Unit 1: The Parts of Speech Noun—a person, place, thing, or idea Name: Person: boy Kate mom Place: house Minnesota ocean Adverbs—describe verbs, adjectives, and other Thing: car desk phone adverbs Idea: freedom prejudice sadness --------------------------------------------------------------- Answers the questions how, when, where, and to Pronoun—a word that takes the place of a noun. what extent Instead of… Kate – she car – it Many words ending in “ly” are adverbs: quickly, smoothly, truly A few other pronouns: he, they, I, you, we, them, who, everyone, anybody, that, many, both, few A few other adverbs: yesterday, ever, rather, quite, earlier --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- Adjective—describes a noun or pronoun Prepositions—show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Answers the questions what kind, which one, how They begin a prepositional phrase, which has a many, and how much noun or pronoun after it, called the object. Articles are a sub category of adjectives and include Think of the box (things you have do to a box). the following three words: a, an, the Some prepositions: over, under, on, from, of, at, old car (what kind) that car (which one) two cars (how many) through, in, next to, against, like --------------------------------------------------------------- Conjunctions—connecting words. --------------------------------------------------------------- Connect ideas and/or sentence parts. Verb—action, condition, or state of being FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) Action (things you can do)—think, run, jump, climb, eat, grow A few other conjunctions are found at the beginning of a sentence: however, while, since, because Linking (or helping)—am, is, are, was, were --------------------------------------------------------------- Interjections—show emotion. Usually the first word(s) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma (,) or exclamation point (!). A few interjections: wow, bam, gee, ha, aha, ouch HINT: many people mix up pronouns and adjectives—think about how it is being used in the sentence! Many girls went to the dance. (many is an adjective describing how many girls) Many went to the dance. (many is a pronoun, replacing the noun girls) HINT: many people mix up adverbs and prepositions—think about how the word is used in the sentence! I looked down. (down is an adverb describing where I looked) I looked down the river. (down is a preposition, starting the phrase down the river) HINT: many people mix up adverbs and nouns—think about how the word is used in the sentence! The test is tomorrow. (tomorrow is an adverb answering when the test is) Tomorrow will be beautiful! (tomorrow is a noun!) 1 The Noun A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea. George! Jupiter! Ice cream! Courage! Books! Bottles! Godzilla! All of these words are nouns, words that identify the whos, wheres, and whats in language. Nouns name people, places, and things. Read the sentence that follows: George and Godzilla walked to Papa John's to order a large pepperoni pizza. George is a person. Papa John's is a place. Pizza is a thing. Godzilla likes to think he's a person, is as big as a place, but qualifies as another thing. Persons: John hunter audience ____________ Places: theater Minnesota park ____________ Things: car television hat ____________ Ideas: inspiration joy freedom ____________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Common or Proper Nouns: A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. They are usually not capitalized unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. They are capitalized. Common: actor planet month ________________ Proper: Adam Sandler Venus November ________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Concrete or Abstract Nouns: A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that can be seen, heard, smelled touched, or tasted. An abstract noun names an idea, quality or state. Concrete: bell skunk sand apple _____________ Abstract: pride sadness uncertainty independence _____________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Singular or Plural Nouns: A singular noun names only one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea. Singular: city foot monster _______________ Plural: cities feet monsters _______________ 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Collective Nouns: A collective noun names a group of people or things. Example: herd media pack _____________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Compound Nouns: A compound noun is a single noun that is formed by combining two or more words Example: footprint doghouse backpack _____________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Possessive Nouns: A possessive noun shows ownership or relationship. Example: hiker’s boots Karen’s car ________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Finding Nouns Underline every noun in each sentence. 1. Of all the world’s monsters, the dragon is best known. 2. Ancient cultures imagined the dragon as a giant snake. 3. During the Middle Ages, dragons were depicted with wings and legs, breathing fire. 4. Dragons resemble lizards in the artwork of earlier cultures. 5. Mythology tells the story of Hydra, a nine-headed dragon. 6. For centuries, Scotland has claimed the monster of Loch Ness. 7. Some people claim to have seen Nessie and even photographed the monster. 8. Indeed, cameras have detected a large, moving object in the waters of the loch. 9. The mysterious serpent has inspired writers, scientists, and preservationists. 10. There may actually be some unknown creatures living in this body of fresh water! 3 VERBS Express an action, condition, or state of being Types: Action Verbs: May be physical or mental (knocked / wanted) Linking Verbs: Do not express an action—they link sentence parts together. --Forms of to be: was, were, am, are, is, be, been, being (these stand alone) --Express Condition: look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain • Some verbs can be action or linking. Action Linking We felt the seat cushions. They felt dry. We tasted the popcorn. It tasted salty. Helpful Hint: If you can substitute =, is, are, was, or were for a verb, you know it is a linking verb. Linking Verb Sing (Sing it to the tune of "London Bridge is Falling Down") am, are, is, was, were, (and) be, forms of be, forms of be, taste, smell, sound, seem, look, feel, say become, grow, appear, remain. Exercise: Identifying Action and Linking Verbs Circle the noun(s) and underline the verb(s) in each sentence. Above each verb, write A if it is an action verb or L if it is a linking verb. Remember—some sentences might have more than one verb. Examples: A The alarm sounded in the hallways. L The music sounded good! 1. The man paused before climbing the mountain. 2. The whole Yukon appeared white. 3. The man was cold. 4. The temperature dipped to fifty degrees below zero. 5. Still, the man began his journey. 6. He felt hungry and thought about lunch all day. 7. The moisture on his mustache appeared disgusting! 8. After he rubbed his hands along his nose, it became numb again. 9. The dog floundered. 10. The man’s hands grew numb, as the coldness grew and grew. 4 23 Helping Verbs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 5 Helping Verbs Helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs) are combined with other verbs to form verb phrases. A verb phrase may contain one or more helping verb with an action verb. Some helping verbs don’t even have an action verb with them—they indicate that an action is directed at the subject. Reminder of the 23 helping verbs! Don’t forget to memorize your list! am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must Examples: Sandra has a pair of Conga drums at home. (helping verb acts as the main verb) She has practiced her drumming all summer. (helping verb plus action verb) Circle nouns and underline the complete verb phrase in the following sentences. 1. Our friends will be coming to the birthday party late. 2. The principal does like your project. 3. You should have gone with your dad. 4. The forward did play well. 5. Your project will be seen by several people. 6. The girls are laughing really loud. 7. Anyone can join knowledge bowl. 8. The advisor will welcome you with open arms. Be careful of adverbs that interrupt verb phrases—do not include them in your verb phrases. Words like not, never, always, sometimes, rarely are called adverbs because they modify the verb phrase—they are NOT part of the verb phrase. Examples: Susie does go to dances. Susie does sometimes go to dances. Susie goes to dances. Susie rarely goes to dances. 1.Our friends will not be coming to the birthday party