HHisisttooricrical al VVieieww

JaJaccququeess PPaauull AAPPCC ((UUMMRR 77116644)) CCEEAA­­SSaacclalayy

I.E.S. 3 April I.E.S. Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky 3 April Caarrggèèssee Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky 2006

TThhee XX­­ aanndd ggaammmma­a­rraayy ddoommaaiinn

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 2 EEleleccttrroommagagnneetticic ssppeeccttrruumm ffoorr asasttrroonnoommyy

WWavaveleleennggtthh ((mm))

0 7 4 1 2 1 1 1 8 5 2 ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­­ 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

GamGammma­raya­ray X­rayX­ray UUVV IIRR radradioio VVisiisibbllee

X­ andd ggaammmmaa­­rarayyss:: mmoorere tthhaann 500%% ooff tthee uussaabbllee EEMM sspeeccttrum

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 3 TThhee atatmmoosspphheerricic ssccrreeeenn

110000 50% reduction of atmospheric ) ) 8800 m m transmission k k ( ( e e d d 6600 u u tit tit 4400 Al Al 2200

radradioio IIRR VV UUVV XX­ray­ray ggaammmma­raa­rayy

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 4 FFooccuussiningg

XX­ ­ anandd ggamammma a raysrays

radradiio, o, IIR,R, vviissiibbllee,, UUVV

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 5 AAssttrroonnoommyy wwitithh XX­­ aanndd ggamammma­a­rrayay pphhoottoonnss

PPhhootonton eneneergrgyy

V V V V V e V e V e V e V V e V T e V G e V M e V k T G e M e k e V T e G e M k e 0 T 0 G 0 M 0 k 0 0 T 0 0 G 0 0 M 0 0 k 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

GGamammma a raysrays X­rayX­rayss very hiigh energy hiigh energy llow energy hard soft

HESS GLAST INTEGRAL XMM

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 6 GGiivviinngg aacccceessss ttoo ssppaaccee

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 7 SSppacacee ccoonnqquueesstt

Some dreamed about it… Military have done it !

4 October 1957 Konstantiin Eduardoviitch Tsiiollkovsky llaunch of Spoutniik­1 by the Russian rocket (1857­1935)) R7 Semyorka

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 8 BBaallollooonnss aanndd rroocckkeettss

FFastasteer r aanndd ccheaheapper er acaccceess ss ttoo spspaacece

For hard X­rays and gamma rays For soft X­rays

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 9 FFiirrsstt sstteeppss ooff XX­­rraayy aassttrroonnoommyy aa ffoorrttuunnaattee brbreeaakktthhrroouugghh

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 10 FFirirsstt ddeetteeccttioionn ooff eexxttrraatteerrrreessttrriaial l XX­­rraayyss

On 29 September 1949, a set of smallll Geiiger ccoouunntteersrs ((sseennssiittivvee onlly to X­rays)) was fllown onboard a capttuurreedd GGeermrmaann V2 rockett Above 87 kmm,, the detector showed a sharplly modullated response every tiime the Sun was iin iits fiielld of view The Sun iis a source of X­­rraayys !! Friiedman et all..,, Phys. Rev. 8833,, 1025,, 1951

It had been proposed few years before (Alfven and Edlen, 1941) that the solar corona should be a 106 K plasma (i.e. hot enough to radiate such X­rays)

Yohko X­ray image of the Sun recorded on 8 May 1992

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 11 XX­­rraayy aassttrroonnoommyy inin tthhee eeaarrlyly 6600’’ss

In the 50’s, the low X­ray output from the Sun discouraged many astronomers to search for X­ray sources outsiide the sollar system In 1959,, a group lled by Riccardo Giacconii at AS&E started work iinvestigate the possiibiilliitiies ffoorr ccaarryyiinngg oouutt XX­­rarayy aassttrroonnoommyy

Estimates of fluxes from sources outside the solar system Giacconi, R., Clark, G.W., and Rossi, B.B. ASE-TN-49, Jan. 15, 1960

Source Maximum Mechanism Estimated Wavelength for Emission Flux Sun < 20 Å Coronal emission ~ 106 cm-2 s-1 Sun at 8 light years < 20 Å Coronal emission 2.5 × 10-4 cm-2 s-1 -2 -1 Sirius if LX ~ LOPT < 20 Å ? 0.25 cm s Flare stars < 20 Å Sun like flare? ? Peculiar A stars < 20 Å Particle acceleration ? Crab nebula < 25 Å Synchrotron ? Moon < 23 Å Fluorescence 0.4 cm-2 s-1 Moon ~ 20 Å Impact from solar wind e- 0-1.6 × 103 cm-2 s-1

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 12 ObObjjeeccttifif LLuunnee ((TToowwararddss tthhee MMoooonn)) Undeterred by NASA’s rejection of a proposal to search for cosmiic X­rays,, Giiacconi persuaaddeedd USAF to ffuunndd tthhee pprroojjeecctt To make thee pprroojjeecctt mmoorere aatttractiive,, the primary goall of the flliight was to llook for X­rays from the Moon The AS&E team’’s fiirst two X­ray astronomy rocket flliight faiilled

On 18 June 1962,, one miinute before miiddnniigghhtt,, aa ppaayyllooaadd ccoonnssiisstting of three llarge area Geiiger counters was llaunched usiing a USAF Areobee 150 rocket.. The rocket was above 800 kmm for a tottall ooff 5 miin and 50 sec,, and reached a maaxxiimmuumm aallttiittuuddee ooff 225 kmm.. As the spiinniing rocket clliimbed aabove 80 km the doors opened and diiscovered the fiirst eviidence for X­ray radiiatiion from beyond our sollar system

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 13 335500 sseeccoonnddss tthhaatt sshhooookk tthhee wwoorrldld

Number of couunnttss vveerssuuss aazziimmuutthh aannggllee

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 14 AA ffoorrttuuititoouuss ddisisccoovveerryy

Portiion of the skyy eexxpplloorreedd bbyy tthhee ccoouunntteerrss

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 15 AA gglolorrioiouuss ffuuttuurree ffoorr RRicicccararddoo GGiaiaccccoonnii

Uhuru and the X­ray binaries

The X­rayy background resolved

Nobell Priize iin Physiics 2002 Giiacconi et all.. ApJS 139, 269, 2002

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 16 WWhhaatt ababoouutt tthhee XX­­rrayay MoMooonn ??

ROSAT iimage of the MoMooonn Schmiitt et all.. Nat 349, 583, 1991

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 17 FFirirsstt sstteeppss ooff ggaammmmaa­­rraayy aassttrroonnoommyy IItt wwaass a a lloonngg wwayay……

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 18 AA ccuummbbeerrssoommee hheerreeddiittyy

1911­1913 1932 Hess diiscovery of cosmiic rays Goiing upstream to CR sources

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 19 AA lolonngg eexxppeeccttaattioionn

1952 Prediictiion of the hiigh­energy gamma­ray emiissiion of the Gallactiic diisk via p­p iintteractiions Hayakawa,, Prog. Theor. PPhyys.. 88,, 571,, 1952

1958 Inventory of the cosmic siites expected to radiiate gamma rays: It iincllude the Crab Nebulla,, Cyg A and the Sun Morrison,, Nuovo Ciimentoo 77,, 858,, 1958

1958 Fiirst detectiion of cosmic gamma rays duriing a sollar fllare Peterson & Wiinckller,, Phys. Rev. Let. 1,, 205,, 1958

1967 Fiirst exhaustiive revue devoted to gamma­ray astronomy ...ten years after the llaunch of Sputniik 1,, one had not succeeded iin defiiniitelly detectiing any gamma rays from cosmiic siites localliized beyond the sollar system......

Faziio,, ARA&A 5,, 4811,, 1967

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 20 SSppeeccififiiccititieiess ooff tthhee ggaammmmaa­­rraayy ddoommaiainn

In comparison wiith X­ray observatiions,, gammmaa­­rayy oobbsseervrvaattiioonnss hhaavvee to suffer from two addiitiional diiffiiculltiies:

At equall radiiated power, a cceeleessttiiaall bbooddy aacctiivvee iinn thhe gamma­ray domaiin radiiates much lless photons Large deviices and long oobserviing tiimes

Much more than for X­ray detectors,, the cosmiic rays are ffoorr allll gamma­ray deetteeccttoorrss aa hhuuggee source of background that cannot be entiirelly suppressed even at the expense of massiive shiiellds Heavy deviices and very llong observiing timeess

Fruiitfull meeasurements of cosmiic gamma rayys iimplly llong duratiion balllloon flliights or, much better,, iin orbit observatiions

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 21 FFirirsstt ddeetteeccttioionn ooff ccoossmmicic ggaammmmaa rraayyss ((11))

1968 Diiscovery of the high­energy (> 100 MeV)) Gaalaaccttiicc ggaammmaa­­rayy emiissiion wiith a paiir­productiion detector aboard OSO III Cllark et all..,, AppJ 153,, L22033,, 1968

OSO III (1967­1969)) Gallactiic eemmiissssiion llatiitude pproroffiillee

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 22 FFirirsstt ddeetteeccttioionn ooff ccoossmmicic ggaammmmaa rraayyss ((22))

1968 Balllloon hard X­ray and llow­energy gamma­ray (< 5000 keV)) detectiion of the Crab nebulla and pullsar Haymes et all..,, ApJ 151,, L9,, 1968 Fiishman et al.. ApJ 153,, L61,, 1969

Overallll Crab spectrum Liight curve of the Crab pullsar

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 23 FFirirsstt ddeetteeccttioionn ooff ccoossmmicic ggaammmmaa rraayyss ((33))

1967 Fiirst llocalliizatiion of a cosmiic GRB by Vella 5A and Vella 5B 1973 Fiirst report on the detectionn ooff ccoossmmiicc ggaammmmaa­­rraayy bbuursrsttss Kllebesadell et all..,, ApJ 182,, L85,, 1973

Artiist viiew of a Vella satelllliite Liight curve of GRB 670702

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 24 FFrroomm ffiirrsstt ddiissccoovveerriieess ttoo ddeeeeppeerr eexpxplloorraattiioonnss

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 25 XX­­rraayy asasttrroonnoommyy bbeeffoorree tthhee ssaatteellllititee eerraa ((11))

From 1963 to 1970,, rocket and balllloon detections of tens of extra sollar X­ray sources 1963 Fiirst detectiion of the Crab nebulla (Rocket–NRL)) Boyer et all..,, Nat 201,, 1307,, 1964 1964 Diiscovery of the Crab Nebulla spatiiall extensiion (R­NRL)) Boyer et all..,, Sciience 146,, 912,, 1964 1964 Detectiion of 8 new sources,, Kepller SNR,, Cyg X­1 (R­NRL)) Boyer et all..,, Sciience 147,, 394,, 1965 1965 Fiirst detectiion of extragallactiic sources,, M87,, Cyg A (R­NRL)) Byram et all..,, Sciience 152,, 66,, 1966 1965 Detectiion of the Coma clluster of gallaxy (Baalllloooonn­­GGSSFFCC)) Bolldt et all..,, Phys. Rev. Let. 17,, 447,, 19966 The eemiissiion comes from a hot (108 K)) iintra clluster gas Fellten et all..,, ApJ 146,, 955,, 19966

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 26 XX­­rraayy asasttrroonnoommyy bbeeffoorree tthhee ssaatteellllititee eerraa ((22))

1966 Arc miin.. measurement Sco X­1 posiition (R–AS&E­MIT)) Gursky et al..,, ApJ 146,, 310,, 1966 Optiical iidentiifiicatiion off SSco X­1: a bllue star wiith unusuall lliines Sandage et all..,, ApJ 146,, 316,, 19666 Sco X­1 eemmiissssiioonn:: aaccccrerettiioonn oonttoo aa NNSS iinn aa bibinnaaryry ssyysstteemm Shkllovskiiii et all..,, Astronomiicchheesskkiiii Zhurnall 4444,, 930,, 1967 1967 Detectiion of the quasar 3C 273 (R­NRRLL)) Friiedman & Byram,, Sciience 158,, 257,, 1967 1969 Detectiion of the X­ray emiission from the Crab pullsar Bradt et all..,, Nat 222,, 78,, 19969 1970 Detectiion of QPO iin the X­ray emiissiion of Sco X­1 (R­KPNO)) Angell et all..,, ApJ 169,, L557,, 1971 1970 Launch ooff SAS­1,, the fiirst X­ray astronomy satelllliite on 12 December, the 7th anniiversary of the Kenyan iindependence.. the satellliite was named Uhuru,, the Swahiillii word for freedom

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 27 UUhhuurruu:: tthhee ffirirsstt XX­­rraayy oobsbseerrvvaattoorryy

Launched by a Scout rocket from the Italliian San Marco pllatform 840 cm2 of proportionall counters operatiing iin the 2­20 keV band The mission operated over two years and ended in March 1973

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 28 UUhhuurruu mmaajjoorr oouuttccoommeess

The fourth Uhuru catalloogg ooff XX­­rraayy ssoouurrcceess

Forman et all..,, ApJS 38,, 357,, 1978 Exiistence of neutron stars and bllack hhoolleess iinn bibinnaaryry ssyysstteemmss Accretiion as a domiinant source of energy

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 29 OtOthheerr eexpxplolorreerr ssaatteelllitlitee mmiissssioionnss

1974 Launch of ANS (Astronomiische Nederlandse Satelllliiet)) Diiscovery of X­ray bursters 1974 Launch of the British Ariel V Diiscovery of the briightest black holle X­ray nova (A0620­00)) 1975 Launch of SAS­3 Study of X­ray bursters

1974­1977 1974­1980 1975­1979

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 30 HHigighh­­eenneerrggyy ggaammmmaa­­rraayy oobbsseerrvvaattoorriieess ooff tthhee 7700’’ss

1972 Launch ooff SAS­2,, iinterruptiion of the data colllectiion after onlly eiight monthss dduuee ttoo tthhee faiillure of a llow­volltage power supplly 1975 Launch ooff COS­B,, the fiirst European Space AAggeennccyy ssaatteelllliittee

Nov.. 1972­June 1973 Aug.. 1975­Apriill 1982

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 31 CCOSOS­­BB mmaajjoorr oouuttccoommeess

e

d +20 ) u t s i t e a e l r

g c i e t c d ( a

l

a +20

G 150 120 90 60 30 0 330 300 270 240 210 180 Galactic longitude (degrees) Mayer­Hassellwander et all,, A&A 110077,, 390,, 1982

Swanenburg et all,, ApJ 243,, 69,, 1981

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 32 BBaallollooonn ggaammmmaa­­rraayy oobsbseerrvvaattiioonnss ssttill ill aatt wwoorrkk !!

The advent of gamma­ray spectroscopy

Diiscovery of a siite of e+ e­ anniihiillatiion emiissiion Leventhal et al., ApJ 225, L11, 1978

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 33 TThhee aaddvveenntt ooff hhiigghh­­eenneerrggyy ssppaaccee oobbsseerrvvaattoorriieess

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 34 TThhee HHEEAAOO sseerrieiess

Beginning in 1977, NASA launched a series of very large scientific satellites called High Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO)

HEAO­1

August 1977­January 1979

HEAO­2

November 1978­April 1981 3 2 Named Einstein after launch

HEAO­3 1 1979­1981

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 35 TThhee EEininsstteeinin oobbsseerrvvaattoorryy

Fiirst fulllly iimagiing X­ray tellescope put iinto space Fiirst hiigh­energy miissiion to have a Guest Observer program It complletelly changed the viiew of the X­ray skyy !!

Classes of objects observed with the Einstein Observatory Giacconi, Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2002 ● Aurora in Jupiter ● X-ray emission from all type of main sequence stars ● Novae and supernovae ● Pulsars ● Binary X-ray sources and supernovae in other galaxies ● Normal galaxies ● Nuclei of active galaxies ● Quasars ● Groups and clusters of galaxies ● Sources of the extragalactic background

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 36 TTwwoo ootthheerr sseelelecctteedd HHEEAAOO oouuttccoommeess

Comprehensiive catallog of X­ray sources Wood et all..,, ApJS 56,, 507,, 199844 Diiscovery of a nucllear lliine emiissiion from the iinner Gallaxy Mahoney et all..,, ApJ 286,, 578,, 1983

HEAO A1 catalog

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 37 JJaappaanneessee aanndd EEuurrooppeeaann aatttteemmppttss

1979 Launch ooff tthhee XX­­rraayy ssaatelllittee Hakucho,, the first of a coherent program of X­ray Japanese hiigh­energy astronomy miissionsns Hakucho Tenma Giinga ASCA

1979­1985 1983­1985 1987­1999911 1993­2001

1983 Launch ooff EXOSAT thee ffiirstt ESA X­ray observatory 1780 observatiions of a wiide variety of objjects Diiscovery of QPO iin LMXB Measurement of iiron lliine iin severall kiinds of sources 1983­1986

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 38 TThhee ssuuppeerrnnoovvaa tthhatat ooccccuurrrreedd aatt tthhee wwoorrssee ttimimee

SN1987A,, the nearest known supernova iin several years,, appear on 24 February 1987 iin the absencce ooff llaarrggee HHEE oobbsseervrvaattoorriieess.. Nevertheless,, SN1987A was detected by Giinga,, SMM,, and by the Kvant 1 modulle attached to the Soviiet Mir space statiion.. See e..g.. Sunyaev et all..,, Nat 330,, 227,, 19987 Excellllent resullt from the balllloon gamma­ray spectrometer GRIISS Tuellller et all..,, ApJ 351,, L41,, 1990

1 ­

V GRIS data ffoorr the 847 keV lliine frroomm e

k 56

56 1

­ the decay of Co shown for day 613 s

2 ­ m c

Nuclleosynthesiis theory confiirmed n o t o The lline iis larger than expected ph

5 ­ 0 1 The lline has been detected earlliier Energy (keV) than expected (~ 6 months))

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 39 HHiigghh­­eenneerrggyy asasttrroonnoommyy iinn tthhee ppasastt ddeeccaaddee

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 40 RRoossaatt:: tthhee lalarrggee XX­­rrayay tteelelessccooppee ooff tthhee 9900’’ss

1990 Launch of ROSAT (RÖntgenSATelllliit)) X­ray allll­sky survey catallog,, more than 150000 objects Detaiilled morphollogy of Supernova remnants Detaiilled morphollogy of cllusters of gallaxiies

June 199990­ Feb. 1999 ComCaa sc llAuster

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 41 GGooldldeenn aaggee ooff ggaammmmaa­­rraayy asasttrroonnoommyy

A new generatiion of tellescopes aboard GRANAT and CGRO GRB studies: the BeppoSAAXX era Advent off ggrorouundd bbaassedd aassttroronnoommyy

GBRepApNoSAATX WCGhRipOple

ADperic..ll 11998996­­ SAeppritt..ll 112990990882 IAn poriplel ra19t9iio1n­J ssuiinnncceee 2 11099088033

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 42 GGRRAANNAATT mmajajoorr oouuttccoommeess

Low­energy studiies of accretiing stellllar black holles Goldwurm et all..,, Nat 371,, 589,, 1994 Contributiion ttoo tthhee ddiissccoovveery ooff miicroquasars Miirabell et all..,, Nat 358,, 215,, 19992 )

s 6 e e r g e d

( 4

e d u t i t a l

2 c i t

c 1E 1740.7­2942 a l a 0 G

4 2 0 358 356 354 Galactic longitude (degrees)

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 43 CCGGRROO mmaajjoorr oouuttccoommeess ((11))

COMPTEL map of the gallactiic allumiinum­26 lliine emiissionn Oberllack,, Ph..D.. Thesiis,, Techniische Uniiversiität München,, 1997 EGRET Hiigh­energy gamma­ray survey rreevvealliing tens of bllazars Hartman et all..,, ApJS 123,, 79,, 1999

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 44 CCGGRROO mmaajjoorr oouuttccoommeess ((22))

1 80 2 ]

0 Epeak

0 peak 1 / s

E 60 B [ x R ) 1 ­ G

V f

e ­1 o

k 10 40 r

1 e ­ b s

2 m ­ u m 20 N c ( short llong x u l hard soft F 10­2 0 10 102 103 104 0,01 0,1 1 10 100

Energy (keV) T90 (s)

Energy radiiated iin the llow energy gamma­ Biimodall diistributiion ray band of GRB duratiions BATSE detectiion of 2704 gamma­ray bursts

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 45 GGRRBB uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg:: TThhee ccoossmmoolologgiiccaal l rreevvooluluttioionn

Aftergllow of GRB 971214 detected by BeppoSAX iin thee X­ray band

T + 6,5 h T + 12 h T + 52 h

Afterglow in the visible band Detectionn ooff hhoosstt ggaallaaxiies Redsshhiifftt mmeasurements Cosmollogiicall diistances Most energetiic events

44 10 J radiiated iin gamma rays

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 46 AAddvveenntt ooff ggrroouunndd babasseedd ggaammmmaa­­rraayy aassttrroonnoommyy

1989 Fiirst detectiion of the Crab nebulla TeV emiissiion 90’’s Rapiid pprrooggrreessss aatttteesstteedd by the observiing time requiired to detect the Crab nebulla

Whipple 1989: 50 h CAT 1997: 10 min HESS 2003: 15 s

2001 First catalog of TeV sources (7 SNRs, 1 X­ray binary), 9 AGNs Weekes,, astro­ph/0010431

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 47 HHiigghh­­eenneerrggyy aassttrroonnoommyy ttooddaayy

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 48

Jacques Paul I.E.S. Cargèse – Observing the X­ and Gamma­ray Sky – Historical View – 3 April 2006 Slide 49