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The Jewish Encyclopedia T H E J E W I S H E N C Y C L O P E D I A A GU ID E TO ITS CO NTE N TS A N A ID TO ITS U S E O S E P H A C O BS J J , Rsvxs c EDITO R FU N K WAGNALLS CO M PAN Y N E W YO R K A N D LO N D ON 1906 PR E FACE IN the followin a es I g p g have endeavored , at the s Funk Wa nalls m an reque t of the g Co p y, to give such an account of the contents of THE J E WISH E N C CLO E DIA s as Y P , publi hed by them , will indicate the n u n at re of the work in co siderable detail , and at the same time facil itate the systematic use of it in any of i i ts very varied sections . For th s purpose it has been found necessary to divide the subj ect- matter of the E N CYCLO PE DIA in a somewhat different manner from that adopted for editorial purposes in the various departments . Several sections united under the con trol of one editor have been placed in more logical order in ff e a di er nt parts of the following ccount , while , on the other hand , sections which were divided among different editors have here been brought together under one head. In justice to my colleagues it is but fair to add that they are in no sense responsible for this - redistribution of the subject matter , or indeed for any of the views which either explicitly or by implication are expressed in the following pages on some of the disputed points affecting modern Jews and Judaism . PREFACE The endeavor has been made herein to give an ac f E C CLO E DIA In count o the N Y P in two ways . a long list at the end the chief articles are enumerated in a lphabetical order, with indication as to illustrations , so that by running through these the variety and extent of ground covered by the E N CYCLO PE DIA can be gath In ered at once . addition , I have in the earlier of these pages classified the majority of the articles thus indexed in some sort of logical order. In making a selection of articles out of some may have been omit nd ted which others would have included , a doubtless several have been included which others would have . n r h as omitted , I can o ly state that every ca e been to se . It taken make the lections representative will , u e of course , be nderstood that the engravings a com panying the present text are specimens of only the , smaller illustrations contained in THE J E WISH E N CY OP D A CL E I . E H B J OS P JACO S . iv CON TE N TS PARTIAL LIST OF E DITORS AN D COLLABORATORS INTR OD U CI‘OR Y REM ARKS TE E SOUR CE S Th e Bible CU OM ST S . EW H FE J IS LI . H OR Y IST . Of Nations —Of Cities— Makers of History— Historic Movements and E vents— Weapons against Intoler anceh - Th e Germ an Jews— Am erica En land and , g Russia— Th e United States— Am erican Jewry— J ew ish Influence— Great Britain— Early E nglish Jews Jews Return to E ngland— Jewish E m ancipation Anglo-Jew ish Institu tions— Quaint Ch aracters o f English Jewry— Russia— R usso—J ew ish Communities — Russ ian- ewish rs J Leade . PHI LOGY LO . L ERA U R E IT T . Bibliography and Typography Ch ristianity in Its R elation to Judaism M sticism Su erstition an Folk- Lo re y , p , d V CON TE N TS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Music SOC OLOGY I . BIOGR APHY Poets— Litterate — M i — D m a urs us c ra . S cience: Ph ilosophy History— E conom ics — Math e m aties Astronomy Ch em istry Physiology Ph ilology Hebrew Practica l Life: Politics— Medicine — Law— Army and Na — S orts Travel etc — Comm erce and Ph i vy p , , lanth ropy— Anti-Sem ites— Pedigm MI SCELLANEOUS JUD AICA ILLUSTR ATION S — Tombs of Bible Heroes Holy Cities and Sites — J e w ish Quarters and Dom iciles — A Bible Atlas— Num is m atics — Sacred Edifices — Decorative Art — Jewish Burial Grounds — Cerem onial Paraph ernalia - Cos tum es— Portraits— Books and Manuscripts— Hebra ica . STATISTICS O F INTER EST COLLABOR ATORS O CLU ON C N SI . INDE x O F MAIN ARTICLES PAR TIAL LIST OF THE 605 E D ITOR S AND COLLABOR ATOR S WHO PRODUCE D THE J E WISH E N CYCLOPE D IA The reader will pleas e take notice that the na mes printed in parentheses in the following pa ges are th ose of the authors of the articles referred to. EDITORIAL BOARD h CYRUS ADLBB . P J ) - (Depart ments of P ost Biblical A ntiquities a nd the J ews of America . ) re sident of th e m erican J ew ish istorical o ciet ssistant e cre tar P A H S y ; A S y . mi hsoman nstit ti n hin to n S t u o as D . 0 I , W g , . m m HACKE R . Ph . D (Depart ments of th e Tal mud and Rabbinica l Literature . ) Pro fessor in th e J ewish heol o ical eminar Buda es t un ar . T g S y , p , H g y 0 0 m D BUTSCH . Ph . D (Department of History from 1 492 to Professor of J ewish is tor ebrew Union oll eg e , incinna ti, hio ; Editor H y , H “ C” C O f e ra o D bo h . RICHARD GOTTB BE . Ph . D (Departments of History fr om E zra to 1492 and History of P ost- Tal mudic Lit erature . ) Pro fessor of emitic Lan olu m bia U niversit N ew ork; hief o f S C ' Y C th e riental artment New Yo rk Pub c ibrar . O p , L y m 0 . m ean . Ph . D LLJ ) (D epartment of the Bib le . ) Ill ’ r essor f Ra bbinical Sinai Co tion hica o . o f , C g , P o i e hilwoso U niversit of Chica o di tor of teratur and P p , g ; L “ y y E h e R eform dv cate T A o . J OSEPH J ACOBS . D . t b (Departments of the J ews of E ng la nd and A nthrop ology; Revising E dit or . ) Formerl Pred dent of th e J ewish isto rical ociet of E ng land; u thor of y “ H S ” y A J ew s of n evin n land etc. A g E g , R AM R om an . Ph . D (Depart ments of Theol ogy and Phil osophy . ) r s ent of Hebrew Union oll e e incinnati hio Rabbi Emeritus of P e id C g . C , O ; - em le B eth El New Yo rk . T p . HE RMAN 30 8m . nd ( Department of the J ews of R ussia a nd Pola . ) Chief of th e Slavonic e artm ent New ork ublic ibrar . D p , Y P L y Vl l LIS T OF E DI TORS AN D COLLABORA TORS ISID ORE SIN GE R . Ph . D MAN AGIN G E DITO R . (Department of M odern Biography from 1 750 to CRAWFORD HOWELL TOY . D . D " LL D H (Departme nts of Hebrew Philology and ellenistic Literature . ) o of r Pro fe s s r eb ew in arvard Universit , am bridg e , ass . ; Author H H y C” M of Th e R eli ion o f srae l etc. g I , I . K s m . D . D " H OO D (Chairma n of the Board. ) di to r- i -Chie of th e TAN AR DI T ION AR Y o H E E N GLIS H LAN GU AGE e n f S r T tc. E D D C , FRANK H . YIZE TELLY . P . S .A o (S ecretar y f th e Board . ) ssociate ditor of th e STAN AR D ICTION AR Y Th e Colum bian A E D D , ’ clo edia etc Cy p , . WILLIAM POPPE R . M . A Ph . D (A ssociat e Revising Editor; Chief of the Bureau of Translation . ) ustav Go tth eil ecture r in e m itic an ua es ol um bia Unive rsit New G L S L g g , C y “ ’ , ork 1 903 uthor of Th ens rshi of ebrew Books Y ( A e C o p H . AM E RICAN BOARD OF CONSULTING ED ITO RS BE RNARD D RA CHM AN . Ph . D . Ra bbi o f. th e Congreg a tion Zichr on Ephraim ; I ns tru ctor in th e Bible and in ebrew ramm ar Jewxsh heolo i l em i n r of m eri ca N ew York ca a . H G , T g S y A , B “LBE NTHAL rh D s ’ s ab bi m rit i n on r tion hi o Ill u th r Pr tical R e us of o e a ca .
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