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1. Tu/Vous = You 2. Les Pronoms Sujets = Subject Pronouns 3. L'élision=Words That Must Contract

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1. Tu/Vous = You 2. Les Pronoms Sujets = Subject Pronouns 3. L'élision=Words That Must Contract 1. Tu/vous = you "Tu" means "you". It is familier. It's used with family and friends. It is a subject pronoun. "Vous" means "you", "y'all" or "you guys". It is Formel or pluriel. It's used to show respect, anger, or isolation OR to talk to a group of people. 2. Les pronoms sujets = Subject pronouns • Pronouns replace nouns • Subject pronouns are the nouns doing the action in the sentence rd • Note: ONLY 3 person pronouns will actually replace nouns! Singulier Pluriel 1ere personne je/ j' = I nous = we 2eme personne tu = you (friendly, vous = y’all or familier) vous = you (Formel) 3eme personne il = he/it, elle = she/it ils = they (masculine or on = one, we (slang), mixed group) people (in general), elles = they (feminine qui = who, tout le group only) monde = everybody 3. L'élision=Words that must contract L’élision = the act of making 2 words into one, by dropping the last letter of the first word and replacing it with an apostrophe. In French, ONLY the following words will drop their last letter in front of a word starting with a vowel or silent h. ce (it) -> c' ne (part of not) -> n' de (of, from) -> d' que (that or what) -> qu' je (I subject pronoun) -> j' se (one, to oneself)-> s' le, la (the) -> l' si (if) in front of IL only-> s’il me (me, to me) -> m' te (you, to you) -> t' Notice that all these words are “petits”, and almost all of them end in "e"! 4. Question words - les mots interrogatifs 1. Qui = who (answer with a person!) 2. Comment = how 3. Où = where 4. D'où = from where (answer with de + place) 5. Qu'est-ce que c'est? = What is it? (answer with c'est...) 6. Quel(le)(s) + noun = What, which 7. qu'est-ce que + sujet + verbe = what 8. Quoi = what (comes after conjugated verb) 9. Que = what (before inversion) 10. à quelle heure = at what time (answer with à + specific time) 11. quand = when (answer does NOT have to be specific) 12. est-ce que + sujet+ verbe = is it that? , Do? (oui/non answer) 13. combien = how many/much (give a quantity answer) 14. pourquoi = why (answer with parce que OR pour+infinitif) 5. Comment poser les questions 1. Raise your voice. 2. Add "n'est-ce pas" to the end of the statement. 3. Add "Est-ce que" to the beginning of the statement. 4. Inversion: flip the pronoun and the conjugated verb, and add a hyphen. 5. Use a question word. Ex. Tu es content? Tu es content, n'est-ce pas? Est-ce que tu es content? Es-tu content? Qui est content? 6. Comment répondre aux questions If the question subject is: Then the answer subject is: Tu Je 3rd person 3rd person On On Vous (singulier, Formel) Je Vous pluriel Nous Je Tu or vous Nous Nous or vous 7. Answer words vs. question words If the answer is.... then use the Question word (c'est) + person qui à + person à qui avec+ person avec qui (à) +place où de + place d'où à + specific time à quelle heure approximation of time quand number or quantity (+ noun) combien parce que, pour + infinitive or pourquoi pour + a thing Tells how you are feeling/ How comment you did something, especially transportation gives you the answer to a "what" quoi (always follows verb) question quel + noun qu'est-ce que + subject + verb que + inversion 8. Inversion: sophisticated way of asking ? • Inversion is not generally used with "je" • Inversion is the act of swapping the pronom et le verbe conjugué and adding a hyphen to form a question. Ex. Tu as faim -> As-tu faim? • Note: For prononciation purposes, if the 3rd person singular verbe conjugué form ends in a vowel, you place -t- instead of -. Ex. Il a soif. A-t-il soif? • Inversion cannot be used with a noun or a proper noun. Use the noun, followed by a comma, and then make inversion using a corresponding pronoun. Ex. Sylvie habite ici. Sylvie, habite-t- elle ici? 9. Verb vocabulary • Conjugation (conjugaison) = changing the infinitive to agree with its subject (ie. subject-verb agreement) • Infinitive (infinitif) = The untouched form of the verb. This is the verb form you will find in the French dictionary. In English, it starts with "to ___". ex. to run, to sing. It can be either irregular* or regular. • Conjugated verb (verbe conjugué) = the verb form after it has been changed to agree with the subject • Irregular verb*: Does not follow a pattern for conjugation. • Regular verb: Follows a pattern for conjugation. This pattern is always: 1. Drop the last 2 letters of the infinitive and 2. Add the personal endings to the stem. 10. Les noms = nouns (and clues) • Nouns are people, places, things or ideas. • In French, they always have GENDER (m/f) • You MUST memorize gender when you learn the noun. Here are some clues to help you. If then noun ends in: -eau, -one, -c, -oir, -ier, -d, -ille, -ise, -rie, -ique, -ette, - ment, -l, -f , -b, -et, -ing, -sion, -tion, -ue , –ace, -ance, -isme, -k, -ou, -p, -cle -esse, -fe, -nne, tié EXCEPT: eau , peau, soif, EXCEPT: squelette, golfe, boucle bastion Assume masculine Assume feminine 11. Les articles indéfinis = indefinite articles SINGULIER: un = (m) a, an, one une = (f) a, an, one PLURIEL: des = some (use for all plural) AFTER A NEGATIVE: de or d' = any (follows "pas de" rule) Articles are called "gender markers". ALWAYS use un/une after c'est. 12. L'article défini = the definite article • Definite article = the • Describes a specific object • Used MUCH more in French than English SINGULIER: le : before masculine singular noun la: before feminine singular noun l': before any singular WORD starting with a vowel sound (vowel/silent h) PLURIEL: les: before ALL plural nouns 13. The non-silent "h" The non-silent (or breathe H) "h" in French is called le h aspiré. It is shown in the dictionary as an apostrophe ex. ['ariko] = haricot There is a break between it and the word before. Therefore instead of l' ou d' ou cet, we use le or la, de and ce or cette. In 7th grade, you will only learn 4 French words with the non-silent "h": le haricot vert (green bean), le haut parleur (loudspeaker), le hot dog, le hamburger However, feel free to look up words in the dictionary if you want to learn more! 14. Les noms pluriels= Plural nouns To make nouns plural in French: 1. Change the article • Definite article changes to "les" • Indefinite article changes to "des" 2. Add "s" to the noun UNLESS* - it ends with an "s" or an "x" --> then do NOT do anything! - it ends with a "u"--> then add an "x" (EXCEPT: pneu= pneus) Ex. la gomme = les gommes, le drapeau = les drapeaux, le cours = les cours, l'élève = les élèves, une gomme = des gommes, un bureau = des bureaux 15. 3rd person singulier All of the following subjects will take the 3rd person singular form when conjugating your verb: il = he elle = she on = we (slang, spoken French), one, people (in general) qui = who tout le monde = everybody any singular proper noun: Robert, Paris, New York any singular noun: la fête, la cassette la famille = the family This is a single unit, or a "collective noun". Just like in English, it is conjugated to 3rd person singular form la classe = the class (same reason as above) 16. Regular "er" verb conjugation To conjugate regular "er" verbs, drop the "er" from the infinitive and add the "personal" endings below to the "stem": Singulier Pluriel 1st person je -> E nous -> ONS 2nd tu -> ES vous -> EZ (pronounced person “AY”) 3rd il , elle, on, qui, tout le ils elles -> ENT (not person monde, etc. pronounced! This ending is totally silent!) -> E ex. chanter = to sing • je chante = I sing, I am singing, I do sing • tu chantes = you sing, you are singing, you do sing • il chante = he sings, he is singing, he does sing • on chante = we sing, one sings, people sing etc. • nous chantons = we sing, we are singing, we do sing • vous chantez = you (Formel) sing, y'all (you guys) are singing, y'all do sing, you (Formel) do sing • elles chantent = they (féminin) sing, they are singing, they do sing 17. Regular "ir" verbs To conjugate regular "ir" verbs, first you drop the "ir”. Then you add the personal ending to the stem. Singulier Pluriel 1st person is issons 2nd is issez person 3rd it issent person 18. Regular “re” verbs To conjugate "re" verbs, first you drop the "re”. Then you add the personal ending to the stem. Singulier Pluriel 1st person s ons 2nd s ez person 3rd - (don’t add ent person anything) The regular -re verbs you have learned are: descendre = to go down, to get off perdre = to lose vendre = to sell répondre = to answer attendre = to wait (for) entendre = to hear 19. Multiple verbs in sentence In French, whenever you have multiple verbs in a sentence, follow this rule: sujet + verbe conjugué + infinitif(s) To make it negative, follow the hot dog rule (ne...pas goes around the conjugated verb)! sujet + ne or n' + verbe conjugué + pas + infinitifs In English, this translates 2 ways: J'aime travailler = I love to work or I love working. Ils détestent étudier et passer les examens = They hate (studying/to study) and (taking/to take) tests. 20. Négation - THE HOT DOG RULE To make a sentence negative in French, wrap "ne" "pas" around the conjugated verb.
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