Juifs De Libye Entre Israël Et L’Italie, De 1948 À Nos Jours

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Juifs De Libye Entre Israël Et L’Italie, De 1948 À Nos Jours Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo École des Hautes Études Graduate School en Sciences Sociales Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue e Civiltà dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea - Ciclo 27 Doctorat de recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Historique Mémoires de diaspora, diaspora de mémoires. Juifs de Libye entre Israël et l’Italie, de 1948 à nos jours Tesi di Dottorato di Piera Rossetto matricola 825522 Coordinatore del Dottorato Ch.mo Prof. Federico Squarcini Tutore del Dottorando Ch.ma Prof.ssa Emanuela Trevisan Semi Co-tutore del Dottorando Ch.ma Prof.ssa Chantal Bordes-Benayoun SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: LOR/08 DISCIPLINE: ANTHROPOLOGIE SOCIALE ET HISTORIQUE Anno di discussione 2015 Alle mie nonne, Bruna e Livia, che con forza d’animo, intelligenza e dignità hanno attraversato la loro vita, quasi un secolo di storia... Dédié à mes grand-mères, Bruna et Livia, avec courage, intelligence et dignité elles ont traversé leur vie, presque un siècle d’histoire… Ringraziamenti Questo lavoro di ricerca non sarebbe stato possibile senza i suoi veri protagonisti : gli ebrei di Libia, o meglio, i tripolini e le tripoline, i bengasini e le bengasine, che con grande senso di ospitalità mi hanno accolto nelle loro case e hanno condiviso con me i loro ricordi e i loro percorsi di vita. Agli “intervistati” va tutta la mia gratitudine per aver accettato di “tirar fuori dal cassetto” insieme agli album di famiglia anche le memorie di momenti belli e meno belli passati su un’altra riva del Mediterraneo, diventata da lungo tempo sponda inaccessibile per loro. Spetta tuttavia solo a me la responsabilità di aver interpretato le loro parole in un senso diverso da quello originariamente inteso, se questo è avvenuto. Il mio grazie va a quanti hanno facilitato in vari modi questi incontri aiutandomi a stabilire contatti e trovare dei riferimenti nei diversi luoghi attraverso cui questa tesi si è dipanata in Italia, in Israele, in Francia e in Gran Bretagna. In questo senso, di fondamentale importanza è stato l’incarico di ricerca ricevuto dalla Fondazione CDEC nell’ambito del progetto “Mapping Living Memories. The Jewish Diaspora from Libia across Europe and the Mediterranean”. Un particolare ringraziamento va alla Direzione e staff del CDEC, nonché alla collega dott.ssa Barbara Spadaro con cui abbiamo condiviso questo impegno di lavoro e ricerca. Questo dottorato è stato realizzato in co-tutela con l’EHESS e mi ha portato a trascorrere un anno in Francia, in particolare al LISST (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires) a Tolosa e un periodo più breve à l’EHESS a Parigi. È stato un incontro sorprendentemente ricco quello con il mondo accademico francese, caratterizzato da un’atmosfera di lavoro intensa, partecipata e sempre aperta alla discussione. Il mio grazie va a tutte le colleghe e i colleghi, ricercatori, docenti e personale amministrativo che mi hanno accolto e, cosa non da poco, hanno portato pazienza con il mio francese, che risaliva ai tempi del Ginnasio. La possibilità stessa di questa esperienza è stata garantita dal generoso supporto dell’Università Italo Francese – Université Franco Italienne, tramite il Bando Vinci 2012 e grazie al sostegno alla mobilità internazionale accordatomi dall’EHESS. Inoltre, La Rothschild Foundation (Hanadiv) Europe ha sostenuto la mia attività, accordandomi fondi per la ricerca in Israele et una Doctoral Fellowship, che mi ha permesso di condurre un anno di attività di ricerca. A tutte queste istituzioni va la mia gratitudine. Ringrazio anche l’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, le colleghe e i colleghi del Dipartimento di Studi sull’Africa e sull’Africa Mediterranea con cui ho collaborato in questi anni e in particolare il Dr. Dario Miccoli, che mi ha incoraggiata e ha sempre generosamente condiviso con me il suo percorso di ricerca. Colgo quest’occasione inoltre per ringraziare il professor Harvey E. Goldberg, il professor Maurice Roumani, la dott.ssa Sari Gal che sono sempre stati disponibili a rispondere alle mia domande, nonché il personale degli archivi in cui una parte di questa ricerca si è svolta, in particola la dott.ssa Gisèle Levy del Centro bibliografico dell’UCEI a Roma, il dott. Renato Spiegel del CAHJP, il dott. Beer Shachar dell’AJDC Archive. Ringrazio il personale dei musei e heritage centres che ho visitato in particolare il Merkaz moreshet yahadut Luv à Or Yehuda, il Merkaz Or Shalom le-shimur ve-ankhalat moreshet yehudei Luv à Bat Yam e il Museo ebraico di Roma. Alla stesura materiale di questo lavoro, dalla revisione linguistica alla sua resa grafica, hanno contribuito diverse persone, che ringrazio per la loro disponibilità, dedizione e professionalità. Infine, mi sia permesso esprimere la mia gratitudine a chi ha accompagnato questo percorso fin dal suo inizio. Un sincero ringraziamento va alle mie direttrici di tesi: la professoressa Emanuela Trevisan Semi e la professoressa Chantal Bordes-Benayoun. Il loro profilo intellettuale è stato un punto di riferimento costante nella costruzione di questa tesi, del suo “objet” e della sua “question”. Il loro instancabile impegno a far progredire la ricerca e a promuovere il contributo che ad essa possono dare i giovani, mi sono stati di esempio e mi hanno incoraggiata. Ringrazio la mia famiglia, gli amici e in particolare mio marito per tutta la pazienza, l’affetto, il sostegno che mi hanno dato nei risvolti più quotidiani e faticosi di questo percorso. Questa tesi è dedicata alle mie nonne, che ne hanno visto l’inizio e ora da altrove ne osservano la conclusione. In questi anni ho più volte attraversato il Mediterraneo, fisicamente e metaforicamente, per incontrare i miei interlocutori o per seguirne i ricordi e le memorie. Idealmente il mio pensiero corre a tutti coloro che ancor oggi lo attraversano in cerca di una vita migliore. Table des matières Introduction Partie I p. 21 Au fil des temps et des espaces. Cartographier les lieux et les récits pour appréhender le « fait juif libyen » au pluriel. Notes pour une cartographie de la diaspora juive libyenne p. 27 Chapitre 1 : Souvenirs autour de la ville p. 28 1.1 - « Moi j’habitais sha’ara Spagnol » : perceptions personnelles de la porosité des frontières physiques et relationnelles p. 37 1.2 - « Nous n’étions pas riches, mais il ne nous manquait rien » : souvenirs habités par les relations p. 43 1.3 - « Moi je ne connaissais pas le ghetto » : projections identitaires et stratification de la société juive p. 50 1.4 - « Là-bas ils menaient une vie particulière » : récits des interviewés nés dans les années 1940-1950 p. 55 1.5 - Tripoli : « une » ville, « plusieurs » villes ? p. 60 1.6 - « Nous les avons perdus » : entre abandon et rejet p. 63 En guise de conclusion p. 65 Chapitre 2 : Récits autour de la mer : le point de vue du départ p. 67 2.1 - Récits de la « grande traversé » : mémoires de l’Aliyah (1948-1952) p. 68 2.2 - « Ze hayah be-lel shabbat » : traverser sa propre vie p. 77 2.3 - Retour au point de départ p. 81 2.4 - « Yesh-lanu medinah, she korimla Israel » : forger son projet migratoire p. 84 2.5 - Ou bien de ne pas partir p. 95 En guise de conclusion p. 97 Chapitre 3 : « On pensait revenir à la fin de l’été : le départ en 1967, entre rupture et continuité p. 99 3.1 - « Je ne peux pas oublier la couler de la mer » : se rapprocher au lieu du départ p. 101 3.2 - « Comme si rien ne s’était passé » : les lieux de socialisation comme point de vue sur le départ p. 106 3.3 - « Regardez-moi ! » p. 111 3.4 - Lieux de reconnexion : représentations collectives et processus psychologiques p. 114 3.5 - Lieux de parole : souvenirs autour d’un petit café à Rome p. 120 Conclusion p. 123 Partie II « De grains de safran e du géranium odorant » : mémoire d’objets et objets de mémoire entre parcours de mobilité, sentiment d’italianité, traces de modernité p. 127 Chapitre 1 : Mobilité p. 128 1.1 - Généalogies p. 133 1.2 - Etudier à l’étranger avant l’indépendance (1951) : circulation de personnes et rôle de la femme p. 148 1.3 - Mobilité dans un pays qui change : étudier à l’étranger après l’indépendance p. 156 Conclusion p. 158 Chapitre 2 : « Quando tutto profumava d’Italia », « Quand tout sentait d’Italie » p. 161 2.1 - « Nous étions tous italiens » : construction d’un « sentiment d’italianité » p. 162 2.2 - Les interviewés nés dans les années 1920 et 1930 p. 176 2.3 - Les interviewés nés dans les années 1940 et 1950 p. 177 2.3.1 - La langue et l’école p. 180 2.3.2 - Les relations : entre distance et proximité p. 184 2.3.3 - Des meubles italiens et du chocolat d’autrefois p. 188 2.3.4 - Les italiens qui entrent dans les maisons des juifs p. 193 Chapitre 3 : Modernité et tradition p. 194 3.1 - Ashkénaze et séfarade p. 196 3.2 - « Moins modernes, plus modernes » p. 202 3.3 - Photo d’un mariage en 1940 p. 208 3.4 - Garder la tradition p. 217 Conclusion p. 221 Partie III La mise en récit publique : composer les récits et recomposer les identités p. 224 Chapitre 1 : Des identités circulatoires : être « juifs de Libye » p. 226 1.1 - Gabriele Raccah : histoire d’un almanach p. 235 1.2 - Bianca Nunes Vais Arbib p. 243 Chapitre 2 : Etre juifs de Libye à Rome p. 244 2.1 - Le cyberespace comme étape de l’identité circulatoire p. 246 2.2 - Ariel Arbib : renouer les fils de son histoire p. 256 2.3 - Hammus Guetta : mémoire culturelle comme différentiation p. 261 2.4 - « Tripolini e…Trivolati » : composition collective de la différence vec humorisme p.
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