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Gender Studies in African Contexts: a Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Narratives from Female Cape Verdean Researchers

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Gender Studies in African Contexts: a Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Narratives from Female Cape Verdean Researchers Litiane Barbosa Macedo GENDER STUDIES IN AFRICAN CONTEXTS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER NARRATIVES FROM FEMALE CAPE VERDEAN RESEARCHERS. Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutora em Estudos Linguísticos. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Débora de Carvalho Figueiredo Florianópolis 2018 Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. Litiane Barbosa Macedo GENDER STUDIES IN AFRICAN CONTEXTS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER NARRATIVES FROM FEMALE CAPE VERDEAN RESEARCHERS. Esta tese foi submetida ao processo de avaliação pela Banca Examinadora para obtenção do título de doutora em Letras e aprovado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários. Florianópolis, 27 de agosto de 2018. ________________________ Prof. Dr. Celso Henrique Soufen Tumolo Coordenador do Programa Banca Examinadora: _________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Débora de Carvalho Figueiredo Orientadora Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Viviane M. Heberle Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Roseli Gonçalves do Nascimento Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina _________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Gisele Tyba Mayrink Redondo Orgado Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina To my dear mother, an inspiration in my life. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Along the years that I dedicated to this study, many people and institutions have crossed my path and I must thank them. I would like to start by thanking CAPES, which provided me a scholarship and aid that made this research possible. The PGI staff for giving me support whenever I needed it, and UFSC, which has been my second home for almost 12 years. I cannot forget to thank the University of Cape Verde, especially Professor Clementina Furtado, who helped me throughout the process of fieldwork. Equally important, I thank the participants for their contribution, which was essential to my work. I would like to give a special thanks to my dear adviser Professor Debora Figueiredo, who has been by my side supporting and guiding me in every step of this important moment in my life. In addition, I would like to thank my dear family and friends for always being there for me. Love you all unconditionally. “Se o povo te impressionar demais É porque são de lá os teus ancestrais” Martinho da Vila (2003) ABSTRACT Much has been discussed in feminist studies about identity and difference in last decades, including the importance of deconstructing the idea of homogeneity regarding women needs (Anzaldùa, 1987; Ogunyemi, 1985, Oyewùmí, 1997, 2011; Aidoo, 1998; Mama, 2011). Such discussion has given opportunities to reevaluate Eurocentric theoretical frameworks formerly incorporated in feminist studies (Sylvester, 1995). One possible way to challenge such tendencies is through discourse; it plays an important role in maintaining predominant ideologies and power relations in every social sphere (Fairclough, 2003), including in spaces of constructing and negotiating knowledge (educational environments). Taking that into account, this research investigates female researchers’ narratives of gender in Cape Verde from a critical discourse perspective, focusing on the identities and trajectories of a group of women directly involved with research in Gender Studies. The focus of this investigation was to: a) understand their perspectives on the present discourses in feminist studies, including their viewpoint on discourses of gender equality, gender roles, and women’s needs in Cape Verde; b) inform how their identities are constructed; c) discuss about the cultural elements and ideologies to unveil the discursive and social practices. The procedures for data gathering included a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. To analyze the narratives, I made use of a corpus analysis toolkit (AntConc) to map the patterns of transitivity and evaluations meanings. Subsequently, the predominant meaning realizations were analyzed through the Transitivity (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) and Evaluation Systems (Martin and White, 2005). The interpretation of the narrators’ lexical choices had the support of Fairclough’s (2003) framework to analyze social actors and social events in alignment with African Feminist Studies (Furtado & Vieira, 2015; Silva & Furtado, 2011; Fortes, 2013; Lucas & Silva; 2009; Monteiro, 2015, 2007) and Sociology (Anjos, 2003; Furtado, 2013, Furtado, 2015). The results show that the participants constantly depicted themselves as opinion formers and observers; they were engaged in relational and mental processes to characterize entities and depict their thoughts. Regarding gender dynamics, the social aspects represented in their narratives indicate that their society is ruled by the patriarchal system. Issues regarding race were also brought up: Race as a category seems to be avoided, due to a historical process of diminishing the tension among Cape Verdeans. In terms of evaluation meanings, they play a significant role in the researchers’ definitions of gender and feminism: the term gender was used as a synonym for equality or balance the sexes. This perspective allowed them to approach the discussion from the position that unequal relations can disfavor both genders, despite acknowledging that women’s conditions were historically built in disadvantage in relation to men. The few usages of the words feminist/feminism are also related to attributive and evaluative meanings, implying that these terms carry a too strong meaning. Feminism appears to refer to an agenda that only concerned with women’ needs. To conclude, the researchers’ evaluations in relation to the categories of gender and feminism express the complexity of their local experiences, which sometimes are represented as contradictory (Silva and Fortes, 2011). Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis. Transitivity System. Appraisal System. Gender Studies. Cape Verde. RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, muito tem se discutido sobre identidade e diferença em estudos feministas, incluindo a importância de desconstruir a ideia de homogeneidade em relação às necessidades das mulheres (Anzaldùa, 1987; Ogunyemi, 1985; Oyewùmí, 1997, 2011; Aidoo, 1998; Mama, 2011). Esta discussão deu oportunidades para reavaliar abordagens teóricas eurocentristas e dominantes anteriormente incorporadas em estudos feministas (Sylvester, 1995). Uma maneira possível de desafiar tais tendências dominantes é através do discurso, o qual desempenha um papel importante na manutenção de ideologias e relações de poder predominantes em todas as esferas sociais (Fairclough, 2003), incluindo espaços de construção e negociação de conhecimento (ambientes educacionais). Levando em conta tais aspectos, esta pesquisa investiga narrativas sobre gênero a partir do pensamento de pesquisadoras de Cabo Verde sob a perspectiva do discurso crítico, focando nas identidades e trajetórias de um grupo de mulheres diretamente envolvidas com pesquisas sobre Estudos de Gênero. O foco desta investigação foi: a) compreender suas perspectivas sobre os discursos presentes nos estudos feministas, incluindo seus pontos de vista sobre discursos de igualdade de gênero, papéis de gênero e as necessidades das mulheres em Cabo Verde; b) informar como suas identidades foram construídas; c) discutir sobre os elementos e ideologias culturais para revelar as práticas discursivas e sociais. Os procedimentos para coleta de dados incluíram um questionário e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para analisar as narrativas, utilizei um sofware de análise de corpus (AntConc) para mapear os padrões dos significados de transitividade e avaliação. Posteriormente, as realizações de sentido predominantes foram analisadas através dos sistemas de transitividade (Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004) e de avaliatividade (Martin e White, 2005). A interpretação das escolhas lexicais das narradoras teve como apoio a abordagem de Faiclough (2003) para analisar os atores e os eventos sociais, em conjunto com Estudos Feministas Africanos (Furtado & Vieira, 2015; Silva & Furtado, 2011; Fortes, 2013; Lucas & Silva; 2009; Monteiro, 2015, 2007) e Sociologia (Anjos, 2003; Furtado, 2013, Furtado, 2015). Os resultados mostram que as participantes constantemente se descreveram como formadoras de opinião e observadoras; suas representações estavam envolvidas em processos relacionais e mentais para caracterizar entidades e descrever seus pensamentos. Em relação à dinâmica de gênero, os aspectos sociais representados em suas narrativas indicam que a sociedade Cabo Verdiana é regida pelo sistema patriarcal. Questões sobre raça também foram apontadas: a raça, como uma categoria, parece ser evitada, devido a um processo histórico para diminuir a tensão entre os cabo-verdianos. Em termos de significados de avaliatividade, eles desempenham um papel significativo nas definições de gênero e feminismo das pesquisadoras: o termo gênero foi usado como sinônimo de igualdade ou equilíbrio entre os sexos. Essa perspectiva permitiu que elas abordassem a discussão a partir da posição de que relações desiguais podem desfavorecer ambos os gêneros, apesar de reconhecerem que as condições das mulheres foram historicamente construídas em desvantagem em relação aos homens. Os poucos usos das palavras feminismo / feminista também estão relacionados a significados atributivos
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