Portuguese Part 1

Rose Ward Historical Linguistics Family Overview

● Indo-European roots

● Stems from Vulgar

● Speakers of Portuguese are “” ○ “Luso” stemming from Lusitania, Iberian Romance equivalent to modern day ○ “Phone” from the greek root meaning “sound, ” ● Portugal ● ● ● ● -Bissau ● ● ● São Tomé e Príncipe ● East ● Macao

Places It’ Spoken Impact

● Spoken on 4 continents, in 10 countries due to colonization

● Not just the weird sibling to Spanish!

● 252 million speakers as of 2020 ()

● 9th most spoken language in the world

● Colonization → → creoles

● Some, but not all, Portuguese Creoles have survived (Cape Verdean) Family Members

● Portuguese, along with Galician, developed most recently from Galician-Portuguese

● Portugal recognized as an independent kingdom in 1143, slowly morphed away from Galician

● Still debate about difference between Galician and Portuguese, but Galician definitely has similarities to Spanish ○ Definite differences in nasals Deaffrication

Galician-Portugese Portuguese ● Seven ● Reduced to four /s ʃ ʒ/ ● / ts,dz / , / ʃ,ʒ / , / tʃ / and apicoalveolar / s̺ z̺ / ● /tʃ/ merges to /ʃ/

● /s̺ z̺ / merge to /s z/ or /ʃ ʒ/ Portuguese Part 2

Maya Levkovitz Historical Linguistics

Brazilian Portuguese Standard : Regulated by the Standard Dialect: Regulated by the Brazilian Academy of Letters Sciences Academy of , Class of Letters ~16 different Brazilian dialects, but key distinction is North/South Northern ei and ou sounds are dipthongs ([ei̯], [ou̯ ]), and // Northern* and /b/ are somewhat merged tend to have more open pre-stressed Central/Southern* Southern ei and ou sounds are monophthongized ([e̞ ] and tend to have more closed pre-stressed vowels [o̞ ]), and /v/ and /b/ are notably distinct Heavily influenced by its proximity to southern *this dialect has more power as a , and sounds more like Spanish than other result of it being the capital’s dialect dialects of European , Ctd.

Other

Portuguese is also spoken in and Asia. It tends to resemble European dialects. Notably, most Portuguese-speakers speak a creole.

Africa Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea Asia and Naming Conventions

Portugal Brazil Portuguese law dictates that the maximum Generally consistent with Portugal number of first names is two and for last names is four (however, it is not uncommon to have Descendants of slaves adopted the last name of more) their owners, while Christianized indigenous people who were not slaves chose the last Maternal names usually precede paternal names name of their godparent

Customary as of late 19th ct. for women to Foreign and indigenous were often adopt the last name of their husband in marriage used to create last names

First names are often religious, and are chosen Locative surnames are common from a list First names tend to either have indigenous, African, or European origin, and are not restricted to a list Based on the

Uses five diacritics: ● the (ç) ● the (á, é, í, , ú) ● the circumflex accent (â, ê, ô) ● the (ã, õ ● the (à, è, ì, ò, ù)

Prior to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990, Brazil and Portugal had two separate orthographies, but collaborated heavily in the 20th century to minimize inconsistencies

Writing System Development Contact-Induced Change Over Time

Between the 9th and 14th centuries, Proto-Portuguese and early Galician (Old) Portuguese was spoken in the region influenced by Germanic, (Moorish rule), Latin, and Greek

Between the 14th and 16th centuries, Old Portuguese was spoken and used to colonize Africa, Asia, and the influenced by indigenous languages when used as the

1516 marked the beginning of Modern Portuguese influenced by from Latin and Greek during the

Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese influence still each other the African slave trade, Asian/European immigration, indigenous languages, and neighboring Spanish-speaking countries influence the Brazilian dialect Sources

https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/difference-between-brazilian-and-european-portuguese https://www.irn.mj.pt/IRN/sections/irn/a_registral/registo-civil/docs-do-civil/dar-o-nome/ https://portuguese-american-journal.com/law-restricts-parents-from-naming-their-children-as-the -please-portugal/ https://rudhar.com/foneport/en/foneport.htm#Phon-Dif-Ei https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N_hAzIqriakC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=portuguese+ dialects&ots=kK0hdJx2E-&sig=dYH2WDMN5o5ffX-LH1JVjFKS2RE#v=onepage&=portuguese%2 0dialects&f=false https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED367137.pdf https://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/Ling450ch/reports/portuguese.html https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=br_rev