JAXA’s Long Term Vision for science

Fundamental Physics in Space in Japan

Tadayuki Takahashi

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Outline

• Agency Organization • Brief History of ISAS and Recent Achievements • Fundamental Science in Space Japan’s approach • High Energy Astronomy • JAXA’s Long Term Vision - JAXA 2015 - from Space Particle point of view JAXA Three Japanese organizations were merged as the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) on October, 2003.

Through the merger of ISAS, NAL, and NASDA, JAXA now promotes all space development, from basic research to development and utilization.

Academic Research ISAS Graduate School Education

NAL Aerospace Technology

Rockets/Satellites NASDA following Japanese Policy • Space Science/Exploration • Earth-observation • Space Environment Utilization Space Flight • Launch Vehicles and • Space Technology Operation H-II A • Education

Institute of Space and Space Application Astronautical Science

Institute of Aviation Space and Program Aerospace Group Technology Universities (Communities) ISAS Feb. 1970 The L-4S rocket launched Mu Series : Solid Rocket Japan's first satellite, OHSUMI.

scientific satellites Feb. 1997 The M-V-1 launched the world's first space VLBI satellite, HALCA.

Sep. 2005 HAYABUSA arrived asteroid ITOKAWA for the first sample return from asteroid HAYABUSA（隼）

PICTURES OF ITOKAWA TAKEN BY HAYABUSA Mother Spacecraft

Sampling Mechanism

Hopping Rover

Target Marker Hakucho (1979) Strategy

Step-by-step but challengingly progressive strategy

Tenma (1983) Example: X-ray astronomy satellites

Small but beautiful Aiming at new results with unique, original mission instruments

Ginga (1987) International Collaboration

ASCA (1993)

ISA Hakucho (1979) Strategy

Step-by-step but challengingly progressive strategy

Tenma (1983) Example: X-ray astronomy satellites

Small but beautiful Aiming at new results with unique, original mission instruments 1,600 Ginga (1987) InternationalASC CollaborationA - International Mission - 1,400 Paper in Refereed Journal (>1400) PhD (>110) 1,200

1,000

ASCA (1993) 800

600

400

200 ISA 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Particle and Fundamental Physics in Space Japan’s Approach

To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

8 To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

Neutrino Astronomy/Neutrino Mass Super-KAMIOKANDDE To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

Neutrino Astronomy/Neutrino Mass Super-KAMIOKANDDE

KAMLAND To understand the universe B-factory - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - CP Violation

Neutrino Astronomy/Neutrino Mass Super-KAMIOKANDDE

KAMLAND To understand the universe B-factory - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - CP Violation

Neutrino Astronomy/Neutrino Mass Super-KAMIOKANDDE

TAMA30 Gravitational Wave KAMLAND To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

ATLAS at LHC (E/J/US) To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

ATLAS at LHC (E/J/US) Cangaroo (J/ To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

ATLAS at LHC ALMA (J/US/ (E/J/US) Cangaroo (J/ To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

ATLAS at LHC ALMA (J/US/ (E/J/US) Cangaroo (J/ To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

ATLAS at LHC ALMA (J/US/ (E/J/US) Cangaroo (J/ Telescope To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

SDSS(US/J/ ATLAS at LHC ALMA (J/US/ (E/J/US) Cangaroo (J/ Telescope Subar To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

SDSS(US/J/ ATLAS at LHC ALMA (J/US/ (E/J/US) Cangaroo (J/ Telescope To understand the universe Balloon Experiments - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

•Evaporation of Search for Anti-Particle Primordial Black Holes Primordial Antiparticles •Annihilation of Particle in Cosmic Rays super-symmetric particles (Particle Detectors)

BESS(J/US) BH To understand the universe Feb.22/2006 - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - Birth & Evolution of Galaxies (Infrared : Low Temperature, Less Extinction, High Redshift) AKARI (Astro-F) , the second space mission for infrared astronomy in Japan. It aims for an all-sky survey with much better sensitivity, spatial resolution and wider wavelength coverage than IRAS. AKARI (Astro-F)

Survey Mission/ 2006 To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

Solar Wind To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

SCOPE Solar Wind (planned) To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - The best way is to be there.

SCOPE Solar Wind (planned) To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - The best way is to be there. • Venus Climate Orbiter (2008)

And also Bepi-Colombo(2011?)

SCOPE Solar Wind (planned) To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - The best way is to be there. • Venus Climate Orbiter (2008)

And also Bepi-Colombo(2011?) • Solar Sail Mission to Jupitor (approved as “High Priority Mission”) SCOPE Solar Wind (planned) To understand the universe Optical (Green) vs - From the Big Bang to Ourselves - Radio (Red)

High resolution imaging by Space VLBI (relativistic jets) Synchrotron Radio VSOP -> Trace Distibution of High Energy Electrons

M87 Jet by Hubble Telescope

360 µ arcsec@5GHz

VSOP２ではこの中を VSOP Image （１．６GHｚ、１mas） さらに分解する VSOP2 Angular Resolution 40 micro arcsec (10 times better than VSOP)

Ground Network

VSOP-2

(selected as the 26’th 15 scientific satellite) VSOPにも参加4 VSOP-2で新規参加 VSOP2 Angular Resolution 40 micro arcsec (10 times better than VSOP)

Ground Network

VSOP-2

(selected as the 26’th 15 scientific satellite) VSOPにも参加4 VSOP-2で新規参加 To understand the universe - From the Big Bang to Ourselves -

Suzaku(朱雀） X-ray/Gamma-ray Best probe to study Extreme Universe. Can be done only in space

X-ray emission from close to the event July 10, 2005 horizon provides a powerful probe

Broad Iron line interpreted as due to gravitational redshift toward the blackhole (First discovered by ASCA) Power of Suzaku XIS (X-ray CCD) Wide band observation of non- HXD thermal sources

Connection between THERMAL and non-THERMAL Cen A Observation

Narrow Fe K line

100 PIN Diodes GSO/BGO Absorption due to interstellar gas phoswich surrounding the black counters hole 10

X-ray CCD Camera

Intensity of Radiation 1 Hard X-ray Detector preliminary Suzaku Team From the edge of a black hole to the collision of largest celestial objects

Study of the structure of the universe: Cluster of galaxies : Largest celestial object (self gravitating energy 10^64 erg, hundreds of galaxies)

Cluster merging (optical) Cluster merging (X-ray) T.Takahashi, Heidelberg γ2004 W.S Energy contents of non-thermal emission?

A2256 (Fusco-Femiano et al. 2000) Recent Radio/X-ray observation ー> Non-thermal emission from clusters of galaxies Non-Thermal (above 10 keV) Component Non-thermal luminosity kT=7ke (comparable or even larger than Thermal the thermal luminosity Component if p/e ~100.) 2 5 10 20 50 100 keV

NeXT (Non-thermal Energy eXploration Telescope) (selected as one of two top priority missions in ISAS) T.Takahashi, Heidelberg γ2004 W.S Energy contents of non-thermal emission?

A2256 (Fusco-Femiano et al. 2000) Recent Radio/X-ray observation ー> Non-thermal emission from clusters of galaxies Non-Thermal (above 10 keV) Component Non-thermal luminosity kT=7ke (comparable or even larger than Thermal the thermal luminosity Component if p/e ~100.) 2 5 10 20 50 100 keV

The energy we have not yet realized (Non-thermal Energy)

NeXT (Non-thermal Energy eXploration Telescope) (selected as one of two top priority missions in ISAS) NeXT Mission

• First Hard X-ray Focusing Telescope

• Highly sensitive γ-ray detector with capability to measure γ-ray polarization • ΔE=7 eV resolution (TES calorimeter) for soft X-rays NeXT Mission

• First Hard X-ray Focusing Telescope

• Highly sensitive γ-ray detector with capability to measure γ-ray polarization • ΔE=7 eV resolution (TES calorimeter) for soft X-rays

Motion、Turbulence、Shock Wave NeXT Mission

• First Hard X-ray Focusing Telescope

• Highly sensitive γ-ray detector with capability to measure γ-ray polarization • ΔE=7 eV resolution (TES calorimeter) for soft X-rays

Motion、Turbulence、Shock Wave

Heating NeXT Mission

• First Hard X-ray Focusing Telescope

• Highly sensitive γ-ray detector with capability to measure γ-ray polarization • ΔE=7 eV resolution (TES calorimeter) for soft X-rays

Motion、Turbulence、Shock Wave

Heating

Thermal Emission From

0.5 10 NeXT Mission

• First Hard X-ray Focusing Telescope

• Highly sensitive γ-ray detector with capability to measure γ-ray polarization • ΔE=7 eV resolution (TES calorimeter) for soft X-rays

Motion、Turbulence、Shock Wave

Heating Acceleration

Thermal Emission From

0.5 10 NeXT Mission

• First Hard X-ray Focusing Telescope

• Highly sensitive γ-ray detector with capability to measure γ-ray polarization • ΔE=7 eV resolution (TES calorimeter) for soft X-rays

Motion、Turbulence、Shock Wave

Heating Acceleration

Thermal Emission From Non-thermal emission From accelerated Particles

0.5 10 80 1Me Strategy of Space Origin of the solarSolar system system Observation Science in Japan HAYABUSA Exploration from Space Infrared

HAYABUSA

AKARI

-2 Technology SPICA X-ray/Gamma-ray Origin & Formation and Technology

Structure of Evolution of Moon Exploration

the universe planetary system

ASCA

SUZAKU NeXT

Understanding the history SELENE SELENE-2 of the universe SELENE-3 Extreme Environment of the Condition solar system

VSOP-2

Radio ObservationHARUKA BepiColombo Planet-C SCOPE Solar-B Solar-Sail ＧＥＯＴＡＩＬ

Deep Space/Planet Solar Obs. Earth Magnetosphere JAXA Long Term Vision http://www.jaxa.jp/2025/index_e.html • JAXA’s proposal on its initiative and provides the ideal situation of aerospace area in the next 20 years.

Vision (1) : Contribute to building a secure and prosperous society through the utilization of aerospace technologies

Vision (2) : Contribute to advancing our knowledge of the universe and broaden the horizon of human activity

Vision (3) : Develop the capability to carry out autonomous space activities through the best technologies in the world

Vision (4) : Facilitate growth of the space industry with self- sustenance and world class capability

Vision (5) : Facilitate the growth of aviation industry and aim for technological breakthroughs for future air transportation Long term vision for Space Science Observation of the Universe and Exploration of the Solar System Two fundamental questions are defined

1. The origin and composition of the universe; the nature of space time 2. The possibility of life in the universe

Within about 10 years Realization of broad multi-wavelength observatories in space and investigations of Moon, Venus and Mercury Within about 20 years Implement missions for observation of the earliest stars and black holes Efforts to build a mission to detect gravitational waves Direct observations of earth-type planets beyond the solar system and exploration of Jupiter-type planets and asteroids

Within about 10 years Realizing the “Deep Space Harbor” concept Future Space Observation and Exploration (Image)

Next generation Observations/Fundamental Science technologies First galaxies and black holes for interplanetary cruise Some trails of lives on Earth-type planets beyond and for solar system explosion the solar system Revealing the Dark Energy

Reaching the entire area within the solar system Sample return from mainbelt asteroid Reaching Jupiter; polar orbit; detailed explorations Venus balloon; a spacecraft to Mars; and unveiling planetary climates

space telescope developed at L.P with technologies of multiple fly-bys and observation in formation

Sun Mercury Venus

Lagrange point (L1) Moon

Earth Mars L2 Future Space Observation and Exploration (Image)

Next generation solar power Observations/Fundamental Science technologies sail First galaxies and black holes for interplanetary cruise Some trails of lives on Earth-type planets beyond and for solar system explosion the solar system Revealing the Dark Energy artist’s image

Reaching the entire area within the solar system Sample return from mainbelt asteroid Reaching Jupiter; polar orbit; detailed explorations Venus balloon; a spacecraft to Mars; and unveiling planetary climates

space telescope developed at L.P with technologies of multiple fly-bys and observation in formation

Sun Mercury Venus

Lagrange point (L1) Moon

Earth Mars L2 Future Space Observation and Exploration (Image)

Next generation solar power Observations/Fundamental Science technologies sail First galaxies and black holes for interplanetary cruise Some trails of lives on Earth-type planets beyond and for solar system explosion the solar system Revealing the Dark Energy artist’s image Mars aircraft Reaching the entire area within the solar system Sample return from mainbelt asteroid Reaching Jupiter; polar orbit; detailed explorations Venus balloon; a spacecraft to Mars; and unveiling planetary climates artist’s image space telescope developed at L.P with technologies of multiple fly-bys and observation in formation

Sun Mercury Venus

Lagrange point (L1) Moon

Earth Mars L2 Future Space Observation and Exploration (Image)

Next generation solar power Observations/Fundamental Science technologies sail First galaxies and black holes for interplanetary cruise Some trails of lives on Earth-type planets beyond and for solar system explosion the solar system Revealing the Dark Energy artist’s image Mars aircraft Reaching the entire area within the solar system Sample return from mainbelt asteroid Reaching Jupiter; polar orbit; detailed explorations Venus balloon; a spacecraft to Mars; and unveiling planetary climates artist’s image space telescope developed at L.P with technologies of multiple fly-bys and observation in formation

Sun Mercury Venus Next generation infrared telescope Lagrange point (L1) Moon

Earth Mars L2 artist’s image Future Space Observation and Exploration (Image)

Next generation solar power Observations/Fundamental Science technologies sail First galaxies and black holes for interplanetary cruise Some trails of lives on Earth-type planets beyond and for solar system explosion the solar system Revealing the Dark Energy artist’s image Mars aircraft Reaching the entire area within the solar system Sample return from mainbelt asteroid Reaching Jupiter; polar orbit; detailed explorations Venus balloon; a spacecraft to Mars; and unveiling planetary climates artist’s image space telescope developed at L.P with technologies of multiple fly-bys and observation in formation artist’s image

Sun Mercury Venus Next generation infrared telescope Lagrange point (L1) Moon Interferometry high-resolution radio Earth telescope Mars L2 artist’s image Toward the future From Small Satellites

Planned Still to be established

1 kg ~400 kg Frequent Launch Opportunities Piggy back Launch

400 kg Cube Sat (1 kg) Search for Mission Baryon

Nakasuka et al. Toward the future To Big Satellites L2 Mission

XEUS (ESA/Japan)

JTPF/HCST JASMINE astrometry Toward the future

The gateway toBy the top-level utilizing science is cutting edge opened through the development of cutting-edge technologies. technology

JAXA will take on this challenge by undertaking new missions in fields where JAXA is able to take leadership internationally.

27 Thank you