Grammar Teacher Manual

Level 1 Lexia Skill Builders Foundational Simple Sentences Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types of describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in text, such as narrative and informational, and make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 17 7 4 4 Concepts Introduced

Nouns Simple and Complete Subjects Capitalization Informational Text Verbs (Action and Being) Simple and Complete Predicate Punctuation Narrative Articles Direct Object Simple Sentences Text Mapping Adjectives Predicate Adjective Direct Object Subject Noun Singular and Plural

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 1 Teacher Manual Level 1 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced noun: A noun is a person, place, thing subject: The subject tells who or what the capitalization: Capital letters appear informational text: Informational text or idea. sentence is about. at the start of a sentence and at the is nonfiction text that gives directions, Examples: elephant, zoo, sadness Example: In the sentence “The rabbit ate a beginning of proper nouns such as information, and/or facts. carrot.”, rabbit is the subject. names of people and places. Example: The Taj Mahal is a famous A narrative text tells a story verb: A verb shows action or a state narrative: of being. simple subject: A simple subject is one landmark in India. about a subject by highlighting events in a word that tells who or what the sentence certain order. Examples: run, jump, is is about. punctuation: A complete sentence ends Example: Baseball is an American sport. with a punctuation mark. The punctuation text mapping: A mapping chart helps article: An article signals that a noun mark may be a period after a telling readers and writers organize a text. The is coming. sentence, a question mark after a parts of a mapping chart can include the predicate: A predicate is the verb and Examples: a, an, the everything that comes after it in a sentence. question, or an exclamation point to following: Introduce the Topic, Show the show emotion. Steps to Take, and Make a Final Statement. Example: The dog ran across the street. adjective: An adjective describes a noun Examples: Are you hungry? I’m so excited! and answers the following questions: How many? What kind? Which one? simple predicate: A simple subject is one word that tells who or what the sentence simple sentence: Simple sentences may Examples: beautiful, scary, twenty is about. have different parts of speech, but they all have one subject and one predicate. Example: The dog ran. Example: My cat ate my homework. predicate adjective: A predicate adjective comes after a verb of being. Example: The lemon tasted sour.

direct object: A direct object comes after a verb and is part of the predicate. Example: The dog looked for its bone.

Lexia Lessons

Lexia Skill Builder Simple Sentences

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 2 Teacher Manual Level 2 Lexia Skill Builders Foundational Expanding Simple Sentences Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in of text, such as narrative and informational, make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. and to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 16 5 5 4 Concepts Introduced

Preposition Phrase Comma Parts of Text Antecedent Predicate Apostrophe Opinion Text Subject Punctuation Possessive Plural

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 3 Teacher Manual Level 2 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced possessive noun: A possessive noun shows phrase: A phrase is a group of words that apostrophe: An apostrophe is a opinion text: An opinion text presents the ownership. A noun is made possessive by is missing a subject or a predicate or both. punctuation mark that shows possession author’s view on something. adding an apostrophe and an s. If a noun Example: the classroom and is used for words like possessive nouns. ends in s, just add an apostrophe. (This example is missing a predicate.) Examples: Mom’s, David’s, Kenya’s introduction: The introduction begins a Examples: Mom’s spaghetti; James’ shirt text. It prepares the reader by outlining prepositional phrase: A prepositional comma: A punctuation mark used the basic information that the text covers. plural noun: A plural noun is a noun phrase begins with a preposition and can between a series of words or phrases. representing two or more people, places, answer where or when. Example: I bought milk, yogurt, cheese, and support: Support or supporting details or things. A plural noun usually ends with Example: We went into class. cereal at the grocery store. add to the introduction and make up the -s or -es. Irregular plural nouns change body or “meat” of the text. their spellings from the singular forms and predicate nominative: A predicate may not add -s or -es at the end. nominative is a noun that comes after a conclusion: The conclusion wraps up a Regular Examples: trees, cities, lizards, candies, verb of being. The predicate nominative text by summarizing what happened and/ buildings renames the subject. or offering closing statements. Irregular Examples: calves, knives, children, Example: The tall girl is the captain. mice, women (“captain” renames the subject “girl”) subject pronoun: A subject pronoun takes the place of the subject noun. Example: The athletes were careless with their equipment. They ruined it. (They replaces athletes in the second sentence.) subject noun: The subject noun tells who or what a sentence is about. Example: Mary took the test today. proper noun: The names of specific people, places, and things are called proper nouns. Proper nouns are always capitalized. Examples: Abraham Lincoln; Yosemite National Park preposition: A preposition shows the relationship of one noun to another noun. Examples: under, over, about object pronoun: Object pronouns take the place of a direct object. Example: Tom gave her his lunch. antecedent: An antecedent is a word that is replaced by a pronoun. Example: David saw Juan and asked him to come over. (The antecedent, Juan, is replaced by the pronoun him.)

Lexia Skill Builder Expanding Simple Sentences

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 5 Teacher Manual Level 3 Lexia Skill Builders Intermediate Compound Sentences Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in of text, such as narrative and informational, make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. and to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 16 9 5 4 Concepts Introduced

Verb Compound Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Text Mapping Adverb Clause Tense Subject Plural Predicate Singular

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 6 Teacher Manual Level 3 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced subject-verb agreement: In order to have compound subject: Compound subjects subject-verb agreement in a sentence, are two or more subjects joined by a a singular noun takes a singular verb. A coordinating conjunction. plural noun takes a plural verb. Examples: My mom and dad have been Examples: The cat eats the mouse. married for 20 years. The cats eat the mouse. Certain bears and snakes are known to singular verb: A singular subject needs a hibernate. singular verb; singular verbs usually end in s. compound predicate: A compound Example: The dog chases the cat. (The word predicate is two or more verbs or verb “chases” is a singular verb because “dog” is a phrases that share a subject and are singular subject.) joined by a conjunction. plural verb: A plural subject needs a plural Example: Dad cooked dinner and then verb; plural verbs usually do not end in s. watched television. Example: The dogs chase the cat. (The word clause: A clause has a subject and a “chase” is a plural verb because “dogs” is a predicate and can be part of a sentence. plural subject.) Example: “When it rained they went inside” past tense: Past tense shows action that has two clauses: “when it rained” and “they has already happened. The verb usually went inside.” ends in -ed. Example: I walked in the park yesterday. present tense: Present tense shows action that currently or regularly happens. Example: I walk in the park every day. future tense: Future tense shows action that has not yet happened. The word will usually comes before the verb. Example: I will walk in the park tomorrow. coordinating conjunction: Coordinating conjunctions join two words, phrases, or sentences. When you think of coordinating conjunctions, think BOYFANS. Examples: I have a cat and dog. I will eat pizza or ice cream. adverb: Adverbs describe the verb and answer how, when, where or to what degree. They often end in -ly. Examples: Slowly, quietly, quickly

Lexia Skill Builder Compound Sentences

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 8 Teacher Manual Level 4 Lexia Skill Builders Intermediate Complex Sentences Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in of text, such as narrative and informational, make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. and to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 17 7 4 4 Concepts Introduced

Possessive Pronouns Dependent and Independent Clauses Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Text Mapping Paired Conjunctions Demonstrative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Subordinating Conjunctions

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 9 Teacher Manual Level 4 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced possessive pronoun: A possessive dependent clause: If a clause has a run-on sentence: If a long sentence pronoun shows ownership. subordinating conjunction, it is called a has a lot of clauses that are smooshed Examples: my, mine, our, ours, you, yours dependent clause. It cannot stand alone. together, it is probably a run-on sentence. Example: since the last time The sentence is probably missing a conjunction. paired conjunction: Paired conjunctions are two words that join or connect two independent clause: If the clause does Example: The weather is ugly outside I don’t words, phrases, or sentences. not have a subordinating conjunction, it is want to go out there they will probably Examples: Neither rain nor snow can keep an independent clause. It can stand alone. cancel school I will stay in bed. us away. Example: it works well

Either red or purple is her favorite color. demonstrative pronoun: A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, these, that, those. interrogative pronoun: Interrogative pronouns take the place of nouns. The interrogative pronouns arewho , whom, whose, which, what, whomever, and whatever. subordinating conjunction: A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses together. One of the clauses is an independent clause that can stand alone. Example: The audience applauded while the performer walked onstage.

Lexia Lessons

Lexia Skill Builder Complex Sentences

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 10 Teacher Manual Level 5 Lexia Skill Builders Intermediate Clauses Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in of text, such as narrative and informational, make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. and to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 19 4 7 4 Concepts Introduced

Collective Nouns Complex Sentences Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Text Mapping Relative Pronouns Object of the Preposition Relative Clauses Parts of Speech

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 11 Teacher Manual Level 5 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced parts of speech: Parts of speech (nouns, complex sentence: A complex sentence colon: Colons are a type of punctuation how-to text: A text that contains the verbs, adjectives, etc.) help us talk about has a subordinating conjunction and at that can be used to list items, emphasize an steps for doing something. language. Some words name a person, least two subjects and two predicates. idea, or connect two complete sentences. Example: First bake the cupcakes, then let place, or thing, some show action, some Example: Because the rain fell, the game Example: He had one enemy: fear. (The colon them cool. Once they are cool, frost them. describe, and some show relationship. was delayed. (“Because” is the subordinating after “enemy” is used to emphasize fear.) Example: The grill was hot. (grill is a noun) conjunction and “Because the rain fell” is the We will grill the vegetables. (grill is a verb) dependent clause.) relative pronoun: The words that, which, simple sentence: A simple sentence has who, whom, and whose are relative pronouns. one subject and one predicate. These pronouns take the place of nouns. Example: I walked the dog in the park. Example: After Marcus searched for months and months, he finally found a carthat is compound sentence: A compound just perfect. sentence has two complete sentences. Example: I walked the dog in the park but he relative clause: A relative clause begins ran off and chased a squirrel. with a relative pronoun and answers the question “which one?” object of the preposition: A noun, Example: The dog that’s wearing the purple pronoun, or gerund that works with a collar is mine. preposition to complete a prepositional phrase. collective noun: A collective noun names Examples: a group of people or things that act Behind you together. Words like , , , group class herd Under the couch team, and staff are collective nouns.

Lexia Lessons

Lexia Skill Builder Clauses

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 12 Teacher Manual Level 6 Lexia Skill Builders Advanced Compound-Complex Sentences Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types of describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in text, such as narrative and informational, and make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 18 6 6 4 Concepts Introduced

Indefinite Pronouns Complex Sentences Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Opinion Text Antecedents Compound-Complex Sentences Present Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Conjunctive Adverbs Adjectival Phrases Adverbial Phrases

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 13 Teacher Manual Level 6 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced indefinite pronoun: A pronoun that doesn’t complex sentence: A complex sentence refer to a specific person or thing. has a subordinating conjunction and at Examples: anyone, anything, everything, least two subjects and two predicates. everyone Example: She kept hiking even though her ankle was swollen and painful. antecedent: Part of a sentence that is replaced by a pronoun. compound-complex sentence: A Example: Honesty is an important quality. compound-complex sentence has at least People value it greatly. one dependent clause and two or more (In this case, honesty is replaced by it.) independent clauses. Example: Either Mark or Roberto will drive to present perfect tense: The present perfect the game because they have cars. tense shows an action that is completed or continuing at the present time. It is formed with the verb has or have and another verb that shows past tense. Example: I have attended this school for three years. future perfect tense: The future perfect tense shows an action that will be completed at some point in the future. Example: We will have finished this project before we start the next one. past perfect tense: The past perfect tense shows an action was completed before another event happened. Past perfect tense is formed with the past tense verb had and another verb that shows past tense. Example: Because we had studied hard, we passed the test. conjunctive adverb: A conjunctive adverb connects two ideas and provides a smooth transition. Examples: therefore, instead adjectival phrase: An adjectival phrase acts like an adjective and answers which one? Example: The boy with the twin sister moved to another country.

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©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 14 Teacher Manual Level 6 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced adverbial phrase: An adverbial phrase acts like an adverb and answers when? or where? Example: The flashy motorcycle zoomed down the street. relative clause: A relative clause has a relative pronoun and answers which one? Example: My friend who lives in Ireland is getting married in June. Lexia Lessons

Lexia Skill Builder Compound-Complex Sentences

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 15 Teacher Manual Level 7 Lexia Skill Builders Advanced Expanding Compound-Complex Sentences Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Parts of Speech Parts of Sentences Capitalization and Punctuation Text Structure The goal of this activity is to identify and The goal of this activity is to identify The goal of this activity is to review the The goal of this activity is to review types describe the various parts of speech that specific parts of sentences and describe rules of capitalization and punctuation in of text, such as narrative and informational, make up sentences. how they connect. sentences. and to introduce the concept of text mapping. Units 19 7 7 4 Concepts Introduced

Possessive Pronouns Declarative Sentences Review Capitalization and Punctuation Review Text Mapping Progressive Forms Interrogative Sentences Future Progressive Imperative Sentences Interjections Restrictive Clauses Verbals Nonrestrictive Clauses Participles Gerunds Infinitives Reflexive Pronouns

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 16 Teacher Manual Level 7 Lexia Skill Builders Terminology & Skills Introduced possessive pronoun: Possessive pronouns declarative sentence: Declarative fictional text: Any text that is not realistic function as adjectives and answer which one. sentences give information. and, instead, is imaginary. These texts Examples: My, mine, ours, your Example: I’m going to the store to buy milk. include fairy tales, legends, novels, etc. Examples: The Call of the Wild, Harry Potter progressive form: The progressive form interrogative sentence: Interrogative shows continuous or repeated action. All sentences ask questions. progressive forms are made with a form of the Example: Why is the sky blue? verb to be and another verb ending in -ing. Examples: imperative sentence: Imperative He is working. sentences are like commands. The subject I am baking. of these sentences is you, even though She was talking. the word you is not in the sentence. Example: Get off of the couch, please. future progressive: Future progressive forms also use the verb will. restrictive clause: A restrictive clause is Example: I will be vacationing next month. important to the meaning of a sentence. There are no commas around a restrictive interjection: Interjections are words that clause. show strong feeling or emphasis. They Example: The boy who broke the window is have no grammatical relationship to any at the door. words in a sentence. That means, an interjection does not change the meaning nonrestrictive clause: A nonrestrictive of a sentence. clause is additional information that is Examples: Yum! Yuck! Yikes! Hooray! Cool! not needed. There are commas around a nonrestrictive clause. verbal: Verbals are verbs that function Example: The woman, who is a trained scuba as other parts of speech. They include diver, is my doctor. participles, infinitives, and gerunds. Examples: a balanced diet, hissing snakes, singing always makes her feel better. participle: A participle is a verbal; it is a verb that ends in -ed or –ing and can function as an adjective. Examples: The baked bread, the baking bread gerund: A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions like a noun. It can be a subject, a predicate nominative, direct object, or the object of a preposition. Examples: Please stop laughing. You’re not seeing it.

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Lexia Skill Builder Expanding Compound-Complex Sentences

©2021 Lexia Learning LLC, a Cambium Learning® Group company. 18 Teacher Manual LevelGlossary 7 Lexia Skill Builders Word Definition Terminology & Skills IntroducedWord Definition infinitive: Infinitives are made up of the adjectival phrase An adjectival phrase acts like an adjective and answers which one? compound sentence A compound sentence has two complete sentences. word to + a verb like to read. Infinitives can function like nouns, adjectives, and An adjective describes a noun and answers the following A compound subject has two or more subjects joined by a adjectiveadverbs. compound subject questions: How many? What kind? Which one? coordinating conjunction. Examples: To win isn’t everything. Iadverb have a plan to propose.Adverbs describe the verb and answer how, when, where or to compound- A compound-complex sentence has at least one dependent clause what degree. They often end in -ly. complex sentence and two or more independent clauses. reflexive pronoun: Reflexive pronouns adverbialrefer back phrase to the subject.An adverbial phrase acts like an adverb and answers when? or The conclusion wraps up a text by summarizing what happened conclusion where? and/or offering closing statements. Examples: Myself, yourself, oneself, ourselves antecedent conjunctive A conjunctive adverb connects two ideas and provides a smooth Lexia LessonsAn antecedent is a word that is replacedLexia by aLessons pronoun. Lexia Lessons Lexia Lessons adverb transition. Interjections coordinating Coordinating conjunctions join two words, phrases, or sentences. antecedent An antecedent is p of a sentence that is replaced by a pronoun. Verbals conjunction When you think of coordinating conjunctions, think BOYFANS. Pronouns 3 apostrophe An apostrophe is a punctuation mark that shows possession and is declarative Declarative sentences give information. used for words like possessive nouns. Lexia Skill Buildersentence Expanding Compound-Complex Sentences article demonstrative A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun. The demonstrative An article signals that a noun is coming. pronoun pronouns are: this, these, that, those. capitalization Capital letters appear at the start of a sentence and at the If a clause has a subordinating conjunction, it is called a dependent dependent clause beginning of proper nouns such as names of people and places. clause. It cannot stand alone. chaining Chaining is building new sentences by adding and replacing words direct object A direct object comes after a verb and is part of the predicate. to sentences.

A clause has a subject and a predicate and can be part of a Any text that is not realistic and, instead, is imaginary. These texts clause fictional text sentence. include fairy tales, legends, novels, etc.

A collective noun names a group of people or things that act together. future perfect The future perfect tense shows an action that will be completed at collective noun Words like group, class, herd, team, and staff are collective nouns. tense some point in the future. colon Colons are a type of punctuation that can be used to list items, future progressive Future progressive forms also use the verb will. emphasize an idea, or connect two complete sentences. comma A comma is a punctuation mark used between a series of words Future tense shows action that has not yet happened. The word future tense or phrases. will usually comes before the verb.

A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions like a noun. complex sentence A complex sentence has a subordinating conjunction and at least gerund It can be a subject, a predicate nominative, direct object, or the two subjects and two predicates. object of a preposition. compound predicate A compound predicate is two or more verbs or verb phrases that share a subject and are joined by a conjunction.

Word Definition Word Definition imperative Imperative sentences are like commands. The subject of these Paired conjunctions are two words that join or connect two words, paired conjunction sentence sentences is you even though the word you is not in the sentence. phrases, or sentences.

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t refer to a specific A participle is a verbal; it is a verb that ends in -ed or –ing and can indefinite pronoun participle person or thing. function as an adjective. independent Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) help us talk about If the clause does not have a subordinating conjunction, it is an clause parts of speech language. Some words name a person, place, or thing, some show independent clause. It can stand alone. action, some describe, and some show relationship.

Infinitives are made up of the word to + a verb liketo read. Past perfect tense shows an action was completed before another infinitive past perfect tense event happened. Past perfect tense is formed with the past tense Infinitives can function like nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. verb had and another verb that shows past tense.

Informational text is nonfiction text that gives directions, Past tense shows action that has already happened. The verb informational text past tense information, and/or facts. usually ends in -ed.

Interjections are words that show strong feeling or emphasis. They A phrase is a group of words that is missing a subject or a predicate interjection have no grammatical relationship to any words in a sentence. That phrase or both. means, an interjection does not change the meaning of a sentence.

A plural noun is a noun representing two or more people, places, Interrogative pronouns take the place of nouns. The interrogative interrogative or things. A plural noun usually ends with -s or -es. Irregular plural pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, what, whomever, and plural noun pronoun nouns change their spellings from the singular forms and may not whatever. add -s or -es at the end. interrogative Interrogative sentences ask questions. plural verb A plural verb shows the action or state of being of a plural subject. sentence

A possessive noun shows ownership. A noun is made possessive A narrative text tells a story about a subject by highlighting events narrative possessive noun by adding an apostrophe and an s. If a noun ends in s, just add an in a certain order. apostrophe. nonrestrictive A nonrestrictive clause is additional information that is not needed. possessive A possessive pronoun shows ownership. clause There are commas around a nonrestrictive clause. pronoun

possessive noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Possessive pronouns function as adjectives and answer which one? pronoun object of the An object of the preposition is a noun, pronoun, or gerund that predicate A predicate adjective comes after a verb of being. preposition works with a preposition to complete a prepositional phrase. adjective

predicate A predicate nominative is a noun that comes after a verb of being. object pronoun Object pronouns take the place of a direct object. nominative The predicate nominative renames the subject.

A predicate is the verb and everything that comes after it in a opinion text An opinion text presents the author’s view on something. predicate sentence.

Word Definition Word Definition preposition A preposition shows the relationship of one noun to another noun. simple sentence A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate. prepositional A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can answer A simple subject is one word that tells who or what the sentence is simple subject phrase where? or when? about.

The present perfect tense shows an action that is completed or present perfect A singular verb shows the action or state of being of a singular continuing at the present time. It is formed with the verb has or singular verb tense subject. have and another verb that shows past tense. present tense Present tense shows action that currently or regularly happens. subject The subject is what the sentence is about.

The progressive form shows continuous or repeated action. All progressive form progressive forms are made with a form of the verb to be and subject noun The subject noun tells who or what a sentence is about. another verb ending in -ing.

The names of specific people, places, and things are called proper proper noun subject pronoun A subject pronoun takes the place of the subject noun. nouns. Proper nouns are always capitalized.

A complete sentence ends with a punctuation mark. The punctuation subject-verb In order to have subject-verb agreement in a sentence, a singular punctuation mark may be a period after a telling sentence, a question mark after a agreement noun takes a singular verb. A plural noun takes a plural verb. question, or an exclamation point to show emotion.

subordinating A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses together. One of the reflexive pronoun Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject. conjunction clauses is an independent clause that can stand alone.

A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and answers the Support or supporting details add to the introduction and make up relative clause support question “which one?” the body or “meat” of the text.

A mapping chart helps readers and writers organize a text. The The words that, which, who, whom, and whose are relative relative pronoun text mapping parts of a mapping chart can include the following: Introduce the pronouns. These pronouns take the place of nouns. Topic, Show the Steps to Take, and Make a Final Statement.

A restrictive clause is important to the meaning of a sentence. restrictive clause verb A verb shows action or being. There are no commas around a restrictive clause.

If a long sentence has a lot of clauses that are smooshed together, Verbals are verbs that function as other parts of speech. They run-on sentence it is probably a run-on sentence. The sentence is probably missing verbal include participles, infinitives, and gerunds. a conjunction.

A simple predicate is the one word that tells what the subject does simple predicate or did.