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Classifiers: a Typology of Noun Categorization Edward J Western Washington University Western CEDAR Modern & Classical Languages Humanities 3-2002 Review of: Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Edward J. Vajda Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/mcl_facpubs Part of the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Vajda, Edward J., "Review of: Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization" (2002). Modern & Classical Languages. 35. https://cedar.wwu.edu/mcl_facpubs/35 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Humanities at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern & Classical Languages by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. J. Linguistics38 (2002), I37-172. ? 2002 CambridgeUniversity Press Printedin the United Kingdom REVIEWS J. Linguistics 38 (2002). DOI: Io.IOI7/So022226702211378 ? 2002 Cambridge University Press Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Classifiers: a typology of noun categorization devices.Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2000. Pp. xxvi+ 535. Reviewedby EDWARDJ. VAJDA,Western Washington University This book offers a multifaceted,cross-linguistic survey of all types of grammaticaldevices used to categorizenouns. It representsan ambitious expansion beyond earlier studies dealing with individual aspects of this phenomenon, notably Corbett's (I99I) landmark monograph on noun classes(genders), Dixon's importantessay (I982) distinguishingnoun classes fromclassifiers, and Greenberg's(I972) seminalpaper on numeralclassifiers. Aikhenvald'sClassifiers exceeds them all in the number of languages it examines and in its breadth of typological inquiry. The full gamut of morphologicalpatterns used to classify nouns (or, more accurately,the referentsof nouns)is consideredholistically, with an eye towardcategorizing the categorizationdevices themselvesin terms of a comprehensiveframe- work. The author directsher resultstoward severalaims. One is to fashion a unified and straightforwardsystem of terminologydealing with noun categorizationdevices. Another is to presentnew data on classifiersystems from recentlydescribed languages in a broadertypological dimension and to begin consideringwhat such systems can reveal about human cognition, currentlimitations in knowledgeabout linguisticdiversity notwithstanding. Last but not least, the book is intendedto inspireand guide more linguists into conductingfieldwork on undescribedor under-describedlanguages by providing'a frameworkwithin which fieldworkersand typologistswill be able to work, and whichcan be amendedand adjustedas new data and new insightsemerge' (viii). Over five hundredlanguages were sampled in researchingthis book, a numberthat Aikhenvaldmodestly reminds the readeris 'no morethan about one tenth of all human languages'(5), and doubtlessomits many classifier systems as yet undocumented.Still, the author included every language containingnoun classifierphenomena of any kindthat cameto her attention, by using the most thorough possible 'sample of convenience' (4). Pages 489-508 contain an alphabeticallist of the languagesincluded, giving their geneticaffiliations, along with lists of languagefamilies and linguisticareas in which classifierphenomena have been documented.Maps at the end of individualchapters show the distributionof the variousclassifier phenomena I37 This content downloaded from 140.160.178.168 on Fri, 16 May 2014 14:41:46 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS discussed.A lengthybibliography (452-470) includes every major publication dealingwith any aspect of noun categorizationdevices. Much of the extant literatureon such prolifictopics as East Asian numeralclassifiers or Bantu noun classes likewiseappears to have been consulted,though only some of these works receiveindividual mention in the discussion.In all these ways, this study is extremelyauthoritative and up-to-date.It is especiallyrich in new data from South America and, to a lesser extent, Australia and the South Pacific, much of it never before considered in a cross-linguistic perspective.A fairportion of the SouthAmerican data was gleanedfrom the author'sown extensivefield work in the BrazilianAmazon. The book containsfifteen chapters and threeappendixes, and closes with the expected indexes of languages,linguistic areas and language families (509-518), authors (19-524) and subjects (525-535). Chapter I, entitled 'Preliminaries'(i-i8), definesthe study'sgoals andjustifies its methodology. It is importantto realizethat the proposedtypological framework assumes that classifierelements and systems in individual languages representa continuumrather than a series of discretetypes. The latter view, were it adopted, would have proven too rigid to accommodate many of the languagesAikhenvald describes, some of whichjuxtapose several classifica- tion devices used for different purposes. Treating classifiersas discrete phenomenawould also be more likely to mislead during investigationsof unknownlanguages. The continuumapproach is also felicitouswhen dealing with individualsystems from a diachronicperspective. Each of the next eight chapters discusses a specific type of noun classificationdevice (the 'focal points' on Aikhenvald'scontinuum) as manifestedcrosslinguistically. Clear illustrations of each of these devicesare provided from at least one language, with occurrences of the same phenomenon in other languages mentioned in passing so that coverage approachesthe encyclopedic.Chapter 2 (i9-80) discussesnoun classes and genders- definedas 'noun categorizationdevices realized outside the noun itself within a head-modifier noun phrase' (I7). These function as grammaticalizedagreement systems and correlate at least partly with semanticfeatures (I9). FollowingDixon (I982), Aikhenvaldnotes that these systemstend to occurin fusionaland agglutinatinglanguages. The remaining discussionconcentrates on aspectsof noun classesnot coveredextensively in Corbett(i99 I), with particularlyrich examples from the languagesof Africa, New Guineaand SouthAmerica. The concisediscussion of terminologyand types of noun class phenomenahere provides a particularlysuperb textbook treatment.The map showing the world distributionof noun class systems (78) shouldhave indicatedKet as an isolatedexample of a Siberianlanguage with noun classes, somethingmentioned in the chapterdiscussion (77). Chapter 3 (8I-97) moves on to noun classifiers,non-concordial noun- categorizationdevices whose presencein the noun phraseis determinedby lexical selection accordingto syntacticproperties of the head noun rather 138 This content downloaded from 140.160.178.168 on Fri, 16 May 2014 14:41:46 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REVIEWS than inflectionalprocesses (8I). Numeralclassifiers, the other lexicaltype of noun categorizationdevice, are discussedin chapter4 (98-I24). Coverage extends beyond the already described noun categorization systems of Australiato revealthe lesserknown systems of SoutheastAsia, Mesoamerica and South America(Chibchan). Aikhenvald notes that no North American or Papuan languageswith noun classifiershave yet been documented(97). Similarly,the discussionof numeralclassifiers takes the familiarsystems of East Asia only as a startingpoint, then goes on to providea wealth of fresh data about such systems in South America, Western Austronesiaand in isolatedpockets across North America.Aikhenvald notes that these systems appearto be absentfrom Australia and veryrare in Africa(I24). The author stressesthat categorizationssuch as 'very rare' or 'frequent' are tentative, pendingdocumentation of additionallanguages. In the spiritof her book as representativeof researchin progress,Aikhenvald prominently urges readers in a special 'plea' on page xi to communicateany 'counterexamples,new ideasand data to furtherdevelop, refine, and improvethe generalizationsput forwardhere'. Chapter 5 (I25-I48) turns to the topic of classifiers in possessive constructions,a much rarerphenomenon found so far in only a few areas. Aikhenvalddescribes three types, distinguishedby whetherthey define the type of possessionalrelation, or are dictated by the inherentsemantics of eitherthe possessumor the possessor.Relational classifiers, which 'categorize kinds of institutionalized,culturally relevant relationships between the possessorand the possessed'(146), have been found in Amazoniaand parts of the Pacific.Possessed classifiers occur in isolatedinstances in both North and SouthAmerica, as well as CentralAfrica. Possessor classifiers have so far been found only in a few Makuilanguages of NorthwestAmazonia. Eurasian and Australianlanguages appear to lack these devicesaltogether. Chapter6 (I49-17 I) discussesverbal classifiers, verb-internal morphemes that 'categoriz[e]the referentof [their arguments]in terms of its shape, consistency,size, structure,position, and animacy' (149). Examplesrepre- senting Australian, Papuan and especially Native North American and Lowland Amazonian languages illustrate classificatoryuses of noun in- corporation,affixation, and suppletiveroots. No verbalclassifiers of any kind have been found in the languagesof Africa or Eurasia,or in Austronesian (I 7I). Chapter7 (I72-I83) discussesclassifiers found in locativenoun phrases and classificatorydeictic modifiers and/or articles.Deictic classifiersappear to be confinedto Siouan,Yuchi, Eskimoan and Guaicuruan (South America). Locativeclassifiers are even rarer,with the only examplesdocumented so far coming
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