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Index References to notes, figures and tables are entered as (respectively) 21n, 21f or 21t. Phonetic symbols are filed (in order of articulation point), at the beginning of the index. /b/, 81–2 Aaron, Jesse, 277 /Ө/, 61–2, 114–16, 311, 718 Aaron, Jessi E., 158, 159, 496, 497, 583–4 /tʃ/, 116 AATSP (American Association of /s/, 18, 19f, 29n, 38, 64, 65, 73–7, Teachers of Spanish 99–106, 114–16, 216–17, 219, and Portuguese), 603 311, 331, 358, 361, 404, 405, 480, accommodation, 42–3, 44–5, 581, 591, 482, 583–4, 709, 710–14, 718–19 592, 593–4, 708 deletion, 43–4, 104–5, 106, 189, definition, 579 232–42 Accountability Principle, 151 word-initial /s/, 82–3 accusative a, 130–7 /d/, 44, 80, 81–2, 112–14, 220–4, ACTFL (American Council on the 265–70, 716t, 720–1 Teaching of Foreign Languages), (ž), 217, 218t, 223–4 600, 603 /r/, 362, 712 actuation problem, language change, /ɾ/, 41, 64, 77–8, 107–9, 265–70, 286–7, 292 331, 341, 342 Adamson, H. Douglas, 268, 305 /l/, 64, 77–8 address, 42–3, 44–5, 210–14, 246–8 (cˇ), 217, 220 child-directed speech, 272–5, 278 /j/, 358 tú-usted variation, 192, 194, 210–11, / λ /, 61, 81, 107–9, 331, 244–60 342, 712 COPYRIGHTEDcross-dialectal MATERIAL comparisons, 249–50, /ɡ/, 81–2 256–9 /r/, 362, 404–5, 483 adjectives, 365 [h], 74 administrative languages, 326–7, 399 [ʔ], 360–1 adolescents, 41, 45, 219, 220–4 17th–19th century Spanish, 153–9, acquisition of group norms, 276–7, 247, 297–8 315–16 The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics, First Edition. Edited by Manuel Díaz-Campos. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. bindex.indd 765 5/26/2015 12:24:00 PM 766 Index adolescents (cont’d) Alba, Matthew, 39 role in language change, 293 Albó, Xavier, 688 terms of address, 211–14 ALEA (Atlas Lingüístico y Etnográfico de adverbs, 210, 387, 390, 405–6 Andalucía), 115, 117n and morphosyntactic variation, 126–30, Aleman, Steven R., 637 151, 161, 194 Alentejano (Portuguese dialect), 402–4, 414 scope, 144n Alfonso X, King of Castile and León, 296, advertising, 542–4, 565 297, 399, 670 affricate consonants, 21–2, 63, 81, 116, Algeria, 475, 479 360, 483 allí~allá alternation, 171–2 African-Americans, influence on New Alliance for the Advancement of York Spanish, 741 Heritage Languages, 604 African contact varieties, 446–67 allophones, 59–62, 65–6 lexico-semantic features, 448–50 Alonso, Amado, 63 morphosyntactic features, 450–3, 457–8, Alonso, Ana, 564 466–7 Alonso, Dámaso, 249 phonological features, 74, 76, 80, 453, Althusser, Louis, 556 456–7, 458 Alvarez, Celia, 565 prosodic features, 86–8, 457 Álvarez Nazario, Manuel, 77, 232 ritual languages, 453, 458–62, 467, 469n alveolar consonants, 60f, 61 Afro-Bolivian Spanish, 81, 86 Alvord, Scott, 22, 331 Afro-Cuban ritual languages, 453, 459, 467 Amastae, Jon, 81–2 age differences, 37, 40–1, 207–25 ambisyllabicity, definition, 74–5 addressee-speaker relationship, 210–14, American Association of Teachers of 272–5, 278 Spanish and Portuguese changes in brain structure, 208 (AATSP), 603 definition, 208 American Council on the Teaching of discourse-pragmatic factors, 433–9 Foreign Languages (ACTFL), and gender segregation, 219–25, 231, 600, 603 237, 241–2 American English, 268–9, 270–1, 274, and language acquisition, 264–79 275, 276–7 and language change, 293, 714 American Spanish see Latin American and language shift/maintenance, Spanish; United States Spanish 355, 633 anaphora, direct objects, 137–43 morphosyntactic variation, 172, 175, 182, Andalusian Spanish, 29n, 106, 112–16, 190–2, 426, 433–9 706, 707, 715–19, 720 peer / parent distinction, 276, 279 Andean Spanish, 323–42 phonological variation, 106, 108–9, 114, castellano motoso (interlect), 328–9 116, 264–79, 584 morphosyntactic features, 328–33 prosodic variation, 22, 23–4 phonological features, 14, 84, 328, 331 stylistic variation, 268–9, 270–2, prosodic features, 22, 85 279n sociolinguistic features, 334–41 Age Grading, 219, 220 Andersen, Margaret L., 656 agreement, 387, 420–1, 457, 719, 722 Andersen, Roger, 304 Agüero Mansfield, Karina, 358 Andorra, Bruno, 637 Aguirre, A., Jr., 536 animacy Aijón Oliva, Miguel Ángel, 195, 197 and case marking, 195 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 467, 469n and differential object marking, Alarcos, Emilio, 61 131–2, 133–5, 137 bindex.indd 766 5/26/2015 12:24:00 PM Index 767 and resumptive pronouns, 176–7t Atlas lingüístico y etnográfico de Andalucia Anipa, Kormi, 298 (ALEA), 115, 117n anthropolitical linguistics, 554 atonic vowels, 83 Antilla, Arto, 58 attrition, 526n Antón, Marta, 476 Auger, Julie, 207 Antoníni-Boscán, María, 277 Aymara language, 324, 326, 327, 339, 674, Anzaldúa, Gloria, 540, 566, 567, 740 690–1, 692, 693, 694, 737 Aparacio, Frances R., 558 Azevedo Maia, Clarinda de, 397, 398–9 Appadurai, Arjun, 738 Apparent Time analysis, 219–20 Bach, Robert L., 636 Appleyard, José Luis, 363, 366–9 Backus, A., 532 approximants, 15, 17, 80, 81–2, 112–14 Badia i Margarit, Antoni, 387 aquí~acá alternation, 171–2 Bakker, Dik, 359 Arabic contact varieties, 473–86 Bakker, Peter, 395–6 history of, 474–6 Baldauf, Richard B., 668 lexicon, 481, 485–6 Balearic Islands, 385, 388 monolingual speakers, 478, 480–1 Bariola, Nino, 739 morphosyntactic features, 484–5 Barker, George Carpenter, 566 phonological features, 480, 481–3 Barranquenho, 395–415, 416n Arellano, Gustavo, 655, 659–60 lexico-semantic features, 401, Arellano, Juan Estevan, 84 405–6, 412 Arends, Jacques, 395–6 morphosyntactic features, 396–7, Argentina, 475, 479–80, 484 405–12 Argentinean Spanish phonological features, 402–5 discourse markers, 330–1 Barranquilla Spanish, 174–5 discourse-pragmatic features, 249–50, Barrera-Tobón, Carolina, 592 258, 259t Barrett, Rusty, 562, 654, 655, 656, 658 morphosyntactic features, 127–37, Barrios, Graciela, 76 144n, 179 Basque contact varieties, 188, 192, 194, phonological features, 12–13f, 15, 17, 343n 20, 38, 67, 69n, 75–6, 217–18, prosodic features, 22 360–1, 482–3 Basque (Euskara), 671 prosodic features, 22, 23–4, 25f, 85, 88 Bauckus, S., 599 argumentation, definition, 48 Bauer, Laurie, 592 articles, 457 Bayley, Robert, 439, 560, 569 articulation, 56 Beaud, Laurence, 270 consonants, 15, 17, 21, 63, 65 Beebe, Leslie, 306 vowels, 17, 264 Bell, Allan, 42, 44–5, 46, 49 aspect, 159–64, 191, 332–4, 406–7 see also Bello, Andrés, 673 tense/aspect benefactive aspect, 334 aspiration, 18, 29n, 64, 73–5, 104, 106, 358, Benson, Carole, 691 719, 731–2 Benson, E., 530 word-initial /s/, 82–3 Bentivoglio, Paola, 39, 168, 169, 173, assibilation, 20, 38, 331, 341, 342 176–7t, 178, 180, 431 assimilation, 65–6 Benvenutto Murrieta, Pedro, 328 theories, 56, 57–9 Berger, Peter, 212 Atanay, Reginaldo, 557 Bernstein, Robert, 633 Atlas lingüístico de la península Ibérica Bestene, Jorge, 475 (ALPI), 10, 117n Bhatia, T., 545n bindex.indd 767 5/26/2015 12:24:00 PM 768 Index Biber, Douglas, 45 Borrego Nieto, Julio, 378 Bickerton, Derek, 418–41 borrowing see loan words Bilingual Education Act (2001), 677 Boswell, Thomas D., 630 bilingualism, 337–41, 355–8, 439–41, 481–6, Bourbon monarchy, 296–7, 325, 374, 670 546n see also specific speech Bourdieu, Pierre, 214, 730 communities, e.g. New York, Bourhis, R.Y., 633, 634 Spanish-English speakers Boyd, Sally, 632 attitudes to, 555–62, 566–7, 569–70, Boyer, Henri, 357 634–40, 675–8, 742 bozal Spanish, 453, 466 see also African bicultural/bilingual education, 336–7, contact varieties 344n, 357–8, 479, 673–4, 677, Bradley, Travis, 15 686–700, 736 Brazilian Portuguese, 138–9, 736 colonial period, 324–6, 354, 356–7 Brekhus, Wayne, 215 and convergence, 385–7, 534–6 Brezinger, Matthias, 626, 628 immersion programs, 389, 390 Briggs, Charles L., 565 and language shift, 556–7, 562–3, 625–8 Bright, Jane, 527n research questions, 419, 421, 609–15 Bright, William, 527n sequential bilingualism, 436–7 Brinton, D., 599 stable bilingualism, 339–41, 413, 631–3 Britain, David, 717 theoretical models, 560–1, 568–70 British English, 273–4, 275–6 Billig, Michael, 734 Brizuela, Maquela, 498 Bills, Garland D., 630, 634 Broce, Marlene, 39 biological age, definition, 208 see also age Brody, Jill, 494, 563 differences Brown, Penelope, 256 Biondi Assali, Estela, 479–80, 482–3, 484 Brown, Roger, 192, 246–7, 249, 252 Birren, James, 208 Brugè, Laura, 135 Bishop, Melissa, 543, 565 Brugger, Gerhard, 135 Blackledge, Adrian, 681n Brutt-Griffler, J., 750 Blanco, Ana, 117n, 189 Buenos Aires Spanish Blas Arroyo, José Luis, 188, 189, 192, discourse-pragmatic features, 249–50, 193–4, 376, 378, 379, 382, 383, 258, 259t 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 722 morphosyntactic features, 131–7, 144n bleaching, 161, 164 phonological features, 12, 20, 75, 217–18 definition, 154 prosodic features, 22, 23–4, 25f, 85, 88 blending, 387, 390 Bullock, B., 534, 536 Blevins, Juliette, 28 Bullock, Barbara E., 732 Blondeau, Hélène, 220, 225 Burke, Deborah, 208, 219 Bloomfield, Leonard, 221 Bustamente, Isabel, 333 Bogard, Sergio, 178 Bustos, Eugenio de, 65 Bogotá (Colombia), 250–6 Bustos Tovar, José Jesús de, 285 Bohannon, John Neil, 274, 278 Bybee, Joan, 39, 149, 156, 157, 159, 160 Bolivia bilingual education, 687–92 Cabré, Teresa, 12 language policy, 327, 336, 690–2 Callawalla language, 324, 342n population, 338–9, 687 calques, 363–4, 381, 499–500, 527n, 532 Bolivian Spanish, 81 Calvet, Louis-Jean, 680 Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo, 672 Cameron, Richard, 189, 211, 219, 220–4, Booth, Wayne C., 48 225, 231, 241, 426–7 borderlands theory, 566–7, 630 Campbell, R., 604–5 bindex.indd 768 5/26/2015 12:24:00 PM Index 769 Campos, Héctor, 138 morphosyntactic features, 188, 189, Canadian English, 275–6 194, 376–7, 379, 383–4 Canale, Michael, 314 phonological features, 16, 27, 379, Canarian Spanish 382–3, 388 morphosyntactic features, 188, 189, prosodic features, 22, 23f, 384 190–1, 192, 194 Catalan language, 671 phonological features, 38, 39, 99–117 Catalan-Spanish speakers, 189, 391n Canfield, D.
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  • THE PEOPLES and LANGUAGES of CHILE by DONALDD

    THE PEOPLES and LANGUAGES of CHILE by DONALDD

    New Mexico Anthropologist Volume 5 | Issue 3 Article 2 9-1-1941 The eoplesP and Languages of Chile Donald Brand Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nm_anthropologist Recommended Citation Brand, Donald. "The eP oples and Languages of Chile." New Mexico Anthropologist 5, 3 (1941): 72-93. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nm_anthropologist/vol5/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Anthropologist by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 72 NEW MEXICO ANTHROPOLOGIST THE PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF CHILE By DONALDD. BRAND This article initiates a series in which the writer will attempt to summarize the scattered and commonly contradictory material on the present ethnic and linguistic constituency of a number of Latin Ameri- can countries. It represents some personal investigations in the field and an examination of much of the pertinent literature. Chile has been a sovereign state since the War of Independence 1810-26. This state was founded upon a nuclear area west of the Andean crest and essentially between 240 and 460 South Latitude. Through the War of the Pacific with Bolivia and Perui in 1879-1883 and peaceful agreements with Argentina, Chile acquired her present extention from Arica to Tierra del Fuego. These northern and south- ern acquisitions added little to her population but introduced numerous small ethnic and linguistic groups. Chile has taken national censuses in 1835, 1843, 1854, 1865, 1875, 1885, 1895, 1907, 1920, 1930, and the most recent one in November of 1940.