Subject & Object Pronouns – Fun Grammar Lessons – ESL Library
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On Root Modality and Thematic Relations in Tagalog and English*
Proceedings of SALT 26: 775–794, 2016 On root modality and thematic relations in Tagalog and English* Maayan Abenina-Adar Nikos Angelopoulos UCLA UCLA Abstract The literature on modality discusses how context and grammar interact to produce different flavors of necessity primarily in connection with functional modals e.g., English auxiliaries. In contrast, the grammatical properties of lexical modals (i.e., thematic verbs) are less understood. In this paper, we use the Tagalog necessity modal kailangan and English need as a case study in the syntax-semantics of lexical modals. Kailangan and need enter two structures, which we call ‘thematic’ and ‘impersonal’. We show that when they establish a thematic dependency with a subject, they express necessity in light of this subject’s priorities, and in the absence of an overt thematic subject, they express necessity in light of priorities endorsed by the speaker. To account for this, we propose a single lexical entry for kailangan / need that uniformly selects for a ‘needer’ argument. In thematic constructions, the needer is the overt subject, and in impersonal constructions, it is an implicit speaker-bound pronoun. Keywords: modality, thematic relations, Tagalog, syntax-semantics interface 1 Introduction In this paper, we observe that English need and its Tagalog counterpart, kailangan, express two different types of necessity depending on the syntactic structure they enter. We show that thematic constructions like (1) express necessities in light of priorities of the thematic subject, i.e., John, whereas impersonal constructions like (2) express necessities in light of priorities of the speaker. (1) John needs there to be food left over. -
PRONOUNS Are Words That Take the Place of Or Refer to Nouns Or Other Pronouns
WHAT ARE PRONOUNS ... and what do they do? PRONOUNS are words that take the place of or refer to nouns or other pronouns. Pronouns function in a sentence the same way that nouns do. Using pronouns effectively allows the maintenance of a smooth flow of ideas without the unnecessary repetition of nouns. The word a pronoun refers to is known as its antecedent. • A pronoun must agree in number and person with the word it replaces - its antecedent. Ifthe word a pronoun refers to is singular, the pronoun must be singular; if that word is plural, the pronoun must be plural. Example: Marie showed me the new English china she had just purchased. Students enrolled in the art class must provide their own supplies. When Tom couldn't find his shirt, he asked his wife where it was. The three sisters wanted to change the name of their restaurant to The Sisters Three. • A pronoun must refer clearly to the word it replaces. A sentence may be confusing and unclear ifa pronoun appears to refer to more than one word, or if the pronoun does not refer to any specific word. Avoid vague and confusing pronoun reference. Be especially careful when using the pronouns they and it. If they or it do not reflect a specific antecedent, change the pronoun to the exact word that you have in mind. Incorrect: Susan's mother wondered ifshe was tall enough to be a model. Correct: Susan's mother wondered if Susan was tall enough.. to be a model. Incorrect: Joe dropped out of high school because he felt they stressed discipline too much. -
Classifiers: a Typology of Noun Categorization Edward J
Western Washington University Western CEDAR Modern & Classical Languages Humanities 3-2002 Review of: Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Edward J. Vajda Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/mcl_facpubs Part of the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Vajda, Edward J., "Review of: Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization" (2002). Modern & Classical Languages. 35. https://cedar.wwu.edu/mcl_facpubs/35 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Humanities at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern & Classical Languages by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. J. Linguistics38 (2002), I37-172. ? 2002 CambridgeUniversity Press Printedin the United Kingdom REVIEWS J. Linguistics 38 (2002). DOI: Io.IOI7/So022226702211378 ? 2002 Cambridge University Press Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Classifiers: a typology of noun categorization devices.Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2000. Pp. xxvi+ 535. Reviewedby EDWARDJ. VAJDA,Western Washington University This book offers a multifaceted,cross-linguistic survey of all types of grammaticaldevices used to categorizenouns. It representsan ambitious expansion beyond earlier studies dealing with individual aspects of this phenomenon, notably Corbett's (I99I) landmark monograph on noun classes(genders), Dixon's importantessay (I982) distinguishingnoun classes fromclassifiers, and Greenberg's(I972) seminalpaper on numeralclassifiers. Aikhenvald'sClassifiers exceeds them all in the number of languages it examines and in its breadth of typological inquiry. The full gamut of morphologicalpatterns used to classify nouns (or, more accurately,the referentsof nouns)is consideredholistically, with an eye towardcategorizing the categorizationdevices themselvesin terms of a comprehensiveframe- work. -
The Term Declension, the Three Basic Qualities of Latin Nouns, That
Chapter 2: First Declension Chapter 2 covers the following: the term declension, the three basic qualities of Latin nouns, that is, case, number and gender, basic sentence structure, subject, verb, direct object and so on, the six cases of Latin nouns and the uses of those cases, the formation of the different cases in Latin, and the way adjectives agree with nouns. At the end of this lesson we’ll review the vocabulary you should memorize in this chapter. Declension. As with conjugation, the term declension has two meanings in Latin. It means, first, the process of joining a case ending onto a noun base. Second, it is a term used to refer to one of the five categories of nouns distinguished by the sound ending the noun base: /a/, /ŏ/ or /ŭ/, a consonant or /ĭ/, /ū/, /ē/. First, let’s look at the three basic characteristics of every Latin noun: case, number and gender. All Latin nouns and adjectives have these three grammatical qualities. First, case: how the noun functions in a sentence, that is, is it the subject, the direct object, the object of a preposition or any of many other uses? Second, number: singular or plural. And third, gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. Every noun in Latin will have one case, one number and one gender, and only one of each of these qualities. In other words, a noun in a sentence cannot be both singular and plural, or masculine and feminine. Whenever asked ─ and I will ask ─ you should be able to give the correct answer for all three qualities. -
Subject and Object Pronouns
Subject and Object Pronouns We use a pronoun when we don’t want to repeat a noun or a noun phrase. Subject Pronouns The English subject pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we they. (Of course, we use ‘you’ when we’re talking to one person and when we’re talking to more than one person.) 1: We use these pronouns when they are the subject of a verb. • I like London. • You have eaten the chocolate. • He plays football. • She hates mushrooms. • It was cold. • We are French. • They are going home. Object Pronouns In English, we also have object pronouns. These are: me, you, him, her, it, us, them. Notice that ‘it’ and ‘you’ are the same when they’re subject pronouns or object pronouns. We use the object pronouns in most situations when the pronoun is not the subject of a verb. 1: We use them for the object of a verb. • John knows me. • Amanda kissed you. • The dog licked him. • David hugged her. • The teacher dropped it. • The children love us. • Luke helped them. © www.perfect-english-grammar.com May be freely copied for personal or classroom use 2: We use them after a preposition (including after phrasal verbs) • It’s important to me. • Can the children come with you? • Look at her! • The chocolate is for him. • David is looking forward to it. • Keep up with us! • Lucy works for them. 3: We use them after ‘be’ (In very formal English, the subject pronoun is sometimes used here, but this is very old-fashioned and unusual.) • Who’s there? It’s me! • It’s you. -
Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: a Case Study from Koro
Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro By Jessica Cleary-Kemp A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair Assistant Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor William F. Hanks Summer 2015 © Copyright by Jessica Cleary-Kemp All Rights Reserved Abstract Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro by Jessica Cleary-Kemp Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair In this dissertation a methodology for identifying and analyzing serial verb constructions (SVCs) is developed, and its application is exemplified through an analysis of SVCs in Koro, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea. SVCs involve two main verbs that form a single predicate and share at least one of their arguments. In addition, they have shared values for tense, aspect, and mood, and they denote a single event. The unique syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs present a number of theoretical challenges, and thus they have invited great interest from syntacticians and typologists alike. But characterizing the nature of SVCs and making generalizations about the typology of serializing languages has proven difficult. There is still debate about both the surface properties of SVCs and their underlying syntactic structure. The current work addresses some of these issues by approaching serialization from two angles: the typological and the language-specific. On the typological front, it refines the definition of ‘SVC’ and develops a principled set of cross-linguistically applicable diagnostics. -
Two Types of Serial Verb Constructions in Korean: Subject-Sharing and Index-Sharing
Two Types of Serial Verb Constructions in Korean: Subject-Sharing and Index-Sharing Juwon Lee The University of Texas at Austin Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar University at Buffalo Stefan Muller¨ (Editor) 2014 CSLI Publications pages 135–155 http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/HPSG/2014 Lee, Juwon. 2014. Two Types of Serial Verb Constructions in Korean: Subject- Sharing and Index-Sharing. In Muller,¨ Stefan (Ed.), Proceedings of the 21st In- ternational Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, University at Buffalo, 135–155. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Abstract In this paper I present an account for the lexical passive Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) in Korean. Regarding the issue of how the arguments of an SVC are realized, I propose two hypotheses: i) Korean SVCs are broadly classified into two types, subject-sharing SVCs where the subject is structure-shared by the verbs and index- sharing SVCs where only indices of semantic arguments are structure-shared by the verbs, and ii) a semantic argument sharing is a general requirement of SVCs in Korean. I also argue that an argument composition analysis can accommodate such the new data as the lexical passive SVCs in a simple manner compared to other alternative derivational analyses. 1. Introduction* Serial verb construction (SVC) is a structure consisting of more than two component verbs but denotes what is conceptualized as a single event, and it is an important part of the study of complex predicates. A central issue of SVC is how the arguments of the component verbs of an SVC are realized in a sentence. -
30. Tense Aspect Mood 615
30. Tense Aspect Mood 615 Richards, Ivor Armstrong 1936 The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rockwell, Patricia 2007 Vocal features of conversational sarcasm: A comparison of methods. Journal of Psycho- linguistic Research 36: 361−369. Rosenblum, Doron 5. March 2004 Smart he is not. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/smart-he-is-not- 1.115908. Searle, John 1979 Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seddiq, Mirriam N. A. Why I don’t want to talk to you. http://notguiltynoway.com/2004/09/why-i-dont-want- to-talk-to-you.html. Singh, Onkar 17. December 2002 Parliament attack convicts fight in court. http://www.rediff.com/news/ 2002/dec/17parl2.htm [Accessed 24 July 2013]. Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson 1986/1995 Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Voegele, Jason N. A. http://www.jvoegele.com/literarysf/cyberpunk.html Voyer, Daniel and Cheryl Techentin 2010 Subjective acoustic features of sarcasm: Lower, slower, and more. Metaphor and Symbol 25: 1−16. Ward, Gregory 1983 A pragmatic analysis of epitomization. Papers in Linguistics 17: 145−161. Ward, Gregory and Betty J. Birner 2006 Information structure. In: B. Aarts and A. McMahon (eds.), Handbook of English Lin- guistics, 291−317. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Rachel Giora, Tel Aviv, (Israel) 30. Tense Aspect Mood 1. Introduction 2. Metaphor: EVENTS ARE (PHYSICAL) OBJECTS 3. Polysemy, construal, profiling, and coercion 4. Interactions of tense, aspect, and mood 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. Introduction In the framework of cognitive linguistics we approach the grammatical categories of tense, aspect, and mood from the perspective of general cognitive strategies. -
Read Each Sentence and Circle the Pronoun. Write S on the Line If It Is a Subject Pronoun
Grammar: Subject and Object Pronouns Name • A subject pronoun takes the place of a noun in the subject of a sentence. Subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. • An object pronoun takes the place of a noun that follows an action verb or a preposition. Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. Read each sentence and circle the pronoun. Write S on the line if it is a subject pronoun. Write O if it is an object pronoun. 1. My mom does not like him. 2. I read a chapter every night. 3. Sometimes they go to the zoo together. 4. Will the captain say hello to us? 5. You can ride in the car with Jessie. 6. The girl did not invite them to the party. 7. Laurie gave the book to me. 8. It can run on batteries. 9. That ball almost hit you! 10. She is the best soccer player on the team. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Grammar • Grade 4 • Unit 4 • Week 2 81 Grammar: Refl exive Pronouns Name • A subject pronoun takes the place of a noun in the subject of a sentence. An object pronoun takes the place of a noun that follows an action verb or a preposition. • A refl exive pronoun is an object pronoun that renames the subject and ends in -self or -selves. Examples include myself, herself, yourselves, and themselves. • A refl exive pronoun is used when the subject and object of a sentence refer to the same person or thing. -
Comprehension Skill Teaching Resources 4A Use of Language – Interpreting Word Meaning INTERMEDIATE
BOOK-OPEN Comprehension Skill Teaching Resources 4A Use of Language – Interpreting Word Meaning INTERMEDIATE For students To support instruction, this set of resources will help your reading at a students develop the essential comprehension skill Interpreting 6th grade level or Word Meaning. A word can have more than one meaning, higher based on how it is used in a phrase or a sentence. When readers see an unknown word, they look for clues and hints in the texts to figure out what the word means. ► Table of Contents Skill Practice Worksheet (Lesson 1) ......................................................... 2 Skill Practice Worksheet (Lesson 2) ........................................................ 6 Skill Practice Worksheet (Lesson 3) ........................................................11 Skill Practice Worksheet (Lesson 4) .......................................................16 Skill-Based Writing Prompts ......................................................................21 Graphic Organizer ..........................................................................................23 www.readingplus.com Copyright © 2020 Reading Plus LLC. All Rights Reserved. 4A SKILLS PRACTICE Lesson 1 Use of Language NAME: INTERMEDIATE Interpreting Word Meaning CLASS: Parts of speech refers to the functions of words in a sentence. All words in the English language are parts of speech. There are eight recognized parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. This lesson covers nouns, pronouns, and verbs. Here’s what these parts of speech do. A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. • A noun can be » used with an article (a, an, the): a ladybug, an icicle, the door » used without an article: compassion, groceries, friendship, mountains » a gerund (a verb form ending in -ing that acts as a noun): Swimming is my favorite exercise; Planning everyone’s schedules is exhausting. • A common noun indicates people, places, things, and ideas that are general. -
Corpus Study of Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Diglossic Speech in Cairene Arabic
CORPUS STUDY OF TENSE, ASPECT, AND MODALITY IN DIGLOSSIC SPEECH IN CAIRENE ARABIC BY OLA AHMED MOSHREF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Elabbas Benmamoun, Chair Professor Eyamba Bokamba Professor Rakesh M. Bhatt Assistant Professor Marina Terkourafi ABSTRACT Morpho-syntactic features of Modern Standard Arabic mix intricately with those of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic in ordinary speech. I study the lexical, phonological and syntactic features of verb phrase morphemes and constituents in different tenses, aspects, moods. A corpus of over 3000 phrases was collected from religious, political/economic and sports interviews on four Egyptian satellite TV channels. The computational analysis of the data shows that systematic and content morphemes from both varieties of Arabic combine in principled ways. Syntactic considerations play a critical role with regard to the frequency and direction of code-switching between the negative marker, subject, or complement on one hand and the verb on the other. Morph-syntactic constraints regulate different types of discourse but more formal topics may exhibit more mixing between Colloquial aspect or future markers and Standard verbs. ii To the One Arab Dream that will come true inshaa’ Allah! عربية أنا.. أميت دمها خري الدماء.. كما يقول أيب الشاعر العراقي: بدر شاكر السياب Arab I am.. My nation’s blood is the finest.. As my father says Iraqi Poet: Badr Shaker Elsayyab iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I’m sincerely thankful to my advisor Prof. Elabbas Benmamoun, who during the six years of my study at UIUC was always kind, caring and supportive on the personal and academic levels. -
Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 41
MMoonn--KKhhmmeerr SSttuuddiieess VOLUME 43 The journal of Austroasiatic languages and cultures 1964—2014 50 years of MKS Copyright vested with the authors Released under Creative Commons Attribution License Volume 43 Editors: Paul Sidwell Brian Migliazza ISSN: 0147-5207 Website: http://mksjournal.org Published by: Mahidol University (Thailand) SIL International (USA) Contents Issue 43.1 Editor’s Preface iii Michel FERLUS Arem, a Vietic Language. 1-15 Hiram RING Nominalization in Pnar. 16-23 Elizabeth HALL Impact of Tai Lue on Muak Sa-aak phonology. 24-30 Rujiwan LAOPHAIROJ Conceptual metaphors of Vietnamese taste terms. 31-46 Paul SIDWELL Khmuic classification and homeland. 47-56 Mathias JENNY Transitivity and affectedness in Mon. 57-71 J. MAYURI, Karumuri .V. SUBBARAO, Martin EVERAERT and G. Uma Maheshwar RAO Some syntactic aspects of lexical anaphors in select Munda Languages. 72-83 Stephen SELF Another look at serial verb constructions in Khmer. 84-102 V. R. RAJASINGH Interrogation in Muöt. 103-123 Issue 43.2 Suwilai PREMSRIRAT, Kenneth GREGERSON Fifty Years of Mon-Khmer Studies i-iv Anh-Thư T. NGUYỄN Acoustic correlates of rhythmic structure of Vietnamese narrative speech. 1-7 P. K. Choudhary Agreement in Ho 8-16 ii Editors’ Preface The 5th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics (ICAAL5) was held at the Australian National University (ANU) over September 4-5, 2013. The meeting was run in conjunction with the 19th Annual Himalayan Languages Symposium (HLS19), organised locally by Paul Sidwell and Gwendolyn Hyslop. The meetings were made possible by support provided by the following at ANU: Department of Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific Research School of Asia Pacific School of Culture, History and Language Tibetan Cultural Area Network Some 21 papers were read over two days at the ICAAL meeting, nine of which have found their way into this special issue of MKS.