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Phonetic Production in Early and Late German-Spanish Bilinguals

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Phonetic Production in Early and Late German-Spanish Bilinguals Phonetic production in early and late German-Spanish bilinguals Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Philosophie bei der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Mario Ruiz Moreno (Toledo, Spain) Hamburg, 20. März 2019 Erstgutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christoph Gabriel. Zweitgutachterin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Heike Zinsmeister. Datum der Disputation: 16. Juli 2019 Eidesstattliche Versicherung Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift selbst verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Die Dissertation wurde in der vorgelegten oder einer ähnlichen Form nicht schon einmal in einem früheren Promotionsverfahren angenommen oder als ungenügend beurteilt. Declaration on oath I hereby declare on oath that I have written the present dissertation by my own and have not used other than the acknowledged resources and aids. This Ph.D. thesis has neither been previously rejected by any doctoral committee nor submitted to it, neither in its present form nor in any a similar one. Hamburg, den Unterschrift / Signature A mis padres, Ángeles Moreno y Félix Ruiz, y a mi abuela Maruja; por su apoyo incondicional. Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Univ.-Prof. Christoph Gabriel for having found my research proposal interesting and for his support in finding funding opportunities. He has also revised various drafts of this dissertation, enriched the final manuscript with stimulating comments and questions, and been patient during the moments in which this dissertation seemed to have stalled. Secondly, I would also like to thank Univ.-Prof. Heike Zinsmeister for having accepted to be my second supervisor and for her useful comments on statistics that allowed for a better overall design of the study. Any errors that remain in the final version of this manuscript after their comments are, of course, my sole responsibility. The University of Hamburg has also made an essential contribution by funding my research with a three-year PhD scholarship, for which I will be eternally grateful. During the final part of this research, I had the opportunity to teach different courses at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Teaching Spanish phonetics there proved especially fruitful for me, since all the students that took that module made a valuable contribution with their questions and remarks on my own language from their German perspective. During this time, the support and encouragement of my colleagues in Kiel was immensely helpful. Special thanks go to Dirk Pförtner and Paloma Fernández. Unfortunately, there is not enough space to include the names of all the people who have somehow participated in my research (more than a hundred people). None of them received any compensation and most of them did not even know me prior to their participation. Everyone was extremely friendly during the recordings and made the data-collection very fun; my deepest gratitude to all of them. Finalmente, me gustaría dedicarle unas palabras a toda mi familia, ya que su apoyo ha sido esencial en todo momento. Simplemente no puedo imaginarme cómo habría sido llevar a cabo esta investigación sin su ayuda material, su constante apoyo emocional, y sin haber creído siempre en mí. ¡Gracias de todo corazón! "Beati Hispani quibus bibere vivere est." "Lucky the Spaniards, for whom living is drinking." Anonymous "Wer fremde Sprachen nicht kennt, weiß nichts von seiner eigenen." “Those who know nothing of foreign languages know nothing of their own." Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe i Abstract The aim of this study was the investigate both the acoustic differences and the global accent ratings of different types of bilinguals. The 40 speakers who participated in the study were divided into five groups (8 members per group). There were two groups of monolinguals (Spanish and German), one group of L1 Spanish – L2 German proficient late bilinguals, and two groups or early bilinguals (most of them also simultaneous bilinguals). For one group of the early bilinguals, Spanish was the societal language during childhood and German the heritage language, whereas the other group was brought up in Germany and acquired Spanish at home. The study combines the use of global accent ratings, as typically done in bilingualism studies (e.g. Flege et al., 1995; or Oyama, 1976), with linguistic (acoustic) analyses, as proposed in Abrahamsson & Hyltenstam (2009). The acoustic studies focus on segmental phonetics, namely different aspects of vowels, stops, fricatives, and rhotics were investigated, which cover more than 75% of the segments of each language. Lastly, the study evaluated the impact of each of these phonetic features in the global accent ratings. The findings support the idea that early exposure to a language does not guarantee a native-like pronunciation (Abrahamsson & Hyltenstam, 2009), as only half of the early bilinguals passed for natives in their heritage language despite presenting few phonetic deviations from monolingual norm. On the contrary, all of them passed for natives in their societal language. In turn, the late bilinguals were very far from monolinguals in the global accent ratings and, to a lesser extent, in the acoustic studies. The evaluation of the impact of each phonetic feature on global accent ratings seemingly suggests that other aspects (most likely intonation) can better account for global accent ratings when the speakers evaluated are highly proficient. Keywords: early bilinguals, late bilinguals, simultaneous bilinguals, heritage-language speakers, Spanish, German, vowels, stops, fricatives, rhotics, and global accent. ii Kurzfassung Das Ziel dieser Studie bestand darin, sowohl die akustischen Unterschiede als auch die Globalakzentbewertungen bei verschiedenen Arten von bilingualen Sprechern zu untersuchen. 40 Sprecher haben an dieser Studie teilgenommen und wurden in fünf Gruppen aufgeteilt (8 Mitglieder pro Gruppe). Es gab zwei Monolingualgruppen (Spanisch und Deutsch), eine Gruppe von late bilinguals (L1 Spanisch - L2 Deutsch) und zwei Gruppen von early bilinguals (die meisten davon auch simultaneous bilinguals). Für eine Gruppe der early bilinguals war Spanisch während der Kindheit die Umgebungssprache und Deutsch die heritage language, während die andere Gruppe in Deutschland aufgewachsen ist und zu Hause Spanisch erworben hat. Wie von Abrahamsson & Hyltenstam (2009) vorgeschlagen, kombiniert diese Studie die Verwendung der Globalakzentbewertungen, die typischerweise in Bilingualismusstudien durchgeführt werden (z. B. Flege et al., 1995; oder Oyama, 1976), mit sprachlichen (akustischen) Analysen. Die akustischen Studien konzentrieren sich auf die segmentale Phonetik, wobei verschiedene Aspekte von Vokalen, Verschlusslauten, Raubelauten und r-Lauten untersucht wurden, die mehr als 75% der Segmente jeder Sprache abdecken. Zuletzt wertet die Studie die Auswirkungen jedes dieser phonetischen Merkmale auf den Globalakzentbewertungen aus. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Annahme, dass bei einer frühzeitigen Exposition gegenüber einer Sprache die Sprecher nicht unbedingt als Muttersprachler wahrgenommen werden (Abrahamsson & Hyltenstam, 2009), das war der Fall für die Globalakzentbewertungen in ihrer heritage language für die Hälfte der early bilinguals dieser Studie, obwohl nur wenige phonetische Abweichungen von der einsprachigen Norm vorlagen. Dagegen wurden alle in ihrer Umgebungssprache als Muttersprachler angesehen. Im Gegenzug gab es wichtige Unterschiede zwischen den late bilinguals und den Einsprachigen bei den Globalakzentbewertungen und bis zu einem gewissen Punkt auch in den akustischen Studien. Die Bewertung der Auswirkungen jedes phonetischen Merkmals auf der Bewertung der Globalakzente deutet anscheinend darauf hin, dass andere Aspekte (höchstwahrscheinlich Intonation) größere Auswirkungen auf Globalakzentbewertungen haben, wenn die bewerteten Probanden sehr kompetent sind. Keywords: early bilinguals, late bilinguals, simultaneous bilinguals, heritage-language speakers, Spanisch, Deutsch, Vokale, Verschlusslaute, Reibelaute, r-Laute, und Globalakzent. 1 Index Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. i Kurzfassung .......................................................................................................................................................... ii Index ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of tables .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Theoretical background .................................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 The sound systems of Spanish and German ............................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Vowels ...............................................................................................................................................
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