiration foundation in support of Soviet Jewry; aids for a nonviolent philosophy and way of Jewish education and Camp Loyaltown for life; offers draft counseling, especially for Retarded. Beacon. conscientious objection based on Jewish "religious training and belief; encourages BRITH SHOLOM (1905). Adelphia House, Jewish community to become more 1235 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., knowledgeable, concerned, and active in 19107. Nat. Pres. David E. Molish; Nat. regard to the war/peace problem. JPF Exec. Dir. Albert Liss. Fraternal organi- Newsletter. zation devoted to community welfare, protection of rights of Jewish people and JEWISH SOCIALIST VERBAND OF AMERICA activities which foster Jewish identity (1921). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. and provide support for Israel; sponsors Morris Bagno; Nat. Sec. Maurice Pe- Brith Sholom House for senior citizens trushka. Promotes ideals of democratic so- in Philadelphia and Brith Sholom Beit cialism and Yiddish culture; affiliated with Halochem under construction in Haifa, a Social Democrats, USA. Der Wecker. rehabilitation center for war-wounded. Community Relations Digest; Brith Sho- RUMANIAN JEWISH FEDERATION OF AMER- lom News. ICA, INC. (1958). 210 W. 101 St., N.Y.C., 10025. Pres. Charles H. Kremer; Sec. CENTRAL SEPHARDIC JEWISH COMMUNITY Jacob Zonis. Serves as a representative OF AMERICA (1940). 8 W. 70 St., N.Y.C., body for Rumanian Jewry throughout the 10023. Pres. Solomon Altchek; Sec. Isaac world and intervenes on their behalf; coop- Molho. Seeks to foster Sephardic culture, erates with all national Jewish and non- education and communal institutions. Jewish organizations for purpose of aiding Sponsors wide range of activities; raises Rumanian Jews economically, socially and funds for Sephardic causes in U.S. and Is- politically here or abroad; disseminates in- rael. formation about Rumanian Jewish activities. FREE SONS OF ISRAEL (1849). 932 Broad- SEPHARDIC JEWISH BROTHERHOOD OF way, N.Y.C., 10010. Grand Master Harry AMERICA, INC. (1915). 97-29 64th Rd., Pavony; Grand Sec. Murray Bimback. Rego Park, NY., 11374. Pres. Bernard Promotes fraternalism; supports State of Ouziel; Sec. Jack Ezratty. Promotes the in- Israel, UJA, Soviet Jewry, Israel Bonds, dustrial, social, educational, and religious and other Jewish charities; fights antisem- welfare of its members, offers funeral and itism; awards scholarships. Local lodges burial benefits, scholarships and aid to have own publications. needy. Sephardic Brother.

JEWISH LABOR BUND (Directed by WORLD UNITED ORDER TRUE SISTERS, INC. (1846). COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF THE 150 W. 85 St., N.Y.C., 10024. Nat. Pres. BUND) (1897; reorg. 1947). 25 E. 78 St., Mrs. Bernard S. Weinberg; Nat. Sec. Mrs. N.Y.C., 10021. Exec. Sec. Jacob S. Hertz. Martin Sporn. Philanthropic, fraternal, Coordinates activities of the Bund organi- community service; nat. projects; cancer zations throughout the world and repre- service; aids handicapped children, deaf, sents them in the Socialist International; blind, etc. Echo. spreads the ideas of Socialism as formulated by the Jewish Labor Bund; publishes WORKMEN'S CIRCLE (1900). 45 E. 33 St., pamphlets and periodicals on world prob- N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Bernard Backer; lems, Jewish life, socialist theory and pol- Exec. Dir. William Stern. Provides insur- icy, and on the history, activities, and ide- ance benefits and fraternal activities, Jew- ology of the Jewish Labor Bund. Unzer ish educational programs, secularist Yid- Tsait (U.S.); Forays (Mexico); Lebns- dish schools for children, community Fragn (Israel); Unser Gedank (Argentina); activities, both in Jewish life and on the 328 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

American scene, cooperation with the grants to agencies active in educational and labor movement. The Call; Inner Circle; vocational fields; has limited program for Kinder Zeitung; Kultur un Lebn. study tours in U.S. by Israeli agriculturists. , DIVISION OF JEWISH LABOR COM- B'NAI B'RITH (1943). 1640 Rhode Island MITTEE (see p. 303). Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. Pres. David M. Blumberg; Exec. V. Pres. SOCIAL WELFARE Daniel Thursz. International Jewish orga- AMERICAN JEWISH CORRECTIONAL CHAP- nization, with affiliates in 40 countries. LAINS ASSOCIATION, INC. (formerly NA- Programs involve community relations TIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH PRISON and service; international public affairs CHAPLAINS) (1937). 10 E. 73 St., N.Y.C., programs with emphasis on Israel and So- 10021. (Cooperating with the New York viet Jewry; teen and college age youth Board of Rabbis and Jewish Family Ser- movements; adult Jewish education; civic vice.) Pres. Frederic S. Nathan; Exec. Dir. and social welfare. The National Jewish Ely Saltzman. Seeks to provide a more ar- Monthly; Shofar. ticulate expression for Jewish chaplains , ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF serving the needs of Jewish men and women in penal and correctional institu- (see p. 302). tions, and to make their ministry more , CAREER AND COUNSELING SER- effective through exchange of views and VICES (1938). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., active cooperation. N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. Chmn. Stanley M. Kaufman; Nat. Dir. S. Norman AMERICAN JEWISH SOCIETY FOR SERVICE, Feingold. Conducts educational and occu- INC., (1949). 15 E. 26 St., Rm. 1302, pational research and engages in a broad N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. E. Kenneth Marx; publications program; provides direct Exec. Dir. Elly Saltzman. Conducts four group and individual guidance services for voluntary work service camps each sum- youths and adults through professionally mer to enable young people to live their staffed regional offices in many population faith by serving other people. Newsletter. centers. B'nai B'rith Career and Counsel- •AMERICAN MEDICAL CENTER AT DENVER ing Services Newsletter; Catalogue of Publi- (formerly Jewish CONSUMPTIVES' RELIEF cations; Counselors Information Service. SOCIETY, 1904; merged with EX- _. HILLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. (see p. PATIENT'S SANITARIUM, 1966). 6401 West Colfax, Lakewood, Colo., 80215. 311). Pres. Robert A. Silverberg; Exec. V. Pres. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Manfred L. Minzer, Jr. A national hospital for cancer treatment and research, sup- HILLEL DIRECTORS (see p. 314). ported by private donations from all parts , WOMEN (1897). 1640 Rhode Island of the U.S.; provides free treatment to all Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. in need; offers long-term treatment for ad- Pres. Evelyn Wasserstrom; Exec. Dir. Edna vanced and recurrent cancer, combined J. Wolf. Participates in contemporary Jew- with extensive basic and clinical research. ish life through youth and adult Jewish Sponsor's Report. education programs, human rights endeavors, and community-service activities; sup- : NATIONAL COUNCIL OF AUXILIA- ports a variety of services to Israel; con- RIES (1904; reorg. 1936). 6401 W. Colfax, ducts community service programs for the Lakewood, Colo., 80215. Pres. Sue Snyder. disadvantaged and the handicapped, and Provides support for the American Medi- public affairs programs. Women's World. cal Center program by disseminating information, fund raising, and acting as admis- , YOUTH ORGANIZATION (see p. 311). sions officers for patients from chapter cities throughout the country. Bulletin. CITY OF HOPE—A NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER UNDER JEWISH AUSPICES BARON DE HIRSCH FUND, INC. (1891). 386 (1913). 208 W. 8 St., Los Angeles, Calif., Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Robert 90014. Pres. M. E. Hersch; Exec. Dir. Ben Simons; Mng. Dir. Theodore Norman. Horowitz. Admits on completely free, non- Aids Jewish immigrants and their children sectarian basis patients from all parts of the in the U.S., Israel, and elsewhere by giving nation suffering from cancer and leukemia, NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 329 blood, heart, and respiratory ailments, and Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (N.Y. liaison certain maladies of heredity and metabo- office with UN headquarters.) Chmn. Don- lism including diabetes; makes available its ald M. Robinson; V. Chmn. William consultation service to doctors and hospi- Haber; The Rt. Hon. Lord Nathan; Exec. tals throughout the nation, concerning di- Sec. Leonard Seidenman; Dep. Exec. Sec. agnosis and treatment of their patients; as Theodore D. Feder. Provides for exchange a unique pilot medical center, seeks im- of views and information among member provements in the quality, quantity, econ- agencies on problems of Jewish social and omy, and efficiency of health care. Many welfare services, including medical care, hundreds of original findings have emerged old age, welfare, child care, rehabilitation, from its staff who are conducting clinical technical assistance, vocational training, and basic research in the catastrophic agricultural, and other resettlement, eco- maladies, lupus erythematosus, Hunting- nomic assistance, refugees, migration, inte- ton's disease, genetics, and the neuro- gration and related problems, representa- sciences. Pilot; President's Newsletter; City tion of views to governments and of Hope Quarterly. international organizations. Members: six national and international organizations. CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COMMUNAL SER- VICE (1899). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. JEWISH BRAILLE INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, Pres. William Kahn; Exec. Dir. Matthew INC. (1931). 110 E. 30 St., N.Y.C., Penn. Serves as forum for all professional 10016. Pres. Mrs. David M. Levitt; philosophies in community service, for Exec. Dir. Jacob Freid. Seeks to serve testing new experiences, proposing new the religious and cultural needs of the ideas, and questioning or reaffirming old Jewish blind by publishing braille prayer concepts. Concerned with advancement of books in Hebrew and English; provides professional personnel practices and stan- Yiddish, Hebrew, and English records dards. Concurrents; Journal of Jewish for Jewish blind throughout the world Communal Service. who cannot read braille; maintain worldwide free braille lending library. Jewish COUNCIL OF JEWISH FEDERATIONS AND Braille Review. WELFARE FUNDS, INC. (1932). 575 Lex- ington Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Pres. Jerold JEWISH CONCILIATION BOARD OF AMER- C. Hoffberger; Exec. V. Pres. Philip Bern- ICA, INC. (1922). 33 W. 60 St., N.Y.C., stein. Provides national and regional ser- 10023. Pres. Herbert A. Schneider; Dir. vices to more than 215 associated Federa- Sarah F. Gillman. Evaluates and attempts tions embracing 800 communities in the to resolve conflicts within families, organi- United States and Canada, aiding in fund zations, and businesses to avoid litigation; raising, community organization, health offers, without charge, mediation, arbitra- and welfare planning, personnel recruit- tion, and counseling services by rabbis, at- ment, and public relations. Directory of torneys, and social workers; refers cases to Jewish Federations, Welfare Funds and other agencies, where indicated. Community Councils; Directory of Jewish JWB (NATL. JEWISH WELFARE BOARD) Health and Welfare Agencies (triennial); (1917). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C. 10010. Pres. Jewish Communal Services: Programs and Robert L. Adler; Exec. V. Pres. Arthur Finances; Yearbook of Jewish Social Ser- Rotman. Major service agency for Jewish vices. community centers and camps serving HOPE CENTER FOR THE RETARDED, INC. more than a million Jews in the U.S. and (1965). 3601 E. 32 Ave., Denver, Colo., Canada; U.S. Government accredited 80205. Bd. Chmn. John Fischer; Exec. Dir. agency for providing services and pro- George E. Brantley; Sec. Lorraine Faul- grams to Jewish military families and hos- stich. Provides services to developmentally pitalized veterans; promotes Jewish culture disabled of community: preschool training, through its Book and Music Councils, day training and work activities center, JWB lecture bureau, and Jewish educa- speech and language pathology, occupational, cultural and Israel-related projects. tional arts and crafts, and recreational JWB Circle; Jewish Community Center therapy, social services. Program Aids; Books in Review; Jewish Music Notes; Running the Center; Contact; INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON JEWISH SO- JWB Facts; Public Relations Idea Ex- CIAL AND WELFARE SERVICES (1961). 200 change; JWB Personnel Reporter; Sherut; 330 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 The Jewish Chaplain; Jewish Lay Leader; pational Council) (1940). 600 Pennsyl- Mail Call. vania Ave., S.E., Washington, D.C. 20003. Pres. Bruce E. Thai; Exec. Dir. Mark J. : COMMISSION ON JEWISH CHAP- Ugoretz. Acts as coordinating body for all LAINCY (1940). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., Jewish agencies having programs in educa- 10010. Chmn. Rabbi Judah Nadich; Dir. tional vocational guidance, job placement, Rabbi Gilbert Kollin. Recruits, endorses, vocational rehabilitation, skills-training, and serves Jewish military and Veterans sheltered workshops, and occupational re- Administration chaplains on behalf of the search. Newsletter; Information bulletins. American Jewish community and the three major rabbinic bodies; trains and assists THE NATIONAL ASTHMA CENTER (1907). Jewish lay leaders where there are no chap- 1999 Julian St., Denver, Colo., 80204. Bd. lains, for service to Jewish military person- Pres. Charles M. Shayer; Exec. V. Pres. nel, their families, and hospitalized veter- Jack Gershtenson. Administers care and ans. Jewish Chaplain; Jewish Lay Leader. treatment to children from the ages of 5-16 suffering from chronic, intractable asthma; , JEWISH BOOK COUNCIL (see p. 306). performs outpatient services for people of _, JEWISH MUSIC COUNCIL (see p. all ages; research and dissemination of in- 307). formation. National Asthma Center News. LEO N. LEVI MEMORIAL NATIONAL AR- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH PRISON THRITIS HOSPITAL (sponsored by B'nai CHAPLAINS, INC. (see AMERICAN JEWISH B'rith) (1914). 300 Prospect Ave., Hot CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAINS ASSOCIA- Springs, Ark., 71901. Pres. Mrs. Leonard TION, INC.). A. Bagen; Adm. D. E. Wagoner. Main- tains a nonprofit nonsectarian hospital for NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, treatment of sufferers from arthritis and INC. (1893). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. related diseases. Nat. Pres. Esther R. Landa; Exec. Dir. Marjorie M. Cohen. Operates programs in NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH FAM- education, social and legislative action, and ILY, CHILDREN'S AND HEALTH PROFES- community service for children and youth, SIONALS (1965). 4131 S. Braeswood Blvd., the aging, the disadvantaged in Jewish and Houston, Texas 77205. Pres. Solomon general communities; conducts nationwide Brownstein; Sec. Peter Glick. Brings to- study of juvenile justice system as basis for gether Jewish caseworkers and related legislative reform and community projects; professionals in Jewish family, children, promotes education in Israel through and health services. Seeks to improve per- NCJW Research Institute for Innovation sonnel standards, further Jewish continu- in Education at Hebrew University, ity and identity, and strengthen Jewish Jerusalem; provides educational materials family life; provides forums for profes- to kindergartens. NCJW Journal; Wash- sional discussion at national conference of ington Newsletter; Children Without Jus- Jewish communal service and regional tice; Manual for Action; Symposium on Sta- meetings; takes action on social policy is- tus Offenders Proceedings; Windows on Day sues; provides a vehicle for representation Care. of Jewish caseworkers and others in various national associations and activities. NATIONAL JEWISH COMMITTEE ON SCOUT- ING (1926). Boy Scouts of America. North NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH HOMES Brunswick, N.J., 08902. Chmn. Melvin B. FOR THE AGED (1960). 2525 Centerville Neisner; Exec. Dir. Harry Lasker. Seeks to Road, Dallas, Texas, 75228. Pres. Sidney stimulate Boy Scout activity among Jewish Friedman; Exec. V. Pres. Herbert Shore. boys. Ner Tamid for Boy Scouts and Ex- Serves as a national representative of vol- plorers; Scouting in Synagogues and Cen- untary Jewish homes for the aged. Con- ters. ducts annual meetings, conferences, workshops and institutes. Provides for sharing NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL AND RE- information, studies and clearinghouse SEARCH CENTER (1899). 3800 E. Colfax functions. Directory; Progress Report. Ave., Denver, Colo., 80206. Pres. Richard N. Bluestein; Natl. Chmn. Andrew Good- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH VOCA- man. Offers nationwide, nonsectarian care TIONAL SERVICES (formerly Jewish Occu- for adults and children suffering from tu- NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 331 berculosis, asthma, emphysema, chronic movement, and fine arts department; ar- bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and other im- ranges overseas academic programs for munological and pulmonary disorders. American and Canadian students. Newslet- NJH Report. ter. WORLD CONFEDERATION OF JEWISH COM- MUNITY CENTERS (1947). 15 E. 26 St., AMERICAN FRIENDS OF RELIGIOUS FREE- N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Morton L. Mandell; DOM IN ISRAEL (1963). P.O. Box. 5888, Exec. Dir. Herbert Millman. Serves as a Washington, D.C., 20014. Exec. Dir. Alex council of national and continental federa- Hershaft. Calls for complete religious free- tions of Jewish community centers; fosters dom and separation of church and state in development of the JCC movement world- Israel; publicizes violations of religious wide; provides a forum for exchange of in- freedom to bring the influence of the be- formation among Centers. Newsletter. nevolent opinion of the American Jewish community to bear on solution of this ZIONIST AND PRO-ISRAEL problem; assists other groups and individuals working toward these goals. AMERICAN ASSOCIATES OF BEN-GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV. (1973). 342 Madison Ave., Room 1923, N.Y.C., AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNI- 10017. Pres. Aron Chilewich; Chmn. Exec. VERSITY (1925; Inc. 1931). 11 E. 69 St., Com. Bobbie Abrams; Exec. Dir. Jerry N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Max M. Kampelman; Kramer. Serves as the University's public- Exec. V. Pres. Seymour Fishman; Chmn. ity and fund-raising link to the United of Bd. Julian B. Venezky; Chmn. Exec. States. The Associates are committed to Comm. Henry Sonneborn III. Fosters the publicizing University activities and cur- growth, development, and maintenance of riculum, securing student scholarships, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; col- transferring contributions, and encourag- lects funds and conducts programs of in- ing American interest in the University. formation throughout the United States in- The Messenger. terpreting the work of the Hebrew University and its significance; administers AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR SHAARE American student programs and arranges ZEDEK HOSPITAL IN JERUSALEM, INC. exchange professorships in the United (1949). 49 W. 45 St., N.Y.C., 10036. Pres. States and Israel. Created, and recruits Leo Jung; Bd. Chmn. Max Stern; Sec. support for, Truman Research Institute. Isaac Strahl; Treas. Norbert Strauss. American Friends Bulletin; News from the Raises funds for the various needs of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Scopus Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem, such as Magazine. equipment and medical supplies, a nurses training school, research, and construction AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE ISRAEL MU- of the new Shaare Zedek Medical Center. SEUM (1968). 4 E. 54 St., N.Y.C., 10022. At the Hospital. Pres. Arnold Maremont; Exec. Dir. Mi- chele Cohn Tocci. Raises funds for special AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR THE WEIZ- projects of the Israel Museum in Jerusa- MANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, INC. lem; solicits contributions of works of art (1944). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. for exhibition and educational purposes. Pres. Stephen L. Stulman; Chmn. of Bd. Morris L. Levinson; Exec. Dir. Harold Hill. Secures support for basic and applied AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE JERUSALEM scientific research. Interface; Rehovot; Re- MENTAL HEALTH CENTER—EZRATH search. NASHIM, INC. (1895). 10 E. 40 St., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Joel Finkle; Exec. Dir. S. AMERICAN FRIENDS OF HAIFA UNIVERSITY Alvin Schwartz. Supports the growth, de- (1969). 60 E. 42 St., N.Y.C., 10017. Hon. velopment, and maintenance of the Jerusa- Pres. Charles J. Bensley; V. Pres. Sigmund lem Mental Health Center-Ezrath Na- Strochlitz. Supports the development and shim, a 200-bed hospital which is the only maintenance of the various programs of non-governmental, nonprofit, voluntary the University of Haifa, among them the mental-health facility in Israel devoted to Arab Jewish center, Yiddish department, research in, training for, and treatment and Bridging The Gap project, department of alleviation of, problems caused by mental management, school of education, kibbutz illness. Progress Reports. 332 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE TEL AVIV UNI- social-service, child care, and vocational- VERSITY, INC. (1955). 342 Madison Ave., educational programs in Israel in an envi- N.Y.C., 10017. Pres. Joseph H. Strelitz; V. ronment of traditional Judaism; promotes Pres. Yona Ettinger, Malcolm Rosenberg; cultural activities for the purpose of dis- Exec. V. Pres. Zvi Almog. Supports devel- seminating Zionist ideals and strengthen- opment and maintenance of the Tel Aviv ing traditional Judaism in America. The University. Sponsors exchange student American Mizrachi Woman. programs and exchange professorships in U.S. and Israel. Tel Aviv University Report. AMERICAN PHYSICIANS FELLOWSHIP, INC. FOR THE ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AMERICAN-ISRAEL CULTURAL FOUNDA- (1950). 2001 Beacon St., Brookline, Mass., TION, INC. (1939). 4 East 54 St., N.Y.C., 02146. Pres. Joseph Kaufman; Sec. Man- 10022. Bd. Chmn. Isaac Stem; Pres. Wil- uel M. Glazier. Aims to help Israel become liam Mazer. Membership organization a major world medical center; secures fel- supporting Israeli cultural institutions, lowships for selected Israeli physicians and such as Israel Philharmonic and Israel arranges lectureships in Israel by promi- Chamber Orchestra, Tel Aviv Museum, nent American physicians; supports Rubin Academies, Bat Sheva Dance Co.; Jerusalem Academy of Medicine and sponsors cultural exchange between U.S. financially assists Israel Medical Associa- and Israel; awards scholarships in all arts tion; supervises U.S. and Canadian medi- to young Israelis for study in Israel and cal and paramedical emergency volunteers abroad. Hadashol; Tarbut. in Israel; maintains Israel Institute of the AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COM- History of Medicine; contributes medical MITTEE (1954). 444 North Capitol St., books, periodicals, instruments, and drugs. N.W., Suite 412, Washington, DC, APF News. 20001. Pres. Lawrence Weinberg; Exec. Dir. Morris J. Amitay. Registered to lobby AMERICAN RED MAGEN DAVID FOR IS- on behalf of legislation affecting Israel, So- RAEL, INC. (1941). 888 7th Ave., N.Y.C., viet Jewry, and arms sales to Middle East; 10019. Nat. Pres. Joseph Handleman; Nat. represents Americans who believe support Chmn. Emanuel Celler; Nat. Exec. V. for a secure Israel is in U.S. interest. Pres. Benjamin Saxe. An authorized tax exempt organization; the sole support arm AMERICAN-ISRAELI LIGHTHOUSE, INC. in the United States of Magen David (1928; reorg. 1955). 30 E. 60 St., N.Y.C., Adorn in Israel with a national member- 10022. Nat. Pres. Mrs. Leonard F. Dank; ship and chapter program. Educates and Nat. Sec. Mrs. L.T. Rosenbaum. Provides involves its members in activities of Magen education and rehabilitation for the blind David Adorn, Israel's Red Cross Service; and physically handicapped in Israel to raises funds for MDA's emergency medi- effect their social and vocational integra- cal services, including collection and distri- tion into the seeing community; built and bution of blood and blood products for Is- maintains Rehabilitation Center for the rael's military and civilian population; Blind (Migdal Or) in Haifa. Tower. supplies ambulances, bloodmobiles, and mobile cardiac rescue units serving all hos- AMERICAN JEWISH LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL pitals and communities throughout Israel; (1957). 595 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. supports MDA's 73 emergency medical Hon. Pres. Seymour R. Levine; Chmn. clinics and helps provide training and Exec. Com. Eleazar Lipsky; Chmn. of Bd. equipment for volunteer emergency Samuel Rothberg. Seeks to unite all those paramedical corps. Chapter Highlights; who, notwithstanding differing philoso- Lifeline. phies of Jewish life, are committed to the historical ideals of Zionism; works, independently of class or party, for the welfare AMERICAN TECHNION SOCIETY. (1940) 271 of Israel as a whole. Not identified with any Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. Pres. Alex- political parties in Israel. Bulletin of the ander Hassan. Supports the work of the American Jewish League for Israel. Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, which trains nearly 10,000 students AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMEN (formerly in 20 departments and a medical school, MIZRACHI WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION OF and conducts research across a broad spec- AMERICA) (1925). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., trum of science and technology. ATS 1003. Nat. Pres. Mrs. Sarah P. Shane; Newsletter; ATS Women's Division News- Exec. Dir. Marvin Leff. Conducts letter; Technion Magazine. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 333

AMERICAN ZIONIST FEDERATION (1939; Emanuel Rackman; Chmn. Bd. of Trustees reorg. 1949 and 1970). 515 Park Ave., Phillip Stollman. A liberal arts and N.Y.C., 10022. Pres. Mrs. Faye Schenk; sciences institution, located in Ramat- Exec. Dir. Carmella Carr. Consolidates the Gan, Israel, and chartered by Board of Re- efforts of the existing Zionist constituency gents of State of New York. Bar-Ilan News; in such areas as public and communal Academic Research; Philosophia. affairs, education, youth and aliyah, and invites the affiliation and participation of BRIT TRUMPELDOR BETAR OF AMERICA, like-minded individuals and organizations INC. (1935). 85-40 149 St., Briarwood, in the community-at-large. Seeks to con- N.Y., 11435. Pres. Gary Segal; V. Pres. duct a Zionist program designed to create Shari Olenberg. Teaches Jewish youth love a greater appreciation of Jewish culture of the Jewish people and prepares them for within the American Jewish community in aliyah; emphasizes learning Hebrew; keeps furtherance of the continuity of Jewish life its members ready for mobilization in and the spiritual centrality of Israel as the times of crisis; stresses Jewish pride and Jewish homeland. Composed of 14 Na- self-respect; seeks to aid and protect Jewish tional Zionist organizations; 10 Zionist communities everywhere. Herut. youth movements; individual members-at- large; corporate affiliates. Maintains re- DROR—YOUNG ZIONIST ORGANIZATION, gional offices in Philadelphia, Los Angeles, INC. (1948). 215 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Detroit, and 10003. Pres. Robby Regev; V. Pres. Hagai New York. News & Views. Aizenberg; Sec. Mark Cohen. Fosters Zionist program for youth with emphasis on aliyah to the Kibbutz Ha'meuchad; AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH FOUNDATION, INC. (1973). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., stresses Jewish and labor education; main- 10022. Bd. Chmn. David Sidorsky; Exec. tains leadership seminar and work-study Dir. Donald Adelman. Sponsors educa- programs in Israel, summer camps in the tional programs and services for American U.S. and Canada. Sponsors two garinim in Jewish youth including tours to Israel, pro- Israel. A Ion Dror; Igeret Dror. grams of volunteer service or study in lead- : GARIN YARDEN, THE YOUNG KIB- ing institutions of science, scholarship and BUTZ MOVEMENT. (1976). Pres. Eva arts; sponsors field workers who promote Rubenstein; Sec. Rachel Weisman; Exec. Jewish and Zionist programming on cam- Off. Danny Siegal. Aids those interested in pus; prepares and provides specialists who making aliyah to an Israeli kibbutz; affil- present and interpret the Israeli experience iated with Kibbutz Hameuchad. Newslet- for community centers and federations ter. throughout the country. Activist Newslet- ter; Masada. EMUNAH (formerly HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION) (1948). 370 : AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH COUN- Seventh Ave., N.Y.C., 10001. Nat. Pres. CIL (1951). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Mrs. Toby Willig; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Shirley Chmn. Yudie Fishman. Acts as spokesman Singer. Maintains and supports religious and representative of Zionist youth in in- nurseries, day care centers, and teacher terpreting Israel to the youth of America; training schools for the underprivileged in represents, coordinates, and implements Israel. The Emunah Woman. activities of the Zionist youth movements in the U.S. FEDERATED COUNCIL OF ISRAEL INSTITU- TIONS—FCII (1940). 38 Park Row, AMPAL—AMERICAN ISRAEL CORPORATION N.Y.C., 10038. Chmn. Bd. Z. Shapiro; (1942). 10 Rockefeller Plaza, N.Y.C., Exec. V. Pres. Julius Novack. Central 10020. Pres. Ralph Cohen; V. Pres. Shi- fund-raising organization for 104 affi- mon Topor. Finances and invests in Israel liated institutions; clearing house for in- economic enterprises; mobilizes finance formation on budget, size, functions, etc. and investment capital in the U.S. through of traditional educational, welfare, and sale of own debenture issues and utilization philanthropic institutions in Israel, work- of bank credit lines. Annual Report; Pros- ing cooperatively with the Israel govern- pectuses. ment and the overseas department of the Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY IN ISRAEL (1955). fare Funds, New York; handles and exe- 641 Islington Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. cutes estates, wills and bequests for the Chancellor Joseph H. Lookstein; Pres. traditional institutions in Israel. Annual 334 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Financial Reports and Statistics on Affili- with Kibbutz Artzi. Believes Zionism is ates. the National Liberation Movement of the Jewish people; educates members towards FUND FOR HIGHER EDUCATION (IN ISRAEL) an understanding of their Jewishness and (1970). 1500 Broadway, Suite 1900, progressive values; dignity of labor, social N.Y.C., 10036. Chmn. Louis Warschaw; justice, and the brotherhood of nations. Pres. Amnon Barness; Sec. Richard Segal. Background Bulletin; For Your Informa- Supports, on a project-by-project basis, in- tion; Israel Horizons. stitutions of higher learning in Israel and the U.S. : SOCIALIST ZIONIST YOUTH MOVE- MENT (1923). Nat. Sec. Ayala Ginsburg; HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGA- Dir. Itai Padan. Seeks to imbue Jewish NIZATION OF AMERICA, INC. (1912). 50 youth with a Jewish national awareness W. 58 St., N.Y.C., 10019. Pres. Bernice S. and socialist-Zionist values in centers and Tannenbaum; Exec. Dir. Aline Kaplan. In camps run by, and for, youth; organizes America helps interpret Israel to the oldest leadership in settlement groups for American people; provides basic Jewish aliyah and settlement in kibbutzim of Kib- education as a background for intelligent butz Federation Artzi. Youth and Nation; and creative Jewish living in America; Young Guard; Niv Haboger; Hayasad; sponsors Hashachar, largest Zionist youth Layidiatcha. movement in U.S., which has four divisions: Young Judaea, Intermediate Judaea, HEBREW UNIVERSITY-TECHNION JOINT Senior Judaea, and Hamagshimim; oper- MAINTENANCE APPEAL (1954). 11 E. 69 ates eight Zionist youth camps in this St., N.Y.C., 10021. Chmn. Daniel G. Ross; country; supports summer and all-year Dir. Clifford B. Surloff. Conducts mainte- courses in Israel. Maintains in Israel nance campaigns formerly conducted by Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical the American Friends of the Hebrew Uni- Center for healing, teaching, and research; versity and the American Technion Soci- Hadassah Community College; Seligs- ety; participates in community campaigns berg/Brandeis Comprehensive High throughout the U.S., excluding New York School; and Hadassah Vocational Guid- City. ance Institute. Is largest organizational contributor to Youth Aliyah and to Jewish HERUT-U.S.A. (formerly UNITED ZIONIST- National Fund for land purchase and rec- REVISIONISTS OF AMERICA) (1925). 41 E. lamation. Hadassah Headlines; Hadassah 42 St., N.Y.C., 10017. Chmn. Harry S. Magazine. Taubenfeld; Exec. Dir. Steven Leibowitz. Supports Herut policy in Israel and seeks HASHACHAR (formerly YOUNG Jabotinskean solutions of problems facing JUDEA and JUNIOR HADASSAH; org. 1909, American, Russian, and world Jewry; as- reorg. 1967). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., sists in the fostering of private enterprises 10003. Nat. Pres. of Senior Judaea (high and developments in Israel; fosters maxi- school level) Danny Spinack; Nat. Coordi- malist Zionism among Jews in America. nator of Hamagshimim (college level) Subsidiaries: Betar Zionist Youth, Young David Lehrer; Nat. Dir. Irv Widaen. Seeks Herut Concerned Jewish Youth, Tel-Hai to educate Jewish youth from the ages of Fund, and For the Children of Israel. Ige- 10-25 toward Jewish and Zionist values, ret Betar; Herut Magazine. active commitment to and participation in the American and Israeli Jewish communi- THEODOR HERZL FOUNDATION (1954). 515 ties, with aliyah as a prime goal; maintains Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Chmn. Kalman summer camps and summer and year pro- Sultanik; Sec. Isadore Hamlin. Cultural ac- grams in Israel. Hamagshimim Journal; tivities, lectures, conferences, courses in Kol Hat'una; The Young Judaean; Daf modem Hebrew and Jewish subjects, Is- L 'Madrichim. rael, Zionism and Jewish history. Mid- stream. HASHOMER HATZAIR, INC. 150 Fifth Ave., Suite 700, N.Y.C., 10011. THEODOR HERZL INSTITUTE. Chmn. Jacques Torczyner. Program : AMERICANS FOR PROGRESSIVE IS- geared to review of contemporary prob- RAEL (1951). Nat. Chmn. Bernard Har- lems on Jewish scene here and abroad; pre- kavy; Exec. Dir. Linda Rubin. Affiliated sentation of Jewish heritage values in light NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 335 of Zionist experience of the ages; study of (1913). 575 Sixth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. modern Israel; and Jewish social research Pres. Judah J. Shapiro; Exec. Dir. Bernard with particular consideration of history M. Weisberg. Seeks to enhance Jewish life, and impact of Zionism. Herzl Institute Bul- culture, and education in U.S. and Canada; letin. aids in building State of Israel as a cooperative commonwealth, and its Labor move- : HERZL PRESS. Chmn. Kalman Sul- ment organized in the Histadrut; supports tanik. Publishes books and pamphlets on efforts toward a more democratic society Israel, Zionism, and general Jewish sub- throughout the world; furthers the demo- jects. cratization of the Jewish community in ICHUD HABONIM LABOR ZIONIST YOUTH America and the welfare of Jews every- (1935). 575 Sixth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. Sec. where; works with labor and liberal forces Gen. Yehuda Fishman; Dir. Tom Gutherz. in America. Alliance Newsletter. Fosters identification with pioneering in Is- rael; stimulates study of Jewish life, his- LEAGUE FOR LABOR ISRAEL (1938; reorg. tory, and culture; sponsors community ac- 1961). 575 Sixth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. tion projects, seven summer camps in Pres. Allen Pollack; Sec. Frank Phillips. North America, programs in Israel, and Conducts labor Zionist educational, youth, Garinei Aliyah to Kibbutz Grofit and Kib- and cultural activities in the American butz Gezer. Bagolah; Haboneh; Hamaapil; Jewish community and promotes educa- Iggeret L 'Chaverim. tional travel to Israel. ISRAEL MUSIC FOUNDATION (1948). 109 NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR LABOR ISRAEL Cedarhurst Ave., Cedarhurst, N.Y., —ISRAEL HISTADRUT CAMPAIGN (1923). 11516. Pres. Oscar Regen; Sec. Oliver 33 E. 67 St., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. Judah J. Sabin. Supports and stimulates the growth Shapiro; Exec. V. Pres. Bernard B. Jacob- of music in Israel, and disseminates re- son. Provides funds for the social welfare, corded Israeli music in the U.S. and vocational, health, and cultural institu- throughout the world. tions and other services of Histadrut to benefit workers and immigrants and to assist JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF AMERICA in the integration of newcomers as produc- (1901). 42 E. 69 St., N.Y.C., 10021. Pres. tive citizens in Israel; promotes an under- William Berkowitz; Exec. V. Pres. Samuel standing of the aims and achievements of I. Cohen. Exclusive fund-raising agency of Israel labor among Jews and non-Jews in the world Zionist movement for the affore- America. Fund-raising arms are: Israel station, reclamation, and development of Histadrut Campaign and Israel Histadrut the land of Israel, including the construc- Foundation. Histadrut Foto-News. tion of roads and preparation of sites for new settlements; helps emphasize the im- : AMERICAN TRADE UNION COUN- portance of Israel in schools and syna- CIL FOR HISTADRUT (1947). 33 E. 67 gogues throughout the world. JNF Alma- St., N.Y.C., 10021. Chmn. Matthew nac; Land and Life. Schoenwald; Exec. Dir. Steven M. Mrvi- chin. Carries on educational activities KEREN OR, INC. (1956). 1133 Broadway, among American and Canadian trade N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. IraGuilden; V. Pres. unions for health, educational, and wel- and Sec. Samuel I. Hendler; Exec. Dir. fare activities of the Histadrut in Israel. Jacob Igra. Funds special program at Jew- Shalom. ish Institute for the Blind in Jerusalem that houses, clothes, feeds, educates and trains PEC ISRAEL ECONOMIC CORPORATION (for- blind from childhood into adulthood; merly PALESTINE ECONOMIC CORPORA- funds, in conjunction with Institute, the TION) (1926). 511 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Keren Or Center for the Multiple Handi- 10017. Pres. Stephen Shalom; Sec.-Asst. capped Blind Child in Jerusalem. Treas. William Gold. Investments and loans in Israel. Annual Report. LABOR ZIONIST ALLIANCE reorg. (formerly FARBAND LABOR ZIONIST ORDER, now P.E.F. ISRAEL ENDOWMENT FUNDS, INC. uniting membership and branches of (1922). 511 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10017. POALE ZION—UNITED LABOR ZIONIST Pres. Sidney Musher; Sec. Ruth Ginzberg. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA AND Uses funds for Israeli educational and phil- AMERICAN HABONIM ASSOCIATION) anthropic institutions and for constructive 336 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

relief, modern education, and scientific re- : MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI search in Israel. Annual Report. (1909; merged 1957). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Louis Bernstein; Exec. V. PIONEER WOMEN, THE WOMEN'S LABOR Pres. Israel Friedman. Dedicated to build- ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA, ing the Jewish state based on principles of INC. (1925). 315 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Torah; conducts cultural work, educa- 10016. Pres. Frieda Leemon; Exec. Dir. tional program, public relations; sponsors Lucette Halle. Supports in cooperation NOAM and Bnei Akiva; raises funds for with Na'amat a widespread network of religious educational institutions in Israel. educational, vocational, and social services Horizon; Kolenu; Mizrachi News Bulletin. for women, children, and youth in Israel. Provides counseling and legal aid services : MIZRACHI PALESTINE FUND for women, particularly war widows. Au- (1928). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. thorized agency of Youth Aliyah. In Chmn. Joseph Wilon; Sec. Israel Fried- America, supports Jewish educational, man. Fund-raising arm of Mizrachi move- youth, cultural programs; participates in ment. civic affairs. Pioneer Woman. : NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR TORAH POALE AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA, EDUCATION OF MIZRACHI-HAPOEL INC. (1948). 156 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., HAMIZRACHI (1939). 25 W. 26 St., 10010. Pres. David B. Hollander; Exec. N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Israel Shaw; Dir. Dir. Moshe Tambor; Presidium: Alex- Meyer Golombek. Organizes and super- ander Herman, Anshel Wainhaus. Aims to vises yeshivot and Talmud Torahs; pre- educate American Jews to the values of pares and trains teachers; publishes text- Orthodoxy, aliyah, and halutziut; supports books and educational materials; conducts kibbutzim, trade schools, yeshivot, teach- a placement agency for Hebrew schools; ers' college, civic and health centers, chil- organizes summer seminars for Hebrew dren's homes in Israel. Achdut; PAI Views; educators in cooperation with Torah de- PAI Bulletin. partment of Jewish Agency; conducts : WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1948). Ulpan. Presidium: Ethel Blasbalg, Sarah Iwa- : NOAM-HAMISHMERET HATZEIRA nisky, Bertha Rittenberg. Assists Poale (1970). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Agudath Israel to build and support chil- Chmn. Sarah J. Sanders; Exec. Dir. David dren's homes, kindergartens, and trade Stahl. Sponsors three core groups to settle schools in Israel. Yediot PAI. in Israel; conducts summer and year vol- RASSCO ISRAEL CORPORATION AND RASSCO unteer and study programs to Israel; or- FINANCIAL CORPORATION (1950). 535 ganizes educational programs for young Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Pres. adults in the U.S., through weekly meet- Shmuel Lavi; Bd. Chmn. Igal Weinstein. ings, Shabbatonim, leadership seminars, Maintains ties with Western Hemisphere etc. Bechol Zot. investments. SOCIETY OF ISRAEL PHILATELISTS (1948). RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA. 25 W. 26 c/o A. Engers, 40-67 61 St., Woodside, St., N.Y.C., 10010. N.Y., 11377. Pres. Michael M. Ma- desker; Sec. Arthur Engers. Promotes in- : BNEI AKIVA OF NORTH AMERICA terest in, and knowledge of, all phases of (1934). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Israel philately through sponsorship of Dov A. Bloom; Sec. Rafi Neeman. Seeks to chapters and research groups, mainte- interest youth in aliyah to Israel and social nance of a philatelic library, and support justice through pioneering (halutziut) as of public and private exhibitions. Israel an integral part of their religious obser- Philatelist. vance; sponsors five summer camps, a leadership training camp for eleventh graders, STATE OF ISRAEL BOND ORGANIZATION a work-study program on a religious kib- (1951). 215 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. butz for high school graduates, summer Pres. Michael Arnon; Gen. Chmn. Sam tours to Israel; establishes nuclei of college Rothberg; Exec. V. Pres. Morris Sipser. students for kibbutz or other settlement. Seeks to provide large-scale investment Arivon; Hamvoser; Pinkas Lamadrich; funds for the economic development of the Z'raim. State of Israel through the sale of State of NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 337 Israel bonds in the U.S., Canada, Western Topiol. General Zionist world organiza- Europe and other parts of the free world. tion, not identified with any political party in Israel, but with Israel as a whole; sup- UNITED CHARITY INSTITUTIONS OF ports projects identified with Israel; spon- JERUSALEM, INC. (1903). 1141 Broadway, sors non-party halutzic youth movements N.Y.C., 10001. Pres. Zevulun Charlop; in diaspora, Shnat Sherut and Noar Zioni Exec. Dir. S. Gabel. Raises funds for the Azmai in Israel; promotes Zionist educa- maintenance of schools, kitchens, clinics, tion and strives for an Israel-oriented crea- and dispensaries in Israel; Free Loan tive Jewish survival in the diaspora. Zionist Foundations in Israel. Information Views. UNITED ISRAEL APPEAL, INC. (1925). 515 WORLD ZIONIST ORGANIZATION-AMERI- Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Chmn. Melvin CAN SECTION (1971). 515 Park Ave., Dubinsky; Exec. V. Chmn. Irving Kessler. N.Y.C., 10022. Chmn. Mrs. Charlotte As principal beneficiary of the United Jew- Jacobson; Exec. V. Chmn. Isadore Ham- ish Appeal, serves as link between Ameri- lin. As the American section of the overall can Jewish community and Jewish Agency Zionist body throughout the world, it oper- in Israel, its operating agent; assists in re- ates primarily in the field of aliyah from the settlement and absorption of refugees in free countries, education in the diaspora, Israel, and supervises flow and expendi- youth and hechalutz, organization and in- tures for this purpose. Briefings. formation, cultural institutions, publications, and handling activities of Jewish Na- UNITED STATES COMMITTEE—SPORTS FOR tional Fund; conducts a worldwide ISRAEL, INC. (1948). 130 E. 59 St., N.Y.C., Hebrew cultural program including special 10022. Pres. Nat Holman; Exec. Dir. seminars and pedagogic manuals; disperses Leonard K. Straus. Sponsors U.S. partici- information and assists in research projects pation in, and fields and selects U.S. team concerning Israel; promotes, publishes, for, World Maccabiah Games in Israel and distributes books, periodicals, and every four years; promotes physical educa- pamphlets concerning developments in Is- tion and sports program in Israel and total rael, Zionism, and Jewish history; sponsors fitness of Israeli and American Jewish "Panoramas de Israel" radio program in youths; provides funds, technical and ma- the Latin American countries. Israel Di- terial assistance to Wingate Institute for gest; Israel y America Latina. Physical Education and Sport in Israel; sponsors U.S. coaches for training pro- , NORTH AMERICAN ALIYAH MOVE- grams in Israel and provides advanced MENT (1968). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., training and competition in U.S. for Is- 10022. Pres. Linda Brown; Exec. Dir. Har- rael's national sports teams, athletes and vey G. Harth. Promotes and facilitates coaches; offers scholarships at U.S. col- aliyah and klitah from the U.S. and Can- leges to Israeli physical education students. ada to Israel; serves as a social framework Newsletter. for North American immigrants to Israel. Aliyon; NAAM Letter; Coming Home. WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL, INC. (1928). 1860 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10023. Pres. Mrs. , ZIONIST ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY Harry M. Wiles; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Regina OF THE (1939). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., Wermiel. Promotes the welfare of young 10022. Dir. and Librarian Sylvia Landress. people in Israel, especially young women Serves as an archives and information ser- immigrants; built and maintains Y-style vice for material on Israel, Palestine, the homes in Jerusalem, Haifa, Tel Aviv and Middle East, Zionism, and all aspects of Natanya for young women; in cooperation Jewish life. with Ministry of Labor, operates live-in vocational training center for girls, including ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA handicapped, in Natanya, and weaving (1897). ZOA House, 4 E. 34 St., N.Y.C., workshop for blind. Bulletin; Israel News 10016. Pres. Joseph P. Sternstein; Nat. Digest. Exec. Dir. Leon Ilutovich. Seeks to safeguard the integrity and independence of WORLD CONFEDERATION OF UNITED ZION- Israel by means consistent with the laws of ISTS (1946; reorg. 1958). 595 Madison the U.S., to assist in the economic develop- Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Co-Presidents Char- ment of Israel, and to foster the unity of the lotte Jacobson, Kalman Sultanik, Melech Jewish people and the centrality of Israel in 338 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Jewish life in the spirit of General Zionism. JEWISH TEACHERS ASSOCIATION—MORIM American Zionist; Public Affairs Memoran- (Religious, Educational) dum; ZINS Weekly News Bulletin; ZOA in Review. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CEN- TER WORKERS (Community Relations) NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SYNAGOGUE PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS* ADMINISTRATORS, UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF CANTORS (Re- ligious, Educational) NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEMPLE AD- MINISTRATORS, UNION OF AMERICAN AMERICAN JEWISH CORRECTIONAL CHAP- HEBREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, LAINS ASSOCIATION, INC. (Social Welfare) Educational) AMERICAN JEWISH PRESS ASSOCIATION NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEMPLE (Cultural) EDUCATORS, UNION OF AMERICAN HE- AMERICAN JEWISH PUBLIC RELATIONS SO- BREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Edu- CIETY (1957). 60 Glenwood Ave., East Or- cational) ange, N.J. 07017. Pres. William Pages; NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COM- Treas. Philip Gutride. Advances profes- MUNAL SERVICE (Social Welfare) sional status of workers in the public-relations field in Jewish communal service; NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF YESHIVA PRIN- upholds a professional code of ethics and CIPALS (Religious, Educational) standards; serves as a clearinghouse for employment opportunities; exchanges pro- NATIONAL JEWISH WELFARE BOARD COM- fessional information and ideas; presents MISSION ON JEWISH CHAPLAINCY (Social awards for excellence in professional at- Welfare) tainments. The Handout. ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CENTER WORK- ERS (Community Relations) WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS* ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CHAPLAINS OF THE ARMED FORCES (Religious, Educa- AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMEN (Zionist and tional) Pro-Israel) ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY RE- B'NAI B'RITH WOMEN (Social Welfare) LATIONS WORKERS (Community Rela- BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY NATIONAL tions) WOMEN'S COMMITTEE (1948). Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., 02154. Exec. CANTORS ASSEMBLY OF AMERICA (Reli- Dir. Esther Schwartz. Responsible for sup- gious, Educational) port and maintenance of Brandeis Univer- COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN sity libraries; sponsors University on CIVIL SERVICE (Community Relations) Wheels and, through its chapters, study- group programs based on faculty-prepared EDUCATORS ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED syllabi, volunteer work in educational ser- SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, vices, and a program of New Books for Old Educational) Sales; constitutes largest "Friends of a Li- brary" group in U.S. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HILLEL DIRECTORS (Religious, Educational) HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGA- NIZATION OF AMERICA, INC. (Zionist and INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH Pro-Israel) COMMUNAL SERVICE (Community Rela- tions) NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN (Social Welfare) JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. (Religious, Educa- NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE SIS- tional) TERHOODS, UNION OF AMERICAN HE-

•For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 339

BREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Edu- BNOS AGUDATH ISRAEL, AGUDATH ISRAEL cational) OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) PIONEER WOMEN, THE WOMEN'S LABOR DROR YOUNG ZIONIST ORGANIZATION ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel) (Zionist and Pro-Israel) UNITED ORDER OF TRUE SISTERS (Social, HASHACHAR—WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANI- Mutual Benefit) ZATION OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro- Israel) WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT, FEDERATION (Overseas Aid) HASHOMER HATZAIR, ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENT (Zionist and Pro-Israel) WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF OR- THODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF ICHUD HABONIM LABOR ZIONIST YOUTH AMERICA (Religious, Educational) (Zionist and Pro-Israel)

WOMEN'S DIVISION OF POALE AGUDATH OF JEWISH STUDENT PRESS-SERVICE (1970)— AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel) JEWISH STUDENT EDITORIAL PROJECTS, INC. 15 East 26th St., Suite 1350, N.Y.C., WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN 10010. Ed.-in-Chief Sue Berrin; Admin. JEWISH CONGRESS (Community Rela- Dir. Leslie Schnur. Serves all Jewish stu- tions) dent and young adult publications, as well WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE JEWISH LABOR as many Anglo-Jewish newspapers, in COMMITTEE (Community Relations) North America, through monthly feature packets of articles and graphics. Holds an- WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE UNITED JEWISH nual national and local editors' conference APPEAL (Overseas Aid) for member publications. Provides technical and editorial assistance; keeps complete WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL, INC. (Zion- file of member publications since 1970; ist and Pro-Israel) maintains Israel Bureau. Jewish Press Fea- WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION OF HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI (Zionist and Pro-Israel) KADIMA (Religious, Educational) YESHIVA UNIVERSITY WOMEN'S ORGANI- ZATION (Religious, Educational) MASSORAH INTERCOLLEGIATES OF YOUNG ISRAEL, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL (Religious, Educational)

YOUTH AND STUDENT NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SYNAGOGUE ORGANIZATIONS* YOUTH, UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA (Religious, AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH FOUNDATION, INC. (Zionist and Pro-Israel) Educational) : AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH COUN- NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE CIL YOUTH, UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Educational) ATID, COLLEGE AGE ORGANIZATION, UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Reli- NOAR MIZRACHI-HAMISHMERET (NOAM) gious, Educational) —RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel) B'NAI B'RITH HlLLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. (Religious, Educational) NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENTS AP- B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION (Reli- PEAL (1971). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C. 10010. gious, Educational) Pres. Steven M. Cohen; Exec. Dir. Susan C. Dessel. Serves as central fund-raising B'NEI AKIVA OF NORTH AMERICA, RELI- mechanism for national, independent, Jew- GIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA (Zionist and ish student organizations; insures account- Pro-Israel) ability of public Jewish communal funds

*For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. 340 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 used by these agencies; assists Jewish stu- school and college students. Organizes dents undertaking projects of concern to drama and choral groups, literature clubs, Jewish communities; advises and assists picnics, dances and other social activities. Jewish organizations in determining stu- Offers services of full-time field worker to dent project feasibility and impact; fosters assist in forming Yiddish courses and development of Jewish student leadership clubs. Fum Khaver Tsu Khaver; Yugntruf. in the Jewish community. Beneficiaries include local and regional Jewish student ZEIREI AGUDATH ISRAEL, AGUDATH IS- projects on campuses throughout North RAEL OF AMERICA (Religious, Educa- America; founding constituents include tional) Jewish Student Press Service, North CANADA American Jewish Students Network, Stu- dent Struggle for Soviet Jewry, Response, CANADA-ISRAEL SECURITIES, LTD., STATE and Yugntruf; beneficiaries include Har- OF ISRAEL BONDS (1953). 1255 University vard Law School Jewish Students Assn., St., Montreal, PQ, H3B 3W7. Pres. Allan Bay Area Jewish Women's Conference, Bronfman; Sec. Max Wolofsky. Sale of and State Univ. of N.Y. Jewish Student State of Israel Bonds in Canada. Israel Union. Bond News. NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENTS' CANADIAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABOR IS- NETWORK (1969). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., RAEL (HISTADRUT) (1944). 4770 Kent 10010. Chmn. Carole Stern. Coordinates Ave., Rm. 301, Montreal, PQ, H3W 1H2. information and programs among all Jew- Nat. Pres. Bernard M. Bloomfield; Nat. ish student organizations in North Amer- Exec. Dir. Bernard Morris. Raises funds ica; promotes development of student-con- for Histadrut institutions in Israel, sup- trolled Jewish student organizations; porting their rehabilitation tasks. Hista- maintains contacts and coordinates pro- drut Foto News; Histadrut Review. grams with Jewish students throughout the world through the World Union of Jewish •CANADIAN FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH Students; runs the Jewish Student Speakers CULTURE (1965). 150 Beverley St., Bureau; sponsors regional conferences, Toronto, M5T 1Y6. Pres. Joseph L. Kro- National Jewish Women's Conference, nick; Exec. Sec. Edmond Y. Lipsitz. Pro- first Pan American Jewish Students Con- motes Jewish studies at university level and ference, North American Jewish Students' encourages original research and scholar- Congress on Israel, and Conference on Al- ship in Jewish subjects; awards annual ternatives in Jewish Education. Guide to scholarships and grants-in-aid to scholars Jewish Student Groups in North America; in Canada. Network. CANADIAN FRIENDS OF THE ALLIANCE NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH YOUTH COUN- ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE (1958). 5711 CIL (Community Relations) Edgemore Ave., Montreal, PQ, H4W 1V7. Pres. Harry Batshaw; Exec. Sec. Mrs. Mar- STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY, lene Salomon. Supports the educational INC. (Community Relations) work of the Alliance.

UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH, UNITED SYN- •CANADIAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW AGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, Educa- UNIVERSITY (1944). 1506 McGregor Ave., tional) Montreal, PQ, H3G 1B9. Nat. Hon. Pres. WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CONSERVATIVE JU- Allan Bronfman; Nat. Hon. Sec. Samuel DAISM (Religious, Educational) R. Risk; Exec. Dir. Daniel Ben-Natan. Represents and publicizes the Hebrew YAVNEH, NATIONAL RELIGIOUS JEWISH University in Canada; serves as fund-rais- STUDENTS ASSOCIATION (Religious, Edu- ing arm for the University in Canada; pro- cational) cesses Canadians for study at the university. Scopus. YUGNTRUF YOUTH FOR YIDDISH (1966). 3328 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10467. CANADIAN JEWISH CONGRESS (1919; reorg. Pres. Paula Teitelbaum; Exec. Dir. David 1934). 1590 McGregor Ave., Montreal, Neal Miller. A worldwide, non-political PQ, H3G 1C5. Pres. W. Gunther Plaut; organization for Yiddish-speaking high Exec. V. Pres. Alan Rose. The official voice NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 341 of Canadian Jewry at home and abroad. vides counselling by pedagogic experts, in- Acts on all matters affecting the status, service teacher training courses and semi- rights and welfare of Canadian Jews. Con- nars in Canada and Israel; operates teacher gress Bulletin; I.O.I.; Cercle Juif. placement bureau, national pedagogic council and research centre; publishes and CANADIAN ORT ORGANIZATION (Organi- distributes educational material and teach- zation of Rehabilitation Through Train- ing aids; conducts annual Bible contests ing) (1940). 5165 Sherbrooke St. W., Suite and Hebrew language courses for adults. 208, Montreal, PQ, H4A 1T6. Pres. J.A. Al Mitzpe Haninuch. Lyone Heppner; Exec. Dir. Max E. Levy. Carries on fund-raising projects in support HADASSAH—WIZO ORGANIZATION OF of the worldwide vocational-training CANADA (1916). 1310 Greene Ave., 9th fl., school network of ORT. Canadian ORT Montreal, PQ, H3Z 2B2. Nat. Pres. Mrs. Reporter. Charles Balinsky; Nat. Exec. Dir. Lily Frank. Assists needy Israeli Jews by spon- : WOMEN'S CANADIAN ORT (1940). soring health, education, and social welfare 380 Wilson Ave., Downsview, Ont, M3H services; seeks to strengthen and perpetu- 1S9. Pres. Dorothy Shoichet; Exec. Dir. ate Jewish identity; encourages Jewish and Diane Uslaner. Hebrew culture in promoting Canadian ideals of democracy and pursuit of peace. CANADIAN SEPHARDIC FEDERATION Orah. (1973). 1310 Greene Ave., Montreal PQ, H3Z 2B7. Pres. Charles Chocron; Exec. JEWISH COLONIZATION ASSOCIATION OF Dir. Avi Shlush. Preserves and promotes CANADA (1907). 5151 Cote St. Catherine Sephardic identity, particularly among Rd., Montreal, PQ, H3W 1M6. Pres. Laza- youth; works for the unity of the Jewish rus Phillips; Sec. Morley M. Cohen; Mgr. people; emphasizes relations between Se- M.J. Lister. Promotes Jewish land settle- phardi communities all over the world; ment in Canada through loans to estab- seeks better situation for Sephardim in Is- lished fanners; helps new immigrant farm- rael; supports Israel by all means. Horison, ers to purchase farms; or settles them on Sepharadi. farms owned by the Association; provides agricultural advice and supervision; con- CANADIAN YOUNG JUDEA (1917). 788 Mar- tributes funds to Canadian Jewish Loan lee Ave., Toronto, Ont., M6B 3K1. Nat. Cassa for loans to small businessmen and Pres. Mark Joffe; Exec. Dir. Ian Borer. artisans. Strives to attract Jewish youth to Zionism, with goal of aliyah; operates nine summer JEWISH IMMIGRANT AID SERVICES OF CAN- camps in Canada and Israel; is sponsored ADA (JIAS) (1919). 5151 Cote St. Cather- by Canadian Hadassah-WIZO and Zionist ine Rd., Montreal, PQ, H3W 1M6. Nat. Organization of Canada, and affiliated with Pres. Charles Kent; Nat. Exec. V. Pres. Hanoar Hatzioni in Israel. Yedion; Juda- Joseph Kage. Serves as a national agency ean; Ekronot. for immigration and immigrant welfare. JIAS Bulletin; JIAS News; Studies and CANADIAN ZIONIST FEDERATION (1967). Documents on Immigration and Integra- 1310 Greene Ave., Westmount, Montreal tion in Canada. PQ, H3Z 2B2. Pres. Philip Givens; Exec. V. Pres. Leon Kronitz. Umbrella organiza- JEWISH LABOR COMMITTEE OF CANADA tion of all Zionist- and Israel-oriented (1934). 5165 Isabella Ave., Montreal, PQ, groups in Canada; carries on major activi- H3W 1S9. Nat. Pres. Harry Simon; Nat. ties in all areas of Jewish life through its Dir. Elie Chalouh. Fights for human rights departments of education and culture, and against racism, antisemitism and other aliyah, youth and students, public affairs, forms of discrimination; works for and fund-raising for the purpose of strengthening and continuation of Jewish strengthening the State of Israel and the life in Canada. Bulletins. Canadian Jewish Community. Canadian Zionist; The Reporter. JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF CANADA (KEREN KAYEMETH LE ISRAEL, INC.) : BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND CUL- (1902). 1980 Sherbrooke St. W., Suite 250, TURE (1972). Pres. Philip Givens; Exec. V. Montreal, PQ, H3H, 2M7. Nat. Pres. Na- Pres. and Dir. of Educ. Leon Kronitz. Pro- than Scott; Exec. V. Pres. Harris D. Gulko. 342 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Seeks to create, provide, enlarge, and ad- Greenberg. Dedicated to furthering human minister a fund to be made up of voluntary welfare in Jewish and non-Jewish com- contributions from the Jewish community munities, locally, nationally, and interna- and others, to be used for charitable pur- tionally; provides essential services and poses. JNF Bulletin. stimulates and educates the individual and the community through an integrated pro- LABOR ZIONIST MOVEMENT OF CANADA gram of education, service, and social ac- (1939). 4770 Kent Ave., Montreal, PQ, tion. Keeping You Posted. H3W 1H2. Nat. Pres. Sydney L. Wax; Nat. Exec. Dir. Leo J. Moss. Disseminates in- NATIONAL JOINT COMMUNITY RELATIONS formation and publications on Israel and COMMITTEE OF CANADIAN JEWISH CON- Jewish life; arranges special events, lec- GRESS AND B'NAI B'RITH IN CANADA tures, and seminars; coordinates commu- (1936). 150 Beverley St., Toronto, Ont., nal and political activities of its constituent M5T 1Y6. Chmn. Rabbi Jordan Pearlson; bodies (Pioneer Women, Na'amat, Labor Nat. Exec. Dir. Ben G. Kayfetz. Seeks to Zionist Alliance, Poale Zion party, Habo- nim-Dror Youth, Israel Histadrut, affi- safeguard the status, rights, and welfare of liated Hebrew elementary and high schools Jews in Canada; to combat antisemitism in Montreal and Toronto). Canadian Jew- and promote understanding and goodwill ish Quarterly; Viewpoints; Brie/acts; In- among all ethnic and religious groups. sight. Congress Bulletin.

•MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI ORGA- UNITED JEWISH TEACHERS' SEMINARY NIZATION OF CANADA (1941). 5497A Vic- (1946). 5237 Clanranald Ave., Montreal, toria Ave., Suite 101, Montreal, PQ, H3W PQ, H3X, 2S5. Dir. A. Aisenbach; Sec. 2R1. Nat. Pres. Kurt Rothschild; Nat. Mrs. M. Aspler. Trains teachers for Yid- Exec. Dir. Rabbi Sender Shizgal; Sec. Zal- dish and Hebrew schools under auspices of man Stern. Promotes religious Zionism, Canadian Jewish Congress. YITONENU. aimed at making Israel a state based on Torah; maintains Bnei Akiva, a summer ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF CANADA (1892; camp, adult education program, and tour- reorg. 1919). 788 Marlee Ave., Toronto, ing department; supports Mizrachi-Hapoel Ont., M6B 3K1. Nat. Pres. David Mon- Hamizrachi and other religious Zionist inson; Exec. V. Pres. George Liban. Furthers stitutions in Israel which strengthen tradi- general Zionist aims by operating nine tional Judaism. Mizrachi Newsletter. youth camps in Canada and one in Israel; produces two weekly TV shows, "Shalom" NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN OF and "Jewish Dimensions"; maintains CANADA (1947). 300A Wilson Ave., Suite Zionist book club; arranges programs, lec- 2, Downsview, Ont., M3H 1S8. Nat. Pres. tures; sponsors Young Judea, Youth Cen- Marjorie Blankstein; Exec. Sec. Florence tre Project in Jerusalem Forest, Israel. Jewish Federations, Welfare Funds, Community Councils

1 HIS directory is one of a series compiled tion in one city, for example, may be called a annually by the Council of Jewish Federa- community council in another. In the main, tions and Welfare Funds. Virtually all of these central agencies have responsibility for these community organizations are affiliated some or all of the following functions: (a) with the Council as their national association raising of funds for local, national, and over- for sharing of common services, interchange seas services; (b) allocation and distribution of experience, and joint consultation and ac- of funds for these purposes; (c) coordination tion. and central planning of local services, such as These communities comprise at least 95 family welfare, child care, health, recreation, per cent of the Jewish population of the community relations within the Jewish com- United States and about 90 per cent of the munity and with the general community, Jewish population of Canada. Listed for each Jewish education, care of the aged, and voca- community is the local central agency—fed- tional guidance; to strengthen these services, eration, welfare fund, or community council eliminate duplication, and fill gaps; (d) in —with its address and the names of the presi- small and some intermediate cities, direct ad- dent and executive officer. ministration of local social services. The names "federation," "welfare fund," In the directory, (*) preceding a listing and "Jewish community council" are not identifies those who are not member agencies definitive, and their structures and functions of the Council of Jewish Federations and vary from city to city. What is called a federa- Welfare Funds.

UNITED STATES

ALABAMA MOBILE MOBILE JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (Inc. BIRMINGHAM 1966); 1509 Government St. (36604); Pres. BIRMINGHAM JEWISH FEDERATION (1935; Melvin Stein; Exec. Dir. Richard Grant. reorg. 1971); P.O. Box 9157 (35213); Pres. Mrs. Solomon P. Kimerling; Exec. Dir. Sey- mour Marcus. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1962); P.O. MONTGOMERY Box 7377, 3960 Montclair Rd. (35223); Pres. JEWISH FEDERATION OF MONTGOMERY, Mayer U. Newfield; Exec. Dir. Harold E. INC. (1930); P.O. Box 1150 (36102); Pres. Katz. Perry Mendel; Sec. Mrs. Jeanette C. Waldo.

343 344 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Canyon Dr. #210(92262); Pres. A. S. Weiss; Exec. Dir. Samuel J. Rosenthal. TRI-CITIES TRI-CITIES JEWISH FEDERATION CHARI- SACRAMENTO TIES, INC. (1933; Inc. 1956); Route 7, Flo- JEWISH FEDERATION OF SACRAMENTO rence (35632); Pres. Mrs. M. F. Shipper. (1948). 2418 K St., Suite A (95816); Pres. ARIZONA Alan Brodovsky; Exec. Dir. Ephraim Spivek. PHOENIX GREATER PHOENIX JEWISH FEDERATION SAN BERNARDINO (incl. surrounding communities) (1940); 1718 SAN BERNARDINO UNITED JEWISH WEL- W. Maryland Ave. (85015); Pres. Neal Kurn; FARE FUND, INC. (1936; Inc. 1957); 3512 No. Exec. Dir. Herman Markowitz. "E" St. (92405). Pres. William Russler. TUCSON SAN DIEGO JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1942); 102 N. Plumer (85719); Pres. Alvin D. Stem; UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER Exec. V. Pres. Benjamin N. Brook. SAN DIEGO (1935); 5511 El Cajon Blvd. (92115); Pres. Bernard L. Lewis; Exec. Dir. ARKANSAS Donald L. Gartner. LITTLE ROCK SAN FRANCISCO JEWISH WELFARE AGENCY, INC. (1911); 221 Donaghey Bldg; Main at 7th (72201); JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF SAN Pres. Allan B. Mendel; Exec. Sec. Nancy FRANCISCO, MARIN COUNTY AND THE Goldman. PENINSULA (1910; reorg. 1955); 220 Bush St., Room 645 (94104); Pres. Peter E. Haas; CALIFORNIA Exec. Dir. Brian Lurie. LONG BEACH SAN JOSE JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION (1937); JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SAN (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE JOSE (incl. Santa Clara County except Palo FUND); 2601 Grand Ave. (90815); Pres. Ar- AJto and Los Altos) (1930; reorg. 1950); 1777 thur Miller; Exec. Dir. Harold Benowitz. Hamilton Ave., Suite 201 (95125); Pres. Har- LOS ANGELES old Witkin; Exec. Dir. Donald A. Glazer. JEWISH FEDERATION - COUNCIL OF SANTA BARBARA GREATER LOS ANGELES (1912; reorg. 1959) (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE •SANTA BARBARA JEWISH FEDERATION, FUND); 6505 Wilshire Blvd. (90048); Pres. P.O. Box 3314 (93105); Pres. M. Howard Irwin H. Goldenberg; Exec. V. Pres. AJvin Goldman. Bronstein. STOCKTON OAKLAND •STOCKTON JEWISH WELFARE FUND JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF (1972); 5105 N. El Dorado St. (95207); Pres. ALAMEDA AND CONTRA COSTA COUNTIES Joel M. Senderov; Treas. Harry Green. (1918); 3245 Sheffield Ave. (94602); Pres. Marshall Comblum; Exec. Dir. Earnest Sie- VENTURA gel. •VENTURA COUNTY JEWISH COUNCIL— ORANGE COUNTY TEMPLE BETH TORAH (1938); 7620 Foothill JEWISH FEDERATION-COUNCIL OF ORANGE Rd. (93003); Pres. Paul Karlsberg. COUNTY (1964; Inc. 1965); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND); 3303 COLORADO Harbor Blvd., Costa Mesa (92626); Pres. Mel DENVER Jaffee; Exec. Dir. Mortimer Greenberg. ALLIED JEWISH FEDERATION OF DENVER PALM SPRINGS (1936); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH CAM- JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF PALM PAIGN); 300 S. Dahlia St. (80222); Pres. Jack SPRINGS-DESERT AREA (1971); 611 S. Palm Grazi; Exec. Dir. Harold Cohen. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 345

CONNECTICUT DELAWARE BRIDGEPORT WILMINGTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF DELAWARE, INC. UNITED JEWISH COUNCIL OF GREATER BRIDGEPORT, INC. (1936); (sponsors UNITED (1935); 701 Shipley St. (19801); Pres. Nisson JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 4200 Park Ave. A. Finkelstein; Exec. Dir. Mike Ruvel. (06604); Pres. Helen B. Wasserman; Exec. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Dir. Sanford Lupovitz. WASHINGTON DANBURY UNITED JEWISH APPEAL—FEDERATION OF JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DAN- GREATER WASHINGTON, INC. (1935); 4701 BURY (1945); 8 West St. (06810); Pres. Albert Willard Ave., Chevy Chase, Md. (20015); Kohn; Exec. Dir. Jonathan H. Spinner. Pres. Herschel W. Blumberg; Exec. V. Pres. Elton J. Kerness. HARTFORD FLORIDA GREATER HARTFORD JEWISH FEDERATION (Incl. New Britain) (1945); 333 Bloomfleld FT. LAUDERDALE Ave., W. Hartford (06117); Pres. Arthur W. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER FT. Feinstein; Exec. Dir. Don Cooper. LAUDERDALE (1967); 2999 N.W. 33rd Ave. (33311); Pres. Allan E. Baer; Exec. Dir. Ir- MERIDEN ving L. Geisser. *MERIDEN JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. HOLLYWOOD (1944); 127 E. Main St. (06450); Pres. Joseph JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTH BROWARD, Barker; Sec. Harold Rosen. INC. (1943); 2838 Hollywood Blvd. (33020); Pres. Lewis E. Cohn; Exec. Dir. Sumner NEW HAVEN Kaye. NEW HAVEN JEWISH FEDERATION (1928); (sponsors COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL) JACKSONVILLE (1969); 1184 Chapel St. (06511); Pres. Josef JACKSONVILLE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- Adler; Exec. Dir. Arthur Spiegel. CIL (1935); 5846 Mt. Carmel Terr. (32216); Pres. E. Theodore Cohn; Exec. Dir. Gerald NEW LONDON L. Goldsmith. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF MIAMI GREATER NEW LONDON, INC. (1950; Inc. GREATER MIAMI JEWISH FEDERATION, 1970); 302 State St. (06320); Pres. Jerry Win- INC. (1938); 4200 Biscayne Blvd. (33137); ter; Exec. Dir. Eugene F. Elander. Pres. Morton Silberman; Exec. V. Pres. Myron J. Brodie. NORWALK JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF NOR- ORLANDO WALK (1946; reorg. 1964); Shorehaven Rd., JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER OR- East Norwalk (06855); Pres. Mrs. Betty Her- LANDO (1949); 851 No. Maitland Ave., Mait- man; Exec. Dir. Roy Stuppler. land (32751); Pres. Sy Israel; Exec. Dir. Paul Jeser. STAMFORD PALM BEACH COUNTY UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION (Reincorp. JEWISH FEDERATION OF PALM BEACH 1973); 1035 Newfield Ave. (06905); Pres. COUNTY, INC. (1938); 2415 Okeechobee Bernard Samers; Exec. Dir. Sandor Sherman. Blvd., West Palm Beach (33409); Pres. Stan- ley Brenner; Exec. Dir. Norman J. Schimel- WATERBURY JEWISH FEDERATION OF WATERBURY, INC. PENSACOLA (1938); 1020 Country Club Rd. (06720); •PENSACOLA FEDERATED JEWISH CHARI- Pres. Donald Liebeskind; Exec. Dir. Robert TIES (1942); 1320 E. Lee St. (32503); Pres. Kessler. Gene Rosenbaum; Sec. Mrs. Harry Saffer. 346 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

PINELLAS COUNTY (incl. Clearwater and CHICAGO St. Petersburg) JEWISH FEDERATION OF METROPOLITAN JEWISH FEDERATION OF PINELLAS CHICAGO (1900); 1 S. Franklin St. (60606); COUNTY, INC. (1950; reincorp. 1974); 8167 Pres. David Smerling; Exec. V. Pres. James Elbow Lane, North, St. Petersburg (33710); P. Rice. Pres. Stanley Freifeld; Exec. Dir. Ron Weis- inger. JEWISH UNITED FUND OF METROPOLITAN CHICAGO (1968), 1 S. Franklin St. (60606); SARASOTA Pres. David Smerling; Exec. V. Pres. James P. Rice. SARASOTA JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC. (1959); 1900 Main Bldg., Suite 300 DECATUR (33577); Pres. Sol Levites; Exec. Dir. Flo- rence S. Sinclair. JEWISH FEDERATION (member Central Illi- nois Jewish Federation) (1942); 78 Mont- TAMPA gomery PI. (62522); Pres. Don Champion. TAMPA JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); 2808 ELGIN Horatio (33609); Pres. David Polur. ELGIN AREA JEWISH WELFARE CHEST GEORGIA (1938); 330 Division St. (60120); Pres. Gerald Levine; Treas. Harry Seigle. ATLANTA ATLANTA JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, JOLIET INC. (1905; reorg. 1967); 1753 Peachtree Rd., JOLIET JEWISH WELFARE CHEST (1938); N.E. (30309); Pres. David Goldwasser; Exec. 250 N. Midland Ave. (60435); Pres. Robert S. Dir. Max C. Gettinger. Krockey; Sec. Rabbi Morris M. Hershman. AUGUSTA PEORIA FEDERATION OF JEWISH CHARITIES (1937); P.O. Box 3251, Hill Station (30909) c/o Hil- CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERATION lel Silver, Treas; Pres. Morton Wittenberg. (1969); 718 Central Bldg. (61602); Pres. Ted Century; Exec. Dir. Peretz Katz. COLUMBUS JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL & WELFARE JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF COLUM- FUND OF PEORIA (member CENTRAL ILLI- BUS, INC. (1941); P.O. Box 1303 (31902); NOIS JEWISH FEDERATION) (1933; Inc. Pres. Bernard Witt; Sec. David Helman. 1947); 718 Central Bldg. (61602); Pres. Jo- seph Settler; Exec. Dir. Peretz A. Katz. SAVANNAH SAVANNAH JEWISH COUNCIL (1943); (spon- ROCK ISLAND — MOLINE — DAVEN- sors UJA-FEDERATION CAMPAIGN); P. O. PORT — BETTENDORF Box 6546, 5111 Abercorn St. (31405); Pres. UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF QUAD CIT- Aaron Levy; Exec. Dir. Stan Ramati. IES (1938; comb. 1973); 1804 7th Ave., Rock Island (61201); Pres. Morton Kaplan; Sec. IDAHO Jay Gellerman. BOISE ROCKFORD •SOUTHERN IDAHO JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1947); 1776 Commerce Ave. (83705); ROCKFORD JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL Pres. Kal Sarlat; Treas. Martin Heuman. (1937); 1500 Parkview Ave. (61107); Pres. Toby Toback; Exec. Dir. Daniel Tannen- ILLINOIS baum. CHAMP AIGN-URBANA SOUTHERN ILLINOIS FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1929); JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN ILLI- (member Central Illinois Jewish Federation); NOIS (incl. all of Illinois south of Carlinville 1707 Parkhaven Dr., Champaign (61820); and Paducah, Ky.) (1941); 6464 W. Main, Co-Chmn. Stanley Levy, Zelda Derber; Exec. Suite 7A, Belleville (62223); Pres. Mrs. Frank Sec. Mrs. Donald Ginsberg. Altaian; Exec. Dir. Hyman H. Ruffman. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 347

SPRINGFIELD IOWA SPRINGFIELD JEWISH FEDERATION (mem- CEDAR RAPIDS ber CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERA- TION) (1941); 730 E. Vine St. (62703); Pres. *JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF LINN COUNTY Leonard M. Lieberman; Exec. Sec. Mrs. (1941); 115 7 St. S.E. (52401); Chmn. Nor- Lenore Loeb. man Lipsky; Treas. Jay Beecher. INDIANA DES MOINES JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF DES EVANSVILLE MOINES (1914); 910 Polk Blvd. (50312); EVANSVILLE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- Pres. Fred Lorber; Exec. Dir. Jay Yoskowitz. CIL, INC. (1936; Inc. 1964); P.O. Box 5026 (47715); Pres. Mrs. Saddle Berger. SIOUX CITY FORT WAYNE JEWISH FEDERATION (1921); 525 14 St. FORT WAYNE JEWISH FEDERATION (1921); (51105); Pres. A. Frank Baron; Exec. Dir. 227 E. Washington Blvd. (46802); Pres. Rob- Joseph Bluestein. ert S. Walters; Exec. Dir. Benjamin Eisbart. WATERLOO WATERLOO JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); INDIANAPOLIS c/o Congregation Sons of Jacob, 411 Mitch- JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, INC. ell Ave. (50702); Pres. Irving Uze. (1905); 615 N. Alabama St. (46204); Pres. KANSAS Walter E. Wolf, Jr.; Exec. V. Pres. Frank H. Newman. TOPEKA LAFAYETTE TOPEKA-LAWRENCE JEWISH FEDERATION (1939); 101 Redbud Lane (66607); Pres. Wil- FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1924); liam Rudnick. P.O. Box 676 (47902); Pres. Leslie Feld; Fin. Sec. Louis Pearlman, Jr. WICHITA MICHIGAN CITY MID-KANSAS JEWISH WELFARE FEDERA- TION, INC. (1935); 400 N. Woodlawn, Suite MICHIGAN CITY UNITED JEWISH WELFARE 28 (67206); Pres. Joan Beren. FUND; 2800 Franklin St. (46360); Pres. Ir- ving Loeber; Treas. Harold Leinwand. KENTUCKY MUNCIE LOUISVILLE •MUNCIE JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1945); JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF c/o Beth El Temple; P.O. Box 2792 (47302); LOUISVILLE, INC. (1934); (sponsors UNITED Chmn. Edward J. Dobrow; Treas. Robert JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 702 Marion E. Taylor Koor. Bldg. (40202); Pres. Stuart Handmaker; Exec. Dir. Norbert Fruehauf. NORTHWEST INDIANA LOUISIANA NORTHWEST INDIANA JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION (1941; reorg. 1959); 4844 ALEXANDRIA Broadway, Gary (46408); Pres. Alan Hurst; THE JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION AND Exec. Dir. Barnett Labowitz. COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF CENTRAL LOUI- SOUTH BEND SIANA (1938); 1261 Heyman Lane (71301); Pres. Harold Katz; Sec.-Treas. Mrs. George JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF ST. JO- Kuplesky. SEPH AND ELKHART COUNTIES (1946); 804 Sherland Bldg. (46601); Pres. Ronald Cohen; BATON ROUGE Exec. Dir. Bernard Natkow. GREATER BATON ROUGE JEWISH WEL- JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1937); 804 Sher- FARE FEDERATION (1971); P. O. Box 15123 land Bldg. (46601); Exec. Dir. Bernard Nat- (70895); Pres. Harvey Hoffman; Adm. Asst. kow. Betty Shapiro. 348 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

MONROE Pres. Leonard Kaplan; Exec. Dir. Bernard UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF NORTHEAST Olshansky. LOUISIANA (1938); 2400 Orrel PI. (71201); FITCHBURG Pres. Henry Gerson; Sec.-Treas. Herman E. Hirsch. •JEWISH FEDERATION OF FITCHBURG (1939); 40 Boutelle St. (01420); Pres. Elliot L. NEW ORLEANS Zide; Treas. Allen I. Rome. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NEW FRAMINGHAM ORLEANS (1913; reorg. 1977); 211 Camp St. (70130); Pres. Marvin L. Jacobs; Exec. Dir. GREATER FRAMINGHAM JEWISH FEDERA- Gerald C. Lasensky. TION (1968; Inc. 1969); 1000 Worchester Road, Framingham Centre (01701); Pres. SHREVEPORT Mrs. Harvey Stone; Exec. Dir. Howard G. SHREVEPORT JEWISH FEDERATION (1941; Joress. Inc. 1967); 1021 Lane Bldg. (71101); Pres. HAVERHILL David Greenberg; Exec. Dir. K. Bernard Klein. •HAVERHILL UNITED JEWISH APPEAL, INC., 514 Main St. (01830); Pres. Norman Birenbaum; Exec. Dir. Joseph H. Elgart. MAINE HOLYOKE BANGOR COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL OF HOLYOKE •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1949); 28 (1939); 378 Maple St. (01040); Pres. Herbert Somerset St. (04401); Pres. Sam Nyer; Exec. Goldberg; Exec. Dir. Dov Sussman. Dir. Alan Coren. LAWRENCE LEWISTON-AUBURN JEWISH FEDERATION (1947); (sponsors •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF UNITED JEWISH APPEAL); 134 College St., GREATER LAWRENCE (1906); 580 Haverhill Lewiston (04240); Pres. Mrs. Bertha Allen; St. (01841); Pres. Michael Baker; Exec. Dir. Irving Linn. Exec. Dir. Robert Schwartz. LEOMINSTER PORTLAND LEOMINSTER JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- JEWISH FEDERATION COMMUNITY COUN- CIL, INC. (1939); 30 Grove Ave. (01453); CIL OF SOUTHERN MAINE (1942); (sponsors Pres. Marc Levine; Sec.-Treas. Edith Chat- UNITED JEWISH APPEAL); 341 Cumberland Ave. (04101); Pres. David N. Lewis; Exec. kis. Dir. Sanford Cutler. NEW BEDFORD JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NEW MARYLAND BEDFORD, INC. (1938; Inc. 1954); 467 Haw- thorn St., North Dartmouth (02747); Pres. ANNAPOLIS Alan Ades; Exec. Dir. Gerald A. Kleinman. •ANNAPOLIS JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1946); 601 Ridgley Ave. (21401); Pres. Anton Grobani. NORTH SHORE BALTIMORE JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE NORTH SHORE, INC. (1938); 4 Community Rd., Mar- ASSOCIATED JEWISH CHARITIES & WEL- blehead (01945); Pres. Norman S. Rosenfield; FARE FUND, INC. (a merger of the Associated Exec. Dir. Gerald S. Ferman. Jewish Charities & Jewish Welfare Fund) (1920; reorg. 1969); 319 W. Monument St. PITTSFIELD (21201); Pres. Bernard Manekin; Exec. V. •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1940); 235 Pres. Robert I. Hiller. E. St. (01201); Pres. Howard Kaufman; Exec. Dir. Sanford Lubin. MASSACHUSETTS SPRINGFIELD BOSTON SPRINGFIELD JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. COMBINED JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES OF (1938); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE GREATER BOSTON, INC. (incl. Brockton) FUND); 1160 Dickinson (01108); Pres. Rich- (1895; reorg. 1961); 72 Franklin St. (02110); ard Gaberman; Exec. Dir. Eli Asher. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 349

WORCESTER Ave. (55402); Pres. Thomas D. Feinberg; WORCESTER JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. Exec. Dir. Franklin Fogelson. (1947; Inc. 1957); (sponsors JEWISH WEL- FARE FUND, 1939); 633 Salisbury St. (01609); ST. PAUL Pres. David F. Gould; Exec. Dir. Melvin S. UNITED JEWISH FUND AND COUNCIL Cohen. (1935); 790 S. Cleveland (55116); Pres. An- nette Newman; Exec. Dir. Morris Lapidos. MICHIGAN BAY CITY MISSISSIPPI •NORTHEASTERN MICHIGAN JEWISH WEL- JACKSON FARE FEDERATION (1940); 1100 Center Ave., Apt. 305 (48706); Sec. Hanna Hertzen- •JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1945); 4135 N. berg. Honeysuckle Lane (39211); Drive Chmn. Emanuel Crystal. DETROIT VICKSBURG JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF DE- TROIT (1899); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH •JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION (1936); CAMPAIGN); Fred M. Butzel Memorial 1210 Washington St. (39180); Pres. Richard Bldg., 163 Madison (48226); Pres. Martin E. Marcus. Citrin; Exec. Dir. Sol Drachler. MISSOURI FLINT JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1936); 120 KANSAS CITY W. Kearsley St. (48502); Pres. Murray E. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER KANSAS Moss; Exec. Dir. Arnold S. Feder. CITY (1933); 25 E. 12 St. (64106); Pres. Don- ald H. Tranin; Exec. Dir. Sol Koenigsberg. GRAND RAPIDS JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND OF GRAND ST. JOSEPH RAPIDS (1930); 1121 Keneberry Way S.E. (49506); Pres. Joseph N. Schwartz; Sec. Mrs. UNITED JEWISH FUND OF ST. JOSEPH (1915); 2903 Sherman Ave. (64506); Pres. William Deutsch. Grace Day; Exec. Sec. Ann Saferstein. KALAMAZOO ST. LOUIS KALAMAZOO JEWISH FEDERATION (1949); 2902 Bronson Blvd. (49001); Pres. Martin H. JEWISH FEDERATION OF ST. LOUIS (incl. St. Kalb. Louis County) (1901); 611 Olive St., Suite 1520 (63101); Pres. Siegmund Halpern; V.P. LANSING David Rabinovitz. GREATER LANSING JEWISH WELFARE FED- ERATION (1939); 319 Hillcrest (48823); Pres. NEBRASKA Marvin Hecht; Exec. Dir. Henry Jurkewicz. LINCOLN LINCOLN JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, SAGINAW INC. (1931; Inc. 1961); 809 Lincoln Benefit SAGINAW JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION Life Bldg. (68508); Pres. Herbert F. Gaba; (1939); 1424 S. Washington Ave. (48607); Sec. Louis B. Finkelstein. Pres. Norman Rotenberg; Fin. Sec. Mrs. Henry Feldman. OMAHA MINNESOTA JEWISH FEDERATION OF OMAHA (1903); 333 S. 132 St. (68154); Pres. Mrs. Morris DULUTH Fellman; Exec. Dir. Louis B. Solomon. JEWISH FEDERATION & COMMUNITY COUN- CIL (1937); 1602 E. 2nd St. (55812); Pres. R. NEVADA L. Solon; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Arnold Nides. LAS VEGAS MINNEAPOLIS LAS VEGAS COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL MINNEAPOLIS FEDERATION FOR JEWISH (1973); 846 E. Sahara Ave. #4 (89104); Pres. SERVICES (1929; Inc. 1930); 811 La Salle Lloyd Katz; Exec. Dir. Jerry Countess. 350 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

NEW HAMPSHIRE NORTH JERSEY MANCHESTER JEWISH FEDERATION OF NORTH JERSEY (formerly Jewish Community Council) JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF (1933); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL GREATER MANCHESTER (1913); 698 Beech DRIVE); 1 Pike Dr., Wayne (07470); Pres. St. (03104); Pres. Harold Cooper; Exec. Dir. Norman Zelnick; Exec. Dir. Richard Krie- Kenneth Gabel. ger. NEW JERSEY NORTHERN MIDDLESEX COUNTY ATLANTIC CITY JEWISH FEDERATION OF NORTHERN MID- DLESEX COUNTY (sponsors UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES OF AT- LANTIC COUNTY (1924); 5321 Atlantic Ave., APPEAL) (1975); Lord St., Avenel (07001); Ventnor County (08406); Pres. Esther G. Pres. Ted Simkin; Exec. Dir. Charles Plotkin. Mitnick; Exec. Dir. Murray Schneier. BERGEN COUNTY OCEAN COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION OF COMMUNITY SER- OCEAN COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION; 120 VICES, BERGEN COUNTY, N.J. (incl. most of Madison Ave., Lakewood (08701); Pres. Her- Bergen County) (1953); 20 Banta PI., Hack- bert Wishnick; Exec. Dir. Marvin Relkin. ensack (07601); Pres. Moshe Dworkin; Exec. Dir. Max M. Kleinbaum. PASSAIC-CLIFTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF PASSAIC- CENTRAL NEW JERSEY CLIFTON AND VICINITY (1933); (sponsors JEWISH FEDERATION OF CENTRAL NEW UNITED JEWISH CAMPAIGN); 199 Scoles JERSEY (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAM- Ave. (07012). Pres. Herbert C. Klein; Exec. PAIGN); (1940; expanded 1973 to include Dir. Max Grossman. Westfield and Plainfield); Green Lane, Union (07083); Pres. Alan Goldstein; Exec. V. Pres. RARITAN VALLEY Burton Lazarow. JEWISH FEDERATION OF RARITAN VALLEY (1948); 2 South Adelaide Ave., Highland ENGLEWOOD Park (08904); Pres. Jane Freedman; Exec. UNITED JEWISH FUND OF ENGLEWOOD Dir. Howard Kieval. AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES (1952); 153 Tenafly Rd. (07631); Pres. Mrs. Stanford SOMERSET COUNTY E. Eisenberg; Exec. Dir. George Hantgan. JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOMERSET COUNTY (I960); 11 Park Ave., P. O. Box JERSEY CITY 874, Somerville (08876); Pres. Margit Feld- UNITED JEWISH APPEAL (1939); 604 Bergen man; Exec. Dir. Burt Shimanovsky. Ave. (07304); Chmn. Melvin Blum; Exec. Dir. Arthur Eisenstein. SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN NEW METROPOLITAN NEW JERSEY JERSEY (incl. Camden and Burlington Coun- JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION (spon- ties) (1922); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH AP- sors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL) (1923); 60 PEAL); 2393 W. Marlton Pike, Cherry Hill Glen wood Rd., East Orange (07017); Exec. (08002); Pres. Meyer L. Abrams; Exec. V. V. Pres. Carmi Schwartz. Pres. Bernard Dubin. MONMOUTH COUNTY TRENTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER MON- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER TREN- MOUTH COUNTY (Formerly Shore Area) TON (1929); 999 Lower Ferry Rd., P. O. Box (1971); 100 Grant Ave. (07723); Pres. Samuel 7249 (08628); Pres. David Kravitz; Exec. Jaffe; Exec. Dir. Clifford R. Josephson. Dir. Mark M. Edell. MORRIS COUNTY VINELAND UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF MORRIS- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF GREATER SUSSEX; 500 Route 10, Ledgewood (07852); VINELAND, INC. (1971); (sponsors ALLIED Pres. Ralph Stern; Exec. Dir. Elliot Cohan. JEWISH APPEAL); 629 Wood St. (08360); JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 351 Pres. Sheldon Goldberg; Exec. Dir. Nan R. Mancher; Exec. V. Pres. Sanford So- Goldberg. lender. NEW MEXICO UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF GREATER NEW YORK, INC. (incl. Greater New York, Nas- ALBUQUERQUE sau, Suffolk and Westchester Counties) (1939); 220 W. 58th St. (10019); Pres. James JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF AL- L. Weinberg; Exec. V. Pres. Ernest W. BUQUERQUE, INC. (1938); 600 Louisiana Michel. Blvd., S.E. (87108); Pres. Michael Sutin; Exec. Dir. Charles Vogel. UNITED JEWISH APPEAL—FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES—JOINT CAM- NEW YORK PAIGN (1974); 220 W. 58 St. (10019); Pres. Laurence A. Tisch; Exec. V.P.s Ernest W. ALBANY Michel, Sanford Solender; Bd. Chmn. Law- ALBANY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, rence B. Buttenwieser. INC. (1938); (sponsors JEWISH WELFARE FUND); 19 Colvin Ave. (12206); Pres. Jason NEWBURGH-MIDDLETOWN Baker; Exec. Dir. Steven F. Windmueller. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NEWBURGH AND MIDDLETOWN, INC. (1925); 360 Powell Ave. BROOME COUNTY (12550); Pres. Florence Levine; Exec. Dir. THE JEWISH FEDERATION OF BROOME Carol Rosengart. COUNTY (1937; Inc. 1958); 500 Clubhouse Rd., Binghamton (13903); Pres. Mrs. Edwin NIAGARA FALLS Pierson; Exec. Dir. Stanley Bard. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y., INC. (1935); 209 United Office Bldg. BUFFALO (14303); Pres. Robert D. Wisbaum; Exec. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF BUFFALO, Dir. May Chinkers. INC. (1903); sponsors UNITED JEWISH FUND CAMPAIGN); 787 Delaware Ave. (14209); POUGHKEEPSIE Pres. Morris Himmel; Exec. Dir. Lester I. •JEWISH WELFARE FUND-DUTCHESS CTY. Levin. (1941); 110 Grand Ave. (12603); Pres. Ar- thur Levinsohn; Exec. Dir. Marden Paru. ELMIRA ELMIRA JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. ROCHESTER (1942); P. O. Box 3087, Grandview Rd. JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF (14905); Pres. Irving Etkind; Exec. Dir. ROCHESTER, N.Y., INC. (1937); 440 Main St. Louis Goldman. E. (14604); Pres. Irving Ruderman; Exec. Dir. Darrell D. Friedman. GLENS FALLS •GLENS FALLS JEWISH WELFARE FUND SCHENECTADY (1939); 6 Arbor Dr. (12801); Chmn. Orel JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (incl. sur- Friedman. rounding communities) (1938); (sponsors SCHENECTADY UJA AND FEDERATED HUDSON WELFARE FUND); 2565 Balltown Rd., P. O. •JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF HUDSON, Box 2649 (12309); Pres. Philip Ziffer; Exec. N.Y., INC. (1947); Joslen Blvd. (12534); Pres. Dir. Haim Morag. Philip Pomerantz. SYRACUSE KINGSTON JEWISH FEBERATION, INC. (1918); (sponsors JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC. (1951); JEWISH WELFARE FUND [1933]); 321 Seitz 77 East Chester St. (12401); Pres. Joseph Bldg., 201 E. Jefferson St. (13202); Pres. Nor- Cohen; Exec. Dir. Marden Paru. man Poltenson; Exec. Dir. Gilbert D. Orlik. NEW YORK CITY FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES TROY OF NEW YORK (incl. Greater New York, TROY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC. Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties) (1936); 2500-21 St. (12180); Pres. Daniel (1917); 130 E. 59th St. (10022); Pres. Harry Gotkis. 352 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

UTICA Irvin Zipperstein; Exec. Dir. Robert Fitter- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF UTICA, man. N.Y., INC. (1933, Inc. 1950); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF UTICA); 2310 LIMA Oneida St. (13501); Pres. Mrs. Helen Sper- ling; Exec. Dir. Irving Epstein. FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF LIMA DISTRICT (1935); 2417 West Market St. NORTH CAROLINA (45805); Pres. Morris Goldberg. ASHEVILLE STEUBENVILLE FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF ASHE- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1938); P. O. VILLE, INC., 236 Charlotte St. (28801); Pres. Box 472 (43952); Pres. Curtis Greenberg; Jerome Dave; Exec. Dir. Burt Shimanovsky. Exec. Sec. Mrs. Joseph Freedman. TOLEDO CHARLOTTE JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF CHARLOTTE FEDERATION OF JEWISH TOLEDO, INC. (1907; reorg. 1960); 5151 CHARITIES (1940); P.O. Box 17188 (28211); Monroe St., Suite 226 West (43623); Pres. Pres. Morris Speizman; Exec. Dir. Marvin David Katz; Exec. Dir. Alvin S. Levinson. Bienstock. WARREN NORTH CAROLINA TRIAD JEWISH FEDERATION (1938); 3893 E. Mar- NORTH CAROLINA TRIAD JEWISH FEDERA- ket St. (44483); Pres. William Lippy. TION (1940); 414 Church St., Suite 11, YOUNGSTOWN Greensboro (27401); Pres. Robert Lavites; Exec. Dir. Sherman Harris. JEWISH FEDERATION OF YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, INC. (1935); P. O. Box 449 (44501); OHIO Pres. Bert Tamarkin; Exec. Dir. Stanley Engel. AKRON AKRON JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OKLAHOMA (1935); 750 White Pond Dr. (44320); Pres. ARDMORE David Locksin; Exec. Dir. Morris Rombro. JEWISH FEDERATION (1934); 23 "B" St., CANTON S.W. (73401); Chmn. Ike Fishman. JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF CAN- OKLAHOMA CITY TON (1935; reorg. 1955); 2631 Harvard Ave., N. W. (44709); Pres. Stanford L. Sirak; Exec. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1941); 1100 Dir. Revella R. Kopstein. N. Dewey, Suite 103 (73103); Pres. Sig Harp- man, Jr.; Exec. Dir. Jay B. Bachrach. CINCINNATI TULSA JEWISH FEDERATION OF CINCINNATI AND VICINITY (merger of the Associated Jewish TULSA JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL Agencies and Jewish Welfare Fund) (1896; (1938); (sponsors TULSA UNITED JEWISH reorg. 1967); 200 West 4th St. (45202); Pres. CAMPAIGN); 3314 E. 51 St., Suite T (74135); Morris G. Levin; Exec. V.Pres. Harold Gold- Pres. Donald Newman; Exec. Dir. Nathan berg. Loshak. CLEVELAND OREGON JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF PORTLAND CLEVELAND (1903); 1750 Euclid Ave. JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF PORT- (44115); Pres. Albert B. Ratner; Exec. Dir. LAND (incl. State of Oregon and adjacent Stanley B. Horowitz. Washington communities) (1920; reorg. 1956); 6651 S. W. Capitol Highway (97219); COLUMBUS Pres. Arden E. Shenker; Exec. Dir. David COLUMBUS JEWISH FEDERATION (1926); Roberts. 1175 College Ave. (43209); Pres. Ernest Stern; Exec. V. Pres. Ben M. Mandelkom. PENNSYLVANIA DAYTON ALLENTOWN JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF DAYTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF ALLENTOWN, INC. (1943); 4501 Denlinger Rd. (45426); Pres. (1938; Inc. 1948); 22nd and Tilghman Sts. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 353

(18105); Pres. Robert Margolis; Exec. Dir. NORRISTOWN Leslie Gottlieb. JEWISH COMMUNITY CENTER (serving Cen- ALTOONA tral Montgomery County) (1936); Brown and Powell Sts. (19401); Pres. Norman Kutner; FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES Exec. Dir. Harold M. Kamsler. (1920; reorg. 1940); 1308 17th St. (16601); Pres. Neil Port. PHILADELPHIA BUTLER FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES OF BUTLER JEWISH WELFARE FUND (incl. But- GREATER PHILADELPHIA (1901; reorg. ler County) (1938); P. O. Box 992 (16001); 1956); 226 South 16 St. (19102); Pres. I. Pres. Julius Bernstein; Sec. Maurice Horwitz. Jerome Stern; Exec. Dir. Robert Forman. PITTSBURGH EASTON UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF EASTON, PITTSBURGH (1912; reorg. 1955); 234 McKee PA. AND VICINITY (1939); (sponsors ALLIED PI. (15213); Pres. Sidney N. Busis; Exec. Dir. WELFARE APPEAL); 660 Ferry St. (18042); Gerald S. Soroker. Pres. Jerald Bobrow; Exec. Dir. Eugene Hur- witz. POTTSVILLE UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES (1935); 2300 ERIE Mahantongo St. (17901); Chmn. Henry Gil- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF ERIE bert; Exec. Sec. Gertrude Perkins. (1946); 32 W. 8th St., Suite 512 (16501); Pres. Sidney Wexler; Exec. Dir. Ivan C. Schonfeld. READING JEWISH FEDERATION OF READING, PA., INC. (1935); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH HARRISBURG CAMPAIGN); 1700 City Line St. (19604); UNITED JEWISH COMMUNITY OF GREATER Pres. Benjamin J. Cutler; Exec. Dir. David HARRISBURG (1933); 100 Vaughn St. Morris. (17110); Pres. Herbert S. Abrams; Exec. Dir. Albert Hursh. SCRANTON HAZELTON SCRANTON-LACKAWANNA JEWISH COUN- CIL (incl. Lackawanna County) (1945); 601 JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1960); Lau- Jefferson Ave. (18510); Pres. Alvin Nathan; rel & Hemlock Sts. (18201); Pres. Richard Exec. Dir. George Joel. Chait; Exec. Dir. Steven Wendell. SHARON JOHNSTOWN SHENANGO VALLEY JEWISH FEDERATION UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF JOHNS- (1940); 840 Highland Rd. (16146); Pres. TOWN (1938); 1334 Luzerne St. (15905); Leon Bolotin; Treas. Irwin Yanowitz. Pres. Isadore Glasser. UNIONTOWN LANCASTER UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION (1939); 406 UNITED JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF LANCASTER, PA., INC. (1928); 2120 Oregon W. Main St. (15401), c/o Jewish Community Pike (17601); Pres. Jay S. Poser; Exec. Dir. Center; Pres. Harold Cohen; Sec. Morris H. Lawrence Pallas. Samuels. LEVITTOWN WILKES-BARRE JEWISH FEDERATION OF LOWER BUCKS THE WYOMING VALLEY JEWISH COMMIT- COUNTY (1956; Inc. 1957); 15 Stonybrook TEE (1935); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH AP- Dr. E. (19055); Pres. Arthur M. Abramsohn; PEAL); 60 S. River St. (18701); Pres. Charles Exec. Dir. Sidney Stein. M. Nelson; Exec. Dir. Monty Pomm. NEW CASTLE YORK UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF NEW CASTLE, YORK COUNCIL OF JEWISH CHARITIES, PA. (1967); 3218 Plank Rd. (16105); Chmn. INC.; 120 E. Market St. (17401); Pres. Robert Bruce Pickel. Erdos; Exec. Dir. Alan Dameshek. 354 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

RHODE ISLAND TEXAS PROVIDENCE AUSTIN JEWISH FEDERATION OF RHODE ISLAND JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF AUSTIN (1945); 130 Sessions St. (02906); Pres. Mar- (1939; reorg. 1956); 8301 Balcones Dr., Suite vin S. Holland; Exec. Dir. Dan Asher. 308-1 (78759); Pres. Marion Stahl; Exec. Dir. Charles P. Epstein. SOUTH CAROLINA BEAUMONT CHARLESTON BEAUMONT JEWISH FEDERATION OF JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1949); 1645 Mill- brook Dr. (29407); P. O. Box 31298; Pres. TEXAS, INC. (Org. and Inc. 1967); P. O. Box Melvin Solomon; Exec. Dir. Nathan Shul- 1981 (77704); Pres. Edwin Gale; Dir. Isadore man. Harris. COLUMBIA CORPUS CHRISTI JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF CO- CORPUS CHRISTI JEWISH COMMUNITY LUMBIA (I960); 4540 Trenholm Rd. (29206); COUNCIL (1953); 750 Everhart Rd. (78411); Pres. Melton Kligman; Exec. Dir. Jack Wein- Pres. Madelyn Loeb; Exec. Dir. Lillian traub. Racusin. COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL OF CORPUS SOUTH DAKOTA CHRISTI (1962); 750 Everhart Rd. (78411); SIOUX FALLS Pres. Jule Pels; Exec. Dir. Mrs. Lillian Racusin. JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1938); National Reserve Bldg. (57102); Pres. Richard M. DALLAS Light; Exec. Sec. Louis R. Hurwitz. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DALLAS TENNESSEE (1911); 8616 Northwest Plaza-Suite 319 (75225); Pres. Morris P. Newberger; Exec. CHATTANOOGA Dir. Morris A. Stein. CHATTANOOGA JEWISH WELFARE FEDERA- TION (1931); 5326 Lynnland Terrace EL PASO (37411); Pres. Mark A. Spector; Exec. Dir. JEWISH FEDERATION OF EL PASO, INC. Steven Drysdale. (incl. surrounding communities) (1939); 405 Mardi Gras, P. O. Box 12097 (79912); Pres. KNOXVILLE Mrs. Robert E. Goodman; Exec. Dir. How- JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (1939); 6800 ard Burnham. Deane Hill Dr. (37919); P. O. Box 10882); Pres. Gordon Brown; Exec. Dir. Mike Pous- FORT WORTH man. JEWISH FEDERATION OF FORT WORTH (1936); 6801 Grandbury Rd. (76133); Pres. MEMPHIS Sheldon Anisman; Exec. Dir. Norman A. JEWISH SERVICE AGENCY (incl. Shelby Mogul. County) (1864; Inc. 1906); 6560 Poplar Ave., P. O. Box 38268 (38138); Pres. Jerrold Gra- GALVESTON ber; Exec. Dir. Jack Lieberman. GALVESTON COUNTY JEWISH COMMUNITY MEMPHIS JEWISH FEDERATION (incl. COUNCIL & WELFARE ASSOCIATION (1936); Shelby County) (1934); 6560 Poplar Ave., P. P. O. Box 146 (77553); Pres. Mrs. I. A. O. Box 38268 (38138); Pres. Samuel Wein- Lerner; Sec. Mrs. Charles Rosenbloom. traub; Exec. Dir. Howard Weisband. HOUSTON NASHVILLE JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER HOUS- JEWISH FEDERATION OF NASHVILLE A TON, INC. (incl. neighboring communities) MIDDLE TENNESSEE (1936); 3500 West End (1937); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAM- Ave. (37205); Pres. Mrs. Louis K. Fox; Exec. PAIGN); 5601 S. Braeswood Blvd. (77096); Dir. Martin Kraar. Pres. R. Alan Rudy; Exec. Dir. Hans Mayer. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 355

SAN ANTONIO WASHINGTON JEWISH FEDERATION OF SAN ANTONIO SEATTLE (incl. Bexar County) (1922); 8434 Ahem Dr. (78216); Pres. Richard Goldsmith; Exec. Dir. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SEAT- Saul Silverman. TLE (incl. King County, Everett and Bremer- ton) (1926); Suite 525, Securities Bldg. TYLER (98101); Pres. Martin Rind; Exec. Dir. Mur- ray Shift". •FEDERATION OF JEWISH WELFARE FUNDS (1938); P. O. Box 934 (75710); Pres. Ralph SPOKANE Davis. •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF SPO- WACO KANE (incl. Spokane County) (1927); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH FUND) (1936); 401 JEWISH WELFARE COUNCIL OF WACO Paulsen Bldg. (99021); Pres. Samuel Huppin; (1949); P. O. Box 8031 (76710); Pres. Eli Sec. Robert N. Arick. Berkman. WEST VIRGINIA UTAH CHARLESTON SALT LAKE CITY FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF UNITED JEWISH COUNCIL AND SALT LAKE CHARLESTON, INC. (1937); P. O. Box 1613 JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1936); 2416 E. (25326); Pres. Robert Levine; Exec. Sec. 1700 South (84108); Pres. Ralph Tannen- Charles Cohen. baum; Exec. Dir. Ernest Budwig. HUNTINGTON VIRGINIA FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1939); NEWPORT NEWS P. O. Box 947 (25713); Pres. William H. Glick; Sec. Andrew Katz. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NEWPORT NEWS —HAMPTON, INC. (1942); 2700 Spring Rd. WHEELING (23606); P. O. Box 6680; Pres. Joe Frank; Exec. Dir. Jay Rostov. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF OHIO VALLEY, INC. (1933); 20 Hawthorne Court NORFOLK (26003); Pres. Dr. Harold Saferstein. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. OF WISCONSIN NORFOLK AND VIRGINIA BEACH, VA. (1937); 7300 Newport Ave., P. O. Box 9776 APPLETON (23505); Pres. Marvin Simon; Exec. Dir. Mi- UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF APPLETON chael D. Fischer. (1963); 3131 N. Meade St. (54911); Co- Chmn. Arnold Cohodas and Dov Edelstein; PORTSMOUTH Treas. Mrs. Harold Rusky. PORTSMOUTH JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- CIL (1919); Rm. 430, Dominion Nat'l Bank GREEN BAY Bldg. (23704); Pres. Mrs. Joseph Ginsburg; GREEN BAY JEWISH WELFARE FUND; P. O. Exec. Dir. Jeremy S. Neimand. Box 335 (54305); Pres. Stuart Milson; Treas. Herman J. Robitshek. RICHMOND JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1935); 5403 KENOSHA Monument Ave., P. O. Box 8237 (23226); KENOSHA JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1938); Pres. Hortense B. Wolf; Exec. Dir. Julius 6537-7th Ave. (53140); Pres. Charles Sels- Mintzer. berg; Sec.-Treas. Mrs. S. M. Lapp. ROANOKE MADISON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL; 2728 Colo- MADISON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, nial Ave., S.W. (24015); Chmn. Arnold P. INC. (1940); 303 Price PI. (53705); Pres. Isa- Masinter. dore V. Fine; Exec. Dir. Robert Gast. 356 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

MILWAUKEE SHEBOYGAN MILWAUKEE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. JEWISH WELFARE COUNCIL OF SHEBOYGAN (1938); 1360 N. Prospect Ave. (53202); Pres. (1927); 1404 North Ave. (53081); Sec. Mrs. Gerald J. Kahn; Exec. V. Pres. Melvin S. Abe Alpert. Zaret. RACINE RACINE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD (1946); 944 Main St. (53403); Pres. Jess Levin; Exec. Sec. Betty Goldberg.

CANADA

ALBERTA CALGARY LONDON CALGARY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL •LONDON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1962); 102-18th Ave., S.E. (T2G 1K8); Pres. (1932); 532 Huron St. (24), (N5Y 4J5); Pres. S. Bruce Green; Exec. Dir. Harry S. Shatz. Gerald Klein; Exec. Dir. Lily Feldman. EDMONTON OTTAWA EDMONTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF OTTAWA INC. (1954; Inc. 1965); 7200-156 St. (T5R (1934); 151 Chapel St. (KIN 7Y2); Pres. Gil- 1X3); Pres. Mrs. Leon Singer; Exec. Dir. bert Greenberg; Exec. V.Pres. Hy Hochberg. Gerald Rubin. BRITISH COLUMBIA ST. CATHARINES •UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF ST. VANCOUVER CATHARINES; C/O Jewish Community Cen- •JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND & COUNCIL OF tre, Church St.; Pres. Jack Silverstein; Sec. VANCOUVER (1932); 950 W. 41 Ave. (V5Z Syd Goldford. 2N7); Pres. Irvine E. Epstein; Exec. Dir. Morris Saltzman. TORONTO UNITED JEWISH CONGRESS (1937); 150 Bev- MANITOBA erley St. (M5T 1Y6); Pres. Rose Wolfe; Exec. Dir. Irwin Gold. WINNIPEG WINNIPEG JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL WINDSOR (incl. Combined Jewish Appeal of Winnipeg) JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1938); 1641 (org. 1938, reorg. 1973); 370 Hargrave St., Ouellette Ave. (N8X 1K9); Pres. Herbert (R3B 2K1); Pres. Al Omson; Exec. Dir. Izzy Brudner; Exec. Dir. Joseph Eisenberg. Peltz. QUEBEC ONTARIO MONTREAL HAMILTON ALLIED JEWISH COMMUNITY SERVICES HAMILTON JEWISH FEDERATION (incl. (merger of FEDERATION OF JEWISH COM- United Jewish Welfare Fund) (org. 1934, MUNITY SERVICES AND COMBINED JEWISH merged 1971); 57 Delaware Ave. (L8M 1T6); APPEAL) (1965); 5151 Cote St. Catherine Rd. Pres. Bernard Greenbaum; Exec. Dir. Sam- (H3W 1M6); Pres. Hillel B. Becker; Exec. uel Soifer. V.Pres. Manuel G. Batshaw. Jewish Periodicals1

UNITED STATES

ALABAMA HERITAGE-SOUTHWEST JEWISH PRESS (1954). 2130 S. Vermont Ave., Los An- CONTEMPORARY JEWRY (1974 under the geles, 90007. Weekly. Herb Brin. (Also name Jewish Sociology and Social Re- SAN DIEGO JEWISH PRESS-HERITAGE, search). Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of Ala- San Diego [weekly]; CENTRAL CALIFOR- bama, Birmingham, 35294. Murray B. NIA JEWISH HERITAGE, Sacramento and Binderman. Semi-annually. Assn. for the Fresno area [monthly]; ORANGE COUNTY Sociological Study of Jewry. JEWISH HERITAGE, Orange County area [weekly].) JEWISH MONITOR (1948). P. O. Box 491, Tuscaloosa, 35401. Lynn G. Rosemore. ISRAEL TODAY (1973). 1034014 Reseda Monthly. Blvd., Northridge, 91326. Phil Blazer. Bi- weekly. ALASKA JEWISH OBSERVER OF THE EAST BAY •THE ALASKAN JEWISH BULLETIN (1973). (1967). 3245 Sheffield Ave., Oakland, 7-730 H, "J" St., Anchorage, 99506. Rabbi 94602. Bernice Scharlach. Monthly. Jew- Israel Haber. Monthly. ish Welfare Federation of Alameda & Con- tra Costa Counties. ARIZONA JEWISH SPECTATOR (1935). P.O. Box 2016, ARIZONA POST (1946). 102 N. Plumer Ave., Santa Monica, 90406. Trude Weiss-Ros- Tucson, 85719. Martha K. Rothman. Bi- marin. Quarterly. monthly. Tucson Jewish Community Council. JEWISH STAR (1956). 693 Mission St. #305, San Francisco, 94105. Alfred Berger. PHOENIX JEWISH NEWS (1947). 1530 West Monthly. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, 85015. Pearl R. Newmark. Biweekly. SAN FRANCISCO JEWISH BULLETIN (1943). 870 Market St., San Francisco, 94102. CALIFORNIA Geoffrey Fisher. Weekly. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications. B'NAI B'RITH MESSENGER (1897). 2510 W. 7 St., Los Angeles, 90057. Joseph J. Cum- WESTERN STATES JEWISH HISTORICAL mins. Weekly. QUARTERLY (1968). 2429 23rd St., Santa

'Information in this directory is based upon answers furnished by the publications themselves, and the publishers of the YEAR BOOK assume no responsibility for the accuracy of the data presented; nor does inclusion in this list necessarily imply approval or endorsement of the periodicals. The information provided here includes the year of organization and the name of the editor, managing editor, or publisher; unless otherwise stated, the language used by the periodical is English. An asterisk (*) indicates that no reply was received and that the information, including name of publication, date of founding, and address, is reprinted from AJYB, 1978 (Vol. 78). For organizational bulletins, consult organizational listings.

357 358 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

Monica, 90405. Dr. Norton B. Stern. ILLINOIS Quarterly. Southern California Jewish His- torical Society. CHICAGO JEWISH POST AND OPINION (1953). 6350 N. Albany, Chicago, 60659. COLORADO Theodore Cohen. Weekly.

INTERMOUNTAIN JEWISH NEWS (1913). SENTINEL (1911). 323 S. Franklin St., Chi- 1275 Sherman St., Denver, 80203. Mrs. cago, 60606. J. I. Fishbein. Weekly. Max Goldberg. Weekly. SOUTHERN ILLINOIS JEWISH COMMUNITY CONNECTICUT NEWS (1945). 6464 West Main, Suite 7A, Belleville, 62223. Hyman H. Ruffman. CONNECTICUT JEWISH LEDGER (1929). P.O. Monthly. Jewish Federation of Southern Box 1923, Hartford, 06101. Berthold Gas- Illinois. ter. Weekly. THE TORCH (1941). 1946 W. Hood, Chicago, JEWISH DIGEST (1955). 1363 Fairfield Ave., 60660 Mannye London. Quarterly. Natl. Bridgeport, 06605. Bernard Postal. Fed. of Jewish Men's Clubs, Inc. Monthly. INDIANA DELAWARE INDIANA JEWISH POST AND OPINION JEWISH VOICE (1967). 701 Shipley St., Wil- (1935). 611 N. Park Ave., Indianapolis, mington, 19801. Ruth J. Kaplan. Bi- 46204. Jo Ann Pinkowitz. Weekly. monthly. Jewish Federation of Delaware. JEWISH POST AND OPINION. 611 N. Park DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Ave., Indianapolis, 46204. Gabriel Cohen. AMERICAN JEWISH JOURNAL (1944). 890 National Press Bldg., Washington, 20045. KENTUCKY David Mondzac. Quarterly. KENTUCKY JEWISH POST AND OPINION JEWISH VETERAN (1896). 1712 New Hamp- (1931). 1551 Bardstown Rd., Louisville, shire Ave., N.W., Washington, 20009. 40205. Gail Tolpin. Weekly. Judy Sternberg. Bimonthly. Jewish War Veterans of the U.S.A. LOUISIANA NATIONAL JEWISH MONTHLY (1886 under the name Menorah). 1640 Rhode Island THE JEWISH CIVIC PRESS (1965). P.O. Box Ave., N.W., Washington, 20036. Charles 15500, New Orleans, 70175. Abner Tritt. Fenyvesi. Monthly. B'nai B'rith. Monthly. JEWISH TIMES (1974). 211 Camp St., Suite NEAR EAST REPORT (1957). 444 North Cap- 500, New Orleans, 70130. Peter M. Zoll- itol St., N.W., Washington, 20001. Alan man. Biweekly. M. Tigay. Weekly. Near East Research, Inc. MARYLAND FLORIDA BALTIMORE JEWISH TIMES (1919). 2104 N. JEWISH FLORIDIAN (1927). P.O. Box Charles St., Baltimore, 21218. Gary 012973, Miami, 33101. Fred K. Shochet. Rosenblatt. Weekly. Weekly. JEWISH WEEK (1965). 8630 Fenton St., Suite SOUTHERN JEWISH WEEKLY (1924). P.O. 611, Silver Spring, 20910. Joseph M. Box 3297, Jacksonville, 32206. Isadore Hochstein. Weekly. Moscovitz. Weekly. MASSACHUSETTS GEORGIA AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL QUAR- SOUTHERN ISRAELITE (1925). P.O. Box TERLY (1893). 2 Thornton Road, Wal- 77388, 188-15 St. N.W., Atlanta, 30357. tham, 02154. Nathan M. Kaganoff. Quar- Jack Geldbart. Weekly. terly. American Jewish Historical Society. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 359

JEWISH ADVOCATE (1902). 251 Causeway NEVADA St., Boston, 02114. Joseph G. Weisberg, Alexander Brin. Weekly. JEWISH REPORTER (1976). 846 E. Sahara Ave., Las Vegas, 89104. Jerry Countess. •JEWISH CIVIC LEADER (1926). 340 Main Monthly. Las Vegas Combined Jewish Ap- St., Suite 374, Worcester, 01608. Harriet peal. C. Israel. Weekly. LAS VEGAS ISRAELITE (1965). P.O. Box JEWISH REPORTER (1970). 1000 Worcester 14096, Las Vegas, 89114. Jack Tell. Road, Framingham, 01701. Howard G. Weekly. Joress. Monthly. Greater Framingham Jewish Federation. NEW JERSEY

JEWISH TIMES (1945). 118 Cypress St., JEWISH COMMUNITY NEWS (1962). Green Brookline, 02146. Ann Kostant. Weekly. Lane, Union, 07083. Esther Blaustein. Fortnightly (monthly in July and August). JEWISH WEEKLY NEWS (1945). P.O. Box 1569, Springfield, 01101. Leslie B. Kahn. JEWISH JOURNAL (1956). 2 S. Adelaide Ave., Weekly. Highland Park, 08904. Clifford B. Ross. Biweekly. Jewish Federation of Raritan MOMENT (1975). 55 Chapel St., Newton, Valley. 02160. Leonard Fein. Monthly except Jan.-Feb., July-August. JEWISH NEWS (1947). 60 Glenwood Ave., East Orange, 07017. Harry Weingast. MICHIGAN Weekly. Jewish Community Federation of Metropolitan New Jersey. DETROIT JEWISH NEWS (1942). 17515 W. 9 Mile Rd., Suite 865, Southfleld, 48075. JEWISH RECORD (1939). 1537 Atlantic Ave., Philip Slomovitz. Weekly. Atlantic City, 08401. Martin Korik. Weekly. MICHIGAN JEWISH HISTORY (1960). 163 Madison, Detroit, 48237. Irving I. Edgar. JEWISH STANDARD (1931). 40 Journal Sq., Semi-annual. Jewish Historical Society of Jersey City, 07306. Morris J. Janoff. Michigan. Weekly.

MINNESOTA JEWISH VOICE (1975). Lord St., Avenel, 07001. Herb Rosen. Monthly. Northern AMERICAN JEWISH WORLD (1912). 9 N. 4th Middlesex County Jewish Federation. St., Minneapolis, 55401. Norman Gold. Weekly. MORRIS/SUSSEX JEWISH NEWS (1972). 500 Route 10, Ledgewood, 07852. Rhoda Has- MISSOURI son. Monthly. United Jewish Federation Morris/Sussex. KANSAS CITY JEWISH CHRONICLE (1920). P.O. Box 8709, Kansas City, 64114. Mil- VOICE (1941). 2393 W. Marlton Pike, Cherry ton Firestone. Weekly. Hill, 08002. Benn Friedman. Biweekly. Jewish Federation of Southern N.J. MISSOURI JEWISH POST AND OPINION (1948). 8235 Olive St., St. Louis, 63132. NEW YORK Kathie Sutin. Weekly. ALBANY JEWISH WORLD (1965). 416 Smith ST. LOUIS JEWISH LIGHT (1947). 611 Olive St., Schenectady, 12305. Sam S. Clevenson. St., Room 1541, St. Louis, 63101. Robert Weekly. A. Cohn. Biweekly. Jewish Federation of St. Louis. BUFFALO JEWISH REVIEW (1918). 110 Pearl St., Buffalo, 14202. Steve Lipman. Weekly. NEBRASKA Kahaal Nahalot Israel.

JEWISH PRESS (1921). 333 S. 132 St., Omaha, JEWISH CURRENT EVENTS (1959). 430 Kel- 68154. Morris Maline. Weekly. Jewish ler Ave., Elmont, L.I., 11003. Samuel Federation of Omaha. Deutsch. Biweekly. 360 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

"JEWISH LEDGER (1924). 721 Monroe Ave., CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM (1945). 3080 Rochester, 14607. Donald Wolin. Weekly. Broadway, 10027. Myron M. Fenster. Quarterly. Rabbinical Assembly and Jew- JEWISH WORLD OF LONG ISLAND (1971). ish Theological Seminary of America. 1029 Brighton Beach Ave., Brooklyn, 11230. Adina Michaeli. Biweekly. ECONOMIC HORIZONS (1953). 500 Fifth REPORTER. 500 Clubhouse Rd., Bingham- Ave., N.Y.C. 10036. Phil Opher. Quar- ton, 13903. Hal Smith. Weekly. Jewish terly. American-Israel Chamber of Com- Federation of Broome County. merce and Industry, Inc. SH'MA (1970). Box 567, Port Washington, FREIE ARBEITER STIMME (1890). 33 Union N.Y., 11050. Eugene B. Borowitz. Bi- Square W., 10003. P. Costan. Monthly. weekly (except June, July, Aug.). Yiddish. Free Voice of Labor.

NEW YORK CITY HADASSAH MAGAZINE (formerly HADAS- AFN SHVEL (1941). 200 W. 72 St., 10023. SAH NEWSLETTER; 1921). 50 W. 58 St., Editorial board. Quarterly. Yiddish. Free- 10019. Jesse Zel Lurie. Monthly (except land League. June-July and Aug.-Sept.). Hadassah, Women's Zionist Organization of Amer- ALGEMEINER JOURNAL (1972). 404 Park Ave., So., 10016. Gershon Jacobson. Weekly. Yiddish. HADAROM (1957). 1250 Broadway, 10001. Charles B. Chavel. Semiannual. Hebrew. AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (1899). 165 Rabbinical Council of America, Inc. E. 56 St., 10022. Morris Fine, Milton Him- melfarb. Annual. American Jewish Com- HADOAR (1921). 1841 Broadway, 10023. Itz- mittee and Jewish Publication Society. hak Ivry. Weekly. Hebrew. Histadruth Iv- AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMAN (1925). 817 rith of America. Broadway, 10003. Agatha Leifer. Irregu- lar. English Mizrachi Women's Organiza- HISTADRUT FOTO-NEWS (1948). 33 E. 67 tion of America. St., 10021. Nahum Guttman. Bimonthly. National Committee for Labor Israel. AMERICAN ZIONIST (1910). 4 E. 34 St., 10016. Elias Cooper. Monthly (except July IMPACT (1942 under the name of Synagogue and August). Zionist Organization of School). 155 Fifth Ave., 10010. Morton America. Siegel. Quarterly. English-Hebrew. United Synagogue Commission on Jewish Educa- AUFBAU (1934). 2121 Broadway, 10023. tion. Hans Steinitz. Weekly. English-German. New World Club, Inc. U INSTITUTIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL KO- BITZARON (1939). 1141 Broadway, 10001. SHER PRODUCTS DIRECTORY (1967). 116 Hayim Leaf. Monthly. Hebrew. Hebrew E. 27 St., 10016. Berel Wein, Admin. Ir- Literary Foundation. regular. Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- gregations of America. B'NAI YIDDISH (1968). 41 Union Sq., 10003. Itzik Kozlovsky. Bimonthly. English-Yid- ISRAEL HORIZONS (1952). 150 Fifth Ave., dish. 10011. Richard Yaffe. Monthly (except Ju- ly-August). Americans for Progressive Is- BOOKS IN REVIEW (1945). 15 E. 26 St., rael—Hashomer Hatzair. 10010. Sharon M. Strassfeld. Bimonthly. Jewish Book Council. JEWISH ACTION (1950). 116 East 27 St., COMMENTARY (1945). 165 E. 56 St., 10022. 10016. Yaakov Kornreich. Bimonthly. Norman Podhoretz. Monthly. American Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations Jewish Committee. of America. CONGRESS MONTHLY (1934). 15 E. 84 St., JEWISH BOOK ANNUAL (1942). 15 East 26th 10028. Herbert Poster. Monthly (except St., 10010. Jacob Kabakoff. Annual. Eng- July and August). American Jewish Con- lish-Hebrew-Yiddish. Jewish Book Coun- gress. cil of the National Jewish Welfare Board. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 361

JEWISH BRAILLE REVIEW (1931). 110 E. 30 JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY DAILY St., 10016. Jacob Freid. Monthly. English- NEWS BULLETIN (1917). 165 W. 46 St., Braille. Jewish Braille Institute of Amer- Rm. 511, 10036. Murray Zuckoff. Daily. ica, Inc. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY WEEKLY JEWISH CURRENTS (1946). 22 E. 17 St., NEWS DIGEST (1933). 165 W. 46 St., Rm. 10003. Morris U. Schappes. Monthly. 511, 10036. Murray Zuckoff. Weekly. JEWISH DAILY FORWARD (1897). 45 E. 33 JEWISH WEEK (1876, reorg. 1970). 1 Park St., 10016. Simon Weber. Daily. Yiddish. Ave., 10016. Philip Hochstein. Weekly. Forward Association, Inc. JWB CIRCLE (1946). 15 E. 26 St., 10010. JEWISH EDUCATION (1928). 114 Fifth Ave., Lionel Koppman. Bimonthly. JWB. 10011. Alvin I. Schiff. Quarterly. National Council for Jewish Education. JOURNAL OF JEWISH COMMUNAL SERVICE (1899). 15 E. 26 St., 10010. Sanford N. JEWISH EDUCATION DIRECTORY (1951). Sherman. Quarterly. The Conference of 114 Fifth Ave., 10011. Murray Rockowitz. Jewish Communal Service. Triannual. American Association for Jew- ish Education. JOURNAL OF REFORM JUDAISM. 790 Madi- son Ave., 10021. Bernard Martin. Quar- JEWISH EDUCATION NEWS (1939), 114 Fifth terly. Central Conference of American Ave., 10011. Gary Gobetz. Irregular. Rabbis. American Assn. for Jewish Education. JUDAISM (1952). 15 E. 84 St., 10028. Robert JEWISH FRONTIER (1934). 575 6th Ave., Gordis. Quarterly. American Jewish Con- 10011. Judah J. Shapiro. Monthly. Labor gress. Zionist letters, Inc. KINDER JOURNAL (1920). 3301 Bainbridge JEWISH GUARDIAN (1974). G.P.O. Box Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10467. Bella Gottes- 2143, Brooklyn, 11202. Pinchus David. man. Quarterly. Yiddish. Sholem Alei- Quarterly. Neturei Karta of U.S.A. chem Folk Institute, Inc. JEWISH JOURNAL (1970). 16 Court St., KINDER ZEITUNG (1930). 45 E. 33 St., 10016 Brooklyn, 11241. Earl Foreman. Weekly. Joseph Mlotek, Saul Maltz, Mates Olitzky. JEWISH LIFE (1946). 116 E. 27 St., 10016. Bimonthly. English-Yiddish. Workmen's Yaakov Jacobs. Quarterly. Union of Or- Circle. thodox Jewish Congregations of America. KOL YAVNEH (1960). 156 Fifth Ave., 10010. JEWISH MUSIC NOTES (1945). 15 E. 26 St., Roslyn M. Sherman. Bimonthly. Yavneh, 10010. Irene Heskes. Semiannual. JWB National Religious Jewish Students Asso- Jewish Music Council. ciation. JEWISH OBSERVER (1963). 5 Beekman St., U KOSHER PRODUCTS DIRECTORY (1925). 10038. Nisson Wolpin. Monthly (except 116 E. 27 St., 10016. Berel Wein, Admin. July and August). Agudath Israel of Irregular. Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- America. gregations of America—Kashruth Div. JEWISH POST OF NEW YORK. (1974). 101 KULTUR UN LEBN—CULTURE AND LlFE Fifth Ave., 10003. Charles Roth. Weekly. (1967). 45 E. 33 St., 10016. Joseph Mlotek. Quarterly. Yiddish. Workmen's Circle. JEWISH PRESS (1950). 338 3rd Ave., Brook- lyn, 11215. Sholom Klass. Weekly. LILITH (1976). 250 W. 57 St., 10019. Susan Weidman Schneider. Quarterly. JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES (1939). 250 W. 57 St., 10019. Tobey B. Gitelle. Quarterly. LONG ISLAND JEWISH PRESS (1942). 95-20 Conference on Jewish Social Studies, Inc. 63 Rd., Rego Park, 11374. Abraham B. Shoulson. Monthly. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY COMMU- NITY NEWS REPORTER (1962). 165 W. 46 MIDSTREAM (1955). 515 Park Ave., 10022. St., Rm. 511, 10036. Murray Zuckoff. Joel Carmichael. Monthly. Theodor Herzl Weekly. Foundation. 362 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

MORNING FREIHEIT (1922). 22 W. 21 St., SHEVILEY HAHINUCH (1939). 114 Fifth 10010. Paul Novick. Daily. Yiddish- Ave., 10011. Matthew Mosenkis. Quar- English. terly. Hebrew. National Council for Jewish Education. U NEWS REPORTER (1956). 116 E. 27 St., 10016. Berel Wein, Admin. Irregular. SHMUESSEN MIT KINDER UN YUGENT Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations (1942). 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, of America—Kashruth Div. 11213. Nissan Mindel. Monthly. Yiddish. Merkos LTnyonei Chinuch, Inc. OLOMEINU—OUR WORLD (1945). 229 Park Ave. S., 10003. Nosson Scherman, Yaakov SHOAH (1978, 250 W. 57 St., 10019. Jane Fruchter. Monthly. English-Hebrew. Torah Gerber. Quarterly. National Jewish Con- Umesorah National Society for Hebrew ference Center and University of Bridge- Day Schools. port. U PASSOVER PRODUCTS DIRECTORY (1923). SYNAGOGUE LIGHT (1933). 47 Beekman St., 116 E. 27 St., 10016. Berel Wein, Admin. 10038. Meyer Hager. Bimonthly. Union of Annual. Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- Chassidic Rabbis. gregations of America—Kashruth Div. TALKS AND TALES (1942). 770 Eastern Park- PEDAGOGIC REPORTER (1949). 114 Fifth way, Brooklyn, 11213. Nissan Mindel. Ave., 10011. Mordecai H. Lewittes. Three Monthly (also Hebrew, French and Span- times yearly. American Association for ish editions). Merkos LTnyonei Chinuch, Jewish Education. Inc. PIONEER WOMAN (1926). 315 Fifth Ave., TRADITION (1958). 1250 Broadway, Suite 10016. David C. Gross, Judith A. Sokoloff. 802, 10001. Walter S. Wurzburger. Quar- Bimonthly. English-Yiddish-Hebrew. Pio- terly. Rabbinical Council of America. neer Women, Women's Labor Zionist Or- ganization of America. •UJ HORIZONT (1969). P.O. Box 625, Far Rockaway, 11691. M.D. Weinstock. PRESENT TENSE (1973). 165 E. 56 St., 10022. Monthly. Hungarian. Murray Polner. Quarterly. American Jew- ish Committee. UNITED SYNAGOGUE REVIEW (1943). 155 Fifth Ave., 10010. Alvin Kass. Quarterly. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACAD- United Synagogue of America. EMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCH (1920). 3080 Broadway, 10027. Isaac E. Barzilay. An- UNSER TSAIT (1941). 25 E. 78 St., 10021. nual. Hebrew, Arabic and English. Ameri- Jacob S. Hertz. Monthly. Yiddish. Interna- can Academy for Jewish Research. tional Jewish Labor Bund. RABBINICAL COUNCIL RECORD (1953). 1250 DER WECKER (1921). 45 E. 33 St., 10016. Broadway, 10001. Louis Bernstein. Quar- Elias Schulman. Nine times a year. Yid- terly. Rabbinical Council of America. dish. Jewish Socialist Verband of America. RECONSTRUCTIONIST (1935). 432 Park Ave. WESTCHESTER JEWISH TRIBUNE (1942). South, 10016. Ira Eisenstein. Monthly 95-20 63 Rd., Rego Park, 11374. Abraham (Sept.-June). Jewish Reconstructionist B. Shoulson. Monthly. Foundation, Inc. WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT REPORTER REFORM JUDAISM (1972; formerly Dimen- (1966). 1250 Broadway, 10001. Elie Faust- sions in American Judaism). 838 Fifth Levy. Bimonthly. Women's American Ave., 10021. Aron Hirt-Manheimer. ORT. Monthly (Sept.-May, except Dec.). Union of American Hebrew Congregations. WOMEN'S LEAGUE OUTLOOK (1930). 48 E. 74 St., 10021. Mrs. Harry I. Kiesler. Quar- RESPONSE (1967). 523 W. 113 St., 10025. Ed- terly. Women's League for Conservative itorial board. Irregular. Jewish Educa- Judaism. tional Ventures, Inc. WORKMEN'S CIRCLE CALL (1932). 45 E. 33 SEVEN ARTS FEATURE SYNDICATE. See St., 10016. William Stern. Quarterly. News Syndicates, p. (364). Workmen's Circle. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 363

WORLD OVER (1940). 426 W. 58 St., 10019. YOUTH AND NATION (1934). 150 Fifth Ave., Stephen Schaffzin. Biweekly (October- 10011. Danny Shapiro. Quarterly. Ha- May). Board of Jewish Education, Inc. shomer Hatzair Zionist Youth Movement.

YAVNEH REVIEW (1963). 156 Fifth Ave., YUGNTRUF (1964). 3328 Bainbridge Ave., 10010. Shalom Carmy. Annual. Yavneh, Bx., 10467. Gitl Schaechter. Quarterly. National Religious Jewish Students Asso- Yiddish. Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish. ciation. ZUKUNFT (1892). 25 E. 78 St., 10021. Hyman YEARBOOK OF THE CENTRAL CONFERENCE Bass, Moshe Crystal, I. Hirshaut. Monthly OF AMERICAN RABBIS (1890). 790 Madi- (bimonthly May-Aug.). Yiddish. Congress son Ave., 10021. Elliot L. Stevens. Annual. for Jewish Culture and CYCO. Central Conference of American Rabbis. NORTH CAROLINA YIDDISH (1973). Queens College, Acad. 1309, Rushing, N.Y., 11367. Joseph C. AMERICAN JEWISH TIMES—OUTLOOK Landis. Quarterly. Queens College Press. (1934; reorg. 1950). P.O. Box 10674, Char- lotte, 28234. Ronald Unger. Monthly. Di YIDDISHE HEIM (1958). 770 Eastern Parkway, Bklyn., 11213. Mrs. Rachel Al- OHIO tein. Quarterly. English-Yiddish. Agudas Nshei Ub'nos Chabad. THE AMERICAN ISRAELITE (1954). 906 Main St., Cincinnati, 54202. Henry C. Segal. Weekly. YIDDISHE KULTUR (1938). 853 Broadway. 10003.1. Goldberg. Monthly (except June- AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES (1947). 3101 July, Aug.-Sept.). Yiddish. Yiddisher Kul- Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, 45220. Jacob R. tur Farband, Inc.—YKUF. Marcus, Abraham J. Peck. Semiannually. American Jewish Archives of Hebrew Dos YIDDISHE VORT (1953). 5 Beekman St., Union College-Jewish Institute of Reli- 10038. Joseph Friedenson. Monthly. Yid- gion. dish. Agudath Israel of America. CLEVELAND JEWISH NEWS (1964). 3637 YIDDISHER KEMFER (1906). 575 Sixth Ave., Bendemeer Road., Cleveland, 44118. Jerry 10011. Mordechai Strigler. Weekly. Yid- D. Barach. Weekly. dish. Labor Zionist Letters, Inc. DAYTON JEWISH CHRONICLE (1961). 118 YIDISHE SHPRAKH (1941). 1048 Fifth Ave., Salem Ave., Dayton, 45406. Anne M. 10028. Mordkhe Schaechter. Three times a Hammerman. Weekly. year. Yiddish. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, Inc. HEBREW UNION COLLEGE ANNUAL (1924). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, 45220. Shel- YIVO ANNUAL OF JEWISH SOCIAL SCIENCE don H. Blank. Annual. English, Hebrew, (1946). 1048 Fifth Ave., 10028. David French and German. Hebrew Union Col- Roskies. Biannually. Yivo Institute for lege-Jewish Institute of Religion. Jewish Research, Inc. INDEX TO JEWISH PERIODICALS (1963). YIVO BLETER (1931). 1048 Fifth Ave., P.O. Box 18570, Cleveland Hts., 44118. 10028. Joshua Fishman. Biannually. Yid- Jean H. Foxman, Miriam Leikind, Bess dish. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, Rosenfeld. Semiannually. Inc. OHIO JEWISH CHRONICLE (1921). 2831 E. YOUNG ISRAEL VIEWPOINT (1952). 3 W. 16 Main St., Columbus, 43209. Milton J. St., 10011. C.H. Rosen. Monthly (except Pinsky. Weekly. July, August). National Council of Young Israel. STARK JEWISH NEWS (1920). P.O. Box 9120, Canton, 44711. David F. Leopold. YOUNG JUDAEAN (1912). 817 Broadway, Monthly. 10003. Barbara Gingold. Monthly (Nov.- June). Hadassah Zionist Youth Commis- STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BOOKLORE (1953). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, 364 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

45220. Herbert C. Zafren. Irregular. Eng- TEXAS lish-Hebrew-German. Library of Hebrew JEWISH CIVIC PRESS (1971). P.O. Box Union College—Jewish Institute of Reli- 35656, Houston, 77035. Abner Tritt. gion. Monthly. TOLEDO JEWISH NEWS (1951). 2506 Ever- green St., Toledo, 43606. Burt Silverman. Monthly. Jewish Welfare Federation. JEWISH HERALD-VOICE (1908). P.O. Box 153, Houston, 77001. Joseph W. Samuels. YOUNGSTOWN JEWISH TIMES (1935). P.O. Weekly. Box 777, Youngstown, 44501. Harry Alter. Fortnightly. TEXAS JEWISH POST (1947). P.O. Box 742, OKLAHOMA Fort Worth, 76101. 11333 N. Central Ex- pressway, Dallas, 75243. Jimmy Wisch. SOUTHWEST JEWISH CHRONICLE (1929). Weekly. 324 N. Robinson St., Rm. 313, Oklahoma City, 73102. E. F. Friedman. Quarterly. VIRGINIA •TULSA JEWISH REVIEW (1930). 2205 E. 51 St., Tulsa, 74105. Ann R. Fellows. Monthly. Tulsa Section, National Council UJF NEWS (1946). P.O. Box 9776, Norfolk, of Jewish Women. 23505. Paula S. Eisen. Weekly. United Jewish Federation of Norfolk and Virginia PENNSYLVANIA Beach. JEWISH CHRONICLE OF PITTSBURGH (1962). 315 S. BeUefield Ave., Pittsburgh, 15213. WASHINGTON Albert W. Bloom. Weekly. Pittsburgh Jew- ish Publication and Education Founda- tion. JEWISH TRANSCRIPT (1924). Securities Building, Rm. 929, Seattle, 98101. Philip JEWISH EXPONENT (1887). 226 S. 16 St., R. Scheier. Bimonthly. Jewish Federation Philadelphia, 19102. Frank F. Wundohl. & Council of Greater Seattle. Weekly. Federation of Jewish Agencies of Greater Philadelphia. WISCONSIN JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW (1910). Broad and York Sts., Philadelphia, 19132. Abraham I. Katsh. Quarterly. Dropsie WISCONSIN JEWISH CHRONICLE (1921). University. 1360 N. Prospect Ave., Milwaukee, 53202. Richard B. Pearl. Weekly. Wise. Jewish •JEWISH TIMES OF THE GREATER NORTH- Publications Foundations, Inc. EAST. (1925). 2417 Welsh Road, Philadel- phia, 19116. Leon E. Brown. Weekly. NEWS SYNDICATES RHODE ISLAND

RHODE ISLAND JEWISH HISTORICAL NOTES JEWISH PRESS FEATURES (1970). 15 E. 26 (1954). 130 Sessions St., Providence, St., Suite 1350, N.Y.C. 10010. Sue Benin. 02906. Seebert J. Goldowsky. Annual. Monthly. Jewish Student Press Service. Rhode Island Jewish Historical Assn.

TENNESSEE JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY, INC. (1917). 165 W. 46 St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C, HEBREW WATCHMAN (1925). 227 Jefferson, Memphis, 38103. Herman I. Goldberger. 10036. Murray Zuckoff. Daily. Weekly. SEVEN ARTS FEATURE SYNDICATE AND OBSERVER (1934). Wilson Pike Circle, WORLD WIDE NEWS SERVICE (1923). 165 Brentwood, 37027. G. Hillel Barker. Bi- W. 46 St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C, 10036. John weekly. Kayston. Semi-weekly. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 365

CANADA

BULLETIN DU CERCLE JUIF DE LANGUE JEWISH STANDARD (1929). Suite 507, 8 Col- FRANCAISE DU CONGRES JUIF CANADIEN borne St., Toronto, Ont. M5E 1E1. Julius (1952). 1590 McGregor Ave., Montreal, Hayman. Semi-monthly. P.Q., H3G 1C5. M. Charles Dadouin. Bi- monthly. French. Canadian Jewish Con- JEWISH WESTERN BULLETIN (1930). 3268 gress. Heather St., Vancouver, V5Z 3K5, B.C. Samuel Kaplan. Weekly. CANADIAN JEWISH NEWS (1960). 562 Eglin- ton Ave. E., Ste. 401, Toronto, Ont., M4P KANADER ADLER-JEWISH EAGLE (1907); 1P1. Ralph Hyman. Weekly. 4180 De Courtrai, Suite 218, Montreal, PQ, H3S 1C3. M. Husid. Weekly. Yiddish. CANADIAN JEWISH OUTLOOK (1963). P.O. Combined Jewish Organizations of Mont- Box 65, Station B, Toronto, Ont., M5T real. 2T2. Editorial Board. Monthly. OTTAWA JEWISH BULLETIN & REVIEW CANADIAN JEWISH WEEKLY (VOCHEN- (1946). 151 Chapel St., Ottawa, Ont., KIN BLATT; formerly DER KAMPF, reorg. 7Y2. Nancy Zalman. Biweekly. Jewish 1941). 430 King St. W., #209, Toronto, Community Council of Ottawa. Ont., MV5 IL5. Joshua Gershman. Bi- UNDZER VEG (1925). 272 Codsell Ave., weekly. Yiddish. Downsview, Ont., M3H 3R2. Joseph Klig- CANADIAN ZIONIST (1934). 1310 Greene man. Quarterly. Yiddish-English. Achdut Ave., Montreal, P.Q., H3Z 2B2. Dr. Leon HaAvoda-Poale Zion of Canada. Kronitz. Monthly (Sept.-June). Canadian VIEWPOINTS (1966). 1590 McGregor St., Zionist Federation. Montreal, P.Q., H3W 1H2. Stanley M. Cohen. Quarterly. Canadian Jewish Con- CHRONICLE REVIEW (1914). 4781 Van Home, Montreal, P.Q., H3W Ul. Arnold gress. Ages. Monthly. WESTERN JEWISH NEWS (1925). P.O. Box 87, Winnipeg, Man., R3C 2G6. Pauline JEWISH DIALOG (1970). 501 Yonge St., Suite Essers. Weekly. 13 A, Toronto, Ont. M4Y 1Y4. Joe Rosen- blatt. Quarterly. WINDSOR JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL BULLETIN (1938). 1641 Ouellette Ave., JEWISH POST (1925). P.O. Box 3777, St. B, Windsor, Ont., N8X 1K9. Joseph Eisen- Winnipeg, Man., R2W 3R6. Martin Levin. berg. Monthly. Windsor Jewish Commu- Weekly. nity Council. Necrology: United States1

ADELMAN, WILLIAM, administrator, com- d. Chicago, 111., Aug. 25, 1977; Chicago munal worker; b. N.Y.C., Apr. 22, 1908; d. Democratic Party leader; Asst. State At- N.Y.C., July 12, 1977; exec. dir. Beth torney of Cook County; Master of Chan- Abraham Hosp. since 1950; dir. extended cery in Circuit Court of Cook County; care services, Montefiore Hosp.; mem. gov. Democratic natl. committeeman from Illi- bd., chmn. Long Term Care Com., Greater nois; It. col. U.S. Army, 1941^5; bd. N.Y. Hosp. Assn.; mem. gov. bd. N.Y. mem.: Brandeis Univ., Mt. Sinai Hosp. of Public Health Assn., Com. on Public Pol- Miami, Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hosp.; icy and Legislation; chmn. Citizens' Com. contributor: Univ. of Chicago Research on Aging, Community Service Soc. of Fdn. for Emotionally Disturbed Children, N.Y.; consultant, White House Conf. on Adlai E. Stevenson Memorial Fdn.; bd. Aging; mem. Health Com. on Chronic mem. Natl. Fed. of Jewish Men's Clubs, Diseases of N.Y.C. Health Dept.; mem. Jewish Fed. of Metropolitan Chicago, Chi- N.Y. State Senate Advisory Com. on cago and Miami Jewish Homes for the Health; mem. Com. on Financing Con- Aged; mem.: Amer. Friends of Hebrew tinuing Health Care, Hosp. Assn. of N.Y. Univ., Amer. Friends of Tel Aviv Univ., State; mem. Task Force on Nursing Home B'nai B'rith, UJA, Amer. ORT Fed., Jew- Code, N.Y. State Dept. of Social Welfare ish Welfare Bd., Jewish United Fund, Joint and N.Y.C. Dept. of Hospitals; past pres. Distribution Com., Jewish Natl. Fund, Administrators Conf. of the Central Bu- Natl. Jewish Hosp. of Denver, Amer. reau for the Jewish Aged; v. chmn. Homes Com. for the Weizmann Institute of Sci- and Hospitals, Social Services, and Com- ence, Amer. Israel Public Affairs Com., munity and Health Services Divisions of Jewish War Veterans, Assn. Talmud UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies Joint Torahs, Israel Publishing Institute, Ency- Campaign; recipient: two awards from clopedia Judaica Press, Aid Assn. for In- Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies for work curable Orthodox Jews; special gifts among sick and needy; Israel and Leah chmn. Combined Jewish Appeal; hon. Cummings Award from Fed. of Jewish chmn. Chicago State of Israel Bonds Philanthropies Commission on Synagogue Org.; hon. HDL, Hebrew Theological Relations, for service to the Jewish com- Coll.; recipient: award of merit, Deca- munity; fellow: Amer. Public Health logue Soc. of Lawyers, 1950; man-of-the- Assn., Gerontological Soc., and Royal Soc. year award, Jewish Natl. Fund, 1957; of Health. bronze star, U.S. Legion of Merit, 1957; man-of-the-century award, Israel Bond ARVEY, JACOB M., attorney, politician, phi- Org., 1964. lanthropist; b. Chicago, 111., Nov. 3, 1895;

'Including Jewish residents of the United States who died between January 1 and Decem- ber 31, 1977.

366 NECROLOGY / 367 ATLAS, SAMUEL, rabbi, educator, author, ed- playwrights on tours in Europe, South itor; b. Kamai, Lithuania, Dec. 5, 1899; Africa, South America, and the U.S.; mem. d. Liberty, N.Y., July 27, 1977; in U.S. Actors Equity; hon. mem. Hebrew Actors' since 1942; lecturer in philosophy and Tal- Union. mud, Institute of Jewish Studies, Warsaw, 1929-34, and Cambridge Univ., 1935-39; BERMAN, MYRON, business exec., philan- prof. Hebrew Union Coll. Jewish Institute thropist, communal worker; b. (?), 1917; d. of Religion, 1942-75; editor: Novellae of N.Y.C., Aug. 11, 1977; bd. chmn. Saxon Abraham ben David, in Hebrew (1940); au- Industries; mem. gov. bd. Hebrew Union thor: Epistemological Foundations of His- Coll.; past pres. Riverdale Temple; active tory, in German (1928); To the Theory of in Bonds for Israel, UJA, Fed. of Jewish Knowledge of Maimonides, in Hebrew Philanthropies, Natl. Conf. of Christians (1931); The Philosophy of Maimonides and and Jews. its Systematic Place in the History of Philos- BLITMAN, CHARLES H., business exec., phi- ophy (1936); Rights of Private Property lanthropist; b. Nassau, N.Y., (7), 1894; d. (1944); Legal Fictions in Talmudic Law, in N.Y.C., July 18, 1977; founded Blitman Hebrew (1945); S. Maimon's Treatment of Construction Corp., 1922; responsible for the Problem of Antimonies (1948); Maimon construction of Custom House at World and Maimonides (1952); Maimon's Doc- Trade Center and Journal Square Trans- trine of Infinite Reason (1952); Solomon portation Center in Jersey City, among Maimon and Spinoza (1952); From Critical other buildings; one of the founders, ar- to Speculative Idealism, The Philosophy of chitects, and builders of a Masonic camp Solomon Maimon (1964); Notes of Moses for underprivileged children; active in Ha-Kohen of Luxe! on Maimonides' Code fund-raising for Fed. of Jewish Philanthro- (1969); articles on post-Kantian philosoph- pies; past v. pres. Maimonides Hosp. Cen- ical period for Encyclopedia of Philosophy ter; benefactor, Kingsbrook Jewish Medi- (1967); article on the legal status of kings cal Center; recipient: Leadership Award in Hebrew law (1968); designated prof, from Jewish Guild for the Blind; awards emeritus of philosophy and Talmud, He- from Anti-Defamation League and Ameri- brew Union Coll., 1975. can Jewish Congress. BLITZ, SAMUEL, communal leader; b. Lem- BAUM, SHEPHARD Z., rabbi, attorney, com- berg, Galicia, Austro-Hungary, June 15, munal leader; b. Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 20, 1888; d. N.Y.C., May 6, 1977; in U.S. since 1903; d. N.Y.C., July 21,1977; rabbi: Tem- 1890; exec. v. pres. UJA, 1939-64; orga- ple Ashkenazi, Cambridge, Mass., 1924-27; nized benefit for Jewish victims of Nazi New Beth Israel Synagogue, Syracuse, persecution, 1934; exec. dir. United Pales- N.Y., 1926-27; Sons of Abraham Temple, tine Appeal of Greater N.Y.; mem. Zionist Albany, N.Y. 1927-34; chief supervisor, Org. of America; past sec. and fund-raising kosher law enforcement, N.Y. State, since dir. Zionist Council of Greater N.Y. 1934; capt., U.S. Chaplain Corps, 1943-45; pres. Bridge, Inc., since 1960; mem. N.Y. BLOCH, BENJAMIN C, architect; b. Chicago, Jewish Conf.; pres. Albany Jewish Com- 111., July 29, 1890; d. N.Y.C., Nov. 27, munity Center, 1932-35; dir. Albany Com- 1977; senior partner, architectural firm of munity Chest, 1932-35; organizer and Bloch & Hesse; designed more than 60 natl. dir. Amer. Jewish Congress, 1946-47; synagogues; trustee, Educational Alliance/ chmn. B'nai Zion-UJA; founder and bd. Architectural League; honorary trustee, mem. Amer. Red Mogen David; mem. Stephen Wise Free Synagogue; honored by Rabbinical Alumni, Yeshiva Univ.; natl. v. Podell House-Educational Alliance. pres. B'nai Zion; pres. Hebrew Welfare CHERNOWITZ, MAURICE E., educator, au- Agency; pres. upstate region, Union of Or- thor, editor; b. Odessa, Russia, Dec. 24, thodox Jewish Congregations; served in 1908; d. N.Y.C., July 4, 1977; in U.S. since high capacities in UJA and Israel Bonds. 1925; prof, of Fine Arts, Yeshiva Univ., for 27 years; editor, Bitzaron, a monthly He- BEN-AMI, JACOB, actor, director; b. Minsk, brew magazine, for 39 years; past district v. Russia, Dec. 23, 1890; d. N.Y.C., July 22, pres. Zionist Org. of America; author, 1977; in U.S. since 1912; founded Jewish Proust and Painting (1945); honored by Art Theater, N.Y.C.; appeared in plays by UJA, B'nai B'rith, and State of Israel Yiddish, American, British, and Russian Bonds. 368 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 CHOMSKY, WILLIAM, educator, author; b. tral Conf. Amer. Rabbis, Synagogue Coun- (?), Russia, Jan. 15, 1896; d. Philadelphia, cil of Amer.; author: Sources of Jewish In- Pa., July 19, 1977; in U.S. since 1913; one spiration, A Companion to the Bible, The of the world's foremost Hebrew grammari- American Jew: A Study of Backgrounds, ans; Gratz Coll.: faculty mem. since 1924; The American Reform Rabbi: A Profile of prof, since 1954; faculty chmn. 1949-69; a Profession; honored with title of Rabbi prof, emeritus since 1969; prof, of Hebrew Emeritus, Temple Beth Israel, 1968; hon. and Jewish Ed., Dropsie Coll., 1955-77; doctorates from Hebrew Union Coll. mem.: Amer. Academy for Jewish Re- (Cinn.), Trinity Coll., Hillyer Coll., and search; Natl. Council for Jewish Ed.; Hartt Coll. of Music. Labor Zionist Org. of America; Histadrut Ivrith; Mikveh Israel Congregation; World FISCHBACH, HENRY F., business exec, phi- Union of Jewish Studies; Conf. on Jewish lanthropist; b. (?), Rumania, (?), 1891; d. Studies; author: How to Teach Hebrew N.Y.C., Sept. 10, 1977; in U.S. since 1903; (1947); David Kimhi's Hebrew Grammar founder, bd. chmn. Fischbach & Moore; (1952); Hebrew: The Eternal Language past pres. N.Y. Electrical Contractors (1957); Teaching and Learning (1959); Assn.; benefactor: Dartmouth Coll.; Pratt Ha-Lashon Ha-Ivrit b'Darkhei Hitpathu- Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; thah (1967); Darkhei Hora'ah u'Lemidah Brandeis Univ. (Henry Fischbach Chair in (1968); various contributions to profes- Chemistry, Henry Fischbach Fellowship sional journals. Fund supporting an interchange of Tech- nion and Brandeis graduate students, and DICKENSTEIN, ABRAHAM, banker, industri- Henry Fischbach Scholarship and Endow- alist, communal leader; b. Wishniewa, Po- ment Fund for gifted and needy students land, June 15, 1902; d. Tel Aviv, Israel, seeking a career in engineering); Haifa Feb. 16, 1977; in U.S. since 1936; pioneer Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; a laborer in Palestine, 1921-24; asst. dir. founder: Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine; Worker's Bank, Ltd., 1924-38; founder, Israel Museum; Electrical Contractor manager: Audit Union of Credit Coops, Div., UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies 1925-29; Audit Union of Consumer's Joint Campaign; a fellow, Brandeis Univ. Coops, 1925-29; Transportation Coops, 1927-39; delegate, World Zionist Con- GOLDBERG, DAVID, rabbi; b. (?), Russia, (?), gress, 1939, 1951; pres. Israel Develop- 1886; d. Forest Hills, Queens, N.Y., Nov. ment Corp.; founder, pres. AMPAL 15, 1977; in U.S. since 1908; first Jewish (Amer. Israel Corp.), 1941; managing dir. chaplain U.S. Navy; only rabbi to serve as Bank Hapoalim; bd. chmn. Israel Amer. chaplain in W. W. I; entered U.S. Naval Industrial Development Bank; contributor Reserve, 1925; retired as It. commander, to periodicals. 1941; rabbi: Temple Beth El, Corsicana, Tex.; synagogue in Brockton, Mass. DLUZNOWSKY, MOSHE, author; b. Toma- shov, Poland, (?), 1906; d. N.Y.C., July 30, GOLDBLOOM, MAURICE J., author, editor, 1977; wrote plays, novels, and essays deal- translator, social activist; b. Brooklyn, ing with Jewish life; author: The Lonesome N.Y., (?), 1912; d. N.Y.C., Dec. 30, 1977; Ship, The Eleventh Inheritor, The Will of before W.W.II, courier from exiled Ger- Fortune, The Well on the Road, Autumn in man Socialists in U.S. to the party's under- the Vineyard, The Blessed and the Doomed; ground in Nazi Germany; bd. mem. Am- recipient, Jacob L. Gladstein Award of the nesty Internatl. U.S.A.; founder, exec. sec. Jewish Culture Congress, 1975. Amer. Com. for Democracy and Freedom in Greece; mem. editorial com., The Social- FELDMAN, ABRAHAM J., rabbi, author, edi- ist Call, 1942-55; associate editor, Current tor, communal leader; b. Kiev, the magazine; wrote for Commentary maga- Ukraine, (?), 1893; d. West Hartford, zine; author, American Security and Free- Conn., July 21, 1977; in U.S. since 1906; dom. natl. co-chmn. Consultative Council on Desegregation; chmn. Conn, advisory GORDON, HAROLD H., rabbi, communal com. to U.S. Commission on Civil Rights; leader; b. Minneapolis, Minn., (?), 1908; d. founder, regent, Univ. of Hartford; foun- N.Y.C., May 21, 1977; delegate, White der, editor, The Connecticut Jewish Ledger House Conf. on Children and Youth, 1960; (1929); rabbi, Temple Beth Israel, West mem. coordinating com., Governor's Com. Hartford, Conn., 1925-68; past pres.: Cen- on Scholastic Achievement; U.S.O. dir., NECROLOGY / 369 Maryland; rabbi, Congregation Sons of Poetry Prize, Union of Bessarabian Jews Jacob, Waterloo, Iowa, 1935-42; chaplain, in Israel, 1967. Jewish Welfare Bd., 1942^3; Army Air Force Chaplain, 1943-46, rose to rank of ISH-KISHOR, SULAMITH, author, b. London, major; chaplaincy coordinator since 1946; England, (?), 1897; d. N.Y.C., June 23, N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis: gen. sec. (1946), exec, 1977; in U.S. since 1909; co-author, v. pres. (since 1960); co-founder: 5th Ave. Blessed Is the Daughter; author: A Boy of Synagogue; Internatl. Synagogue at Old Prague (1963); Our Eddie (1970); The Kennedy Airport; B'rith Milah School for Master of Miracle: A New Novel of the ritual circumcisers; Mt. Sinai Hosp. (dir., Golem (1971); Magnificent Hadrian; The 1968); exec. sec. B'rith Milah Bd. of N.Y., Carpet of Solomon; Everyman's History of since 1950; co-chmn. Com. of Religious the Jews; recipient, Natl. Jewish Book Leaders of N.Y.; chmn. N.Y. State Inter- Award, 1963, 1971; runner-up for John faith Com. on Chaplaincy; spiritual advi- Newberry Medal, Amer. Library Assn., sor, Council of Jewish Organizations in 1970. Civil Service, since 1956; mem.: first dele- JACOBS, JACOB, actor, director, producer, gation of rabbis to Soviet Union and other lyricist, Yiddish theater; b. Risk, Czecho- Iron Curtain countries, 1956; advisory slovakia, Jan. 1, 1891; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., council, Amer. Jewish Correctional Chap- Oct. 14, 1977; in U.S. since 1904; impre- lains Assn.; bd. of dirs., Central Bureau of sario of the Lenox, Grand, Natl., Parkway, Jewish Aged; natl. exec, bd., Religious Prospect, Anderson, Eden, and Yiddish Zionists of America; Rabbinical Assembly Amer. Theaters, N.Y.C.; first v. pres. Yid- of America; Jewish War Veterans; Assn. of dish Theatrical Alliance; mem. Amer. Soc. Jewish Chaplains in the Armed Forces; of Composers, Authors, & Publishers; delegate: World Jewish Congress, 1959, wrote lyrics to such songs as "Bei Mir Bist 1965; World Zionist Congress, 1937, 1960, du Schoen," "A Gute Heym," and "A Yid- 1965, 1968; honored by Fed. of Jewish Phi- dishe Meydle Darf A Yiddishn Boy"; hon. lanthropies, 1959, 1966; man-of-the-year mem. Hebrew Actors' Union; awarded award, Council of Jewish Organizations, "Achievement in Performing Arts" by 1960; citations for moral and religious City of N.Y., 1969. leadership, N.Y.C., 1960, 1966; Avodah Award, Jewish Teachers Assn., 1961; In- KOHN, EUGENE, rabbi, editor, author, edu- terfaith Movement award, 1963; honorary cator; b. (?), 1887; d. New Hyde Park, doctorates of Hebrew literature and divin- Queens, N.Y., Apr. 1, 1977; a founder of ity, Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- the Jewish Reconstructionist Movement ica. and managing editor of its periodical The Reconstructionist, until 1960; co-editor of GREENBERG, ELIEZER, Yiddish poet, essay- prayer books; author: Religious Human- ist, translator; b. Lipkani, Russia, Dec. ism, Good to Be a Jew, The Future of Juda- 31, 1896; d. N.Y.C., June 2, 1977; in U.S. ism in America, A Manual for Teaching since 1913; dir. Yiddish press relations, Biblical History. Amer. Jewish Com., for several years; KOHN, HENRY, attorney, communal leader; founder, past v. pres. Yiddish branch of b. Chicago, 111., Nov. 9, 1902; d. Chicago, P.E.N. Club; mem.: Workmen's Circle; 111., Dec. 30, 1976; mem. Adlai Stevenson I.L. Peretz Yiddish Writers Union; co- Commission on Human Relations, State of editor: the Zukunft; Getseltn (1946-48); Illinois; contributor, Negro Coll. Fund; ac- A Treasury of Yiddish Stories (1954); tive in Joint Action Bd. coalition of civic Ashes Out of Hope; A Treasury of Yiddish and communal groups; natl. v. pres. and Poetry; author: Gassen un Avenues past chmn. Chicago Chapter, Amer. Jew- (1928); Foon Oometum (1934); Fisherdorf ish Com.; pres. and bd. mem. Bureau on (1938); ML. Halpern (1942); Die Lange Jewish Employment Problems; bd. mem. Nacht (1946); Banachtiker Dialog (1953), KAM Temple; recipient, award from Natl. Tsentrale Atotivn in H. Leivik's Shafn Conf. of Christians and Jews. (1961); Jacob Glatstein's Di Freid Fan Yiddishn Wort (1964); Eybiker Dorsht KOHN, PAULINE REDLICH, business exec., (1968); recipient: Harry Kovner Award humanitarian; b. (?), Poland, (7), 1896; d. for Yiddish Poetry, Jewish Book Council, Far Rockaway, Queens, N.Y., March 13, 1953; Jewish Book Council of America 1977; in U.S. since 1903; pres. Durst In- Award for Poetry, 1954; Jacob Fichman dustries; past natl. pres. and mem. bd. of 370 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 govs. Women's League for Israel; sup- Medal, City Coll. of N.Y., 1954; second porter of ADL; active on four wartime annual Albert Einstein Commemorative committees; signed affidavits of support for Award, 1956; medal, N.Y. Academy of 250 Austrian and German Jewish refugees, Medicine, 1966; John Howland Medal, 1938^0. Amer. Pediatric Soc, 1966. LEVINE, HARRY, business exec, philanthro- LICHTENBERG, LEO, rabbi, communal pist; b. N.Y.C., (?), 1896; d. Cambridge, leader; b. Rostock, Germany, Jan. 17, Mass., May 1, 1977; founder, New En- 1915; d. Cinn., Ohio, Aug. 1, 1977; in U.S. gland Novelty Co.; dir. Commonwealth since 1935; U.S. Air Force chaplain, W.W. Plastics Corp., Leominster, Mass.; chmn. II, Korean War, retired as It. col.; Hebrew U.S. Plastic & Chemical Co.; treas. Supe- instructor, Hofstra Univ., 1954-68; asst. rior Plastic Co.; chief petty officer, U.S. prof, of religion, Adelphi Univ., 1954-74; Navy, W.W.I; established plastics factory dir. Hillel activities, Univ. of Virginia, in Israel, 1948; founding gov. Weizmann Adelphi Univ., Ohio Univ., dir. Hillel Institute of Science and treas. of its Amer. Fdn., 1954-68; manuscript processor, He- Com. brew Union Coll., since 1976; past pres. Natl. Assn. Hillel Directors; past natl. LEVINE, SAMUEL, physician, educator, edi- chaplain, Amer. Legion; treas. Jewish tor, communal worker; b. N.Y.C., Aug. 8, Chaplains Armed Forces of the U.S.; mem. 1895; d. N.Y.C., Aug. 14, 1977; house exec com., Assn. of Reform Rabbis; mem. officer, Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1920-22; staff exec, bd., Central Conf. Amer. Rabbis. mem. Infants' & Children's Hosp., Boston, LINN, IRVING, educator; b. Newark, N.J., 1922-23; Cornell Univ. Medical Coll.: on Jan. 24, 1912; d. N.Y.C, Oct. 5, 1977; prof, faculty since 1924; prof, of pediatrics, of English, Yeshiva Univ., 1937-77; pres. 1936-61; named prof, emeritus, 1961; N.Y. Amer. Soc of Geolinguistics, 1972-73; Hosp.: on staff since 1932; attendant pedia- conducted WABC-TV series "This En- trician-in-chief, 1936-61; consultant since glish Language of Ours," 1966-70; listed in 1961; taught at Institute for Psycho-Anal- directory of Scholars and Outstanding ysis, Chicago; consultant: World Health Educators of America, 1974. Org.; School of Social Service Admn., Western Reserve Univ.; Univ. of Pitts- LIPNICK, JEROME, rabbi, communal leader; burgh School of Social Work; mem.: b. Baltimore, Maryland, (?), 1918; d. N.Y.C. Bd. of Health; Harvey Soc.; Amer. Washington, D.C., March 14, 1977; dir. of Bd. of Pediatrics; N.Y. Academy of Medi- ed. B'nai B'rith Youth Org.; headed Tem- cine; technical advisory com. on fluorida- ple Beth El, Utica, N.Y.; representative. tion of water supplies, N.Y. State Dept. of World Council of Synagogues, Jerusalem, Health; Amer. Institute of Nutrition; Soc. 1965-66; hon. doctorate, Jewish Theologi- for Experimental Biology; Amer. Assn. for cal Seminary, 1970. the Advancement of Science; founder, Fdn. for Internatl. Child Health; pres. Soc. MANDELBAUM, JUDITH, educator, commu- for Pediatric Research, 1932-33; pres. nal leader; b. N.Y.C, June 30, 1906; d. Amer. Pediatric Soc., 1959-60; active in Brooklyn, N.Y., March 7, 1977; taught at work for Hebrew Orphan Asylum; Eman- Yeshiva Etz Chaim of Boro Park, East uel Settlement, N.Y.C; Neighborhood Midwood Jewish Center, and Flatbush Ye- Center, Philadelphia; exec, dir.: Bronx shiva; mem. Amer. Mizrachi Women since House; Council Educational Center, De- 1957: past sec, natl. cultural chmn., natl. troit; Council Educational Alliance of v. pres., and hon. v. pres.; editor-in-chief Cleveland; Irene Kaufmann Center, Pitts- and columnist, Amer. Mizrachi Women burgh; Detroit Jewish Community Center; Journal, since 1945; pres. Sisterhood Con- gen. dir. Jewish Community Centers of gregation Talmud Torah of Flatbush, Chicago, 1947-66; pres.: Natl. Conf. of 1970-74; personal sec. of the late Rabbi Jewish Communal Service; Assn. of Jewish Meir Bar-Han; past natl. pres. Mizrachi Center Workers; editor-in-chief, Advances Hatzair; honored by Amer. Mizrachi in Pediatrics, 1945; contributor to numer- Women (1971), Religious Zionists of Flat- ous medical journals; recipient: Borden bush (1974), and Sisterhood Congregation Award, Amer. Academy of Pediatrics, Talmud Torah of Flatbush (1974). 1944; Cornell Univ. Medical Coll. Alumni MARK, JULIUS, rabbi, educator, communal Assn. Award, 1954; Townsend Harris leader; b. Cinn., Ohio, Dec. 25, 1898; d. NECROLOGY / 371 N.Y.C., Sept. 7, 1977; rabbi: Temple Beth- Amer. Hebrew Congregations; pres. El, South Bend, Ind., 1922-26; Vine St. Larchmont Temple, 1960-62, 1972-74; Temple, Nashville, Tenn., 1926-48; Tem- first woman to serve as pres. of a synagogue ple Emanu-El, 1948-68; Jewish Chaplain, in the N.Y.C. area. U.S. Navy, 1942-45, retired as It. commander; prof, of Homiletics and Practical The- MILLER, JULES, business exec.; b. Pitts- ology, Hebrew Union Coll.-Jewish Insti- burgh, Pa., Feb. 28, 1902; d. Houston, tute of Religion, 1949-63; life trustee, Fed. Texas, March 15, 1977; exec, business of Jewish Philanthropies; mem.: exec. com. manager, Jewish Exponent; v. pres. Amer. U.S. Commission for UNESCO; natl. bd. Jewish Press Assn.; honored by Amer. of Natl. Conf. of Christians and Jews; east- Jewish Press Assn. (1968) and Fed. of Jew- em bd. of ADL; bd. of govs. World Union ish Agencies (1974). for Progressive Judaism; Council on For- MINDA, ALBERT G., rabbi, communal eign Relations; trustee, Union of Amer. leader; b. Holton, Kansas, July 30, 1895; d. Hebrew Colleges, 1958-62; exec. bd. Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. 15, 1977; leader, Amer. Jewish Com.; exec. com. N.Y. Bd. Temple Israel, 1922-63; past pres. Central of Rabbis; bd. of dirs. Assn. for New Conf. Amer. Rabbis; internatl. v. pres. Americans; bd. chaplains, N.Y. Univ.; World Union for Progressive Judaism; co- Assn. of Reform Rabbis of N.Y.; Army founder: Minneapolis Urban League; Min- and Navy Chaplains Assn.; Conf. on Jew- neapolis Round Table Conf. of Christians ish Material Claims Against Germany; and Jews; recipient, hon. DD, Hebrew Theta Phi; pres.: Alumni Assn., Hebrew Union Coll., 1947; named on list of 100 Union Coll.-Jewish Institute of Religion, great living Minnesotans, 1940. 1948-50; Jewish Conciliation Bd. of Amer- ica; chmn. bd. of govs. Hebrew Union MODANSKY, JACOB R., business exec., phi- Coll.; mem. com. on justice and peace, lanthropist; b. Kiev, Russia, Oct. 1, 1896; Central Conf. Amer. Rabbis, 1946-49; d. N.Y.C, Sept. 19, 1977; in U.S. since pres. Synagogue Council of America, 1912; founder, past pres., and chmn. of bd., 1961-63; dir. N.Y. World's Fair, 1964-65; Ajayem Lumber Corp.; past pres.: East one of three convenors, Natl. Conf. on Re- Meadow Jewish Center; Eastern Region, ligion and Race, Chicago, 1963; contribu- Zionists of America; Knesserit Israel, ting editor, Observer, 1934—38; author: The Miami Beach; Apex Soc.; chmn. bd. He- Art of Preaching; Behaviorism and Reli- brew Academy; bd. mem. Fed. of Jewish gion, (1930); The Rabbi Faces Some Big Philanthropies; master builder, Yeshiva Dilemmas (1956); Reaching for the Moon Univ. (1959); hon. LLD, Cumberland Univ., 1936; hon. pres. Amer. Jewish Encyclope- MOSTEL, ZERO, actor, painter; b. (Samuel dia Soc.; hon. mem. Zeta Beta Tau; hon. Joel Mostel), Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 28, doctorate Hebrew Union Coll., 1949; hon. 1915; d. Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 8, 1977; v. chmn. Lighthouse of N.Y. Assn. of the debut as comedian, Cafe Soc. Downtown, Blind, since 1952; recipient: Zeta Beta 1942; U.S. Army W.W.II; appeared in Tau's man-of-the-year award, 1959; such films as "The Producers" and "The Human Relations Award, Methodist Front"; received Tony Awards for his per- Church, 1963; Gold Medallion for Coura- formances in the plays "Rhinoceros" geous Leadership, Natl. Conf. of Chris- (1961), "A Funny Thing Happened on the tians and Jews, 1966; hon. DHL, L. I. Way to the Forum" (1963), and "Fiddler Univ., 1967; Israel Bond Plaque, 1967, on the Roof (1964); sponsor: Natl. Negro 1968, 1970; Israel Tower of David Plaque, Congress; Spanish Refugee Appeal of the 1968; named Rabbi emeritus, Temple Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com.; co- Emanu-El, 1968; Clergyman of the Year, chmn. Natl. Alumni Com. for City Coll. Religious Heritage of America, 1969. Scholar Awards; Works Progress Ad- ministration lecturer: Museum of Modern Art; Frick Museum; Museum of Science & MERMEY, FAYVELLE, journalist, communal Industry; one man art show, A.C.A. Gal- leader; b. (?), 1916; d. Larchmont, N.Y., leries, 1973; bd. mem. Jewish Museum; re- March 12, 1977; feature writer and colum- cipient: Best Actor award, Theater of All nist, Mamaroneck Daily Times, 1964-70; Nations, Paris, 1959; Einstein medal of art. founder, Larchmont Youth Bd.; founder, Women's Interfaith Seminar, Larchmont; REGENSBERG, CHAIM DAVID, rabbi, educa- dir. dues collecting agency, Union of tor, author; b. Zembrova, Poland, Sept. 18, 372 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1895; d. Jerusalem, Israel, March 28, 1977; treas. Sigma Delta Chi Soc. of Professional in U.S. since 1922; prof, of Talmud and Journalists; recipient, Boris Smolar award Dean of Faculty, Hebrew Theological for contributions to Jewish Journalism, Coll.; religious head, Chicago Rabbinical 1976. Council, 1972; chmn. Rabbinical Court, Rabbinical Council of America, 1972; au- ROSENTHAL, HENRY M., author, educator; thor: articles in Kerem, Hapardes, Bit- b. Louisville, Kentucky, Jan. 9, 1906; d. zaron, Noam, Hadarom, and the Hebrew Ellsworth, Maine, July 29, 1977; 92nd St. Theological Coll. Journal; Mishmeret YMHA, N.Y.C.: religious dir., 1930-42; Hayim Responsa, 1966; Giv'at Shaul, dir. Adult School of Jewish Studies, 1936. 1939-42; dir. Hillel Fdn., Hunter Coll., 1942-45; lecturer in social philosophy, REMBA, ODED, educator, economist; b. (?), Cooper Union Coll., 1945-t7; prof, of 1931; d. N.Y.C., Jan. 6, 1977; prof, of eco- philosophy, Hunter Coll., 1948-73; prof. nomics, Coll. of Staten Island, City Univ. Columbia Univ., 1962; mem. Phi Beta of N.Y.; mem. bd. dirs. Amer. Academic Kappa; mem. Amer. Philosophical Assn.; Assn. for Peace in the Middle East; chmn. author: "The Philosophy of George San- editorial advisory bd., Middle East Review; tayana," Library of Living Philosophers mem. bd. dirs., Amer. Histadrut Cultural (1940); On the Function of Religion in Exchange Institute. Culture (1941); recipient, Guggenheim fellowship, 1947^8. RHODES, IRVING, publisher; b. (?), Poland, (?), 1901; d. Milwaukee, Wise, March 29, SCHERER, EMANUEL, labor leader, editor; b. 1977; co-founder, co-publisher, Wisconsin Cracow, Poland, (?), 1901; d. Dobbs Ferry, Jewish Chronicle; founder, Amer. Jewish N.Y., May 3, 1977; in U.S. since 1939; Press Assn. youngest man elected to Warsaw Jewish Labor Bund's Central Committee, 1930; ROBINSON, JACOB, attorney, historian, politico-editor, several Polish-language publica- cian; b. (?), Lithuania, (?), 1889; d. N.Y.C., tions of Warsaw Bund; elected to City Oct. 24, 1977; in U.S. since 1940; served in Council of Warsaw, 1938; representative of Lithuanian Parliament, 1922-26; legal ad- Jewish Labor Movement, Polish Natl. viser to Lithuania's Foreign Office, 1932; Council, 1943; sec. gen. and sec. coordinat- chmn. unofficial com. of Jewish leaders in ing com. Amer. Jewish Labor Bund, 1946; Lithuania; consultant to chief counsel at editor, Unser Zeit; v. pres. Jewish Labor Nuremberg war crime trials, 1946; legal Com. adviser to Jewish Agency for Palestine, 1947; founder, first dir. World Jewish Con- SCHIFRIN, ISIDOR, business exec, communal gress Institute of Jewish Affairs; mem. Is- leader; b. Rochester, N.Y., Apr. 5, 1889; d. raeli delegation to U.N.; appointed by Cinn., Ohio, March 15, 1977; exec, part- Israeli Government to draft reparations ner, Julian J. Behr Advertising Agency, agreement between Israel and West Ger- 1911-73; Federal Prison Chaplain, 1920- many, 1952; coordinator of research and 63; Army Chaplain, W.W.I; Air Force documentation on the Holocaust, Conf. on Chaplain, W.W.II; v. pres. Schindler- Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Howard Advertising Agency, 50 years; 1957; adviser to YIVO Institute; adviser to sec, bd. mem. Jewish Telegraphic Agency; Memorial Fdn. for Jewish Culture; coor- natl. bd. mem. Amer. Assn. for Jewish Ed.; dinated and organized much of the docu- natl. bd. mem. Council of Jewish Federa- mentation for Yad Vashem. tions & Welfare Funds; principal, I.M. Wise Temple Sabbath Schools; pres. Jew- ROSENBERG, ADOLPH, journalist, editor, ish Cultural & Arts Com.; pres. Bureau publisher, b. Albany, Ga., Aug. 14, 1911; of Jewish Ed.; past pres. Brotherhood d. Atlanta, Ga., Jan. 17, 1977; reporter, the I.M. Wise Temple; founding mem., hon. Constitution, the Journal; founding chmn. v. pres., founding chmn. Boy Scout Georgia Communications Council; bd. Com., Natl. Jewish Welfare Bd.; natl. mem. Atlanta District, Zionist Org. of bd. mem., Boy Scouts of America; America; bd. mem. Gate City B'nai B'rith chmn. Men's Div. ORT; natl. exec, bd., Lodge; mem. Jewish War Veterans; editor, Bonds for Israel; chmn. public relations, publisher, The Southern Israelite; pres. Brandeis Univ.; Jewish Fed. of Cincin- Amer. Jewish Press Assn., 1966-69; foun- nati; public relations consultant for der, pres. Atlanta Press Club, 1974-75; Mayor of Cincinnati; chmn. Boys' Week; NECROLOGY / 373 recipient, Shofar and Silver Beaver com. Zionist Org. of America, 1934; awards, Boy Scouts of America. trustee, Cleveland Jewish Community Fed., since 1934; pres. Cleveland Jewish SCHINE, HAROLD L., business exec, civic Community Center, 1935-70; participated leader; b. Bridgeport, Conn., Dec. 9, 1917; in seven World Zionist Congresses, begin- d. New Haven, Conn., Sept. 26, 1977; pres. ning in 1937; one of 19 American Jews City Lumber Co. of Bridgeport; U.S. staff summoned by Ben-Gurion to organize sergeant in counter-intelligence, W.W.II; American support for Haganah, 1945; mem. Foreign Trade Zone Commission of mem. natl. bd. govs. Amer. Com. for Weiz- Bridgeport; dir. State Natl. Bank of mann Institute of Science, since 1950; Bridgeport; bd. of associates, Univ. of mem. gen. council, World Zionist Org., Bridgeport; past pres. Bridgeport Jewish since 1951; founder, mem. natl. bd. govs. Service Bureau; bd. of dirs. North Atlantic State of Israel Bond Org., 1951-65; natl. v. Ports Assn.; Bridgeport Area Chamber of pres. UJA, 1955-66; natl. bd. trustees, Commerce; bd. mem. United Jewish Coun- Amer. Friends of Hebrew Univ., since cil of Bridgeport; past pres. Jewish Family 1955; pres. Amer. Jewish League for Israel, & Children's Bureau, Bridgeport. 1957-60; v. pres., Amer. Assn. for Jewish Ed., 1959-66; bd. of govs. Hebrew Univ. SCHRAGE, SAMUEL A., rabbi, communal and Negev Univ., since 1971; pres. Cleve- leader; b. Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Dec. 12, land Bureau of Jewish Ed.; pres. World 1935; d. N.Y.C., Dec. 31, 1976; in U.S. Confederation of Gen. Zionists; world since 1949; administrative asst. United chmn. Keren Hayesod, since 1971. Lubavitchen Yeshivot, 1962-64; formed Maccabees citizens' group, an anti-crime street patrol, 1964; asst. to mayor of SIEGEL, SAMUEL H., author, artist, commu- N.Y.C., 1965-68; asst. exec, dir., N.Y.C. nal leader; b. Vilkovishki, Lithuania, Apr. Youth Bd., 1966; principal human re- 25, 1886; d. Edison, N.J., Oct. 6, 1977; in sources specialist, N.Y.C, since 1968; con- U.S. since 1904; co-org. Workmen's Circle sultant, law enforcement agencies; dir. Branch 300, Poland, 1909; org., sec. Yid- N.Y.C.'s Neighborhood Action Program, dish Workmen's Circle, 1937-74; editor, 1969-74. The Banner, New Brunswick, N.J., 1922- 25; wrote autobiography for YIVO, 1943; SEGAL, ABRAHAM, educator, author; b. Phil- mosaicist and painter of Jewish and bibli- adelphia, Pa., Nov. 7, 1910; d. N.Y.C, cal themes, 1973-77. May 24, 1977; trustee and natl. dir. Dept. of Ed., Union of Amer. Hebrew Congrega- SILBERT, SILVIA F., communal worker, phi- tions; English teacher, Philadelphia high lanthropist; b. N.Y.C, Jan. 31, 1910; d. schools, 30 years; instructor, Gratz Coll.; N.Y.C, Nov. 16, 1977; mem. Metropoli- trustee, Israel Bonds; active in Bd. of Jew- tan Museum of Art; Natl. Women's Com., ish Ed.; mem.: Natl. Assn. Temple Educa- Brandeis Univ.; chmn. Women's Advisory tors; Amer. Assn. Jewish Ed.; Natl. Coun- Com., Amer. Cancer Soc.; founder, Albert cil of Jewish Ed.; co-author: social studies Einstein Coll. of Medicine; gen. chmn., dir. volume, Israel Today (1964); Joseph and Women's Div., ADL Appeal; dir. N.Y.C. His Brothers; The Eternal People (1966); UJA; mem.: B'nai B'rith; Natl. Council of Teaching Jewish History; Teaching of the Jewish Women; Women's Div., Fed. of Sidur; How to Conduct a Sabbath Service Jewish Philanthropies; patroness: Jewish for Children; Guide for Jewish Youth; Holy Museum; Amer.-Israel Cultural Fdn.; Days and Holidays; author, numerous honored at Israel Dinner of State spon- magazine articles; recipient, man-of-the- sored by Park Ave. Synagogue and Temple year award, Gratz Coll. Alumni Assn.; Emanu-El. honored by Jewish Natl. Fund of Philadel- phia, Commission on Jewish Ed. SPIEGEL, IRVING, reporter; b. N.Y.C, Apr. SHAPIRO, EZRA Z., attorney, communal 26, 1907; d. N.Y.C, March 31, 1977; staff leader; b. Volozhin, Poland, May 7, 1903; mem., reporter, N. Y. Times, since 1925; d. Jerusalem, Israel, May 14, 1977; in U.S. covered stories about Jewish organizations since 1906; private law practice, Cleveland, and events; recipient: several publisher's Ohio, since 1925; dir. of law, City of Cleve- awards from the Times; awards from B'nai land, 1933—35; v. chmn. Cleveland Com- B'rith (1967), Amer. Jewish Com., and nu- munity Relations Bd.; chmn. natl. exec. merous other Jewish organizations. 374 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 SPOTNITZ, MIRIAM, social worker, educator; Jerusalem; bd. mem. Jewish Telegraphic b. (?), 1911; d. June 15, 1977; instructor, Agency; founder, v. pres., and hon. pres. Center for Modern Psychoanalytic Stud- Amer. Jewish League for Israel; past v. ies; dir. managing office, Jewish Board of pres. Zionist Org. of America; founder, Guardians; psychiatric social worker: Jew- mem. bd. govs., and chmn. Amer. Com., ish Board of Guardians; Jewish Family Weizmann Institute of Science; bd. chmn. Service; bd. chmn. Louise Wise Adoption Brandeis Youth Fdn.; natl. chmn. UJA; Agency. natl. chmn. United Israel Appeal; man-of- the-year award, Zeta Beta Tau, 1947; re- STEINHARDT, MAXWELL, attorney, commu- cipient: hon. Dr. of Humane Letters, Bos- nal leader; b. N.Y.C., Nov. 6, 1889; d. ton Univ., 1950; Certificate of Merit, N.Y.C., Oct. 4, 1977; practiced law pri- Jewish War Veterans, 1952; hon. Feliow, vately in N.Y.C. for more than 30 years; Weizmann Institute of Science, 1960. pres.: Shaw Soc. of America; Harvard Club; Grolier Club; U.S. Army capt. W. STULBERG, LOUIS, labor union exec.; b. (?), W. I; bd. mem. Hebrew Technical Insti- Poland, Apr. 14, 1901; d. N.Y.C, Dec. 14, tute; natl. treas., sec., and founder of its 1977; in U.S. since 1919; Internatl. Ladies' Philanthropic Fund, Amer. Council for Ju- Garment Workers' Union: v. pres. 1947-66; daism; past pres. Jewish Fdn. for Ed. of pres. 1966-75; past v. pres. AFL-CIO; Women. founding dir., v. pres. East River Housing Corp.; trustee, Mutual Redevelopment STERN, FREDERICK M., author; b. Dec. 1, Houses, Inc.; mem. Public Development 1889, Posen, Poland; d. N.Y.C, May 6, Corp. of N.Y.; v. pres. League for Indus- 1977; in U.S. since 1937; managing dir. trial Democracy; treas. Negro Labor Hinz Factory, Germany; dir. Self Help Com.; trustee, Fashion Institute of Tech- Org.; dir. Leo Baeck Institute; author: The nology; mem. bd. dirs. Intematl. Rescue Junker Menace (1945); Capitalism in Com.; mem. trade union com., Histadrut; America: A Classless Society (1951); The mem. bd. dirs. Amer. ORT Fed.; founder, Citizen Army: Key to Defense in the Atomic Amer. Labor ORT; mem. natl. exec. bd. Age (1957); Life and Liberty: A Return to Jewish Labor Com.; mem. bd. dirs. He- First Principles (1975). brew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Soc.; mem. Natl. Com. for Labor Israel; former STONE, DEWEY D., business exec, industri- trustee, Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Cen- alist, communal leader, philanthropist; b. ter; fellow, Brandeis Univ.; hon. chmn. Brockton, Mass., Aug. 31, 1900; d. Brock- Workmen's Circle, Cutters' Branch; hon- ton, Mass., Nov. 19, 1977; pres. Harodite ored at testimonial dinner sponsored by Finishing Co.; mem. bd. dirs. numerous UJA-Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies; hon- companies; U.S. Army, W.W.I; trustee: ored by Histadrut with construction of Cardinal Cushing Gen. Hosp.; Stone Char- Louis Stulberg Hosp. at Kfar Saba. itable Fdn.; associate founder, Boston Univ. (Dewey D. & Harry K. Stone Sci- SZOLD, ROBERT, attorney, communal leader; ence Building, 1947) and Hebrew Teachers b. Streator, 111., Sept. 29, 1889; d. N.Y.C, Coll.; headed U.S. operation to acquire Nov. 9, 1977; asst. Attorney Gen. of boats to bring Holocaust survivors into Puerto Rico, 1915; asst. to Solicitor Gen. Palestine; mem. small, secret group of the U.S., 1915-18; senior partner, Szold, charged with acquisition of military equip- Brandwen, Meyers, & Altman, since 1921; ment needed by the Haganah; played sig- composed briefs that led to first federal nificant role in helping to secure key votes child labor law; delegate, Round Table approving the UN Partition Resolution, Conf., London, 1939; dir. numerous corpo- 1947-48; mem.: Amer. Legion; Jewish rations; past pres.: United Housing Fdn.; War Veterans; B'nai B'rith; YMHA; Edward A. Filene Goodwill Fund; foun- Friends of Hebrew Univ.; Zionist House; der, Szold Institute of Applied Science, Camp Young Judea; Israel Bond Corp.; 1967; mem. Amer. Law Institute; founder, Israel Economic Corp; Amer.-Israel Cul- pres. Zionist Circle, 1915-17; mem. Zion- tural Fdn.; exec. bd. Jewish Agency; exec, ist Commission to Palestine, 1919; mem. bd. World Zionist Org.; bd. dirs. Council Zionist Reorganization Commission, 1920; of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds; treas., pres. Palestine Endowment Fund, Israel Foreign Trade Credits Corp.; con- since 1922; v. pres., pres. Palestine Eco- tributor, Amer. Friends of Boys Town nomic Corp., 1925-57; chmn., past pres., NECROLOGY / 375 hon. pres. Zionist Org. of America, since and Palestinian Jews; directed part of 1930; mem. Council Jewish Colonial negotiations with Vatican for rescue of Trust, since 1930; mem. Keren Kayemeth Jews in Hungary; pres. Amer. League for Leisrael, since 1930; ,-. chmn. Jewish a Free Palestine; former exec. dir. B'nai Agency, since 1931; founder, Amer. Emer- B'rith Council of Greater Philadelphia; gency Com. for Zionist Affairs, 1939; dir. pres. Natl. Haym Solomon Memorial Central Bank of Cooperative Institutions Com. in Palestine, 1930-56; dir. Palestine Mort- gage & Savings Bank, 1930-59; founder, WEISGAL, MEYER W., statesman, adminis- co-chmn. Amer. Economic Com. for trator, author, editor, communal leader; b. Palestine, 1939-54; first Jewish adminis- Kilol, Poland, Nov. 10, 1894; d. Jerusalem, trator of Jerusalem; treas. Amer. Zionist Israel, Sept. 29, 1977; in U.S. 1905^9, Is- Council, 1940-44; mem.: Jewish Natl. rael 1949-77; U.S. Army, W.W.I; founder: Fund; the Judeans; Gen. Com., Amer. Amer. Jewish Conf.; Amer. section, Jewish Jewish Conf., since 1943; founder, past Agency; World Zionist Org.; natl. sec. pres. PEF (Israel Endowment Fund); co- Zionist Org. of America, 1921-30; con- founder, Free Synagogue of Westchester; ceived and directed "The Romance of a dir. Union Bank of Israel, since 1951; dir. People" (1933) and "The Eternal Road" Israel Corp. of America, 1951-55; pres. Is- (1936); dir. gen. Palestine Pavilion, N.Y. rael Enterprises, Inc., 1953-57; mem. Phi World's Fair, 1939-40; founder, past pres. Beta Kappa; mem. Beta Theta Pi; hon. Weizmann Institute of Science; Dr. Chaim mem. bd. of govs., Univ. of Jerusalem; re- Weizmann's personal sec. and U.S. repre- cipient: Hon. LLD, Knox Coll., 1953; hon. sentative; v. pres. State of Israel Bond Org., Dr. of Humane Letters, Brandeis Univ.; 1951; v. pres. Amer. Financial & Develop- Solomon Bublick Prize, 1966; Doctor Juris ment Corp. for Israel, 1951; chmn. bd. Yad Honoris Causa, Hebrew Univ., 1972. Chaim Weizmann natl. memorial, since 1952; chmn. world com. for Israel's tenth SZTEJNWAKS, PlNHUS, author, journalist, anniversary celebrations, 1958-59; chmn. editor; b. Sokolow, Poland, July 17, bd. dirs. Tel Aviv's Cameri Theater; initia- 1905; d. N.Y.C., May 11, 1977; in U.S. tor, Itzik Manger Prize for Yiddish Litera- since 1941; UN correspondent; mem. ture; editor: The Maccabean (1918-21); Labor Zionist movement, Warsaw; pres. The New Palestine (1921-30); Bialik's Poalei Zion, 1935-77; editor, Tzion Poems (1926); Herzl Memorial Book Neiss, World Zionist Org., 1942-51; spe- (1929); The Jewish Standard (1930-32); cial asst. for Yiddish press, the Jewish Chaim Weizmann: Statesman, Scientist, Agency, 1951-72; author: Yiddishe Builder of the Jewish Commonwealth Mames; Yidn zu Gedenken; Silhuetn Fun (1944); Chaim Weizmann, A Biography by a Dor, Zionisten. Many Hands (1962); author, autobiography, Meyer Weisgal So Far (1972); WARSHAWSKY, IRVING, labor and commu- Weizmann Institute's first Ph. D. Honoris nal leader, b. (?), d. (?), Aug. 1977; bd. Causa, 1964; recipient: hon. doctorate, mem. Jewish Natl. Fund of America; Brandeis Univ., 1969; hon. doctorate, He- fought in Jewish Brigade, W.W.I; mem. brew Univ. of Jerusalem, 1969; Rothschild Labor Zionist Movement; mem. Natl. Prize for Merit, 1969; Remembrance Com. for Labor Israel. Award of World Fed. of Bergen Belsen WECHSLER, GABRIEL, administrator, com- Assns., 1974; King Solomon Award of munal leader; b. (?), 1909; d. N.Y.C., July America-Israel Cultural Fdn., 1976. 22, 1977; gen. sec. City Fusion Party, 1933-63; campaign dir. City of Hope; past WOLFSON, ARTHUR, cantor, educator; b. deputy commissioner, sanitation and pur- Philadelphia, Pa., (?), 1912; d. (?), New chase; past asst. administrator, public Zealand, July 26, 1977; music dir. Temple affairs; exec. v. pres. Civic Fdn. of N.Y. Emanu-El, N.Y.C., since 1949; dir. Tem- State; veteran leader, Jabotinsky Move- ple Emanu-El religious school; faculty ment, United Zionist Revisionists of mem.: School of Sacred Music; Hebrew America; founder, Amer. Com. for Natl. Union Coll.-Jewish Institute of Religion, Sick Fund of Israel; founder, War Refugee since 1950, faculty chmn. 1972-74; mem.: Bd.; natl. sec. Emergency Com. to Save the gov. bd. Amer. Soc. for Jewish Music; Jewish People of Europe; founder, natl. Amer. Musicological Soc.; Schola Musicae sec. Com. for a Jewish Army of Stateless Liturgicae; exec. bd. Jewish Book Council 376 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 of Jewish Welfare Bd.; chmn. Natl. Music for U.S. Civil Service Commission and var- Council, Jewish Welfare Bd.; pres.: Amer. ious bds. of ed. and police depts., 1968-76; Conf. of Cantors; Jewish Music Forum; author, "Training in Intergroup Rela- Jewish Liturgical Music Soc. tions," Journal of Intergroup Relations (1961); recipient: first place, Amer. Jewish ZAND, WALTER P., communal worker, edu- Historical Soc. Award, 1956; Humanitar- cator; b. N.Y.C., Apr. 28, 1914; d. Miami, ian Award, Broward County Chapter, Fla., May 6, 1977; midwest regional dir., Amer. Jewish Com.-Fla., 1977. Fla. area dir. Amer. Jewish Com.; adminis- ZORN, LEWIS E., business exec., philanthro- trator, Welfare Council of Brooklyn, pist; b. (?), 1900; d. Mount Vernon, N.Y., 1945-47; B'nai B'rith Council of Balti- Oct. 12, 1977; pres. Bracks Div., Amer. more, 1947-49; chmn. Human Relations Hosp. Supply Co.; founder: Amer. Friends Com., City Club of Chicago, 1960; of Hebrew Univ. in Jerusalem, v. pres. Mayor's Commission on Civil Rights, Chi- Greater Miami Chapter; Douglas Garden cago, 1960; chmn. Civil Rights Com., Natl. Jewish Home for the Aged, Miami; Mt. Assn. of Social Workers, 1961; associate Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach; recip- prof. Human Relations, Univ. of Miami, ient: Torch of Learning Award, Amer. 1967-77; taught human relations courses Friends of Hebrew Univ. Calendars S V3 Q & >- o! w _) -5743 (Oct 1978-Sept. 1983) ON r— HOLIDAY r-' 574 574 5743 0 CL,Q.,DO o ON ... <—* V5t/3ty)^or- Sept. 27 Sukkot, 1st day Oct. 2 Sukkot, 2nc; day Oct. 3

~~1st day Hb CO en r~ H Fast of the 10th of Tevet Jan Dec Dec Jan. Dec. 26 •**-r-oov->ov->oss ©~~

~~! 11 iiilll-l-ilf III 1 llfll~~

~~>>,«>«> epap~~

~~•SIS I N N (2 SS3 SS 1 ^ T3 "O T3 K „ -a H H ^ < -5 a •—~~

~~CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR (1978-1980)~~

1977, Dec. 11—Jan. 8, 1978] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5738 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. S Tevet Hanukkah, Num 28: 1-15 11 1 seventh day 7: 48-53 New Moon, second day 12 M 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day 17 Sa 7 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 20 T 10 Fast of the 10th Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 24 Sa 14 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 31 Sa 21 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13; 29: 22-23 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3 Jan. Sa 28 Wa-era1 Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Ezekiel 28: 25-29: 7 21

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 381 1978, Jan. 9—Feb. 7] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5738~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Jan. M Shevat New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 9 1~~

~~14 Sa 6 Bo' Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28~~

~~21 Sa 13 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 (Shirah) ' Judges 5: 1-31~~

~~23 M 15 Hamishshah-'asar bi-Shevat~~

~~28 Sa 20 Yitro Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6; 9: 5,6 Isaiah 6: 1-13~~

~~Feb. Sa 27 Mishpatim Exod. 21: 1-24: 18 Jeremiah 34: 8-22 4 33: 25,26~~

~~7 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~1978, Feb. 8—Mar. 9] ADAR I (30 DAYS) [5738 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Feb. W Adar I New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 8 1 second day~~

~~11 Sa 4 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13~~

~~18 Sa 11 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 Ezekiel 43: 10-27~~

~~25 Sa 18 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34: 35 I Kings 18: 1-39 / Kings 18: 20-39~~

~~Mar. Sa 25 Wa-yakhel, Exod. 35: 1-38: 20; II Kings 12: 1-17 4 Shekalim 30: 11-16 // Kings 11: 17- 12: 17~~

~~9 Th 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 382 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979~~

~~1978, Mar. 10—Apr. 7] ADAR II (29 DAYS) [5738 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Mar. F Adar II New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 10 1 second day 11 Sa 2 Pekude Exod. 38: 21-40: 38 I Kings 7: 51-8: 21 I Kings 7:40-50~~

~~18 Sa 9 Wa-yikra' JLevit. 1: 1-5: 26 I Samuel 15: 2-34 (Zakhor) [Deut. 25: 17-19 / Samuel 15: 1-34~~

~~22 W 13 Fast of Esther Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 23 Th 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 Book of Esther is read the night before and in the morning.~~

~~24 F 15 Shushan Purim 25 Sa 16 Zaw Levit. 6: 1-8: 36 Jeremiah 7: 21-8: 3 9: 22-23~~

~~Apr. Sa 23 Shemini, Parah JLevit. 9: 1-11: 47 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 1 iNum. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36:16-36~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 383~~

1978, Apr. 8—May 7] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5738 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Apr. Sa Nisan Tazria' Levit. 12: 1-13: 59 Ezekiel 45: 16-46: 1 1 (Ha-hodesh); Num. 28: 7-15 18 New Moon Exod. 12: 1-20 I Ezekiel 45:18-46:15 [Isaiah 66: 1, 24 15 Sa 8 Mezora', Levit. 14: 1-15: 33 Malachi 3: 4-24 (Ha-gadol) 21 F 14 Fast of Firstborn 22 Sa 15 Passover, firstda y {Exod. 12: 21-51 Joshua 5: 2-6: 1, 27 iNum. 28: 16-25 23 S 16 Passover, [Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-9; second day iNum. 28: 16-25 21-25 24-27 M-Th 17-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed MJExod. 13: 1-16 [Num. 28: 19-25 TfExod. 22: 24- 23: 19 (Num. 28: 19-25 WJExod. 34: 1-26 [Num. 28: 19-25 ThJNum. 9: 1-14 [Num. 28: 19-25

~~28 F 21 Passover, JExod. 13: 17-15:26 II Samuel 22: 1-51 seventh day [Num. 28: 19-25~~

~~29 Sa 22 Passover, JDeut. 15: 19-16:17 Isaiah 10: 32-12: 16 eighth day JNum. 28: 19-25 May Th 27 Yom ha-sho'ah 4 weha-gevurah~~

~~6 Sa 29 Ahare Mot Levit. 16: 1-18: 30 I Samuel 20: 18^2~~

~~7 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 384 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1978, May 8—June 5] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5738~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~May M Iyar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 8 1 second day~~

~~11 Th 4 Yom ha-Azma'ut~~

~~13 Sa 6 Kedoshim Levit. 19: 1-20: 27 Ezekiel 22: 1-19 Ezekiel 20: 2-20~~

~~20 Sa 13 Emor Levit. 21: 1-24: 23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31~~

~~25 Th 18 Lag Ba-'omer~~

~~27 Sa 20 Be-har Levit. 25: 1-26: 2 Jeremiah 32: 6-27~~

~~June Sa 27 Be-hukkotai Levit. 26: 3-27: 34 Jeremiah 16: 19- 3 17: 14~~

~~1978, June 6-July 5] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5738 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~June T Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 6 1~~

~~10 Sa 5 Be-midbar Num. 1: 1-4: 20 Hosea 2: 1-21 2~~

~~11 S 6 Shavu'ot, JExod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28; first day I Num. 28: 26-31 3: 12~~

~~12 M 7 Shavu'ot, JDeut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day (Num. 28: 26-31 Habbakuk 2:20- 3: 19~~

~~17 Sa 12 Naso' Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13: 2-25~~

~~24 Sa 19 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zechariah 2: 14—4: 7~~

~~July Sa 26 Shelah lekha Num. 13: 1-15: 41 Joshua 2: 1-24 1~~

~~5 W 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 385 1978, July 6—Aug. 3] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5738~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~July Th Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 6 1 second day~~

~~8 Sa 3 Korah Num. 16: 1-18: 32 I Samuel 11: 14- 12:22~~

~~15 Sa 10 Hukkat Num. 19: 1-22: 1 Judges 11: 1-33~~

~~22 Sa 17 Balak Num. 22: 2-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8~~

~~23 S 18 Fast of the 17th Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~29 Sa 24 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3~~

~~1978, Aug. 4—Sept. 2] AV (30DAYS) [5738~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Aug. F Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 4 1~~

~~Sa Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30: 2-36: 13 Jeremiah 2: 4-28; 3:4 Jeremiah 2: 4-28; 4: 1-2~~

~~12 Sa Devarim Deut. 1: 1-3: 22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 (Hazon)~~

~~13 10 Fast of the 9th Morning: (Lamentations is of Av Deut. 4: 25-40 read the night before.) Jeremiah 8: 13-9: 23 Afternoon: Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10~~

~~19 Sa 16 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Isaiah 40: 1-26 (Nahamu)~~

~~26 Sa 23 •Ekev Deut. 7: 12-11:25 Isaiah 49: 14-51: 3~~

~~Sept. Sa 30 Re'eh; {Deut. 11:26-16: 17 Isaiah 66: 1-24 2 New Moon, iNum. 29: 9-15 \ Isaiah 66. 1-24 first day \I Samuel 20:18, 42~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 386 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979~~

~~1978, Sept. 3—Oct. 1] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5738~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Sept. S Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 3 1 second day~~

~~9 Sa 7 Shofetim Deut. 16: 18-21: 9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12~~

~~16 Sa 14 Ki teze' Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-55: 5~~

~~23 Sa 21 Ki tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22~~

30 Sa 28 Nizzavim Deut. 29: 9-30: 20 Isaiah 61: 10-63: 9 1978, Oct. 2—Oct. 31] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5739 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING

~~Oct. M Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, (Gen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2: 10 2 1 first day JNum. 29: 1-6~~

~~3 T 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, {Gen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31: 1-19 second day JNum. 29: 1-6 (2-20)~~

~~4 W 3 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~7 Sa Wa-yelekh Deut. 31: 1-30 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14:2-10 Micah 7: 18-20~~

~~11 W 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58: 14 [Levit. 16: 1-34 [Num. 29: 7-11 Afternoon: f Jonah 1: 1-4: 11 Levit. 18: 1-30 1 Micah 7: 18-20~~

~~14 Sa 13 Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 II Samuel 22: 1-51 16 M 15 Sukkot, first day | Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 Zechariah 14: 1-21 iNum. 29: 12-16~~

~~17 T 16 Sukkot, { Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 second day iNum. 29: 12-16~~

~~18-20 W-F 17-19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed W Num. 29: 17-25 Th Num. 29: 20-28 F Num. 29: 23-31~~

~~21 Sa 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 38: 18-39: Num 29: 29-34 16~~

~~22 S 21 Hosha'na Rabbah *)um. 29: 26-34~~

~~23 M 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 I Kings 8: 54-66 Num 29: 35-30: 1~~

~~24 T 23 Simhat Torah Deut 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1: 1-18 Gen. 1: 1-2: 3 Joshua 1: 1-9 Num 29: 35-30: 1~~

~~28 Sa 27 Be-re'shit Gen. 1: 1-6: 8 Isaiah 42: 5^3: 10 Isaiah 42: 5-21~~

~~31 T 30 New Moon, Vum. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 388 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1978, Nov. 1—Nov. 30] HESHWAN (30 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Nov. W Heshwan New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 1 1 second day~~

~~4 Sa 4 Noah Gen. 6: 9-11: 32 Isaiah 54: 1-55: 5 Isaiah 54: 1-10~~

~~11 Sa 11 Lekh lekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40: 27-41: 16~~

~~18 Sa 18 Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 II Kings 4: 1-37 // Kings 4: 1-23~~

~~25 Sa 25 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31~~

~~30 Th 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~1978, Dec. 1—Dec. 30] KISLEW (30 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Dec. F Kislew New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 1 1 second day~~

~~2 Sa 2 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 Malachi 1: 1-2: 27~~

~~9 Sa 9 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14: 10 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12~~

~~16 Sa 16 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32: 4-36: 43 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12 Obadiah 1: 1-21~~

~~23 Sa 23 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37: 1-40: 23 Amos 2: 6-3: 8~~

~~25-29 M-F 25-29 Hanukkah, M Num. 7: 1-17 first to fifth days T Num. 7: 18-29 W Num. 7: 24-35 Th Num. 7: 30-41 F Num. 7:~~

~~30 Sa 30 Mi-kez; Gen. 41: 1-44: 17 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hannukkah, Num. 28: 9-15 Zechariah 2:14—4: 7 sixth day; Num. 7: 42-47 Isaiah 66: 1, 23 New Moon, I Samuel 20: 18, 42 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 389 1978, Dec. 31—Jan. 28, 1979]TEVET (29 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Dec. 5> Tevet Hanukkah, Num. 28: 1-15 31 1 seventh day; 7: 48-53 New Moon, second day~~

~~Jan. M 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 1 eighth day~~

~~6 Sa 7 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28~~

~~9 T 10 Fast of the 10th Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~13 Sa 14 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12~~

~~20 Sa 21 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13; 29: 22, 23 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3~~

~~27 Sa 28 Wa-era' Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Ezekiel 28: 25-29: 21~~

~~1979, Jan. 29-Feb. 27] SHEVAJ (30 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Jan. M Shevat New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 29 1~~

~~Feb. Sa 6 Bo' Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28 3~~

~~10 Sa 13 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 (Shirah) ' Judges 5: 1-31~~

~~12 M 15 Hamishsha-'asar bi-Shevat~~

~~17 Sa 20 Yitro Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6; 9: 5, 6 Isaiah 6: 1-13~~

~~24 Sa 27 Mishpatim Exod. 21: 1-24: 18; II Kings 12: 1-17 (Shekalim) 30: 11-16 II Kings 11:17-12:17~~

~~27 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 390 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979~~

~~1979, Feb. 28-Mar. 28] ADAR (29 DAYS) [5739 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Feb. W Adar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 28 1 second day~~

~~Mar Sa 4 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13 3~~

~~10 Sa 11 Tezawweh {Exod 27: 20-30: 10 I Samuel 15: 2-34 (Zakhor) JDeut. 25: 17-19 / Samuel 15: 1-34~~

~~12 M 13 Fast of Esther Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~13 T 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 (Book of Esther is read the night before and in the morning.)~~

~~14 W 15 Shushan Purim~~

~~17 Sa 18 Ki tissa' {Exod. 30: 11-34:35 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 (Parah) [Num. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36: 16-36~~

~~24 Sa 25 Wa-yakhel, Exod. 35: 1-40: 38; Ezekiel 45: 16-46: Pekude; 12: 1-20 18 (Ha-hodesh) Ezekiel 36: 18-46: 15~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 391~~

1979, Mar. 29—Apr. 27] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5739 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Mar. Th Nisan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 29 1 31 Sa 3 Wa-yikra' Lev. 1: 1-5: 26 Isaiah 43: 21-44: 23 Apr. Sa 10 Zaw Lev. 6: 1-8: 36 Malachi 3: 4-24 7 (Ha-gadol) 11 W 14 Fast of Firstborn 12 Th 15 Passover, JExod. 12: 21-51 Joshua 5: 2-6: 1, 27 first day iNum. 28: 16-25 13 F 16 Passover, {Lev. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-9; second day iNum. 28: 16-25 21-25

14-17 Sa-T 17-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Sa Exod. 33: 12- Ezekiel 37: 1-15 34: 26 Num. 28: 19-25 S Exod. 13: 1-16 Num. 28: 19-25 M Exod. 22: 24- 23: 19 Num. 28: 119-25 T Num. 9: 1-14 28: 19-25 18 W 21 Passover, JExod. 13:17-15:26 II Samuel 22: 1-51 seventh day |Num. 28: 19-25

~~19 Th 22 Passover, {Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Isaiah 10: 32-12: 6 eighth day iNum. 28: 19-25 21 Sa 24 Shemini Levit. 9: 1-11: 47 II Samuel 6: 1-7: 17~~

~~24 T 27 Yom ha-sho'ah weha-gevurah~~

~~27 F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day 392 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1979, Apr. 28—May 26] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Apr. Sa Iyar Tazria'; Mezora'; [Levit. 12: 11-15:33 Isaiah 66: 1-23 28 1 New Moon, JNum. 28: 9-15 second day~~

~~May W 5 Yom ha-'Azma'ut 2~~

~~5 Sa 8 Ahare Mot, Levit. 16: 1-20: 27 Amos 9: 7-15 Kedoshim Ezekiel 20:2-20~~

~~12 Sa 15 Emor Levit. 21: 1-24: 23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31~~

~~15 T 18 Lag Ba-'omer~~

~~19 Sa 22 Be-har, Levit. 25: 1-27: 34 Jeremiah 16: 19- Be-hukkotai 17: 14~~

~~26 Sa 29 Be-midmar Num. 1: 1-4: 20 I Samuel 20: 18-42~~

~~1979, May 27—June 25] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5739 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~May S Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 27 1~~

~~June F 6 Shavu'ot, JExod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28; 1 first day [Num. 28: 26-31 3: 12~~

~~2 Sa 7 Shavu'ot, JDeut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day JNum. 28: 26-31 Habbakuk 2:20- 3: 19~~

~~9 Sa 14 Naso' Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13: 2-25~~

~~16 Sa 21 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7~~

~~23 Sa 28 Shelah lekha Num. 13: 1-15: 41 Joshua 2: 1-24 25 M 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 393 1979, June 26—July 24] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~June T Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-5 26 1 second day~~

~~30 Sa 5 Korah Num. 16: 1-18: 32 I Samuel 11: 14- 12: 22~~

~~July Sa 12 Hukkat, Balak Num. 19: 1-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 7~~

~~12 Th 17 Fast of the 17th Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~14 Sa 19 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3~~

~~21 Sa 26 Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30: 2-36: 13 Jeremiah 2: 4-28; 3:4 Jeremiah 2: 4-28; 4: 1, 2~~

~~1979, July 25—Aug. 23] AV (30 DAYS) [5739~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~July W Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 25 1~~

~~28 Sa 4 Devarim Deut. 1: 1-3: 22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 (Hazon)~~

~~Aug. Th 9 Fast of the 9th Morning: (Lamentations is 2 of Av Deut. 4: 25-40 read the night before.) Jeremiah 8: 13-9: 23 Afternoon: Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10~~

~~4 Sa 11 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Isaiah 40: 1-26 (Nahamu)~~

~~11 Sa 18 'Ekev Deut. 7: 12-11:25 Isaiah 49: 14-51: 3~~

~~18 Sa 25 Re'eh Deut. 11: 26-16: 17 Isaiah 54: 11-55: 5~~

~~23 Th 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 394 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979~~

1979, Aug. 24-Sept. 21] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5739 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Aug. F Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 24 1 second day 25 Sa 2 Shofetim Deut. 16: 18-21: 9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12 Sept. Sa 9 Ki teze' Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-10 1

~~8 Sa 16 Ki tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22 15 Sa 23 Nizzavim; Deut. 29: 9-31: 30 Isaiah 61: 10-63: 9 We-yelekh MONTHLY CA LENDAR / 395~~

1979, Sept. 22-Oct. 21] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Sept. Sa Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, JGen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2: 10 22 1 first day JNum. 29: 1-6 23 S 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, JGen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31: 1-19 second day iNum. 29: 1-6 (2-20) 24 M 3 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 29 Sa Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14: 2-10 Micah 7: 18-20 Oct. M 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58: 14 1 {Levit. 16: 1-34 iNum. 29: 1-11 Afternoon: {Jonah 1: 1-4: 11 Levit. 18: 1-30 [Micah 7: 18-20

6 Sa 15 Sukkot, {Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 Zechariah 14: 1-21 first day (Num. 29: 12-16 7 S 16 Sukkot, {Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 second day INum. 29: 12-16 8-11 M-Th 17-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed M Num. 29:17-25 T Num. 29:20-28 W Num. 29:23-31 Th Num. 29: 26-34 12 F 21 Hosha'na Rabbah *>Jum. 29: 26-34

~~13 Sa 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 I Kings 8: 54-66 Num 29: 35-30: 1~~

~~14 S 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1: 1-18 Gen. 1: 1-2: 3 Joshua 1: 1-19 Num 29: 35-30: 1~~

~~20 Sa 29 Be-re'shit Gen. 1: 1-6: 8 I Samuel 20: 18^2~~

~~21 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 396 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1979, Oct. 22-Nov. 20] HESHWAN (29 DAYS) [5740~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READINO READING~~

~~Oct. M Heshwan New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 22 1 second day~~

~~27 Sa 6 Noah Gen. 6: 19-11: 32 Isaiah 54: 1-55: 5~~

~~Nov. Sa 13 Lekh lekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40: 27-41: 16 3~~

~~10 Sa 20 Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 II Kings 4: 1-37 // Kings 4: 1-23~~

~~17 Sa 27 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31~~

~~20 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~19/9, Nov. 21-Dec. 20] KISLEW (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Nov. W Kislew New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 21 1 second day~~

~~24 Sa 4 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 Malachi 1: 1-2: 7~~

~~Dec. Sa 11 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14: 10 1 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12~~

~~8 Sa 18 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32: 4-36: 43 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12 Obadiah 1: 1-21~~

~~15 Sa 25 Wa-yeshev; {Gen. 37: 1-40: 23 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hanukkah, iNum. 7: 1-17 first day~~

~~16-19 S-W 26-29 Hanukkah, S Num. 7: 18-29 second to fifth day M Num. 7: 24-35 T Num. 7: 30-41 W Num. 7: 36^*7 20 Th 30 Hanukkah, Num. 28: 1-15 sixth day; 7: 42-47 New Moon, first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 397~~

1979, Dec. 21-Jan. 18, 1980] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. F Tevet Hanukkah, Num. 28: 1-15 21 1 seventh day; 7: 48-53 New Moon, second day 22 Sa 2 Mi-kez; {Gen. 41: 1^*4: 17 I Kings 7: 40-50 Hanukkah, JNum. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day 29 Sa 9 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18^7: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 30 S 10 Fast of 10th of Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 1980 Sa 16 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 Jan. 5 12 Sa 23 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 7 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13; 29: 22-23 Jeremiah 1: 1—2: 3

~~1980, Jan. 19-Feb. 17] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Jan. Sa Shevat Wa-era' Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Isaiah 66: 1-24 19 1 New Moon~~

~~26 Sa 8 Bo' Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28~~

~~Feb. Sa 15 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 2 (Shirah) ' Judges 5: 1-31~~

~~9 Sa 22 Hamishsha-'asar Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6 bi-Shevat 9: 5,6 Yitro~~

~~16 Sa 29 Mishpatim Exod. 21-24: 18 II Kings 12: 1-17 (Shekalim) 30: 11-16 II Kings 11:17-12-17~~

~~17 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 I Samuel 20: 18, 42 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 398 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979~~

~~1980, Feb. 18-Mar. 17] ADAR (29 DAYS) [5740~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Feb. M Adar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 18 1 second day~~

~~23 Sa 6 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13~~

~~28 Th 11 Fast of Esther Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~Mar. Sa 13 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 I Samuel 15: 2-34 1 (Zakhor) Deut. 25: 17-19 / Samuel 15: 1-34~~

~~2 S 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 Book of Esther (night before and in the morning) 3 M 15 Shushan Purim~~

~~8 Sa 20 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34: 35 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 (Parah) Num. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36: 16-36~~

~~15 Sa 27 Wa-yakhel, Exod. 35: 1-40: 38 Ezekiel 45: 16-46: 18 Pekude 12: 1-20 Ezekiel 45: 1&-46: 15 (Ha-hodesh)~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 399~~

~~1980, Mar. 18-Apr. 16] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5740~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Mar. T Nisan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 18 1~~

~~22 Sa 5 Wa-yikra' Levit. 1: 1-5: 26 Isaiah 43: 21^4: 23~~

~~29 Sa 12 Zaw (Ha-gadol) Levit. 6: 1-8: 36 Malachi 3: 4-24~~

~~31 M 14 Fast of the Firstborn~~

~~Apr. T 15 Passover, Exod. 12: 21-51 Joshua 5: 2-6: 1, 27 1 first day Num. 28: 16-25~~

~~2 W 16 Passover, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-9, second day Num. 28: 16-25 21-25~~

~~3 Th 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 13: 1-16 Num. 28: 19-25~~

~~4 F 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 22: 24-23: 19 Num. 28: 19-25~~

~~5 Sa 19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 37: 1-15 Num. 28: 19-25~~

~~6 S 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Num. 9: 1-14; 28: 19-25~~

~~7 M 21 Passover, Exod. 13: 17-15: 26 II Samuel 22: 1-5 seventh day Num. 28: 19-25~~

~~8 T 22 Passover, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Isaiah 10: 32-12: 6 eighth day Num. 28: 19-25~~

~~12 Sa 26 Shemini Levit. 9: 1-11: 47 II Samuel 6: 1-7: 17~~

~~13 S 27 Holocaust Memorial Day~~

~~16 W 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day 400 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1980, Apr. 17-May 15] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5740~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Apr. Th Iyar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 17 1 second day 19 Sa 3 Tazria', Mezora' Levit. 12: 1-15: 33 II Kings 7: 3-20 Num. 28: 9-15~~

~~26 Sa 10 Ahare Mot, Levit. 16: 1-20: 27 Amos 9: 7-15 Kedoshim Ezekiel 20: 2-20~~

~~May Sa 17 Emor Levit. 21: 1-24: 23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31 3~~

~~i S 18 Lag Ba-'omer Israel Independence Day~~

~~10 Sa 24 Be-har, Levit. 25: 1-27: 34 Jeremiah 16: 19- Be-hukkotai 17: 14~~

~~1980, May 16-June 14] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~May F Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 16 1~~

~~17 Sa 2 Be-midbar Num. 1: 1-4: 20 Hosea 2: 1-22~~

~~21 W 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28 first day Num. 28: 26-31 3: 12~~

~~22 Th 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day Num. 28: 26-31 Habbakuk 2: 20- 3:19~~

~~24 Sa 9 Naso' Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13: 2-25~~

~~31 Sa 16 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7~~

~~June Sa 23 Shelah Lekha Num. 13: 1-15: 41 Joshua 2: 1-24 7~~

~~14 Sa 30 Korah Num. 16: 1-18: 32 Isaiah 66: 1-24 New Moon, Num. 28: 9-15 / Samuel 20: 18, 42 first day~~

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 401 1980, June 15-July 13] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING June S Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 15 1 second day 21 Sa 7 Hukkat Num. 19: 1-22: 1 Judges 11: 1-33 28 Sa 14 Balak Num. 22: 2-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 July T 17 Fast of the 17th Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 1 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 5 Sa 21 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3 12 Sa 28 Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30: 2-36: 13 Jeremiah 2: 4-28, 3:4 Jeremiah 2: 4-28, 4: 1, 2

~~1980, July 14-Aug. 12] AV (30 DAYS) [5740 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING July M Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 14 1~~

19 Sa 6 Devarim Deut. 1: 1-3: 22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 (Hazon) 22 Fast of the Morning: (Lamentations is 9th of Av Deut. 4: 25^0 read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32: 11-14 Jeremiah 8: 13-9: 23 34: 1-10 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8

~~26 Sa 13 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Isaiah 40: 1-26 (Nahamu)~~

~~Aug. Sa 20 'Ekev Deut. 7: 12-11:25 Isaiah 49: 14-51: 3 2 9 Sa 27 Re'eh Deut. 11: 26-16: 17 Isaiah 54: 11-55: 5~~

~~12 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 402 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. 1979~~

~~1980, Aug. 13-Sept. 10] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5740~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Aug. W Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 13 1 second day 16 Sa 4 Shofetim Deut. 16: 18-21: 9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12~~

~~23 Sa 11 Ki teze' Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-10~~

~~30 Sa 18 K.i tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22~~

~~Sept. Sa 25 Nizzavim, Deut. 29: 9-31: 30 Isaiah 61: 10-63:9 6 Wa-yelekh MONTHLY CALENDAR / 403 1980, Sept. 11-Oct. 10] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5741~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS HEADING READING~~

~~Sept. Th Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2: 10 11 1 first day Num. 29: 1-6~~

~~12 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31: 2-20 second day Num. 29: 1-6~~

~~13 Sa Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14: 2-10 Micah 7: 18-20~~

~~14 Past of Gedaliah Exod. 32: 11-14; Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10~~

~~20 Sa 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58: 14 Levit. 16: 1-34 Jonah 1: 1-14: 11 Num. 29: 7-11 Micah 7: 18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18: 1-30~~

~~25 Th 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 Zechariah 14: 1-21 first day Num. 29: 12-16~~

~~26 F 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 second day Num. 29: 12-16~~

~~27 Sa 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 38: 18-39: 16 Num. 29: 17-22~~

~~28 S 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Num. 29: 20-28~~

~~29 M 19 Hoi Ha-mo 'ed Num. 29: 23-31~~

~~30 T 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Num. 29: 26-34~~

~~Oct. W 21 Hosha'na Rabbah Num. 29: 26-34 1~~

~~2 Th 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 I Kings 8: 54-66 Num. 29: 35-30: 1~~

~~3 F 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1: 1-18 Gen. 1: 1-2: 3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29: 35-30: 1~~

~~4 Sa 24 Be-re'shit Gen. 1: 1-6: 8 Isaiah 42: 5^3: 10 Isaiah 42: 5-21 10 F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 404 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 1980, Oct. 11-Nov. 8] HESHWAN (29 DAYS) [5741~~

~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Oct. Sa Heshwan Noah, Gen. 6:9-11: 32 Isaiah 66: 1-24 11 1 New Moon, Num. 28: 9-15 second day~~

~~18 Sa 8 LekhLekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40: 27-41: 16 25 Sa 15 Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 II Kings 4: 1-37 // Kings 4: 1-23~~

~~Nov. Sa 22 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31 1~~

~~8 Sa 29 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 I Samuel 20: 18-42~~

~~1980, Nov. 9-Dec. 7] KISLEW (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Nov. S Kislew New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 9 1~~

~~15 Sa 7 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14: 10 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12~~

~~22 Sa 14 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32: 4-36: 43 Hosea 11: 7-12: 12 Obadiah 1: 1-21~~

~~29 Sa 21 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37: 1^0: 23 Amos 2: 6-3: 8~~

~~Dec. W 25 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 1-17 3 first day~~

~~4 Th 26 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 18-29 second day~~

~~5 F 27 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 24-35 third day~~

~~6 Sa 28 Mi-kez Gen. 41: 1-44: 17 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 30-35 fourth day~~

~~7 S 29 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 36-47 fifth day~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 405~~

~~1980, Dec. 8-Jan. 5, 1981] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5741 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~

~~Dec. M Tevet Hanukkah, Num. 28: 1-15 g " 1 sixth day 7: 42-^7 New Moon~~

~~9 T 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 48-59 seventh day~~

~~10 W 3 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day~~

~~13 Sa 6 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 17 T 10 Fast of the 10th Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~

~~20 Sa 13 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 27 Sa 20 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13 29: 22-23 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3~~

~~Jan. Sa 27 Wa-era' Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Ezekiel 28: 25-29: 21 3~~

~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. The Jewish Publication Society of America~~

~~REPORT OF NINETIETH YEAR~~

OFFICERS (Elected May 21, 1978) President EDWARD B. SHILS Vice-PTesidents ROBERT P. ABRAMS ROBERT P. FRANKEL IRWIN T. HOLTZMAN MAX M. KAMPELMAN Treasurer MURIEL M. BERMAN Secretary NORMA F. FURST Editor MAIER DESHELL Special Projects Editor CHAIM POTOK Editor Emeritus SOLOMON GRAYZEL Executive Vice-President BERNARD I. LEVINSON Executive Director Emeritus LESSER ZUSSMAN Honorary Presidents EDWIN WOLF,2nd JOSEPH M. FIRST WILLIAM S. FISHMAN JEROME J. SHESTACK A. LEO LEVIN

~~406 THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 407 Board of Trustees~~

ROBERT P. ABRAMS, Philadelphia A. LEO LEVIN, Washington ARLIN M. ADAMS, Philadelphia ROBERTA LEVY, Minneapolis ROBERT L. ADLER, Chicago JACOB R. MARCUS, Cincinnati MURIEL M. BERMAN, AUentown MARTIN MEYERSON, Philadelphia EDWARD J. BLOUSTEIN, New Bruns- ALAN H. MOLOD, Philadelphia wick NORMAN OLER, Philadelphia GERSON D. COHEN, New York ROBERT S. RIFKIND, New York MORRIS COHEN, Brookline JULIUS ROSENWALD 2nd, Philadelphia ROSALIE COHEN, New Orleans ABRAM L. SACHAR, Waltham HAROLD CRAMER, Philadelphia JONAS SALK, La Jolla STUART EIZENSTAT, Washington MORRIS W. SATINSKY, Philadelphia EDWARD E. ELSON, Atlanta BERNARD G. SEGAL, Philadelphia JOSEPH M. FIRST, Philadelphia IRVING S. SHAPIRO, Wilmington WILLIAM S. FISHMAN, Philadelphia STANLEY I. SHEERR, Philadelphia MAX FRANKEL, New York JEROME J. SHESTACK, Philadelphia ROBERT P. FRANKEL, Philadelphia EDWARD B. SHILS, Philadelphia NORMA F. FURST, Philadelphia HARRY SILVER, Baltimore J. E. GOLDMAN, Stamford HARRIET SOFFA, Philadelphia MICHAEL GREENBLATT, Montreal ALBERT A. SPIEGEL, Los Angeles LEO GUZIK, New York MARVIN WACHMAN, Philadelphia IRWIN T. HOLTZMAN, Detroit CHARLES R. WEINER, Philadelphia MAX M. KAMPELMAN, Washington MORTON H. WILNER, Washington GERSHON KEKST, New York EDWIN WOLF 2nd, Philadelphia MARLENE F. LACHMAN, Philadelphia GERALD I. WOLPE, Philadelphia JACK LAPIN, Houston

~~Publication Committee~~

YOSEF HAYIM YERUSHALMI, Chairman THEODORE K. RABB, Vice-Chainnan CHAIM POTOK, Secretary ROBERT D. ABRAHAMS, Philadelphia H. LOUIS GINSBERG, New York HOWARD L. ADELSON, New York ELI GINZBERG, New York ROBERT ALTER, Berkeley NAHUM N. GLATZER, Watertown BERNARD J. BAMBERGER, New York JUDAH I. GOLDIN, Swarthmore SALO W. BARON, New York ROBERT GORDIS, New York STANLEY F. CHYET, Los Angeles ALFRED GOTTSCHALK, Cincinnati ARTHUR A. COHEN, New York SOLOMON GRAYZEL, Philadelphia MOSHE DAVIS, Jerusalem MOSHE GREENBERG, Jerusalem SAMUEL DININ, Los Angeles JONAS GREENFIELD, Jerusalem AZRIEL EISENBERG, New York LEO GUZIK, New York DANIEL J. ELAZAR, Philadelphia ABRAHAM HALKIN, Jerusalem LOUIS FINKELSTEIN, New York ARTHUR HERTZBERG, Englewood JOSEPH M. FIRST, Philadelphia MILTON HINDUS, Waltham 408 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 OSCAR I. JANOWSKY, Jamesburg BERNARD PUCKER, Boston LOUIS L. KAPLAN, Baltimore ELLIS RIVKIN, Cincinnati ABRAHAM J. KARP, Rochester HOWARD M. SACHAR, Washington ABRAHAM KATSH, Philadelphia NAHUM SARNA, Waltham FRANCINE KLAGSBRUN, New York JEROME J. SHESTACK, Philadelphia MILTON R. KONVITZ, Ithaca DAVID SIDORSKY, New York BERTRAM W. KORN, Philadelphia SEYMOUR SIEGEL, New York NORMAN LAMM, New York SHALOM SPIEGEL, New York ARTHUR J. LELYVELD, Cleveland HARRY STARR, New York JOSEPH H. LOOKSTEIN, New York ISADORE TWERSKY, Cambridge JACOB R. MARCUS, Cincinnati MAXWELL WHITEMAN, Philadelphia HARRY M. ORLINSKY, New York EDWIN WOLF 2nd, Philadelphia CYNTHIA OZICK, New RocheUe GERALD I. WOLPE, Philadelphia

~~REPORT OF THE 90TH JPS ANNUAL MEETING~~

The 90th annual meeting of the Society was held on Sunday, May 21, 1978, at the Hilton Hotel in Philadelphia. Presiding was A. Leo Levin, president of the Society. Jerome J. Shestack, associate chairman, presented the report of the Nominating Committee, which was chaired by Bernard G. Segal. The by-laws were amended, limiting the tenure of trustees to three consecutive three-year terms. The slate of officers and trustees was unanimously elected by the members in attendance. Dr. Edward B. Shils was elected president of the Society. He served as chairman of the Department of Management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and is currently director of the Wharton Entre- preneurial Center, which he founded. A past chairman of the Board of the Pathway School for brain-damaged children, he is currently a vice-president of the Federation of Jewish Agencies and a life trustee of the Philadel- phia College of Textiles and Science. He has been a trustee of JPS for 11 years and has held office as secretary and vice-president. Six new trustees were elected to the JPS Board: Stuart Eizenstat of Washington, D.C., who heads the domestic policy staff at the White House; Max Frankel of New York City, head of the editorial department of the New York Times and a Pulitzer Prize recipient for international reporting; Michael Greenblatt of Montreal, Canada, a prominent attorney who is chairman of the Commercial Law Division of the Canadian Bar, has served as president of the Corporation of the Jewish General Hospital of Montreal, and is honorary president of the Solomon Schechter Society; Roberta K. THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 409 Levy from Minneapolis, Minnesota, who serves as judge of the Hennepin County Municipality and is president of the Talmud Torah of Minneapolis; Stanley Sheerr of Philadelphia, president of Crown Textile, honorary president of Moss Rehabilitation Hospital, and a recipient of the Federation's Humanitarian Award; and Rabbi Gerald I. Wolpe, senior rabbi of Har Zion Temple of Philadelphia and assistant clinical professor of bio-ethics and medical ethics at Hahnemann Hospital and at the Medical College of Pennsylvania. The following trustees were re-elected: Edward J. Bloustein of New Brunswick; and Alan H. Molod and Judge Charles R. Weiner, both of Philadelphia. The following vice-presidents were also elected: Robert P. Abrams of Philadelphia, currently the chairman of the March of Dimes; Robert P. Frankel, a Philadelphia attorney and past president of Congregation Ro- deph Shalom; Max M. Kampelman, an attorney from Washington, D.C., and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Friends of the Hebrew University; and Irwin T. Holtzman, a Detroit businessman and noted collector of books of Jewish interest, specializing in modern Hebrew literature. Dr. Muriel M. Berman, vice-president of Hess's of Allentown, was re- elected treasurer of JPS; and Norma F. Furst, dean of student affairs at Temple University, was elected secretary. Maier Deshell, editor of the Society, introduced Dr. Yosef H. Yeru- shalmi, who presented the report of the Publication Committee, which met earlier in the day. Following the reports of the treasurer, president, and Nominating Com- mittee, Mr. Shestack introduced the new president, Dr. Shils, to the members. Professor Levin introduced Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, who addressed the Society on "The Confused American Jew."

~~From the Annual Report of JPS President A. Leo Levin~~

It is a privilege to report that the Society is now distributing its books at a rate approaching 1,000 volumes every business day—a level unprecedented for us. Of far greater significance, the quality of our publications is generally recognized as truly superior. In recent years our books have had unusual success in commanding the attention of the book review editors of the New York Times, the Washington Post, and similar publications. The 410 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 comments of the reviewers have been satisfying indeed, a legitimate source of pleasure and pride. I note this development, not because we view either Time or the Times as the ultimate arbiter of what is "significant, worthwhile, and informative" in the fieldo f Jewish books or Jewish values, but rather because this recognition is so helpful in making it possible for the Society to fulfill the mission set forth in its charter, to ensure that our books will be widely read. The future offers no less promise. Credit in full measure must be given to our executive vice-president, Bernard I. Levinson; to our editor, Maier Deshell; to the chairman of the Publication Committee, Professor Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi; and through them to the entire staff they have assembled and whom they stimulate and inspire. It is appropriate to mention a number of our special projects. Our campus membership program, now in its second year, is reaching thousands of students. We are planning a significant expansion of our efforts in this area, primarily by way of appointing JPS representatives on major campuses throughout the country. In its first phase, two years ago, the Berman project reached out to 2,000 college and university libraries with marked success. Thousands of additional JPS books were made available to faculty and students alike, in a wide variety of educational institutions in every region of the country. In its second phase, this past year, the project required recipient libraries to participate financially, paying a portion of the cost of each volume. Hun- dreds of libraries took advantage of this opportunity to add JPS books to their collections. It bears emphasis that every single one of the many thousands of titles distributed to date under the Berman project was specifically requested by the recipient institutions. I am pleased to announce that the Berman project will continue this coming year, and we thank Muriel and Philip Berman for their generosity. I turn now to describe a new project, one approved by the Board and scheduled for prompt implementation. From time to time the Society receives requests for books from communal organizations—worthy organizations that are, however, financiallyhard-pressed . Included are homes for the aged, golden-year programs, hospitals, new Jewish study programs, new Hillel houses, fledgling synagogues, and various groups in Israel. By the same token, many of our members and friends want to make it possible for the Society's books to reach such worthy recipients. Some would-be bene- factors would like to identify recipients but not titles—and ensuring that the right titles are sent to the right recipients is by no means an unimportant THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 411 task. Some would prefer to specify types of organizations to be helped, identifying neither titles nor recipients, and still others would specify only that the money be used to "do good." To meet these needs and serve these ends, the Society is creating a Community Trust Fund, to accept gifts, large and small, and to distribute needed and wanted books to all such organizations, as resources are available. Our charter provides that significant, worthwhile, and informative books of Jewish content be published so that our religion, history, literature, and culture will be known. This new Community Trust is designed to help us fulfill that mission by making Jewish books available to a wider audience than ever before. Mr. Stanley Sheerr, one of the great communal leaders in this city, has accepted the chairmanship of this new project. Permit me to conclude these brief remarks by looking both backward and forward and sharing some general thoughts concerning the proper role of the Society. It is fascinating to page through the Year Books of 50 to 60 years ago. In so doing, I came across the record of a debate at the annual meeting of the Society held in this city 58 years ago, March 21, 1920. Mr. Louis Marshall, at the opening of his address, stated the issue and his own view: I do not agree with the President when he suggests a kind of Missouri compromise between those who desire scholarly books and those who desire popular books. I do not believe in that kind of a compromise. The President will have to "show me" that that is the proper thing. There are those who desire scholarly books and would be interested only in scholarly books, just as there are those who desire and would be interested in the popular books. We have three million Jews here, and I hope that some time in the not too distant future they will all be members of this association, and every member will have a right to receive such intellectual provender as he desires and you can supply. Variant readings of a familiar figure of speech help to understand the question. We have long been identified as the People of the Book. Is it that we are people of the Book, the Bible, or does the phrase imply more: people of the book, a people devoted to reading and learning, people who have respect for any worthwhile book? I think back to the type of synagogue so typical 50 years ago, a synagogue of many books. There were those who could be found studying a page of Talmud with commentaries, no mean feat. Then there was a special kind of book, a book of allegories and fanciful tales, all taken from the Talmud. Here was a far simpler text, or at least one that would be dealt with at a 412 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 simpler level. There tended to be more who preferred this work. Then there were those who "said Psalms." Each, please note, held a book in his hands. I cannot say that those who said Psalms knew precisely, or even impre- cisely, what the Psalmist was saying, but they all knew or felt what they wanted to say through the Psalmist's words. The spectrum of books and of readers ranged wide, from the most scholarly to the most simple; but each of these books enriched the lives of its readers. I think we in the Society have reaffirmed, and should continue to reaffirm, our commitment to provide provender for all constructive elements in Jewish life. There are no Jewish souls who can be ignored. Each is precious, each worthy of our concern and our care. I look forward with confidence to a very bright future for the Society. We come from a tradition that balances constancy and change. Every year, on the Holiday of Freedom, we reaffirm our conviction that we ourselves have been taken out of Egypt. Every day we reaffirm the rebirth of the world as a daily phenomenon and assert our own rejuvenation and rededication. Yet, we take pride in our legacy, a long and ancient tradition. So, too, for societies generally and for this Society in particular. We are proud of our 90 years and are mindful of the need for constancy, but also of the need for change, for new techniques, new methods, new approaches. And there are so many in the JPS family who are devoted, dedicated, insightful and creative, that I have no doubt about our bright tomorrow. "The Past is Prologue" reads the inscription on the National Archives in the nation's capital. By now, the wise, albeit rather loose translation of a Washington cab driver is equally familiar: "You ain't seen nothing yet!" Our hope is that in the perspective of the future, when the present has become part of the past, it will be viewed as a worthy prologue.

~~JPS Treasurer's Report for 1977~~

I would like to begin this treasurer's report by espousing a quote of which I was reminded by the arrival of JPS's newest publication, Leo W. Schwarz's Wolfson of Harvard—Portrait of a Young Scholar. The entire mood of the eleventh chapter is evoked by Ralph Waldo Emerson's statement: "All men live by truth, and stand in need of expression . . . The man is only half himself, the other half is his expression." This then, is where JPS dollars go. For this society's books run the gamut of expression . from novels to scholarly treatises . . social, cultural and historical works . religious and spiritual expressions of all the ages, old THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 413 as the Bible, and new as Hillel Halkin's expression of Zionism, 1977. These publications devoted to Judaism bring to fruition that other half of man, expression, to make him whole. And now I am pleased to report that in 1977, income from the sale of books and membership for the Society amounted to $986,679. This represents an increase of 2.6 per cent over the $961,811 reported in 1976. Not only were revenues up in 1977, but our expenses for the year also increased at a slightly higher rate. They were $1,145,291 in 1977, as compared to $1,096,339 in 1976. The increase in expenses reflects an increase in advertising and promo- tional programs; the cost of moving our office into new and more efficient quarters; the cost of a new bookkeeping machine; and the expenses incurred in advance of the publication of several new books which will produce income when released. An increase of revenue from these efforts should be seen in 1978 and in future years. Finally, I can report that royalty payments to authors set a record in JPS history. It is gratifying for us to encourage authors to write books on Jewish themes and to know that these books are read and appreciated. Our special purpose funds are invested conservatively to enable the Soci- ety to continue to flourish. We have recently received word of a substantial bequest that should be processed shortly. Our accountants and bankers confirm that the Jewish Publication Society's financialpositio n continues to be sound.

~~JPS Publications~~

~~In 1977 JPS published the following new volumes:~~

Title and Author Printed CONTEMPORARY ISRAELI LITERATURE 4,000 Edited by Elliott Anderson THE WORLDS OF MAURICE SAMUEL 4,000 Edited by Milton Hindus LETTERS TO AN AMERICAN JEWISH FRIEND 7,000 by Hillel Halkin JOSEPH KARO: LAWYER AND MYSTIC (paperback) 3,000 by R. J. Zwi Werblowsky VIOLENCE AND DEFENSE IN THE JEWISH EXPERIENCE 3,000 Edited by Salo W. Baron and George S. Wise ZIONISM IN GERMANY 1897-1933: The Shaping of a Jewish Identity 3,000 by Stephen M. Poppel 414 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 A WILL TO SURVIVE—Israel: The Faces of Terror 1948/The Faces of Hope Today 1,500 by John Phillips (Co-published with The Dial Press/James Wade) VAGABOND STARS: A World History of the Yiddish Theater 1,500 by Nahma Sandrow (Co-published with Harper & Row) AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (Vol. 77), 1977 3,250 Edited by Morris Fine and Milton Himmelfarb Martha Jelenko, Executive Editor (Co-published with the American Jewish Committee)

~~7977 Reprints~~

During 1977, JPS reprinted the following books: LEGENDS OF JERUSALEM by Zev Vilnay (3,000); LEGENDS OF THE JEWS-Volumes I and II by Louis Ginzberg (1,500); SABBATH: The Day of Delight edited by Abraham E. Millgram (1,500); HOLY SCRIPTURES (25,000); GEOGRAPHY OF ISRAEL by Efraim Orni and Elisha Ofrat (1,000); THE SECOND JEWISH CATALOG compiled and edited by Sharon Strassfeld and Michael Strassfeld (45,000); THE TORAH (15,000); THE PROPHETS by Abraham J. Heschel (2,000); THE JEWISH CATALOG compiled and edited by Richard Siegel, Sharon Strassfeld, and Michael Strassfeld (30,000); PATHWAYS THROUGH THE BIBLE by Mortimer J. Cohen (5,000); A HISTORY OF THE JEWS by Solomon Grayzel (5,000); THE RISE AND FALL OF THE JUDAEAN STATE-Volume II by Solomon Zeitlin (1,000); WHAT THE MOON BROUGHT by Sadie R. Weilerstein (3,000); THE ALEPH-BET STORY BOOK by Deborah Pessin (2,000); MASADA WILL NOT FALL AGAIN by Sophie Greenspan (1,500); EMBATTLED JUSTICE by Ellen Nor- man Stern (1,000); THE JEWISH MARRIAGE ANTHOLOGY by Philip and Hanna Goodman (2,000); and MAIMONIDES by David Hartman (2,000). The total number of books distributed by the Society during 1977 was 200,000. SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-78 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Acquisition of Political and Social Rights Oscar and Mary F. Handlin by the Jews in the United States 56:43-98 The American Jew: Some Demographic Ben B. Seligman 51:3-52 Features American Jewish Tercentenary David Bernstein 57:101-18 American Jewry, 1970: Sidney Goldstein 72:3-88 A Demographic Profile Antisemitism as a Policy Tool in the Maurice Friedberg 71:123-40 Soviet Bloc A Century of Reform Sefton D. Temkin 74:3-75 Judaism in America The Church and the Jews: Judith Hershcopf 66:99-136 The Struggle at Vatican II 67:45-77 Concerning Jewish Theology in North Lou H. Silberman 70:37-58 America: Some Notes on a Decade The Condition of American Jewry in Henry L. Feingold 76:3-39 Historical Perspective: A Bicentennfal Assessment Conference on Jewish Material Claims Lucy S. Dawidowicz Against Germany 54:471-85 61:110-27 Economic Status and Occupational Structure Eli E. Cohen 51:53-70 Eichmann Trial European Jewry Before and After Hitler Salo W. Baron 63:3-53 The Proceedings Leon Poliakov 63:54-84 America's Response George Salomon 63:85-103 The Judgment Sidney Liskofsky 63:104-19 Text of the Indictment 63:120-31 Intermarriage in the United States Arnold Schwartz 71:101-21 415 416 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Jewish Academics in the United States: Seymour Martin Lipset and Their Achievements, Culture and Politics Everett Carll Ladd, Jr. 72:89-128 Jewish Education—For What? Walter I. Ackerman 70:3-36 Jewish Fertility in the United States Erich Rosenthal 62:3-27 Jewish Labor Movement in the United States Will Herberg 53:3-74 Jewish Social Work in the United States, Herman D. Stein 57:3-98 1654-1954 Jewish Studies in American Liberal-Arts Arnold J. Band 67:3-30 Colleges and Universities The Jews in Western Europe Today Arnold Mandel 68:3-28 The Legal Status of the Daniel J. Elazar and American Jewish Community Stephen R. Goldstein 73:3-94 Library Resources for Jewish Studies Charles Berlin 75:3-54 in the United States North American Settlers in Israel Gerald Engel 71:161-87 Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life Charles S. Liebman 66:21-97 Yitzchak Leybush Peretz: An Appreciation S. Niger 54:542-49 Professional Personnel in the Social Services Arnulf M. Pins 64:203-35 of the Jewish Community The Purposes of the Jewish Community Carl Urbont 68:29-59 Center Movement: An Appraisal of Their Operation Reconstructionism in American Jewish Life Charles S. Liebman 71:3-99 Religion in Israel Zvi Yaron 76:41-90 The Sephardim of the United States: Marc D. Angel 74:77-138 An Exploratory Study Social Characteristics of American Jews, Nathan Glazer 56:3-41 1654-1954 The Soviet Jewish Problem at the United Ronald I. Rubin 71:141-59 Nations SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-78 / 417 Spiritual Life of American Jewry, 1654-1954 Joseph L. Blau 56:99-170 Studies of Jewish Intermarriage in the United Erich Rosenthal 64:3-53 States Three Centuries of Jewish Life in England, S. D. Temkin 58:3-63 1656-1956 The Training of American Rabbis Charles S. Liebman 69:3-112 Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada, Louis Rosenberg 62:28-49 1760-1960 "Who Hast Not Made Me a Man": Anne Lapidus Lerner The Movement for Equal Rights for Women 77:3-38 in American Jewry Israel and the United Nations: Shabtai Rosenne Changed Perspectives, 1945- 78:3-59 1976 OBITUARIES Leo Baeck By Max Gruenewald 59:478-82 Jacob Blaustein By John Slawson 72:547-57 Martin Buber By Seymour Siegel 67:37-43 Abraham Cahan By Mendel Osherowitch 53:527-29 Albert Einstein By Jacob Bronowski 58:480-85 Felix Frankfurter By Paul A. Freund 67:31-36 Louis Ginzberg By Louis Finkelstein 56:573-79 Jacob Glatstein By Shmuel Lapin 73:611-17 Hayim Greenberg By Marie Syrkin 56:589-94 Abraham Joshua Heschel By Fritz A. Rothschild 74:533-44 Horace Meyer Kallen By Milton R. Konvitz 75:55-80 Herbert H. Lehman By Louis Finkelstein 66:3-20 Judah L. Magnes By James Marshall 51:512-15 Alexander Marx By Abraham S. Halkin 56:580-88 Reinhold Niebuhr By Seymour Siegel 73:605-10 Joseph Proskauer By David Sher 73:618-28 Maurice Samuel By Milton H. Hindus 74:545-53 Leo Strauss By Ralph Lerner 76:91-97 Max Weinreich By Lucy S. Dawidowicz 70:59-68 Chaim Weizmann By Harry Sacher 55:462-69 Stephen S. Wise By Philip S. Bernstein 51:515-18 Harry Austryn Wolfson By Isadore Twersky 76:99-111 Index

AAJE (see American Association for dath Israel of America, 310-311 Jewish Education) Youth Division—Zeirei Agudath Is- ABC (see American Broadcasting Cor- rael, 311 poration) Aguinis, Marcos, 214 Abrahams, Lionel, 289 Agurskii, Melik, 88n Abramov, Zalman, 201 Ain, Joe, 200 Abramovitch, Pavel, 198 Ain, Steve, 194 Abt, Harry, 290 AISA (see Asociacion Israelita Sefaradi Academics for Israel Committee (Gt. Argentina) Britain), 220 AJCS (see Allied Jewish Community Academy for Jewish Studies Without Services, Canada) Walls (see American Jewish Com- AJDS (see Association of Jewish Day mittee) Schools, Canada) ACIS (see Asociacion Comunidad Isra- Al-Arab (Gt. Britain), 220 elita de Buenos Aires) al-Fatah, 128, 141 ACLU (see American Civil Liberties Al-Goumhouriah, 127 Union) Alaiev, J.N., 84 ACTION-VIST A, 163 The Alaskan Jewish Bulletin, 357 Adelman, William, 366 Albany Jewish World, 359 Adler, Manfred, 238 Albert Einstein College of Medicine (see affirmative action, 108, 109-110, 160, Yeshiva University) 166 Albrecht, Ernst, 240 AFL-CIO, 155 Aleichem, Sholem, 91 Afn Shvel, 360 Aleksandrovich, Mikhail, 92n Die Afrikaner (S. Africa), 286 Allgemeine Jiidische Wochenzeitung AFSC (see American Friends Service (W. Germany), 252 Committee) Algemeiner Journal, 360 Agudath Israel World Organization, Algeria, 150, 157, 168 310 Aliger, Margareta, 93 Agudath Israel of America, 36, 57, 113, Alignment (see Labor-Mapam Align- 160, 161, 173, 266, 279, 310 ment) All-European Conference (Antwerp), All-European Conference (see Agudath 173 Israel of America) Children's Division—Pirchei Agu- Allied Jewish Community Services dath Israel, 310 (AJCS; Canada), 194, 200 Girls' Division—Bnos Agudath Is- Combined Jewish Appeal, 4, 11 rael, 310 Allilueva, Svetlana, 77, 78n Women's Division—N'Shei Agu- Allon, Yigal, 131, 139, 144, 261, 269 418 INDEX / 419 Alony, Zalmon J., 224 American Federation of Teachers, 108 Alpert, Nohem, 92n American Friends of Haifa University, Alter, Israel, 282 331 Alter, Simha Bunim, 282 American Friends of Religious Freedom Altaian, Anatolii, 100 in Israel, 331 Altro Health and Rehabilitation Ser- American Friends of the Alliance Israel- vice, 6, 44, 55 ite Universelle, 308 Amalrik, Andreii, 99n American Friends of the Hebrew Uni- Amar, Andre, 234 versity, 331 America, 43n American Friends of the Israel Mu- American Academy for Jewish Re- seum, 331 search, 305 American Friends of the Jerusalem American and European Friends of Mental Health Center—Ezrath ORT (see American ORT Federa- Nashim, 331 tion) American Friends of the Tel Aviv Uni- American Associates of Ben-Gurion versity, 332 University, 331 American Friends of Young Israel American Association for Jewish Edu- Synagogues in Israel (see National cation (AAJE), 39, 311 Council of Young Israel) American Association of English Jewish American Friends Service Committee Newspapers (see American Jewish (AFSC), 123, 168 Press Association) American Histadrut Cultural Exchange American Bar Association, 108 Institute, 305 American Biblical Encyclopedia Soci- American Israel Corporation (see ety, 305 AMPAL) American Board of Missions to the American-Israel Cultural Foundation, Jews, 116 331 American Broadcasting Corporation American Israel Public Affairs Commit- (ABC), 149, 150, 276 tee, 332 American Catholic Bishops' Committee American-Israeli Lighthouse, 332 on the Liturgy, 114, 164 The American Israelite, 363 American Civil Liberties Union American Jewish Alternatives to Zion- (ACLU), 108, 117 ism, 301 American Committee for Shaare Zedek American Jewish Archives, 363 Hospital in Jerusalem, 331 American Jewish Archives (see Hebrew American Committee for the Weizmann Union College—Jewish Institute of Institute, 331 Religion) American Conference of Cantors (see American Jewish Committee, 22, 27, 69, Union of American Hebrew Con- 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, gregations) 139, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, American Council for Judaism, 46, 301 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, Philanthropic Fund, 308 174, 175, 208, 212, 301, 302 American Federation of Jewish Fight- Academy for Jewish Studies Without ers, Camp Inmates and Nazi Vic- Walls, 173 tims, 326 American Jewish Conference on Soviet American Federation of Jews from Cen- Jewry (see National Conference on tral Europe, 326 Soviet Jewry) 420 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 American Jewish Congress, 27, 107, American Sephardi Federation, 326 109, 110, 111, 139, 162, 163, 164, American Society for Jewish Music, 305 165, 166, 168, 169, 174, 175, 302 American Student Center in Jerusalem Black-Jewish Information Center, (see Jewish Theological Seminary 161 of America) Women's Division, 167, 172, 302 American Technion Society, 332 American Jewish Correctional Chap- American Trade Union Council (see lains Association, Inc., 328 National Committee for Labor Is- American Jewish Historical Quarterly, rael—Israel Histadruth Campaign) 358 American Veterans of Israel, 326 American Jewish Historical Society, 305 American Yeshiva Student Union (see American Jewish Joint Distribution P'eylim) Committee—JDC, 78, 259, 308 American Zionist, 360 American Jewish Journal, 358 American Zionist Federation, 167, 175, American Jewish League for Israel, 332 333 American Jewish Periodical Center (see American Zionist Youth Foundation, Hebrew Union College—Jewish 175, 333 Institute of Religion) American Zionist Youth Council, 333 American Jewish Press Association, 305 Sherut La'am program, 175 American Jewish Public Relations Soci- Americans for Progressive Israel (see ety, 338 Hashomer Hatzair) American Jewish Society for Service, Amery, Jean, 252 328 AMIA (see Asociacion Mutual Israelita American Jewish Times—Outlook, 363 Argentina) American Jewish World, 359 American Jewish Year Book, 3, 4n, 26n, Amichai, Yehuda, 233 80n, 86n, 97n, 103n, 177, 177n, Amin, Idi, 219 263, 269, 274, 275, 276, 360 Amnesty International, 101 American Labor ORT (see American AMPAL-American Israel Corporation, ORT Federation) 282, 333 American Medical Center at Denver, Amsterdam News, 108 328 Andrews, David, 204 National Council of Auxiliaries, 328 Andrews, Don, 195 American Mizrachi Woman, 360 Anglo-Jewish Chamber of Commerce American Mizrachi Women, 332 (Gt. Britain) American Nazi party (see National So- Anti-Boycott Coordination Commit- cialist party) tee, 220 American ORT Federation, 170, 308- Anglo-Jewish Youth (Gt. Britain), 222 309 Angola, 129, 284 American and European Friends of an-Nahar (Beirut), 148 ORT, 309 Anti-Boycott Coordination Committee American Labor ORT, 309 (see Anglo-Israel Chamber of Business and Professional ORT, 309 Commerce) National ORT League, 309 Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith Women's American ORT, 309 (see B'nai B'rith) American Physicians Fellowship, 332 Anti-Zionism Resolution (see United American Red Magen David for Israel, Nations, General Assembly, Reso- 332 lution 3379) INDEX / 421 Antisemitism, 24, 25, 32, 35, 77, 78, 79, Asche, Kurt, 244 92, 93, 93n, 95,96,97,98, 99n, 102, Asociacion Comunidad Israelite Sefa- 114, 119, 154, 168, 169, 195, 206, radi de Buenos Aires (ACIS), 211 208-210, 220, 231, 232, 234, 237, Asociacion Israelite Sefaradi Argentina 238-239, 247, 248, 253, 257, 286 (AISA), 211 Antokolskii, Pavel, 93 Asociacion Mutual Israelita Argentina Apartheid, 165, 283 (AMIA), 210, 211, 212, 214, 215 Appeal-to-Conscience Foundation, 85, Wa'ad Ha-hinukh, 213 86 al-Assad, Hafez, 130,131,138,140, 149, Appel Unifie des Juifs de France 272 (AUJF), 232 Associated American Jewish Museums, Applebaum, Louis, 203 305 Appleby, Ronald, 194 Associated Television Corporation (Gt. Arab-African Conference (Cairo, Britain), 227 March 8), 126, 127 Associated YM-YWCA (Canada), 201, Arab Boycott, 168-170, 196, 197, 220, 204 221, 231, 275 Associated YM-YWCA of Greater New Arab League, 150, 195 York, 6, 44 Arab Liberation Front, 129 Association for Jewish Studies, 311 Arab Organization for Industrializa- Association for the Advancement of tion, 218 Jewish Day Schools (Gt. Britain), Arab summit conference (Rabat, 1974), 225 126 Association for the Living Jewish Spirit Arad, Yitzhak, 257 (Canada), 199 Arafat, Yasir, 126, 127, 128, 133, 141, Association for the Sociological Study 142, 148, 253, 258 of Jewry, 305 Arajs, Viktor, 245 L'Arche, (France), 232 Association of General Contractors, 109 Argentina, 171, 205-215 Association of Jewish Center Workers, Argentina-Israeli Council of Agricul- 302 tural Exchange, 208 Association of Jewish Chaplains of the Argentine Council of Jewish Women, Armed Forces, 311 212 Association of Jewish Community Rela- Argentine-Israel Chamber of Com- tions Workers, 302 merce, 207 Association of Jewish Day Schools Argentine ORT, 213 (AJDS; Canada), 200 ARIF—Association Pour Le Reta- Association of Jewish Libraries, 305 blissement Des Institutions et Association of Jewish Publishers, 306 Oeuvres Israelites en France, 309 Association of Jewish Studies, 3 Aris, Helmut, 253 Association of Orthodox Jewish Scien- Arizona Post, 357 tists, 311 Armenian Gregorian Church (Soviet Association of Sephardi Synagogues Union), 84 (Gt. Britain), 224 Armistice Demarcation Lines (1949), Association of Yugoslav Jews in the 139 United States, 326 Aroni, Hanna, 208 Association Pour Le Retablissement Artukovic, Andrija, 166 Des Institutions et Oeuvres Israe- Arvey, Jacob M., 366 lites en France (see ARIF) 422 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Atid, College Age Organization (see Becker, Jurek, 251, 253 United Synagogue of America) Begin, Menachem, 122, 132, 134, 135, Atlas, Samuel, 367 137, 138, 139, 141, 148, 150, 151, Auerbach, Franz, 290 167, 207, 218, 230, 232, 233, 240, Aufbau, 360 241, 242, 247, 260, 262, 263, 266, AUJF (see Appel Unifie des Juifs de 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, France) 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, Auslander, Rose, 252 285 Austria, 173, 236, 281 Belfer Graduate School of Science (see Axelrod, Meir, 92n Yeshiva University) Ayonot (Israel), 204 Belgium, 173 Belgrade Conference, 152-159, 165, Baader, Andreas, 235, 236 247, 258 Baader-Meinhof gang, 230 Belling, Mike, 290 Ba'ath Party (Syria), 148 Bellow, Saul, 233 Babii Iar, 93, 96, 98 Ben-Ami, Jacob, 367 Bachauer, Gina, 227 Ben-Gurion, David, 197 Bailey, Diana, 226 Ben Hamu, Shlomo, 212, 214 Bak, Samuel, 242 Ben-Porat, Mordecai, 260 Bakke, Alan, 107, 108, 109, 111, 160 Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, 282 Balcombe, Alfred John, 227 Bengoa, Leon J., 209 Balcon, Michael, 228 Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Baler, Betzalel, 215 (see Yeshiva University) Balfour Declaration, 125 Bennett, Cyril, 227 Balthazar, Louis, 91 Bension, Joshua, 279 Baltimore Jewish Times, 358 Ber Gelbard, Jose, 215 Bank Hapoalim, 221 Berdiaev, Nicholas, 98n Bank of Canada, 203 Berg, Abraham, 214 Bank of International Settlements, 216 Bergelson, David, 88, 90 Banque de L'Amerique du Sud (Brus- Berger, Graenum, 21, 26, 28n sels), 206 Bergmann, Hugo S., 251 Bar, Heinz, 252 Berkowitz, William, 137 Bar-Ilan University in Israel, 333 Berman, Felix, 91 Baratz, Meir, 90 Berman, Myron, 367 Barkai, Avraham, 250 Bermant, Chaim, 226 Baron, Alexander, 226 Bernard Revel Graduate School (see Baron De Hirsch Fund, 328 Yeshiva University) Baron, Salo W., 80n, 89n Bernstein, John, 192 Barre, Raymond, 229, 230 Bernstein, Leon, 215 Barylko, Jaime, 213, 214 Bessone, Ramon Genaro Diaz, 207 BASIC (see Black Americans to Sup- Bet Midrash Lemorim Datiim (Buenos port Israel Committee) Aires), 213 Baskin, Bernard, article by, 190-204; Betar (France), 233 199 Beth Din (South Africa), 288 Baum, Shephard Z., 367 Beth Medrosh Elyon, 311 Bavarian Youth League (W. Germany), Beth Yehoshua, 116 243 Betser, Iakov, 91 Bechtel Corporation, 169 Bezbozhniki (see Soviet Union) INDEX / 423 Bialik, Hayyim Nahman, 90 B'nai B'rith Messenger, 357 Bierut, Boleslav, 93n B'nai Yiddish, 360 Bijedic, Dzemal, 258 Bnai Zion—The American Fraternal Biko, Steve, 284 Zionist Organization, 137, 326-327 Bingham-Rosenthal Bill, 169 Bnei Akiva of North America (see Reli- Binik, Sonia, 92n gious Zionists of America) Birkan, David, 202 B'nos Agudath Israel (see Agudath Is- Birobidzhan, 79, 91, 94 rael of America) Birobidzhan Yiddish Folk Theater (So- Board of Jewish Education, 6, 2In, 38, viet Union), 91 39, 41, 76 Birobidzhaner Stem (Soviet Union), 89 Board of Jewish Education (Canada), Bitzaron, 360 200 Black, Misha, 228 Bochner, Michael, 279 Black Americans to Support Israel Bodnia, Mendel, 100 Committee (BASIC), 111 Bogomolsky, Wolf, 87 Black Hundreds (Soviet Union), 96, 102 Boguslavskii, Viktor, 100 Black-Jewish Information Center (see Bohn, Issy (see Levin, Benjamin) American Jewish Congress) Bolan, Marco, 228 Blanch, Stuart Yarmouth, Archbishop Bolshakov, V., 96 of York, 223 Bolshevik Party (Soviet Union), 77, 86n, Bleich, J. David, 44n 93 Bliachman, Claudia, 87 Bolshevik Revolution, 77, 197 Blitman, Charles H., 367 Books in Review, 360 Blitz, Samuel, 367 Borner, Holger, 247 Bloc of the Faithful (see Gush Emunim) Bornfriend, Jacob, 228 Bloch, Benjamin C, 367 Botha, Roelof F., 18 Block, Leonard, 24n Bradlow, Emmanuel P., 289 Blue, Lionel, 226 Brandeis-Bardin Institute, 311-312 Blum, Howard, 201 Brandeis University, 173, 233 Blumberg, H.M., 226 National Women's Committee, 338 Blumenfeld, Erik, 242 Brandt, Willy, 237 Blumenthal, Ernst Pinchas, 251 Braude, Jacob, 228 Blumenthal, Walter, 288 Breira (Israel), 140 B'nai B'rith, 27, 119, 328 Breytenbach, Breyten, 283 Anti-Defamation League of, 110, 114, Brezhnev, Leonid, 79, 87, 92, 96, 98, 115, 118, 139, 160, 161, 164, 165, 102, 133, 197, 229, 258 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, Briggs, Kenneth, 116 175, 302 Bright, Sidney, 227 Holocaust Information Center, 174 Bright, William, 115 Hillel Foundations, 311, 328 Brio, Malka, 87 International Association of Hillel Brit Trumpeldor Betar of America, Directors, 328 333 Women, 314, 328 Britain Israel Public Affairs Committee, Youth Organizations, 311, 328 220 B'nai B'rith (Argentina), 211 Brith Abraham, 327 B'nai B'rith (Canada), 195 Brith Sholom, 327 B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations (Gt. British Board of Deputies, 217, 218, Britain), 220, 225 220, 223, 224, 227 424 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 British National Front (S. African Cameron, James, 226 branch), 286 Campora, Hector, 207 British Trade Department, 221 Campus Crusade for Christ, 115 Brodsky, Iosef, 99n Canada, 4, 82, 101, 146, 190-204 Broner, 210 Supreme Court, 200 Bronstein, Shaia, 92n Canada-Israel Committee, 195, 196 Brookings Institute, 121, 122, 124 Canada-Israel Securities, Ltd., State of Brott, Boris, 201 Israel Bonds, 340 Brown, Guillermo, 214 Canadian Association for Labor Israel Brown, S.E.D., 286 (Histadrut), 340 Bryant, John D., Ill Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 121, 124, 130, (CBC), 201 137, 146, 150 Canadian Catholic Conference, 199 Buasso, Juan Antonio, 209 Canadian Committee for Soviet Jewry Buback, Siegfried, 235 (CCSJ), 197 Buber, Martin, 249 Canadian Council of Christians and Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 251 Jews, 199, 203 Buffalo Jewish Review, 359 Canadian Council of Churches, 199 Bukovskii, Vladimir, 99n Canadian Council of Liberal Congrega- Bulgaria, 156 tions, 199 The Bulletin, 256 Canadian Foundation for Jewish Cul- Bulletin du Cercle Juifde Langue Fran- ture, 340 caise du Congres Juif Canadien, Canadian Friends of the Alliance Israel- 365 ite Universelle, 340 Bulletin Interieur I'lnformation (Paris), Canadian Friends of the Hebrew Uni- 93n versity, 340 Bund der Verfolgten des Naziregimes Canadian immigration act, 193 und Anti-faschisten (W. Ger- Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), 193, many), 237 194, 195, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, Bundesverband Jiidischer Studenten in 340, 341 Deutschland (W. Germany), 248 Holocaust Memorial Committee, 9 Burda, Hubert, 242 Canadian Jewish News, 198, 365 Bureau of Jewish Education, 21n Canadian Jewish Outlook, 365 Burg, Joseph, 280 Canadian Jewish Weekly (Vochenblatt), Business and Professional ORT (see 365 American ORT Federation) Canadian Mizrachi Federation, 198 Business Roundtable, 169 Canadian ORT Organization, 341 Buthelezi, Gathsa, 283, 287 Women's Canadian ORT, 341 Butman, Gila, 100 Canadian Sephardic Federation, 341 Buttenweiser, Joseph, 215 Canadian University Service Overseas, Buttenweiser, Lawrence B., 33 195 Butz, Arthur R., 166, 239, 286 Canadian Young Judea, 341 Buurman (S. Africa), 287 Canadian Zionist, 365 Canadian Zionist Federation, 195, 196, Cabildo (Argentina), 209 341 Cairo Council, 128 Bureau of Education and Culture, Califano, Joseph A., 160 341 Callaghan, James, 216, 218, 219 Canaris, Konstantin, 244 INDEX / 425 Cantors Assembly, 312 also Joint Commission on Jewish Cantors Institute and Seminary College Education, Joint Commission on of Jewish Music (see Jewish Theo- Synagogue Administration, Union logical Seminary of America) of American Hebrew Congrega- Capucci, Hilerion, 280 tions) Carey, Hugh, 162, 165 Central Council of Jewish Social Ser- Carleton University (Canada), 202 vices (Gt. Britain), 221 Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Central Federation of Hungarian Jewish Higher Education, 110 Communities, 247 Carpintero, Carlos P., 212 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 101, Carrington, Peter Alexander, 219 130, 133 Carta Politico (Argentina), 210 Central Office for the Investigation of Carter, Hodding III, 145 National Socialist Crimes (W. Ger- Carter, Jimmy, 17, 102, 108, 109, 110, many), 244 111, 112, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, Central Sephardic Jewish Community 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, of America, 327 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, Central Welfare Agency of Jews in Ger- 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149, many (W. Germany), 252 151, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, Central Yeshiva Beth Joseph Rabbinical 168, 169, 205, 255, 260, 267, 269, Seminary, 312 270, 273 Central Yiddish Culture Organization Carter, Rosalyn, 256 (CYCO), 306 Casal, Jorge Emilio, 208 CETA (see Comprehensive Employ- Casper, Bernard M., 288 ment and Training Act) Castro, Raul H., 205 Chaikin, Sol C, 155 Catalan, Juan Jose, 207 Chaikov, Joseph, 92n Castel, Yosef, 207 Chaikovsky, Aleksandr, 94 Catholic Bishops Committee on Migra- Chaitovskii, Beniamin, 92n tion, 112 Chalidze, Valerii, 99n CBC (see Canadian Broadcasting Cor- Chanokh, Leib, 100 poration) Chanover, Hyman, 39, 41 CBS (see Central Broadcasting Service) Charles, Prince of Wales, 222 CCAR (see Central Conference of Charter 77, 153, 155, 170 American Rabbis) Chemical Bank, 169 CCJO (see Consultative Council of Jew- Chenkin, Alvin, article by, 177-189 ish Organizations) Cherniak, Saul, 203 CCSJ (see Canadian Committee for So- Chernovtsy Ensemble (Soviet Union), viet Jewry) 91 CDU (see Christian Democratic Union, Chernowitz, Maurice E., 367 W. Germany) Chevrat Bikkur Cholim (Gt. Britain), Celine, Louis-Ferdinand, 232 228 Center for Holocaust Studies, 306 Chicago Daily Defender, 111 Center for National Policy Review, Chicago Jewish Post and Opinion, 358 111 Chief Rabbi's Educational Develop- Central Broadcasting Service (CBS), ment Trust (Gt. Britain), 225 123, 127 Children of God movement, 116 Central Conference of American Rabbis Chirac, Jacques, 229 (CCAR), 164, 167, 172, 312 (see Chissick, Millie, 227 426 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Chomsky, William, 368 Commentary, 5n, 360 Chouraqui, Andre, 233 Commission for Racial Equality (Gt. Christian Committee to Defend the Britain), 220 Rights of Believers in the USSR Commission for the Study of Women in (Soviet Union), 153 the Rabbinate (see Jewish Theolog- Christian Community Service Agency, ical Seminary of America) 112 Commission on Jewish Chaplaincy (see Christian Democratic Union (CDU; W. National Jewish Hospital and Re- Germany), 240, 242, 247, 253 search Center) Christian Science Monitor, 116 Commission on Jewish Education (see Christian Social Union (CSU; W. Ger- United Synagogue of America) many), 240 Commission on Social Action of Reform Christopherson, Thies, 231 Judaism, 302 Chronicle of Current Events (Soviet Commission on the Teaching of Zion- Union), 99 ism (see World Zionist Organiza- Chronicle Review (Canada), 365 tion-American Section) CIA (see Central Intelligence Agency) Committee of Ten (S. Africa), 284 City College (see City University of New Commodities Research Unit (Gt. Brit- York) ain), 227 City of Hope, 328-329 Comunidad Bet El (Argentina), 208 City University (London), 225 Communist League (Yugoslavia), 258 City University of New York (CUNY), Communist Party (Canada), 89 35, 61, 65, 161 Communist Party (France), 229 CJC (see Canadian Jewish Congress) Communist Party (Israel), 274, 280 CJFWF (see Council of Jewish Federa- Communist Party (Poland—PPZR), tions and Welfare Funds) 255, 256 Clark, Joe, 195 Communist Party (Soviet Union), 78, Cleveland College of Jewish Studies, 312 78n, 79, 87, 88, 94, 98, 98n, 99n, Cleveland Jewish News. 363 102 Clinica Sefaradi (Argentina), 211 Community Council of Greater New Club Atletico Sefaradi Argentina, 211 York, 20 Cohen, Carl, 250 Comprehensive Employment and Cohen, Geula, 274 Training Act (CETA), 36, 57 Cohen, Henry, 228 Confederation Juvenil Judeo Argentina, Cohen, Matt, 202 211 Cohen, Nathan, 202 Conference of Jewish Communal Ser- Cohen, Sam, 290 vice, 329 Cohn, Ernst Joseph, 227 Conference of Presidents of Major Colombia, 213 American Jewish Organizations, COLPA (see National Jewish Commis- 137, 145, 281, 302 sion on Law and Public Affairs) Conference on Jewish Material Claims Columbia University, 23, 110, 163 Against Germany, 243, 246, 287, Comay, Joan, 226 309 Combined Jewish Appeal (see Allied Conference on Jewish Relations (see Jewish Community Services, Can- Conference on Jewish Social Stud- ada) ies) Comedores Populares Israelitas Argen- Conference on Jewish Social Studies, tinos, 211 306 INDEX / 427 Conference on Security and Coopera- Council of Voluntary Child Care As- tion in Europe, 152 sociations, 20 Final Act, 101, 152, 153, 154, 155, Council of Youth Movements (Israel), 156, 157 243 Congregation Israelita Latina (Argen- Cowan, Evelyn, 226 tina), 211 Craig, James, 219 Congregation Beit-Havurah (Connecti- Criterio (Argentina), 210, 213 cut), 165 Croissant, Ernst, 230 Congress for Jewish Culture, 306 CSU (see Christian Social Union, W. Congress Monthly, 360 Germany) Congress of Polish Writers, 255 Cuba, 129, 145, 284 Congressional Black Caucus, 111 Cultural and Social Union of Polish Congressional Quarterly, 112 Jews, 256 Connecticut Jewish Ledger, 358 CUNY (see City University of New Conscience '77 (Gt. Britain), 223 York) Conservative Friends of Israel (Gt. Brit- Current Population Reports, 180n ain), 219 Curutchet, Ricardo, 209 Conservative Judaism, 360 CYCO (see Central Yiddish Culture Or- Conservative Party (Canada), 195, 203 ganization) Conservative Party (Gt. Britain), 216, Cygiel, Avraham, 282 217 Cyprus, 157 Consultation on Church Union, 116 Czechoslovakia, 97, 98, 153, 155, 156, Consultative Council of Jewish Organi- 170, 259 zations—CCJO, 302-303 Czerwinski, Horst, 245 Contemporary Jewry, 357 Convention on Protocol and Refugees DafLaChayal (S. Africa), 288 (see United Nations) DAIA (see Delegation de Asociaciones de la Corce, Francois, 211 Israelitas Argentinas) Coordinating Board of Jewish Organi- Dangoor, Eliahu, 228 zations, 303 Daniel, Juli, 98 Coordinating Council of Societies for Daoud, Abu, 168, 211, 219, 230, 231 Christian Jewish Cooperation (W. Das Parlament (W. Germany), 243 Germany), 249 Data Laboratories Research Consult- Cornell University, 23 ants (Canada), 192 Cotler, Irwin, 194 Davar (Argentina), 214 Council for Scientific and Industrial Re- Davar (Israel), 18 search (S. Africa), 289 Davidashvili, Shmuel, 84 Council for the Advancement of Arab- Davidovich, Noe, 208 British Understanding, 218, 219 d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Henry, 228 Council of Jewish Federations and Wel- Davis, Perry, 37n fare Funds (CJFWF), 4, 17, 20, 36, Davis, Mrs. Len, 290 57, 59, 60n, 329 Davka (Argentina), 214 Council of Jewish Organizations in Civil Dawidowicz, Lucy, 201 Service, 303 Dawisha, A.I., 226 Council of Natal Jewry (S. Africa), 290 Dayan, Moshe, 137, 142, 146, 147, 241, Council of Sages (Israel), 266 247, 253, 260, 261, 266, 269, 270, Council of Social Work Education, 20 273, 275, 277 428 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Dayton Jewish Chronicle, 363 "doctors' plot" (Soviet Union), 78, 79, d'Estaing, Giscard, 229, 231 95, 102 de Gaulle, Charles, 229 Dole, Robert J., 146 de Guiringaud, Louis, 275 Dos Yiddishe Vort, 363 de Lange, Nicholas, 226 Dreizner, Solomon, 100 de Rothschild, Guy, 232 Dresdner Bank (W. Germany), 235 Deacon, Richard, 226 Dresner, Samuel H., 75n DeConcini, Dennis, 122 Dresner, Segismundo, 211 Delaney, Paul, 109 Dropsie University, 312 Delegation de Asociaciones Israelitas Alumni Association, 312 Argentinas (DAIA), 206, 208, 209, Dror—Young Zionist Organization, 210, 211, 213, 214 333 Delfont, Bernard, 227 Garin Yarden, The Young Kibbutz Dell, Edmund, 220 Movement, 333 Dellwo, Karl-Heinz, 235 Druckman, Hayim, 262 Delorme, Roger, 195 Drutman, David, 289 Democratic Front for Peace and Equal- Druze Party (Israel), 261 ity (DFPE; Israel), 280 DST (see Territorial Defense and Secu- Democratic Movement for Change rity Forces) (DMC; Israel), 261, 262, 263, 266, DTA (see Democratic Turnhalle Alli- 267, 268 ance) Democratic Party, 145 Dubchek, Aleksandr, 97 Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA; Dubnow, Simon, 89n, 214 South Africa), 284 Dubois, Marcel, 199 Denmark, 173 Dubow, Yitzchak, 228 Der Wecker, 362 Duke, David, 118 Detroit Jewish News, 359 Dulcin, Leon, 208 Deutsch family, 171 Dunsky, S., 203 Deutsch-Israelische Arbeitsgruppe fur Durker, Ulrich, 250 Frieden im Nahen Osten (W. Ger- Durrenmatt, Friedrich, 233 many), 242 Duschinsky, Eugene J., 288, 289 Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft (W. Dvadsatkas ("twenties"), 81, 85 Germany), 242 Dymshits, Beniamin, 94 Deutsche National-Zeitung (W. Ger- Dymshits, Mark, 100 many), 239, 273 DFPE (see Democratic Front for Peace East Germany (see German Democratic and Equality, Israel) Republic) Diamond, Denis, article by, 283-290; Eastern Cape Zionist Council (S. 286 Africa), 290 Dickenstein, Abraham, 282, 368 Eastern Provinces Herald (S. Africa), Dinitz, Simcha, 120 284 Dinkin, E.S., 82 Eban, Abba, 261 Djanogly, Jack, 227 Eckert, W. P., 251 Djuranowic, Veslin, 258 Eckstein, Felix, 199 Dluznowsky, Moshe, 368 Economic Horizons, 360 DMC (see Democratic Movement for Ecuador, 122, 132 Change, Israel) Edenburg, Simon, 211 Dobrinin, Anatoly F., 143 Edery, Mordechai, 213 INDEX / 429 Edinburgh University, 228 European Commission of Human Edmonstone, Wayne, 202 Rights, 225 EEC (see European Economic Commu- European Convention on the Suppres- nity) sion of Terrorism (1977), 219 Efron, Paloma, 215 European Economic Community Egypt, 120, 126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 137, (EEC), 144, 218, 224, 241, 242, 138, 140, 141, 145, 147, 148, 149, 247, 275 150, 151, 157, 171, 240, 254, 260, European Young Leadership Cabinet, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273 248 Egyptian Peoples' Assembly, 271 Evseev, Evgenii, 90, 96 Ehlers, Ernst, 244 Evsektsia (Soviet Union), 88n Ehrenberg, Ilya, 92 Evtuchenko, Evgenii, 93 Ehrenkranz, Joel, 55 Experience Reserve Bank, 162 Ehrlich, Simcha, 241, 277, 278, 285 Ehrman, Arnost Zvi, 228 Face the Nation, 123 Eichmann, Adolf, 257 Fahd, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Eickhoff, Wilhelm, 245 134 Einbinder, Polina, 92n Fahmi, Ismail, 134 El Comite pro Derechos de los Judios Fainguersch, Gregorio, 212 en la Union Sovieta (Argentina), al-Faisal, Saud, 134, 147 212 Falconbridge (Canada), 190 El Sol (Mexico City), 206 Falk, Robert, 92n Elazar, Daniel J., 4n, 60, 60n Fannie and Maxwell Abbel Research Elbarg, Yehuda, 202, 203 Institute in Rabbinics (see Jewish Elections Research Group (W. Ger- Theological Seminary of America) many), 237 Electoral College, 163 Farband Labor Zionist Order (see Elizabeth, Queen of England, 217, 218, Labor Zionist Alliance) 219 FCII (see Federated Council of Israel Ellerin, Milton, article by, 107-119 Institutions) Elliot, Wayne, 195 FDP (see Free Democratic Party, W. Emelianov, Valerii, 97 Germany) Ernes (Soviet Union), 89 Feder, Herbert, 198 EMI Film and Theatre Corporation Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), (Gt. Britain), 227 116, 119 Emunah, 333 Federal Constitutional Court (W. Ger- Ensslin, Gudrun, 235, 236 many), 245 Entebbe, 219 Federal Indemnification Law (W. Ger- Episcopal Church's National Commis- many), 243 sion on Hispanic Affairs, 112 Federal Progressive Conservative Party Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 113, (Canada), 195 172 Federal Republic of Germany, 153, 170, ERA (see Equal Rights Amendment) 230, 233, 235-252, 253, 257, 275, Erdelyi, Arthur, 228 286 Eridor, Yoram, 267 Federated Council of Israel Institutions Esenin-Volpin, Aleksandr, 99n —FCII, 233, 234 Ethiopa, 129 Federation of Jewish Communities (Yu- European Bank, 275 goslavia), 83, 259 430 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Federation of Jewish Communities in Fishman, Asher, 225 the German Democratic Republic, Fishman, Iakov, 84, 85 253 Flatto-Sharon, Samuel, 230, 262, 266 Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, Florence Heller Research Center (see 3-76 National Jewish Welfare Board) Employment and Guidance Service, Folkerts, Knut, 235 6, 55 Folksztyme (Warsaw), 91, 256 Hebrew Free Loan Society, 37, 41 Fonds Social Juif Unifie (FSJU; Israel Emergency Appeal, 36 France), 232 Federation of Jewish Women's Organi- Ford, Gerald R., 120, 123 zations (Canada), 201 Foreign Policy, 128 Federation of Societies of Women Art- Forum, 60n, 75n ists and Friends of the Arts (Ham- Forward, 88n burg), 252 Fouphouet-Boigny, Felix, 276 Federation of Sports Clubs (Argentina), Fowler, Floyd J., 62n 211 France, 78n, 89, 97, 122, 152, 153, 168, Federation of Synagogues of South 170, 173, 190, 219, 229-234, 257, Africa, 288, 289 275 Federation of Women Zionists (Gt. Frangi, Abdallah, 240 Britain), 227 Frank, Otto, 204 Fedorov, Iuri, 100 Frankel, Leslie, 289 Fefer, Itsik, 88 Frankl, Viktor E., 250 Feinstein, Elaine, 226 Franklin, Selwyn, 289 Feldbrill, Victor, 201 Free Adventists (Soviet Union), 153 Feldman, Abraham J., 368 Feldstein, Donald, 3, 19 Free Center Party (Israel), 261 Felsenburg, Stefanie, 228 Free Democratic Party (FDP; W. Ger- Ferkauf Graduate School of Humanities many), 247 and Social Sciences (see Yeshiva Free Press (London), 195 University) Free Sons of Israel, 327 Fest, Joachim G., 236 Freedman, Israel, 204 Fiala, Ferenc, 166 Freeland League, 309 Fidler, Michael, 219 Freeson, Reginald, 227 Filbinger, Hans, 247 Freie Arbeiter Stimme, 360 Final Act (see Conference on Security Frey, Gerhard, 237, 239 and Cooperation in Europe) Freyburg, Joachim, 250 Financial Post (Canada), 197 Friedan, Betty, 112 Finklestein, Beresh, 228 Friedman, David, 289 Finland, 152 Friedman, Milton, 277 Fired, Oleg, 92n Friedmann, Georges, 234 Firkovich, Avram, 98 Front for Democracy, Peace and Equal- First World Conference of Jewish Com- ity (see Hadash Party, Israel) munity Centers (Jerusalem), 175 FSJU (see Fonds Social Juif Unifie, Fischbach, Henry F., 368 France) Fischer, Oskar, 253 Fuchsova, Liza, 228 Fischer, Per, 241 Full Employment Action Council, 162 Fisher, Eugene, 114 Fund for Higher Education, 334 Fisher, Morton, 45 Futerman, Aron, 92n INDEX / 431 Galich, Aleksandr, 88n Ginzberg, Eli, 40 Galili, Israel, 261 Givens, Philip, 203 Gallup, George, 109 Glatstein, Jacob, 90 Gamasy, Abdul Ghani, 273 Glick, Srul I., 201 Gaon, Solomon, 224 Gliickman, Andre, 233 Garber, Michael, 204 Gluskin, Aleksandr, 92n Garrison diversion project (N. Dakota), Godfrey, Isidore, 228 191 Goitein, Hugh, 228 Gaventa, Harry, 227 Golan, Galia, 226 Geiger, Isy, 228 Gold, Hershey, 145 Gelbard, Jose, 210 Goldberg, Arthur, 153, 154, 155, 158 Gelman, Max, 92n Goldberg, David, 368 General Assembly of the Presbyterian Goldberg, S.P., 4n Church, 164 Goldbloom, Maurice J., 368 General Zionist Party (Israel), 232 Golden, David, 203 Geneva Conference, 120, 123, 125, 126, Goldfaden, Abraham 91 130, 132, 133, 137, 138, 141, 142, Goldin, Mark, 92n 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 167, Goldin, Milton, 5n 254, 261, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272 Goldmann, Nahum, 257 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 239, 246 Goldring, Gvirol, 208 Georgian Orthodox Church (Soviet Goldschmidt, H.L., 251 Union), 83 Goldstone, Richard, 289 Gerhardt, Michael, 245 Goldwasser, Edwin, 3 German Athletic Federation (W. Ger- Goldwater, Raymond, 222 many), 243 German Democratic Republic, 239, Golembo, Arnold, 290 253-254 Gomerski, Hubert, 245 German Federal Youth League (W. Gomez Beret, Horacio Justo, 209 Germany), 243 Gomez, Julio, 207 German Protestant Church (W. Ger- Good Fence Policy, 274 many), 249 Goodman, Theodore, 228 German Soldiers' Combat League (W. Gorbanevskaia, Natalia, 88n Germany), 238, 245 Gordon, Harold H., 368, 369 German Union of Teachers and Schol- Gordon, Iliia, 89n ars, 243 Gordon, Marina, 92n German Youth Red Cross (W. Ger- Gordon, Shmuel, 90 many), 242 Goren, Arthur A., 3 Gershov, Solomon, 92n Goren, Shlomo, 85 Gertner, Levi, 227 Gorenstein, Mario, 210, 212 Gertner, Meir, 227 Gorky University (Soviet Union), 95n Ghinsberg, Raul, 208 Goss, Isaac, 289 Ghorbal, Ashraf, 119 Gotlieb, Allan, 203 Gidi-Mitla line, 274 Gottfarstein, Joseph, 233 Gierek, Edward, 255 Gracida, Rene, 112 Gieseler, Karlheinz, 243 Grade, Chaim, 201 Gilbert, Carmel, 227 Grade, Lew, 227 Gilbert, Martin, 226 Graetz, Heinrich, 251 Ginsburg, Alexander, 155, 246 Graetz, Robert, 214 432 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Graham, Billy, 115 Hadassah-WIZO Organization of Can- Graiver, David, 206, 209, 210 ada, 196, 204, 341 Granovsky, Phil, 196 Hadoar, 360 Grashof, Manfred, 235 Haifa Municipal Theatre, 174 Gratz College, 312 Hakoach (Argentina), 211 Grayek, Stefan, 257 Hale, John R., 43n Great Britain, 80, 153, 154, 173, 216- Halevy, Elazar, 227 228, 275 Hall of Independence (see Tel Aviv Mu- Greater New York Conference on So- seum) viet Jewry, 6, 11, 34, 49, 58, 101, Halter, G. Sydney, 203 170 el Hamdi, Ibrahim Mohammed, 229 Greater New York Fund, 28 Hamilton, Lee, 141 Greater New York Hospital Associa- Hammami, Said, 128 tion, 20 Hanafi Muslim sect, 119 Green, David, 204 Hapoel Hamizrachi Women's Organiza- Green, Sidney, 203 tion (see Emunah) Greenberg, Eliezer, 369 Hare Krishna, 116 Gromyko, Andrei A., 143, 223 Harguindeguy, Albano Eduardo, 207, Grossman, Larry, 203 209 Group to Promote Observance of the Harper and Row, 170 Helsinki Agreement in the USSR Harris, Milton, 194 (Soviet Union), 153 Harris, Sydney M., 203 Gruen, George, article by, 120-151 Harry Fischel School for Higher Jewish Gruschke, Georgette, 249 Studies (see Yeshiva University) Gruss, Joseph, 38 Harvard University, 23 Guelph University (Canada), 204 Guertzenstein, Marcos, 213 Harwood, Richard E., 231, 239, 286 Guide to Israel Programs, 175 Hashachar (see Hadassah, The Gurevich, Mikhail, 92n Women's Zionist Organization of Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful, Is- America) rael), 134, 138, 262, 266, 276, 277, Hashomer Hatzair, 334 279 Americans for Progressive Israel, 334 Gutkowska, Ruta, 256, 257 Socialist Zionist Youth Movement, Gutteridge, Richard, 226 334 Guzik, Anna, 92n Hausner, Gideon, 257, 262 Hayim Greenberg College (Jerusalem), Habash, George, 128 175 Habib, Philip C, 150 Hebrew Arts School of Music and Hadad, Sa'ad, 274 Dance, 306 Hadarom, 360 Hebrew College, 312 Hadash Party (Israel), 262, 263 Hebrew Culture Foundation, 306 Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Orga- Hebrew Free Loan Society (see Federa- nization of America, 167, 168, 172, tion of Jewish Philanthropies) 334 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society Hashachar, 334 (HIAS), 281, 309 Youth Aliyah Center, 175 Hebrew National Association (Canada), Hadassah Magazine, 360 204 Hadassah-WIZO, 281 Hebrew Theological College, 313 INDEX / 433 Hebrew Union College—Jewish Insti- Hesselbach, Walter, 242 tute of Religion, 249, 313 Hexter, Maurice, 21, 23, 24, 30, 32, 52 Alumni Association, 313 Heyman, George H., Jr., 32, 33, 40, 46 American Jewish Archives, 313 HIAG (see Hilfsorganisation auf American Jewish Periodical Center, Gegenseitigkeit, W. Germany) 313 HIAS (see Hebrew Immigrant Aid Soci- Rhea Hirsch School of Education, ety) 313 Hilfsorganisation auf Gegenseitigkeit School of Education, 313 (HIAG; W. Germany), 237 School of Jewish Communal Service, Hill, Herbert, 110 313 Hillel Foundations (see B'nai B'rith) School of Sacred Music, 313 Hillel Foundation (Gt. Britain), 225 Skirball Museum, 313 Hilsenrath, Edgar, 251 Hebrew Union College Annual, 363 Himmelweit, Freddy, 228 Hebrew University (Jerusalem), 210, Hindren, Eichon, 228 233, 277 Hinnenberg, Maurice, 21 Hebrew Watchman, 364 Hirst, David, 226 Heine, Heinrich, 251 Histadrut, Canada, (see Canadian Asso- Heinemeyer, Kurt, 244 ciation for Labor Israel) Heller, Ron, 200 Histadrut (Israel), 260, 265, 277, 278, Hellman, Ellen, 289 280 Helsinki accord (see Conference on Se- Histadrut Foto-News, 360 curity and Cooperation in Europe, Histadruth Ivrith of America, 306 Final Act) Hitahdut Olei Yugoslavia (Tel Aviv), Helsinki Conference (see Conference on 259 Security and Cooperation in Hitler, Adolf, 93, 205,209, 236, 239,253 Europe) Hoffman, Akiva, 287 Henriques, Cyril Quixano, 227 Hogar de Ancianos Adolfo Hirsch (Ar- Herald (Buenos Aires), 205, 209, 210 gentina), 211 Heritage-Southwest Jewish Press, 357 Hogar Israelita para Ancianos y Ninos Hermann, Carl, 242 (Argentina), 211, 212 Hermann, Eva, 242 Holm-Nielsen, Svend, 250 Herstigte Nasionale Party (S. Africa), Holocaust, 90, 98, 117, 166, 174, 198, 286 214, 231, 239, 244-246, 256, 271, Herut Party (Israel), 223, 332, 260, 266 279, 286 (see also Likud-Herut, Israel) Holocaust Information Center (see Herut-U.S.A., 334 B'nai Brith, Anti-Defamation Herzliah-Hebrew Teachers Institute League of) (see Herzliah-Jewish Teachers Holocaust Memorial Committee (see Seminary) Canadian Jewish Congress) Herzliah-Jewish Teachers Seminary, Holocaust Memorial Day, 279 313-14 Holocaust Resource Center (see Na- Graduate Division, 314 tional Jewish Conference Center) Herzliah-Hebrew Teachers Institute, Holtzman, Elizabeth, 166 314 Honecker, Erich, 253 Jewish Teachers Seminary and Peo- Honig, Camille Rachmil, 228 ple's University, 314 Hope Center for the Retarded, 329 Music Division, 314 Hoppenstein, Abe, 286 434 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Horim (Argentina), 211 Inger, Hersh, 92n Homer, Jack, 197 Inkatha (S. Africa), 283 Horowitz, Edel, 288 Institute for Advanced Study in the Horwitz, Rivka, 251 Humanities (see Jewish Theologi- Horwood, Owen, 285 cal Seminary of America) Hospital Israelita (Argentina), 211, 215 Institute for Jewish Policy Planning and Howe, Irving, 201 Research (see Synagogue Council Hughes, Joyce, 155 of America) human rights, 98n, 152-158, 164, 165, Institute for Oriental Research (Lenin- 171, 196, 205, 206, 208, 247 (see grad), 98 also Belgrade Conference, Soviet Institute for Religious and Social Stud- Jewry, Indochinese Refugees) ies (see Jewish Theological Semi- Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment nary of America) Bill, 111 Institute of Jewish Affairs (Gt. Britain), Hungary, 81, 83, 85, 154, 166, 246, 259 218 Hunter College, 85 Intermountain Jewish News, 258 Hurwitz, Harry, 289 International Association of Hillel Di- Husak, Gustav, 153 rectors (see B'nai B'rith) Husid, M., 203 International Bible Contest, 174 Hussein, Alya, Queen of Jordan, 281 International Book Fair (Jerusalem), Hussein, King of Jordan, 126, 127, 128, 243 130, 137, 138, 141, 229, 272, 281 International Book Fair (Moscow), 91 Hussein, Saddam, 133 International Conference of Jewish Communal Service, 303 Iagman, Lev, 100 International Conference on Jewish Art, Iakunin, Gleb, 88n 174 Ichud Habonim Labor Zionist Youth, International Council of Jewish 335 Women, 253 IDF (see Israel Defense Force) International Council on Jewish Social Igud Harabonim (see Rabbinical Alli- and Welfare Services, 329 ance of America) International Labor Organization (see ILO (see United Nations, International United Nations) Labor Organization) International League Against Anti- ILP (see Independent Liberal Party, Is- Semitism (Paris), 97 rael) International Monetary Fund, 216 Impact, 360 International Women's Year (see Inco (Canada), 190 United Nations) Independent Knights of the Ku Klux Interreligious Peace Colloquim (Lis- Klan of North Carolina, 119 bon), 164 Independent Liberal Party (ILP; Israel), Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku 262, 263 Klux Klan, 118 Independent Northern Klans, 118 Iraq, 133, 149, 150 Independent Rabbinate of America, 314 Irgun Zvai Leumi Party (Israel), 218 Index to Jewish Periodicals, 363 Irle, Karl, 245 Indiana Jewish Post and Opinion, 358 Irving, David, 226 Indochinese refugees, 165 Isaac, Jules, 231 Information Juive (France), 231 Isaacson, Ben, 288 Informativo (Argentina), 210 Isaev, M., 89 INDEX / 435 Ish-Kishor, Sulamith, 369 Iudovich, Shlome, 92n Israel, 24, 25, 48, 62, 64, 72, 75, 78, 80, Ivanov, Iurii, 96 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 88n, 90, 92n, Ivory Coast, 276 99, 99n, 100, 102, 108, 114, 115, Izvestia (Soviet Union), 86 120-126, 128-135, 137-141, 143- 151, 157, 164, 165, 167-169, 170, Jablonski, Henryk, 255 173, 175, 193, 195, 196, 198-199, Jackson, Bernard S., 226 202, 204, 207-208, 210, 211, 218- Jackson, Henry M., 101, 145 223, 230-234, 237, 238, 240, 241, Jackson, Jesse, 111 242, 243, 246, 248, 252, 253, 257, Jackson-Vanik amendment, 101 258, 259, 260-282, 285-286, 287, Jacobs, Irving, 225 288 Jacobs, Jacob, 369 Cabinet, 147, 278 Jacobson, Dan, 226 Committee on Settlements, 138, 276 Jacobson, Maurice, 227 Council of Local Municipalities, 241 JACY (see Jewish Association for Col- Joint (Government and Zionist Orga- lege Youth) nization) Settlement Committee, Jakobovits, Immanuel, 223, 224, 226 276 James, Sid, 227 Knesset, 137, 148, 230, 260, 261, 262, Jamieson, Don, 197 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, Janowsky, Oscar I., 26n 273, 276, 277, 278, 280 Japan, 121, 165 Supreme Court, 279 Japanese American Citizens League, Israel British Bank, 279 108 Israel Defense Force (IDF), 263, 273 Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 255 Israel Emergency Appeal (see Federa- JASA (see Jewish Association for Ser- tion of Jewish Philanthropies) vices for the Aged) Israel Histadrut Campaign (see Na- tional Committee for Labor Israel) Javits, Jacob K., 137 Israel Horizons, 360 JCC (see Jewish Camp Council, Can- Israel Interfaith Committee, 164 ada) Israel Ministry of Commerce, Industry, JDC (see American Jewish Joint Distri- and Tourism, 221 bution Committee) Israel Ministry of Education and Cul- Jessel, Ralph, 228 ture, 213 Jevrejski Almanah (Yugoslavia), 259 Israel Music Foundation, 335 Jevrejski Pregled (Yugoslavia), 259 Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, 208 Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Israel Today, 357 306 Israel Union of Teachers, 243 Jewish Action, 360 Israel United Appeal (IUA; S. Africa), Jewish Advocate, 359 287 Jewish Affairs (S. Africa), 287 Israeli Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra, 242 Jewish Agency (Jerusalem), 196, 208, Issues and Answers, 150 213, 215, 222, 223, 281, 282 Istoria SSSR (Moscow), 80n Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (Soviet Isvestia (Soviet Union), 97 Union), 88 Italy, 164, 245 Jewish Association for College Youth Itchak, Josef, 84 (JACY), 6, 34, 38, 58 Iton (Soviet Union), 100 Jewish Association for Services for the IUA (see Israel United Appeal) Aged (JASA), 6, 54, 56 436 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Jewish Board of Family and Children's Jewish Guardian, 361 Services, 6, 55 Jewish Herald-Voice, 364 Jewish Board of Guardians, 44 Jewish Historical Archives (Yugo- Jewish Book Annual, 174, 360 slavia), 259 Jewish Book Council of JWB (see Na- Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), tional Jewish Welfare Board) 256 Jewish Book Month (Montreal), 201 Jewish Historical Museum (Yugo- Jewish Braille Institute of America, 329 slavia), 259 Jewish Braille Review, 361 Jewish Historical Society of Canada, Jewish Camp Council (JCC; Canada), 201 192 Jewish Home and Hospital for the Jewish-Catholic meeting (San Jose), 171 Aged, 6, 44, 56 Jewish Chautauqua Society (see Na- Jewish Immigrant Aid Services (JIAS; tional Federation of Temple Broth- Canada), 193, 194, 341 erhoods) Jewish Information Bureau, 307 Jewish Child Care Association, 55 Jewish Israel Appeal (JIA, Gt. Britain), Jewish Chronicle (Gt. Britain), 226 225 Jewish Civic Leader, 359 Jewish Journal (N.J.), 359 Jewish Civic Press, 358, 364 Jewish Journal (N.Y.), 361 Jewish Colonization Association of Jewish Labor Bund, 327 Canada, 341 Jewish Labor Committee, 160, 162, 170, Jewish Community News, 359 303 Jewish Conciliation Board of America, National Trade Union Council, 303 329 Women's Division, 303 Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society Workmen's Circle Division, 303 (see American Medical Center at Jewish Labor Committee of Canada, Denver) 341 Jewish Chronicle of Pittsburgh, 364 Jewish Ledger, 360 Jewish Cultural Council (see Toronto Jewish Life, 361 Jewish Congress) Jewish Ministers Cantors Association, Jewish Current Events, 359 314 Jewish Currents, 36 Jewish Monitor, 357 Jewish Daily Forward, 361 Jewish Museum, 6, 174, 307 Jewish Deaf Association (Gt. Britain), Jewish Museum of the West (see Judah 227 L. Magnes Memorial Museum) Jewish Dialog (Canada), 202, 365 Jewish Music Festival (Toronto), 201 Jewish Digest, 358 Jewish Music Notes, 361 Jewish Education, 361 Jewish National Fund (Gt. Britain), Jewish Education Association, 2In 222, 282 Jewish Education Committee, 2In Jewish National Fund of America, 335 Jewish Education Directory, 361 Jewish News, 359 Jewish Education News, 361 Jewish Observer, 34n, 361 Jewish Educators Assembly (see United Jewish Observer and Middle East Review Synagogue of America) (Gt. Britain), 223 Jewish Exponent, 364 Jewish Observer of the East Bay, 357 Jewish Family Service, 44 Jewish Occupational Council (see Na- Jewish Floridian, 358 tional Association of Jewish Voca- Jewish Frontier, 361 tional Services) INDEX / 437 Jewish Peace Fellowship, 327 American Student Center in Jerusa- Jewish Post (Canada), 365 lem, 315 Jewish Post and Opinion, 358 Cantors Institute and Seminary Col- Jewish Post of New York, 361 lege of Jewish Music, 315 Jewish Poverty Issues, 34 Commission for the Study of Women Jewish Press (Neb.), 359 in the Rabbinate, 172 Jewish Press (N.Y.), 361 Department of Radio and Television, Jewish Press Features, 364 315 Jewish Public Library (Canada), 201 Fannie and Maxwell Abbel Research Jewish Publication Society of America, Institute in Rabbinics, 315 307, 406-14 Institute for Advanced Study in the Jewish Quarterly Review, 364 Humanities, 315 Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, Institute for Religious and Social 314 Studies, 315 Reconstructionist Federation of Con- Melton Research Center, 315 gregations and Fellowships, 314 Schocken Institute for Jewish Re- Reconstructionist Rabbinical Associ- search, 315 ation, 315 Seminary College of Jewish Studies- Reconstructionist Rabbinical Col- Teachers Institute, 315-316 lege, 318-319 University of Judaism, 316 Jewish Record, 359 Jewish Times (Ky.), 358 Jewish Reporter, 359 Jewish Times (Mass.), 359 Jewish Restitution Successor Organiza- Jewish Times of the Greater Northeast, tion, 309-310 364 Jewish Social Studies, 28n, 361 Jewish Transcript, 364 Jewish Socialist Verband of America, Jewish Veteran, 358 327 Jewish Voice (Delaware), 359 Jewish Spectator, 357 Jewish Voice (N.J.), 359 Jewish Standard (Canada), 365 Jewish War Veterans of the United Jewish Standard (N.J.), 359 States of America, 160, 303 Jewish Star, 357 National Memorial, Inc.; National Jewish Student Press Service—Jewish Shrine to the Jewish War Dead, Student Editorial Projects, 339 303 Jewish Teachers Association—Morim, Jewish Week (Md.), 358 315 Jewish Week (N.Y.), 58, 361 Jewish Teachers Seminary and People's Jewish Weekly News, 359 University (see Herzliah-Jewish Jewish Welfare Board (JWB, Gt. Brit- Teachers Seminary) ain), 221, 222 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 364 Jewish Western Bulletin (Canada), 365 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Community Jewish World of Long Island, 360 News Reporter, 361 Jews for Jesus, 116 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Daily News JIA (see Jewish Israel Appeal, Gt. Brit- Bulletin, 361 ain) Jewish Telegraphic Agency Weekly News JIAS (see Jewish Immigrant Aid Ser- Digest, 361 vices, Canada) Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- Jiryis, Sabri, 123 ica, 173, 174, 315 Joint Center for Political Studies, 111 438 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Joint Commission on Social Action (see Kaplan, Jacob, 234 United Synagogue of America) Kaplan, M.F., 289 Joint Committee Against Racism (Gt. Kaplan, Mendel, 287 Britain), 217 Kaplan, Mordecai, 2In Joint Israel Appeal (JIA; Gt. Britain), Kaplan, Tanchum, 92n 222 Kaplin, Casriel David, 224 Joint National Jewish Chaplaincy Kappler, Herbert, 245, 246 Council (S. Africa), 288 Karczmar, Simon, 242 Jones, Clayton, 108 Kashrut Commission (Gt. Britain), 224, Jordan, 125, 126, 129, 131, 137, 138, 225 141, 142, 147, 148, 150, 151, 261, Kats, Iudl, 91 270, 272, 273 Katz, Chaim, 85 Jordan, Vernon, 111 Katz, Eliahu, 242 Josephus, Flavius, 201, 214 Katz, Emil, 87 Josman, Geoff, 290 Katz, Shmuel, 269 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Katzir, Ephraim, 218, 241, 266, 271, 361 275, 279 Journal of Reform Judaism, 361 Kauders, Otto, 215 Journal Officiel (France), 231 Kaufman, S., 92n Judah L. Magnes Memorial Museum— Kehillak (Soviet Union), 77, 81 Jewish Museum of the West, 307 Keller, Friedrich, 245 Judaism, 361 Keller, Sam, 227 Jiidisches Wochenblatt (Argentina), 214 Kennedy, John F., 33 Junior Hadassah (see Hadassah, Hasha- Kentucky Jewish Post and Opinion, 358 char) Keren Hayesod, 196, 211, 215, 282 Juschke, Klaus, 235 Keren Kayemet, 207, 211, 341 JWB Circle, 361 Keren Or, 335 Kerler, Joseph, 90 Kacherginsky, Chaim, 88, 88n Kesten, Hermann, 252 Kaddoumi, Farouk, 128 Khaalis, Hamaas, 119 Kadelburg, Lavoslav, 83, 259 Khrushchev, Nikita, 78, 79, 82, 86, 87, Kadima (see United Synagogue of 89, 92, 93, 93n, 94, 96, 98, 102 America) Kichko, Trofim, 96 Kadima (Canada), 196, 198, 259 Kidron, Avraham, 282 Kagan, Joseph, 227 Kinder Journal, 361 Kaganovich, Lazar, 88, 94 Kinder Zeitung, 361 Kahn-Freund, Otto, 227 Kirchner, Peter, 253 Kaleko, Mascha, 251 Kirkbride, Alec, 226 Kallen, Evelyn, 202 Kishinev Studio of Yiddish Drama (So- Kamenetsky, Jacob, 85 viet Union), 91 Kamenszain, Tobias, 212 Kishon, Ephraim, 251 Kaminskii, Lassal, 100 Kissinger, Henry, 120, 133, 144, 284 Kanader Adler Jewish Eagle, 365 Klein, Ernest, 204 Kanee, Sol, 203 Klein, Gerald, 195 Kanevski, Emil, 91 Klein, Hans-Joachim, 235 Kanner, J.Z., 251 Kleinert, Detlef, 242 Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, 359 Kleinman, Solomon, 83, 87 Kantrowitz, Jack, 194 Klionskii, Mark, 92n Kaplan, Hilton, 288 Knesset (see Israel) INDEX / 439 Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, 118 Kurtstag, Moshe, 289 Knofler, Gerda, 249 Kuwait, 120 Koch, Ed, 61 Kuznetsov, Edward, 100 Kochan, Miriam, article by, 216-228 Kvitko, Leib, 88, 90 Kochubievskii, Boris, 100 Koestler, Arthur, 226 Labat, Shlomo, 241 Koffler, Murray, 203 Labor Friends of Israel (Gt. Britain), Kogan, E., 92n 219 Kohl, Helmut, 240 Labor-Mapam Alignment (Israel), 261, Kohn, Eugene, 369 262, 263, 265, 266, 280 Kohn, Henry, 369 Labor Party (Gt. Britain), 216, 217, 219 Kohn, Pauline Redlich, 369, 370 Labor Party (Israel), 122, 132, 135, 138, Kol, Moshe, 262 139, 230, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, Kol Yavneh, 361 270, 272, 274, 279 Kolesnikov, Iurii, 97 Labor Zionist Alliance, 335 Kolina, Lea, 92n Labor Zionist Movement of Canada, Komsomol (Soviet Union), 96 342 Komsomoskaia Pravda (Soviet Union), Labor Zionist Party (Israel), 211, 215 97 Lacouture, Jean, 233 Kook, Zvi Yehuda, 266 Lamberz, Werner, 254 Koordinierungsrat der Gesellschaften Land of Israel Movement (see Likud- fur christlich-judische Zusam- Land of Israel Movement) menarbeit (W. Germany), 237 Landau, Boris, 91 Korczak, Janusz, 257 Landmann, Salcia, 251 Korn, Rachel, 202 Landstone, Charles, 226 Kornblit, Lev, 100 Lapide, Pinchas, 251 Kornblit, Mikhail, 100 Las Vegas Israelite, 359 Korner, Rudolf, 244 Lasry, Jean-Claude, 201 Kortshminskii, Nokham, 90 Latin American Jewish Congress (Ar- Kosygin, Aleksei, 79 gentina), 212, 214 Kottler, Moses, 289 Lauck, Gary, 238, 239 Kovadloff, Jacobo, 208, 209 Laval University (Canada), 191 Kovitz, Muriel, 203 Law of Return (Israel), 230, 267, 282 Kovnats, Abe, 203 Law Society (Gt. Britain), 227 Kovno Yiddish Drama Ensemble (So- Laxer, Carl, 200 viet Union), 91 Lazarus, Bernard, 290 Kozin, Shmuel, 92n Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Krabbe, Hanna, 235 109 Kravtsov, Gershon, 92 League for Labor Israel, 335 Kremers, Heinz, 251 League for the Rights of Man (France), Kreps, Juanita, 169 230 Kriegel, Annie, 234 League of Nations, Palestine Mandate, Krocher-Tiedemann, Gabriele, 236 125 Kruger, Arthur, 203 Lebanon, 120, 126, 138, 140, 143, 147, Kruger, J.T., 18 157, 230, 270, 272, 274, 275 Ku Klux Klan (S. Africa), 286 Leber, Georg, 247 Kubbaa, Taisir, 127 Leder, Dany, 248 Kugler, Victor, 203 Lee, Jean, 193 Kultur un Lebn, 361 Lee, Julius, 228 440 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Lehigh University, 61 Lindon, Raymond, 231 Lenin, Vladimir Hitch, 77, 98n Linn, Irving, 370 Leningrad Drama Ensemble (Soviet Lipinski, Edward, 255 Union), 91 Lipnick, Jerome, 370 Leo Baeck Institute, 307 Lipset, Seymour, 109 Leo N. Levi Memorial National Arthri- Liskofsky, Sidney, article by, 152-159 tis Hospital, 330 Literaturnaia Gazeta (Soviet Union), Lerner, Isaac, 224 89n LeRoux, Ettienne, 283 Lithuania, 84 Lessing, Erich, 251 Litt, Aubrey, 222 Lestshchinsky, J., 88n Litt, Solomon, 39 Levesque, Rene, 190, 230 Litvinov, Pavel, 98, 99n Levi, David, 265, 278 Loewe, Lionel L., 226 Levi, Moshe, 282 London Board for Shechita, 224, 225, Levich, Veniamin, 99 227 Levin, Benjamin, 228 London Board of Jewish Religious Edu- Levin, Juda Leib, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86 cation, 225 Levine, Frank, 224 London Jewish Community Council, Levine, Harry, 370 195 Levine, Naomi, 109 London Jewish Students' Association, Levine, Samuel, 370 225 Levy, Aaron Harold, 228 London Spanish and Portuguese Syna- Levy, Bernard-Henri, 233 Levy, Ethel Moss, 228 gogues, 224 Levy, Raymond, 233 London Weekend Television, 227 Lewis, Samuel, 221, 262, 271 Long Island Jewish Press, 361 Lewis, Stephen, 203 Lorenz, Peter, 247 Lewy, Hermann, 252 Los Angeles Times, 145 Liberal Party (Canada), 203 Louvish, Misha, article by, 260-282 Liberal Party (Gt. Britain), 216, 217, Lowy, Jacob M., 201 219 Lubanov, Chaim, 84 Liberal Party (Israel), 266 Lubavitch Movement, 45, 58, 81, 84, Liberman, Simon, 212 198, 288 Libya, 129, 133, 149, 150, 168, 254 Loubavitch Youth Organization Lichtenberg, Leo, 370 (France), 233 Lieberman, B.B., 227 Lubavitcher Rebbe, 282 Liebeschiitz, Hans, 250 Luckner, Gertrud, 249 Liebman, Charles S., article by, 3-76 Luft, Gerda, 249 Lifshits, Nakhama, 92n Lufthansa, 168 Liga Israelita Contra Tuberculosis (Ar- Lunel, Armand, 234 gentina), 211 Lurie, Harry L., 4n Likud-Land of Israel Movement, 274 Luxembourg, 243 Likud Party (Israel), 132, 167, 211, 219, La Luz (Argentina), 214 230, 240, 241, 261, 262, 263, 265, Lyons, Hon. Rudolph, 227 266, 267, 268, 269, 274, 277, 278, 279 Maas, Liesolotte, 250 Likud-Herut Party (Israel), 274 Maass, Richard, 208 Lilith, 361 Maazel, Lorin, 252 INDEX / 441 Macabi (Argentina), 211 Maser, Werner, 250 Maccabi Association (Gt. Britain), 222 Mashash, Shalom, 280 Maccabiah Games, 175, 243, 248, 281 Massera, Emilio, 211 Maccabiah Germany (W. Germany), Mastbaum, I., 92n 248 Mauerberger, Ted, 289 Machne Israel, 316 Mauriac, Francois, 96 Magen David Adom (Israel), 242 Maurice, Leslie, 228 Magid, Iasha, 91 Maurois, Andre, 232 Magnusson, Magnus, 226 Max Weinreich Center for Advanced Magonet, Jonathan, 226 Jewish Studies (see Yivo Institute Mahler, Raphael, 282 for Jewish Research) Maiaski, F., 96 Maybaum, Ignaz, 227 Maisels, Israel A., 287, 289 Mayer, Daniel, 230 Majshavot (Argentina), 214 Maywald, Gerhard, 245 Makowski, Gregorio, 212 Mazel, Isodoro, 214 Maksimov, A.M., 79 Meany, George, 145, 155 Maksimov, Vladimir, 99n Medicaid, 162, 163 Malcolm X College, 111 Medvedev, Roy, 101 Malka, Victor, 233 Medvedev, Zhores, 99n Malta, 157 Meged, Matti, 201 La Manana (Montevideo), 206 Mejia, Jorge, 210, 213 Mancher, Harry, 65 Melton Research Center (see Jewish Mandel, Arnold, article by, 229-234 Theological Seminary of America) Mandel, Eli, 202 Meltz, Cecil, 288 Mandelbaum, Judith, 370 Meltzer, Julian, 282 Mandelevich, Joseph, 100 Memmi, Albert, 233 Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 88n Memorial Foundation for Jewish Cul- Mandelzweig, Raphael, 289 ture, 246, 256, 259, 287, 307 Manger, Itzik, 202 Menshevik Party (Soviet Union), 77 Mankowitz, Wolf, 226 Menuhin, Yehudi, 226 Mann, D. K., 287 Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 316 Manufacturers Association (Israel), 277 Mermey, Fayvelle, 371 Mapam (see Labor-Mapam Alignment, Meshel, Yeraham, 265, 278 Israel) Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin Mapam Party (Israel), 214, 233, 279 Rabbinical Academy, 316 Marchais, Georges, 229 Metropolitan New York Coordinating Margolis, Nikolaii, 91 Council on Jewish Poverty, 6, 16, Marguilies, Selma-Marguerite, 204 34, 36n, 58, 162 Mariakovski Drama Theater (Soviet Mexico, 112, 171, 206, 275 Union), 91 Meyer, Marshall T., 213 Mark, Julius, 370, 371 Meyer, Naomi, article by, 205-215 Markish, David, 226 Michel, Ernest W., 46 Markish, Peretz, 88, 90 Michigan Jewish History, 359 Martin, William, 115 Midler, Viktor, 92n Marx, Karl, 26, 97, 233, 255 Midrasha Ha-ivrit (Argentina), 213 Marx, Robert J., Ill Midstream, 361 Maryland Knights of the Ku Klux Mihajlov, Mihajlo, 157 Klan, 118 Mikelberg, Iskov, 83 442 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Miller, Eric Meiton, 227 Morim (see Jewish Teachers Associa- Miller, Jules, 371 tion) Miller, Millie, 228 Morin, Jacques Yvan, 200 Miller, Saul, 203 Morning Freiheit, 362 Mills, Alan, 204 Morocco, 150, 265, 280 Milton, Frank, 227 Morris, Anna, 290 Minda, Albert G., 371 Morris/Sussex Jewish News, 359 Miran, Maynard, article by, 177-189 Morrison, Jack, 228 Mirrer Yeshiva Central Institute, 316 Moscow Religious Congregation, 87 Mishin, V., 95n Moscow Yiddish Drama Ensemble (So- Mission Today (Vienna), 82 viet Union), 91 Missouri Jewish Post and Opinion, 359 Mostel, Zero, 371 Mitterand, Francois, 229 Moynihan, Daniel P., 146 Mizrachi, G., 84 Mozambique, 129, 284 Mizrachi Federation (Gt. Britain), 222, Mujica, Rodolfo, 209 227 Mulley, Fred, 218 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi (see Reli- Mundo Israelita (Argentina), 212, 213, gious Zionists of America) 214 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi Organi- Munk, Hedy, 203 zation of Canada, 342 Munk, Nicholas, 203 Mizrachi Palestine Fund (see Religious Murzhenko, Aleksandr, 100 Zionists of America) Musicians' Guild (Canada), 195 Mizrachi Party (Israel), 211, 223, 232 Muslim News (S. Africa), 286 Mizrachi Women's Organization of America (see American Mizrachi Myerson, Moishe, 204 Women) McGill University (Canada), 194 Mocatta, Edward Elkin, 228 McMaster University, 204 Michoels, Solomon, 88 Modansky, Jacob R., 371 NAACP (see National Association for Mo'etzet Hapoalot (see Na'amat Israel) the Advancement of Colored Peo- Mogilever, Vladimir, 100 ple) Mohnhaupt, Brigitte, 235 Na'amat (Israel), 265 Mohsen, Zuhair, 128 Nabarro, Alan, 228 Moller, Christian, 236 Nachmann, Werner, 237, 246 Moller, Gottfried, 228 La Nacion (Argentina), 206, 210 Moment, 5n, 359 Namibia, 284, 290 Monaco, 234 Na'or, Arie, 277 Mondale, Walter P., 109, 135, 137 Napley, David, 227 Monedero, Juan Carlos, 209 Nardi, Nahum, 282 Montes, Oscar A., 205 Nation, 109 Montoneros Party (Argentina), 206 National Academy for Adult Jewish Montreal Committee for Catholic-Jew- Studies (see United Synagogue of ish Relations, 199 America) Montreal Group of 35, 197 National Association for the Advance- Montreal Symphony Orchestra, 195 ment of Colored People, Moon, Sun Myung, 116 (NAACP), 108, 110 Moore, Deborah Dash, 3 National Association of Hebrew Day Moorman, Eric, 222 School Administrators (see Torah Morawetz, Oskar, 201 INDEX / 443 Umesorah—National Society for National Conference of Yeshiva Princi- Hebrew Day Schools) pals (see Torah Umesorah—Na- National Association of Hebrew Day tional Society for Hebrew Day School Parent-Teachers Associa- Schools) tions (see Torah Umesorah—Na- National Conference on Jewish Camp- tional Society for Hebrew Day ing (see National Jewish Welfare Schools) Board) National Association of Jewish Family, National Conference on Soviet Jewry, Children's and Health Profession- 101, 154, 304 als, 330 Soviet Jewry Research Council, 304 National Association of Jewish Homes National Council for Jewish Education, for the Aged, 330 316, 317 National Association of Jewish Voca- National Council for Soviet Jewry tional Services, 330 (NCSJ, Gt. Britain), 223 National Association of State, Univer- National Council for Torah Education sity and Land Grant Colleges, 110 of Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi, National Association of Synagogue Ad- (see Religious Zionists of America) ministrators (see United Synagogue National Council of Auxiliaries (see of America) American Medical Center at Den- National Association of Temple Ad- ver) ministrators (see Union of Ameri- National Council of Beth Jacob Schools, can Hebrew Congregations) 317 National Association of Temple Educa- National Council of Churches, 112, 114, tors (see Union of American He- 163, 164 brew Congregations) National Council of Jewish Prison National Asthma Center, 330 Chaplains, 330 National Broadcasting Corporation National Council of Jewish Women, (NBC), 173 160, 330 National Commission for Manpower National Council of Jewish Women of Policy, 112 Canada, 342 National Committee for Furtherance of National Council of Young Israel, 161, Jewish Education, 316 317 National Committee for Labor Israel— American Friends of Young Israel Israel Histadrut Campaign, 335 Synagogues in Israel, 317 American Trade Union Council, 335 Armed Forces Bureau, 317 National Committee on Yiddish (Can- Employment Bureau, Institute for ada) Jewish Studies, Intercollegiate Yiddish Music and Theatre Festival, Council and Young Single Adults, 201 317 National Conference of Catholic Bish- Yisrael Hatzair, 317 ops, 164 National Endowment for the Humani- Secretariat for Catholic-Jewish Rela- ties, 174 tions, 114 National Federation of Jewish Men's National Conference of Catholic Bish- Clubs, 317 ops (Argentina), 206 National Federation of Temple Brother- National Conference of Synagogue hoods, Jewish Chautauqua Society, Youth (see Union of Orthodox 314 Jewish Congregations of America) National Federation of Temple Sister- 444 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 hoods (see Union of American He- National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, brew Congregations) 119 National Federation of Temple Youth, National Memorial, Inc.; National 176 Shrine to the Jewish War Dead (see National Foundation for Jewish Cul- Jewish War Veterans of the United ture, 307 States of America) National Front (Gt. Britain), 117, 217 National Organization of Orthodox National Front Press (Gt. Britain), 166 Synagogue Administrators (see National Full Employment Week, 162 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre- National Hebrew Culture Council, 307, gations of America) 308 National ORT League (see American National Institute of Economic and So- ORT Federation) cial Research (Gt. Britain), 225 National Party (S. Africa), 283, 286 National Interreligious Task Force on National Press Club, 147 Soviet Jewry, 154, 165 National Religious Party (NRP; Israel), National Jewish Commission on Law 261, 262, 266, 267, 274, 279 and Political Action (COLPA), 18, National Research Development Cor- 160, 304 poration (Gt. Britain), 227 National Jewish Committee on Scout- National Security Council, 121 ing, 330 National Socialist League, 118 National Jewish Community Relations National Socialist Liberation Front, 118 Advisory Council (NJCRAC), 6, National Socialist Movement, 118 11, 35, 58, 167, 304 National Socialist Party (NSDAP; W. National Jewish Conference Center, 317 Germany), 236, 237 Holocaust Resource Center, 317 National Socialist Party of America, National Jewish Hospital and Research 117, 166 Center, 330 National Socialist White People's Party, Commission on Jewish Chaplaincy, 117 330 National Socialist White Workers National Jewish Hospitality Committee, Party, 118 318 National Society for Hebrew Day National Jewish Information Service for Schools (see Torah Umesorah) the Propagation of Judaism, 318 National Trade Union Council (see Jew- National Jewish Monthly, 358 ish Labor Committee) National Jewish Population Study National Union of Students (Gt. Brit- (NJPS), 178 ain), 220 National Jewish Welfare Board (JWB), National Women's Conference (see 71, 173, 329-330 United Nations) Florence Heller Research Center, 163 National Yeshiva Teachers Board of Li- Jewish Book Council of JWB, 306 cense (see Torah Umesorah—Na- Jewish Music Council of JWB, 174, tional Society for Hebrew Day 307 Schools) National Conference on Jewish National Youth Council for Soviet Camping, 20, 71, 172, 173, 174, 175 Jewry (Gt. Britain), 223 National Joint Community Relations NATO (see North Atlantic Treaty Or- Committee of Canadian Jewish ganization) Congress and B'nai B'rith in Can- Nazism, 79, 82,93, 96,97, 117,118,166, ada, 342 170, 195, 204, 205, 209, 235, 236, INDEX / 445

237, 238, 239, 242, 244, 245, 246, munity Relations Advisory Coun- 249, 253, 257, 286 cil) NBC (see National Broadcasting Cor- NJPS (see National Jewish Population poration) Study) NCSJ (see National Council for Soviet Noam Hammishmeret Hatzeira (see Re- Jewry, Gt. Britain) ligious Zionists of America) NDP (see New Democratic Party, Can- North American Aliyah Movement (see ada) World Zionist Organization— Near East Report, 358 American Section) Nedelia (Soviet Union), 97 North American Jewish Students Ap- NEH (see National Endowment for the peal, 339, 340 Humanities) North American Jewish Students' Net- Neher, Andre, 234 work, 172, 173, 340 Neilson, James, 209 North American Jewish Youth Council, Neizvesniy, Ernest, 99n 304 Nekrasov, Viktor, 99n North Atlantic Treaty Organization Ner Israel Rabbinical College, 318 (NATO), 152 The Netherlands, 154, 173, 235, 253 North York Board of Education (Can- Neuberger, Josef, 252 ada), 200 Neue Zeitung (W. Germany), 252 Norwich, Rose, 290 New Communist List (Israel), 280 Notre Dame University, 135 New Democratic Party (Canada), 203 Novoye Hasskoe Slow, 88n New Jersey Court of Appeals, 165 Novy Mir (Soviet Union), 92 The New Leader, 121 NRP (see National Religious Party, Is- New Order of the Knights of the Ku rael) KluxKlan, 119 NSDAP (see National Socialist Party, New York Board of Rabbis, 6 W. Germany) New York City Police Department, 161 NSDAP-Auslandorganisation, 238, 239 New York Civil Liberties Union, 43n NSDAP Foreign Organization (W. Ger- New York Daily News, 132 many), 238 New York State Court of Appeals, 162 NSDAP-Overseas Branch, 118 New York State Division of Human N'Shei Agudath Israel of America (see Rights, 169 Agudath Israel of America) New York State Supreme Court, 163 Nueva Sion (Argentina), 214 The New York Times, 43n, 116 Nuremberg Laws, 231 New York University, 61 Newman, Aubrey, 226 Observer (Tennessee), 364 Newman, Eugene, 228 Ochab, Edward, 255 Newman, Julius, 227 Ofer, Avraham, 282 Nightingale House (the Home for Aged Ogen, Arie, 242 Jews, Gt. Britain), 222 Ogonek (Soviet Union), 97 92nd Street Y, 44 Ohio Jewish Chronicle, 363 Nir, Arve, 282 Olde, Max, 244 Nirgad, Ram, 207 Olejak, Hans, 245 Nisenbom, Reuben, 213 Olevasky, Nuta, 84 Nixon, Richard, 120, 124 Olomeinu—Our World, 362 NJCRAC (see National Jewish Com- Olympics (Munich), 230 446 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Ontario Human Rights Commission, Pauling, Linus, 96 196 Peace and Equality for Israel (see Shelli Ontario Task Force on Human Rela- Party, Israel) tions (Canada), 192 Peachey Property Corporation (Gt. Openstein, M., 84 Britain), 227 La Opinion (Argentina), 206 PEC Israel Economic Corporation, 335 Opposition Party (Gt. Britain), 216 Pechersky, T.R., 82 Organizacion Sionista Argentina Pedagogic Reporter, 362 (OSA), 211, 215 PEF Israel Endowment Funds, 335-336 Organizacion Sionista Femenina Pennie, David, 226 (OSFA, Argentina), 208, 211 Penson, Boris, 100 Orlov, Yuri, 155 People Against Crime, 161 OSA (see Organizacion Sionista Argen- People's Assembly, 148 tina) People's Republic of China, 258 OSFA (see Organizaci6n Sionista Peres, Shimon, 132, 261, 263, 270, 272, Femenina, Argentina) 274 Ottawa Jewish Bulletin & Review, 365 Peretz, J.L., 91, 233 Ovnat, Shmuel, 204 Per6n, Isabel Martinez de, 207 Owen, David, 219, 284 Peronist Party (Argentina), 206, 207, Oxford (England) Center for Postgradu- 215 ate Hebrew Studies, 174 Petrovic, Lucy, 259 Ozar Hatorah, 318 P'eylim—American Yeshiva Student Pagani, Herbert, 233 Union, 318 Pahlavi, Mohammed Rez, Shah of Iran, PFLP (see Popular Front for the Libera- 230 tion of Palestine) Palestine Liberation Organization Philips, Namie, 289 (PLO), 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, Phillips, Olga Somech, 227 131, 132, 133, 134, 138, 140, 141, Philo of Alexandria, 214 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, Phoenix Jewish News, 357 157, 164, 168, 196, 219, 220, 240, Pierrard, Pierre, 234 253, 258, 263, 271, 275 Pioneer Woman, 362 Covenant, 127, 142 Pioneer Women, The Women's Labor Palestine Mandate (see League of Na- Zionist Organization of America, tions) 336 Palestine National Council (PNC), 126, Pirchei Agudath Israel (see Agudath Is- 127, 128 rael of America) Panama Canal Treaty, 171 Plaut, Gunther, 194, 198, 204 Panich, Abraham, 84 Plaut, Jonathan, 201 Pansegrau, Ewald, 245 Pliushch, Leonid, 99n Paperny, Myra, 202 PLO (see Palestine Liberation Organi- Paraguay, 246 zation) Park, Martin, 204 PNC (see Palestine National Council) Parti Quebecois (Canada), 91 Poale Agudath Israel of America, 336 Partos, Oedoen, 282 Women's Division, 336 Pathudi, Cedric, 287 Poale Zion Party (Israel), 223 Patriarch Catholicos, (Soviet Union), Pohls, Heinrich, 244 83, 84 Poland, 79, 83, 84, 151, 153, 170, 239, Paucker, Arnold, 250 244, 245, 246, 255-257 INDEX / 447 Poliakov, Leon, 234 Rabbinical Council Record, 362 Polish American Affairs Council, 108 Rabbinical Seminary (Hungary), 247 Politburo (E. Germany), 254 Rabin, Yitzhak, 122, 123, 132, 263, 269, Ponomarev, Boris, 89, 223 270, 276 Ponto, Jurgen, 235 Rabinovich, Juda Menachem, 84 Pope John Paul II, 256 Rabinovitch, Solomon, 82, 86n Pope Paul VI, 255, 280 Race Relations Act (Gt. Britain, 1977), Popular Front for the Liberation of 217 Palestine (PFLP), 127, 128, 129, Radio Free Europe, 155 150 Radio Liberty, 155 Portillo, Jose Lopez, 171 Radke, Gerhard, 242 Portugal, 275 Radzichowski, Naum, 215 Posluns, Leah, 201 RAF (see Rote Armee-Fraktion, W. Potok, Chaim, 287 Germany) Prais, S.J., 225 Rahman, Hassan Abdel, 127 Prause, Gerhard, 250 Rakah (see New Communist List, Is- Pravda Ukrainy (Soviet Union), 97 rael) Preiss, Henry J., 289 Ram, Abraham, 202 La Prensa (Argentina), 210 Random House, 155 Present Tense, 37n, 362 Rapaport, Rachiel, 289 Di Presse (Argentina), 214 Raphael, Marc Lee, 4n, 5n Prestin, Vladimir, 198 Raphael, Yitzhak, 261 Primost, Sydney Simon, 228 Rapoport, Natan, 174 Privoerskaia, Zina, 92n Rashi, 214 Proceedings of the American Academy Raspe, Jean-Carl, 235, 236 for Jewish Research, 362 Rassco Israel Corporation and Rassco Progressive Federal Party (S. Africa), Financial Corporation, 336 283 Rathje, Heinrich, 244 Progressive movement (S. Africa), 288 Ravitch, Diane, 110 Ravitch, Melech, 202, 204 al-Qaddafi, Muammar, 133, 137, 150 Rayne, Max, 227 Qoboza, Percy, 284 Read, John Kingsley, 217 Quandt, William, 121 Realites (Paris), 93n Quebec Policy Research Institute, 194 Reconstructionist, 362 Quinn, John R., 114 Reconstructionist Federation of Con- gregations and Fellowships (see Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Jewish Reconstructionist Fellow- Seminary (see Yeshiva University) ships) Rabbinerkonferenz in der Bundesrepub- Reconstructionist Rabbinical Associa- lik Deutschland (W. Germany), tion (see Jewish Reconstructionist 247 Foundation) Rabbinical Alliance of America Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (Harabonim), 318 (see Jewish Reconstructionist Rabbinical Assembly, 318 Foundation) Rabbinical College of Telshe, 318 The Red Cross, 242 Rabbinical Council of America, 318 Reform Judaism, 362 Beth Din, 18 Regelson, Lev, 88n 448 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Regensberg, Chaim David, 371, 372 Rondholz, Friedrich, 244 Rein, Steven, 289 Ros, Enrique, 208 Religious Zionists of America, 336 Roschmann, Eduard, 246 Bnei Akiva of North America, 336 Rose, Alan, 194 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi, 336 Rose, Frederick P., 11, lln Mizrachi Palestine Fund, 336 Rosen, Moses, 86, 170 National Council for Torah Educa- Rosenbaum, Wilhelm, 245 tion of Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizra- Rosenberg, Adolph, 372 chi, 336 Rosenblatt, Joe, 202 Noam-Hamishmeret Hatzeira, 336 Rosenfarb, Chava, 203 Remba, Oded, 372 Rosenfield, Geraldine, article by, 160- Rendtorff, Rolff, 242 176 Renger, Annemarie, 243 Rosenthal, Henry M., 372 Reporter, 360 Rossner, Bernhard, 235 Reports, 39n Rostropovich, Mstislav, 99n Research Foundation for Jewish Immi- Rote Armee-Fraktion (RAF; W. Ger- gration, 308 many), 235 Research Institute of Religious Jewry, Rotenberg, David, 203 319 Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 90, Resistencia (Argentina), 212 191 Resnizky, Nehemias, 206, 208, 209 RSFR (see Russian Soviet Federated Response, 4n, 362 Socialist Republic) Rhea Hirsch School of Education (see Hebrew Union College—Jewish Rubel, Jacob, 213 Institute of Religion) Riickerl, Adalbert, 250 Rhode Island Jewish Historical Notes, Rudel, Ulrich, 237 364 Rudy, Willy, 203 Rhodes Conference, 138 Rumania, 83, 86, 153,156,170,259, 275 Rhodes, Irving, 372 Rumanian Jewish Federation of Amer- Rhodes, Robert, 226 ica, 327 Rhodesia, 165, 217, 284 Rurka, Simon, 227 Rice University, 115 Russell, Bertrand, 90, 96 Ries, Wiebrecht, 251 Russian Orthodox Church (Soviet Rigby, T.R., 103n Union), 83 Riklin, Iosef, 91 Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Re- Rila, Rafael, 242 public (RSFR), 79 Rivlin, Moshe, 282 Rustin, Bayard, 108, 111 Rizzak, Francis, 274 Robinsohn, Hans, 250 The SA Observer (S. Africa), 286 Robinson, Jacob, 372 Sachs, Emil (Solly), 227 Rockefeller Foundation, 121 Sachser, Friedo, articles by, 235-252, Rogers, William, 124 253-254 Rohan, Blanka, 248 al-Sadat, Anwar, 18, 126, 128, 129, 130, Rohan, Hanka, 248 137, 138, 140, 147, 148, 149, 150, Roiter, Howard, 198 151, 167, 171, 218, 219, 240, 247, Roith, Abraham, 228 254, 260, 271, 272, 273 Roitkop, Dina, 92n Safrai, Shmuel, 250 Rollansky, Samuel, 214 Sahl, Hans, 249 Roman, Itzhak, 242 as-Saiqa, 128 INDEX / 449 Saitan, Sofia, 92n Schneider, William, 109 SAJBD (see South African Jewish Schochet, David, 198 Board of Deputies) Schocken Institute for Jewish Research SAJBE (see South African Jewish Board (see Jewish Theological Seminary of Education) of America) Sakharov, Andreii, 98, 101, 155, 164, Schon, Frank, 227 165 Schonborn, Erwin, 238, 245 Saktsier, Motl, 90 Schoon, Simon, 251 Sallis-Freudenthal, Margarete, 249 Schrage, Samuel A., 373 Salsberg, Sara Gittel, 204 Schubert, Ingrid, 236 samizdat, 95n, 100 Schiitz, Klaus, 241 Samuel, Julien, 232 Schwartz, Solomon, 96n Samuel A. Fryer Educational Research Schwartzer, Benjamin, 91 Foundation (see Torah Umesorah Schwarz, Solomon, 88 —National Society for Hebrew Schweitzer, Albert, 96 Day Schools) Sebe, Lennox, 287 Samuels, Harry, 227 Segal, Abraham, 373 San Francisco Jewish Bulletin, 357 Segal, J. J., 203 Sandier, L.D., 288 Seidel, Hillel, 262 Sarid, Yosef, 262, 277 Selig, Martha, 21 Sarkis, Elias, 140 Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano Sartawi, Issam, 240 (Argentina), 213-215 Satok, David, 194 Seminary College of Jewish Studies- Saudi Arabia, 120, 122, 134, 141, 147, Teachers Institute (see Jewish The- 148, 150, 169, 218, 270, 281 ological Seminary of America) Sauer, Karl, 250 Sentinel, 358 Sawhill, Isabel, 112 Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of Amer- SAZF (see South African Zionist Feder- ica, 327 ation) Serke, Jiirgen, 249 Schachar, Isaiah, 228 Seven Arts Feature Syndicate, 362 Schafler, Leo, 228 Seven Arts Feature Syndicate and Scharansky, Anatoli, 79, 99, 101, 155, World Wide News Service, 364 165, 197, 223 Severo, Richard, 43n Scharansky, Avital, 197 Shaar Hashomayim (Canada), 204 Scheel, Walter, 242, 249, 252 Shaban, Abel, 289 Scheinfeld, Yeshayahu, 242 Shaban, Sarah, 289 Scherer, Emanuel, 372 Shafir, M. M., 203 Scheur, Alfred, 227 Shamir, Moshe, 274 Schiff, Alvin, 41 Shapiro, Daniel S., 35 Schiff, Meilech, 202 Shapiro, Ezra A., 282 Schifrin, Isidor, 372, 373 Shapiro, Ezra Z., 373 Schindler, Alexander M., 137, 139, 145, Shapiro, Leon, articles by, 77-103, 89n, 281 255-57, 258-59 Schine, Harold, 373 Shapiro, Lev, 94 Schlei, Marie, 247 Sharon, Ariel, 262, 276, 280 Schleyer, Hans Martin, 230, 235, 236 Shcherbakov, Leonid, 83 Schmidt, Helmut, 230, 237, 239, 240, Shechtman, Eli, 90 246 Sheerin, John, 114 Schmidt, Josef, 245 Sheerit Ha-pleita (Argentina), 211 450 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Sheldon, Robert Edward, 227 Slavic Review, 78n, 103n Shelli Party (Israel), 262, 263, 274 Slepak, Vladimir, 99 Shelton, Robert, 118 Slonim, Reuben, 199 Shemen, Nachman, 202 Smith, Bradley, 226 Shen, Simja, 214 Smith, Ian, 218 Sher, David, 31 Smith, Stuart, 203 Sherer, Moshe, 37n Sneh, Simcha, 212 Sherling, Iurii, 91 Snowman, Leonard, 227 Sherut La'am (see American Zionist Social Democratic Party (SPD; W. Ger- Youth Foundation) many), 236, 237, 240, 242, 243, Sheveleva, Anna, 92n 246, 247, 252 Sheviley Hahinuch, 362 Social Security, 113, 162, 163 Shevtov, I., 97 Socialist International, 227 Shinui Movement (Israel), 261 Socialist Party (France), 93, 229, 230 Shilman, Berta, 91 Socialist Zionist Youth Movement (see Shlifer, Solomon, 84, 85, 86 Hashomer Hatzair) Shlomzion Party (Israel), 266 Sociedad Hebraica Argentina, 211, 214 Sh'ma, 44n, 360 Society for the History of Czechoslovak Shoah, 362 Jews, 308 Shmuessen Mil Kinder, 362 Society of Friends of the Touro Syna- Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute, 319 gogue, National Historical Shrine, Shor, 92n Inc., 319 Shore, Marvin, 203 Society of Israel Philatelists, 336 Shostakovitch, Dmitri, 93 Shtern, Mikhail, 100 Society of the Founders of Albert Ein- Shtillman, Viktor, 100 stein College of Medicine (see Ye- Shulman, Zinovii, 92n shiva University) Sid-Ahmed, Mohamed, 226 Solender, Sanford, 3, 19, 32, 44n, 47, 52, Siegel, Danny, 201 71 Siegel, Samuel H., 373 Solidarity Week for Soviet Jewry, 197 Sievers, Leo, 249 Solly, Shalom, 223 Silasvua, Enzio, 273 Soloveitchik, Joseph, 282 Silberman, Israel, 92n Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 99n Silbert, Silvia F., 373 Sonntag, Jacob, 226 Silverman, Samuel, 31, 39 Sons of Italy, 108 Silverstone, Arnold, 228 South Africa, 165, 276, 283-290 Sinai Agreement, 124, 144 South African Jewish Board of Deputies Singer, Vem, 203 (SAJB), 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, Siniavskii, Andreii, 98, 99n 289 Six-Day War, 25, 33, 99, 123, 124, 130, South African Board of Jewish Educa- 132, 133, 137, 144, 218, 258, 260, tion (see South African Jewish 262 Board of Deputies) Skerlownik, Anton, 249 South African Jewish Ex-Service Skirball Museum (see Hebrew Union League, 289 College—-Jewish Institute of Reli- South African National Yad Vashem, gion) 290 Sklare, Marshall, 5n, 27n South African Revisionist Organization, Slama, Hanna, 248 290 INDEX / 451 South African Zionist Federation Stalin, Josef, 77, 77n, 78, 78n, 79, 81, 82, (SAZF), 288, 290 84, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, Women's Zionist Council, 288 102, 212, 233 South Carolina Invisible Klan Empire, The Star (Johannesburg), 285 118 Stark Jewish News, 363 South Korea, 116 State of Israel Bond Organization, 336- South West Africa (see Namibia) 337 South West Africa People's Organiza- State University of New York (SUNY), tion (SWAPO), 284 165 South Yemen, 150 Steed, Michael, 219 Southern Baptist Convention, 114 Stein, Herman, 26n Southern Illinois Jewish Community Steinberg, Sam, 203 News, 358 Steinhardt, Maxwell, 374 Southern Israelite, 358 Stercken, Hans, 242 Southern Jewish Weekly, 358 Stern, Frederick M., 374 Southern Methodist University, 114 Sternberg, Sigmund, 227 Southwest Jewish Chronicle, 364 Stewart, Desmond, 226 Sovetish Heymland (Soviet Union), 80n, Steyn, Marthinus T., 284 86n, 90, 92, 96 Stollman, Samuel S., 204 Sovetskaia Kultura (Soviet Union), 90 Stone, Dewey D., 374 Sovetskaia Rossia (Soviet Union), 97 Stone, Joseph Ellis, 227 Soviet Jewry, 34, 49, 77-103, 154, 155, Stone, Richard, 269 157, 164, 165, 170, 173, 193, 197, 212, 223, 244 Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry, 101, 304 Soviet Jewry Research Council (see Na- tional Conference on Soviet Jewry) Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, Soviet Union, 77-103, 78n, 80n, 89n, 363-64 95n, 120, 121, 129, 130, 133, 137, Stulberg, Louis, 374 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, Sudan, 123, 129, 150 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 165, Sugarman, Sidney, 226 167, 170, 193, 197, 223, 244, 257, Sunday Times (Gt. Britain), 220 258, 270, 272, 275, 281 Super, Arthur S., 288 Bezbozhniki, 86n Supplementary Security Income (SSI), Committee for Religious Affairs, 82 163 Council for Religious Cults, 83 Surkis, Meshulem, 90 SPD (see Social Democratic Party, W. Suslov, Mikhail, 89 Germany) Sussman, Joel, 279 Speisman, Stephen, 201 Suzman, Arthur, 286 Sperber, Manes, 233 Svichova, Raisa, 91 Spertus College of Judaica, 319 Svirsky, G., 95n Spiegel, Irving, 373 SWAPO (see South West Africa Peo- Spinoza, Baruch, 208, 214 ple's Organization) Spivak, Sidney, 203 Switzerland, 152, 173, 236 Spolski, Jak, 215 Synagogue Council of America, Insti- Spotnitz, Miriam, 374 tute for Jewish Policy Planning and Springer, Axel, 242 Research, 164, 165, 166, 170, 319 SSI (see Supplemental Security Income) Synagogue Light, 362 St. Louis Jewish Light, 359 Syria, 120, 126, 130, 131, 133, 138, 140, 452 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 145, 147-50, 157, 171, 219, 247, Toledo Jewish News, 364 254, 261, 270, 272, 274 Tolkachev, Zinovii, 92n Syrian-Israeli Armistice Agreement Tonati, Emile, 231 (1949), 131 Torah Umesorah—National Society for Szold, Robert, 374, 375 Hebrew Day Schools, 161, 319 Sztejnwaks, Pinhus, 375 Institute for Professional Enrich- ment, 319 Taeubler, Eugen, 250 National Association for Hebrew Day Tal, Sidi, 92n School Administrators, 320 Talks and Tales, 362 National Association of Hebrew Day Tallin Yiddish Drama Ensemble (Soviet School Parent-Teacher Associa- Union), 91 tions, 320 Tanenbaum, Marc, 114 National Conference of Yeshiva Prin- Tarbuth Foundation for the Advance- cipals, 320 ment of Hebrew Culture, 172, 174 National Yeshiva Teachers Board of Task Force on the New York City Cri- License, 320 sis, 16 Samuel A. Fryer Educational Re- Tass (Soviet Union), 152 search Foundation, 320 Taufer, Lutz, 235 The Torch, 358 Taylor, William T., Ill Torgov, Morley, 202 Teilingater, Shlome, 92n Toronto Action Committee for Soviet Teitz, Pinchas, 83, 86 Jewry, 197 Tel Aviv Museum, 196 Toronto Associated Hebrew Schools, Tel Aviv University (Israel), 175, 210, 200 213, 252 Toronto Book Fair, 201 Tendetny, Mikhail, 87 Toronto Group of 35, 154, 197 Tenuat Aliyah (Argentina), 211 Toronto Jewish Congress (TJC), 192, Termination of Pregnancy Law (Israel), 194, 199, 201 267, 279 Jewish Cultural Council, 201 La Terre Retrouvee (France), 230 Toronto Jewish Family and Child Ser- Territorial Defense and Security Forces vice, 193 (DST), 230 Toronto Zionist Council, 196 Terrorism, 168, 193, 205-207, 211, 214, Touboul, Liliane, 233 219, 230, 235, 236 Touro College, 320 Texas Baptist Convention, 164 Toury, Jacob, 250 Texas Jewish Post, 364 Trade Union Council (Gt. Britain), 217 Theodor Herzl Foundation, 334 Tradition, 362 Theodor Herzl Institute, 334-335 Trainin, Isaac N., 17, 18, 34n, 69 Herzl Press, 335 Trebnik, Shimon, 85 Thorpe, Jeremy, 219 Treeper, Leopold, 198 Time, 141 Tribune Juive (France), 231 Timerman, Jacobo, 171, 206, 212 Trigano, Shmuel, 234 Tinnin, David B., 226 Trilateral Commission, 121 Tisch, Billie, 3, 42, 65 Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 191 Tishler, Aleksandr, 92n Tucholsky, Kurt, 250 Tito, Josip Broz, 230, 247, 258 Tucker, Robert C, 78n TJC (see Toronto Jewish Congress) Tulsa Jewish Review, 364 Tlas, Mustafa, 58, 148 Turchin, Valentin, 99n INDEX / 453 Turkow, Marc, 212 Union of Jewish Women (S. Africa), Tversky, A., 84 288, 290 Union of Liberal and Progressive Syna- U Institutional and Industrial Products gogues (Gt. Britain), 228 Directory, 360 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congrega- U Kosher Products Directory, 361 tions of America, 163, 165, 167, U News Reporter, 362 172, 173, 176, 321 U Passover Products Directory, 362 National Conference of Synagogue UAHC (see Union of American Hebrew Youth, 321 Congregations) National Organization of Orthodox UCF (see United Communal Fund) Synagogue Administrators, 321 Uganda, 168, 219 Women's Branch, 321-322 Uhde, Bernhard, 251 Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United UIA (see United Israel Appeal, Canada) States and Canada, 322 Uj Horizont, 362 Union of Religious Congregations (Po- UJA (see United Jewish Appeal) land), 256 UJFNews, 364 Union of Sephardic Congregations, 322 UJRA (Canada), 194 United Arab List (Israel), 280 UK-Israel Joint Committee, 221 United Charity Institutions of Jerusa- Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (Soviet lem, 337 Union), 96 United Communal Fund (UCF; S. Africa), 287, 288 UNDOF (see United Nations Disen- United Community Fund (Argentina), gagement Observer Force) 212 Undzer Veg (Canada), 365 United Israel Appeal, 337 Unification Church, 116 United Israel Appeal (UIA; Canada), Union of American Hebrew Congrega- 196 tions, 164, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, United Jewish Appeal, 22, 26, 27, 35, 320 46, 48, 49, 59, 66, 69, 75, 177, American Conference of Cantors, 320 310 Commission on Social Action of Re- Commission of Synagogue Relations, form Judaism, National Associa- 75 tion of Temple Administrators, 320 Faculty Advisory Committee, Rab- National Association of Temple binical Advisory Committee, 310 Educators, 320 University Programs Department, National Federation of Temple 310 Brotherhoods, 321 Women's Division, 310 National Federation of Temple Sister- Young Leadership Cabinet, 68, 310 hoods, 321 Young Women's Leadership Cabinet, National Federation of Temple 310 Youth, 321 United Jewish Appeal (Canada), 192, —and Central Conference of Ameri- 194 can Rabbis Commission on Jewish United Jewish Appeal-Federation Joint Education, 321 Campaign, 5, 13, 27, 41, 46, 47, 59, —and Central Conference of Ameri- 65, 72 can Rabbis: Joint Commission on United Jewish Teachers Seminary (Can- Synagogue Administration, 321 ada), 342 454 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979

United Klans of America, 118 Federal Crime Insurance Program, United Klans of Florida, 118 161 United Lubavitcher Yeshivoth, 322 Federal Office for Civil Rights, 161 United Lutheran Church of Germany House of Representatives, 112, 113, (W. Germany), 247 140, 144, 165, 166, 171, 191, 192 United Mizrachi Bank Ltd. (Israel), 289 Committee on International Rela- United Nations, 82, 121, 126, 127, 133, tions, 169 142, 144, 168, 171, 196, 208, 242, Executive Helsinki Commission, 273, 284, 285 154 Convention and Protocol on Re- International Affairs Subcommit- fugees, 193 tee on Europe and the Middle East, Disengagement Observer Force 141 (UNDOF), 274 Immigration and Naturalization Ser- General Assembly, 126, 127, 142, vice, 166 144, 146, 270, 277 Senate, 269 Resolution 3379, 102, 168, 219, 275 Appropriations Subcommittee on International Labor Organization Foreign Operations, 122 (ILO), 168 Foreign Relations Committee, 120, International Women's Year, 112 137 National Women's Conference, 112, Subcommittee on International Re- 113, 172 lations, 169 Security Council, 274 Subcommittee on the Middle East Resolution 242, 123, 135, 137, 138, and South Asia, 269 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, Supreme Court, 107, 108, 160, 163, 150, 240, 267 165 Resolution 338, 123, 135, 138, 141, United States Committee—Sports for 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 240, 267 Israel, 337 United Order True Sisters, Inc., 327 United States Tax Reform Act, 191 United Orthodox Services, 322 United Synagogue of America, Atid, United Presbyterian Church, 164 College Age Organization, 322 United States, Commission on Jewish Education, Civil Service Commission, 110 322 Department of Commerce, 169 Jewish Educators Assembly, Joint Bureau of the Census, 177, 178, Commission on Social Action, 322 180n Kadima, 322-323 Department of Defense, 123 National Academy for Adult Jewish Department of Energy, 162 Studies, 323 Department of Justice, 108, 160, 169 National Association of Synagogue Immigration and Naturalization Administrators 323 Service, 112 United Synagogue Youth, 323 Department of Labor, 110, 165 Women's League for Conservative Department of State, 112, 122, 123, Judaism, 323 127, 137, 139, 142, 144, 145, 154 United Synagogue of Great Britain Equal Employment Opportunity (US), 224, 225 Commission, 110 United Synagogue Review, 362 Federal Comprehensive Employment United Synagogue Youth (see United and Training Act (CETA), 174 Synagogue of America) INDEX / 455 United Zionist-Revisionists of America Vickar, Norman, 203 (see Herut-U.S.A.) Videla, Jorge Rafael, 171, 207-09, 211 University of Chicago, 164, 277 Vietnam War, 33, 145, 164 University of California, 160 Viewpoints (Canada) 365 University of Judaism (see Jewish Theo- Vigee, Claude, 233 logical Seminary of America) Villareal, 208 University of Montreal, 198 Vilna Dramatic Ensemble (Soviet University of Witwatersrand (S. Africa), Union), 91, 92 289 Viola, Roberto Edmundo, 207 Unna, Itzhak, 286 Vishnevskaia, Galina, 99n Unser Tsait, 362 Vital, David, 226 U.S.-Arab Chamber of Commerce, 169 Vogel, Rolf, 249 United States Catholic Conference, 114, Voice, 359 163 Volodarskii, Lev, 94 Ury, Peter, 227 Volpe, Esther, 204 United Zionist Federation (Israel), 232 von Dollen, Johannes, 245 University of Calgary (Canada), 203 Vorster, John Balthazar, 283 University of Toronto, 202 U.S. Helsinki Commission, 158 Wa'ad Ha-hinnukh (see AMIA) U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, 169 Waad Ha'kehillot (Argentina), 212 Urban Foundation (S. Africa), 289 Wachinger, L., 251 United Synagogue Review, 172 Waddington, Miriam, 202 United Zionist Party (Israel), 223 Waibel, Adolf, 243 Universal Postal Convention, 155 Wald, Herman, 289 University of California, 107, 108 Waldheim, Kurt, 126, 127 University of Pennsylvania, 23 Wall Street Journal, 118, 206 UOJC (see Union of Orthodox Jewish Wallenberg, Hans, 250, 252 Congregations) Warsaw ghetto uprising, 198, 211, 257 Urban League, 111 Warsaw Pact, 152 Urbont, Carl, 26n Warshawsky, Irving, 375 US (see United Synagogue of Great Washington Post, 119, 130 Britain) Wechsler, Gabriel, 375 U.S. News and World Reports, 110 Weekend Magazine (Canada), 192 Uzan, Raphael, 242 Wegener, Federico (see Eduard Rosch- mann) Die Vaderland (S. Africa), 285 Wehner, Herbert, 236 Valit, Boris, 92n Wehr, Gerhard, 251 Vance, Cyrus, 120, 122, 123, 126, 130, Weidenfeld, Arthur George, 227 132, 140-^2, 143, 147, 150, 151, Weiler, William L., 114 205, 269, 270, 273 Weinrich, Max, 90 Vatican, 152, 154, 164, 214, 255 Weinstein, Julius, 288 Vatican II, 114 Weisgal, Meyer W., 282, 375 Veinman, Moishe, 92n Weiss, Abraham, 214 Venable, James, 118 Weizman, Ezer, 262, 272, 273, 275 Vergelis, Aron, 90, 96 Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel), Vermes, Geza, 226 203, 208, 282 Vestnik Izrailia (Tel Aviv), 86n Wells, Thomas, 200 Vestnik (Paris), 88n Die Welt (W. Germany), 252 456 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Wendroff, Zalman, 89 Women's Campaign for Soviet Jewry West Coast Talmudical Seminary (Ye- (Gt. Britain), 223 shiva Ohr Elchonon), 323 Women's Canadian ORT (see Canadian West German Confederation of Em- ORT Organization) ployers' Associations, 235 Women's International Zionist Organi- West Germany (see Federal Republic of zation (see Hadassah-WIZO) Germany) Women's International Zionist Organi- Westchester Jewish Tribune, 362 zation (WIZO), 211 Westermann, Claus, 251 Women's League for Conservative Ju- Western Jewish News (Canada), 365 daism, 172, 173 Western Province Zionist Council (S. Women's League for Conservative Ju- Africa), 290 daism (see United Synagogue of Western States Jewish Historical Quar- America) terly, 357-58 Women's League for Israel, 337 Westphal, Heinz, 242 Women's League Outlook, 362 Weyer, Willi, 243 Women's Social Service for Israel, White Power Movement, 118 310 Wieczorek, Janusz, 257 Women's Zionist Council (see South Wilder v. Sugarman, 43 African Zionist Federation) Wilinsky, Abraham I., 204 Women's Zionist Council (S. Africa), Wilkins, Roger, 110 289 Wilkinson, Bill, 118 Woods, Donald, 284 Willen, Joseph, 21, 30, 32, 68 Woodsworth, College (Canada), 203 Williams, Bill, 226 Williams, Maurice, 227 Worker's Defense Committee (Poland), Williams, Shirley, 225 153, 255 Williams-Proxmire proposal, 169 Working Commission to Investigate the Willner, Max, 252 Abuse of Psychiatry for Political Wilson, Harold, 216, 227 Purposes (Soviet Union), 153 Windsor Jewish Community Council Working Women's Council (see Na'a- Bulletin, 365 mat, Israel) Wischnewski, Hans-Jiirgen, 240 Workmen's Circle, 170, 174, 327-328 Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle, 364 Division of Jewish Labor Committee, Wistrich, Robert S., 226 3 Witt, Reinhold, 244 Workmen's Circle Call, 362 WIZO (see Hadassah-WIZO, Women's The World (S. Africa), 284 International Zionist Organiza- World Affairs Council, 135 tion) World Confederation of Jewish Com- WOJAC (see World Organization of munity Centers, 331 Jews from Arab Countries) World Confederation of United Zion- Wojtyla, Karol Cardinal, 256 ists, 337 Wolfson, Arthur, 375, 376 World Conference of Religious Repre- Wolfson, Leonard Gordon, 227 sentatives for a Durable Peace, Women, Workers and Volunteers (see Disarmament, and Just Relation- Na'amat, Israel) ships Among Nations (Moscow), Women's American ORT (see Ameri- 253 can ORT Federation) World Conference on Soviet Jewry, 101, Women's American ORT Reporter, 362 154 INDEX / 457 World Congress of Jewish Community Yeshiva Kol Iakov (Soviet Union), 84 Centers, 281 Yeshiva Ohr Elchonon (see West Coast World Council of Churches, 88n Talmudical Seminary) World Council of Synagogues, 214, 323 Yeshiva University, 85, 324 World Jewish Congress, 83, 164, 246, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 257, 259, 287, 304 324 —European Section, 253 Alumni Office, 324, 325 —Latin American Section, 253 Belfer Graduate School of Science, World Organization of Jews from Arab 325 Countries (WOJAC), 171 Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, World Over, 363 325 World Union for Progressive Judaism, Bernard Revel Graduate School, 325 214, 323 Ferkauf Graduate School of Humani- World Union of Jewish Journalists, 281 ties and Social Sciences, 325 World War II, 53, 77, 78n, 88, 91, 92, Harry Fischel School for Higher Jew- 232, 256 ish Studies, 325 World Zionist Congress, 196, 222, 232 Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological World Zionist Organization-American Seminary, 325 Section, 170, 175, 281, 337 Society of the Founders of Albert Ein- Commission on the Teaching of Zion- stein College of Medicine, 325 ism, 173 Women's Organization, 325 Department of Education and Cul- Wurzweiler School of Social Work, ture, 175 325 North American Aliyah Movement, Yeshiva University of Los Angeles, 337 Zionist Archives and Library, 337 325-326 Worms, Fred, 225 Yeshivath Torah Vodaath and Mesivta Wurzweiler School of Social Work (see Rabbinical Seminary, 326 Yeshiva University) Alumni Association, 326 Wysznyski, Stefan Cardinal, 255 Yiddish, 363 Yiddish Music and Theatre Festival (see Yad Vashem, 198, 242, 257, 271 National Committee on Yiddish, Yadin, Yigal, 262, 268 Canada) Yaffe, Aviad, 282 Di Yiddishe Heim, 363 Yakir, Yankl, 90 Yiddishe Kultur, 363 Yamani, Zaki, 134 Yiddisher Kemfer, 363 Yaquib-Khan, 119 Yiddisher Kultur Farband—YKUF, Yaron, Zvi, 282 308 Yavne Hebrew Theological Seminary, Yidishe Shprakh, 363 323 Yisrael Hatzair (see National Council of Yavneh, National Religious Jewish Stu- Young Israel) dents Association, 323, 324 YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science, Yavneh Review, 363 363 Yearbook of the Central Conference of YIVOBIeter, 363 American Rabbis, 363 Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, 173, Yelistratov, Viktor, 198 308 Yeshayahu, Israel, 261 458 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1979 Max Weinreich Center for Advanced Zand, Walter P., 376 Jewish Studies, 308 Zarytshansky, Dawyd, 195 YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Zeirei Agudath Israel (see Agudath Is- (Argentina), 214 rael of America) YKUF (see Yiddisher Kultur Farband) Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland Yom Kippur War, 46, 64, 120, 121 (W. Germany), 237, 246, 247, 248, Young, Andrew, 111, 132, 142, 168, 252 284 Zernik, Charlotte E., 249 Young Americans for Freedom, 108 Zevin, Leib, 92n Young Israel Viewpoint, 363 ZF (see Zionist Federation, Gt. Britain) Young Judea (see Hadassah, Hasha- Zimmel, H.J., 226 char) Zimmermann, Friedrich, 240 Young Judean, 363 Zinoviev, A., 78n The Young Kibbutz Movement (see Zionist Archives and Library (see Dror—Young Zionist Organiza- World Zionist Organization— tion) American Section) Young Liberals (Gt. Britain), 219 Zionist Federation of Great Britain Youngstown Jewish Times, 364 (ZF), 220, 222, 223, 228 Youth Aliyah Center, (see Hadassah) Zionist General Council (Israel), 269, Youth and Nation, 363 281 Youth Council for Soviet Jewry (Can- Zionist Organization of America ada), 197 (ZOA), 337-338 Yugntruf, 363 Zionist Organization of Canada, 203, Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish, 340 204, 342 Yugoslavia, 83, 152, 154, 157, 258-259 Zipper, J., 203 Zolti, Bezalel, 280 Zabow, Aubrey, 289 Zorn, Lewis E., 376 Zadok, Haim, 287 Zuckerman, Lord, 227 Zaire, 129 Zukunft, 363 Zalmanson, Israel, 100 Zvezda (Soviet Union), 97 Zalmanson, Wolf, 100

~~(Continued from front flap)~~

Issues of the Day." Alvin Chenkin and Maynard Miran provide revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealingwith Israel, Canada, Argen- tina, Great Britain, France, Ger- many, the Soviet Bloc nations, and South Africa. There is an analysis of the human rights implications of the Belgrade Conference. New estimates for the world Jewish population are given. Carefully compiled directories of national Jewish organizations, periodicals, and federations and welfare funds, as well as religious calendars and obituary notices, round out this highly regarded reference work. THE STANDARD, AUTHORITATIVE RECORD of the events and trends in American and world Jewish life. Communal workers, librarians, clergymen, journalists, teachers, and students will welcome the YEAR BOOK as an invaluable reference tool. The general reader interested in Jewish life will find the special features and reviews stimulating, informative, and lucid. Special summaries, analyses, reports, directories, lists, tables, calendars, statistics, index. Attractively designed, the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK will be a welcome addition to every reference shelf and home library.