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Astronomical Discovery

14 2009 14 1970’s and 1980’s in the fields of mmof fields the in 1980’s and 1970’s – ese astronomy as well as well as astronomy ese the astronomical community was quite small in spite of activities in theoretical astronomy/. astronomy/astrophysics. theoretical in activities of spite in small wasquite community astronomical mail: [email protected] mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Commons of Creative terms the the under author(s) owned by the Copyright bservational astronomy and instrumentation instrumentation and astronomy bservational -

International Astronomical Union, XXVII General Assembly Brazil Janeiro, de Rio 11 August of Rate the Accelerating cooperation. regional observatory, national telescopes, large astronomy, of development Keywords: the obs astrophysical of frontier the towards jumps Big during in optical/IR astronomy. We report here the brief history, motivation, and ruling factors of such jumps in Japan cooperation. regional systematic E O Astronomy in Japan Kaifu Norio 2 Japan of University Open and NAOJ, Rapid Progress and Limitation

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to earch. earch. emission corona knowledge about about knowledge radio tury as an immediate

scoveries, and to share the the share to and scoveries,

. The proposal of the Strategic Plan states GA as a natural extension of the IYA 2009 th atsuo Takakura are observing Takakuraare atsuo e of Japanese astrophysical observations. At the the At observations. astrophysical Japanese of e successful astronomical di in coming into the wonderland of astronomy, and that that and astronomy, of wonderland the into coming now

been very very been had but the scientific activities were mostly in theory. After World War regions are

Minoru Oda (left) and T and (left) Oda Minoru 60’s Japan was still a “developing country” in astronomy; only 3 Universities had a had Universities 3 only astronomy; in country” “developing a wasstill Japan 60’s 19 the Developing World” in the XXVII made antenna (Ohsaka City University, 1950). University, City (Ohsaka antenna made - Now let me give a brief view of Japanese astronomy in 1960’s and 1970’s as a background background a as 1970’s and 1960’s in astronomy Japanese of view brief a give me let Now photo. Ahistorical 1. Figure hand their with weather conditions. The 88 inch at Okayama constructed by Grubb & Parsons (1960) (1960) Parsons & Grubb by constructed Okayama at telescope optical inch 88 The conditions. weather bas the prepared it and telescope” “large first the was the of beginning IAUmemberswas18. Japanese of number the and astronomy, of division this talk. Japan introduced modern science and technology late in the 19th cen result of Meiji Restoration. Japan joined the IAU in 1920, in the second year of its establishment, and IAUof president vice a as served Tokyo of University of Hirayama (Shin roles somepositive played example), for 1928, to 1922 from II, M.Oda, T.Takakura, T.Hatanaka, N.Wakai and H.Tanaka started solar (1949) and they were among the earliest radio astronomy groups in the world (see Figure 1). A solar to due successful very wasnot but (1950) Norikura Mt. the on established wasalso observatory astronomical research and that all children throughout the world will be exposed to to exposed be will world the throughout children all that and research astronomical a added certainly it but manystories of one only is Japan of case The ”. the and astronomy res astronomical active of community the to world” “western the outside people and newnation and nations more many see We trend should be “accelerated”. Under the unique title of this IAU GA special session 5, I present my paper on two aspects of of aspects two on paper my present I 5, session special GA IAU this of title unique the Under of aspect second The science. in discoveries more and more course, of Oneis, “acceleration”. players numberof the increase to is acceleration Plan Strategic the TheIAUproposed possible. as manynations amongas discovery of excitement for “Astronomy and nations 147 involved had which that “The long term vision of the plan is that eventually all countries should participate at some level in 1. Introduction and Background PoS(sps5)003

cm a

- lar Norio Kaifu Norio

m to the the to m 3 and H2O, and 3 - 80’s. The 80’s. Y.Tanaka, K. K. Y.Tanaka, wave to new - big jump; the first first the jump; big rocket developed by a well established in - the 19 way m mm m - wave telescope at Mitaka as as Mitaka at telescope wave - element interferometer (NAOJ). interferometer element - wave telescope but it still kept its its kept still it but telescope wave wave telescope was settled in in settled was telescope wave - -

cooperating with engineers of , fiber reflection panels, uniform uniform panels, reflection fiber astronomy developments mainly - ational spectra of small molecules were molecules small of spectra ational optical technology to match the the match to technology optical tarted at Nobeyama highland in 1978 - m mm m

- 70’s and bloomed in in bloomed and 70’s based - m to the Nobeyama 45 Nobeyama the to m low temperature part of interstellar and

- borne astronomy has been running almost in in almost running been has astronomy borne the 19 -

the 3 ground wave interferometer was completed two years later later years two completed was interferometer wave - dio astronomy had been poor in spectral lines, and weand lines, spectral in poor been had astronomy dio ray (by M.Oda, S.Hayakawa, onomy in late 1990’s (from Okayama1.88 (from 1990’s late onomyin - m telescope (left) and 5 and (left) telescope m mm - discuss ray startedin wave was a wonderful gate wonderful a was spectroscopy wave veloped newtechnologies veloped - - Based Astronomy ray telescope , and a 70 cm aperture cooled IR telescope based astronomy had expected two steps of steps two expected had astronomy based tremendous number of rot - - - based and space ction I ction - a launched the first “Shinsei” in 1971 by η wave telescope, aiming the establishment of radio spectroscopy based on on based spectroscopy radio of establishment the aiming telescope, wave - okyo Astronomical Observatory (TAO) of University of Tokyo, Tokyo, of University of (TAO) Observatory Astronomical okyo Ground because

Tokyo). Then the successful launches of “Taiyo” (1975) and “” and (1975) “Taiyo” of launches successful the Then Tokyo). , wavelength region. Ra region. wavelength - spectrometer by applying the acousto the applying by spectrometer Japan wave telescopes: 45 telescopes: wave - , Japanese space astronomy is very well known by its high activities; a 50 - -

, wave and in the X the in and wave - molecules in interstellar region. We set the main target of the 45 m telescope, the obeyama 45 m telescope and the Interferometer contributed to make many exciting makemanyexciting to contributed Interferometer the and mtelescope obeyama45 wave spectroscopy would reveal reveal would spectroscopy wave wave telescope when realized, on the establishment of radio spectroscopy based on on based spectroscopy radio of establishment the on realized, when telescope wave the mm - - owerful tool for observations of formation, structure & dynamics of galaxies, and galaxies, of &dynamics structure formation, star of observations for tool owerful wavelength region (1970). The 6 m telescope was followed by the detailed plan of of plan detailed the by followed was telescope m 6 The (1970). region wavelength - eted in 1982. The five element element Thefive 1982. in eted atom - space science space lti To accomplish our target we de we target our accomplish To

In compl was was m Subaru telescope). The basic plan of the Nobeyama 45 Nobeyama the of plan basic The telescope). Subaru m - emperature control of the dish structure etc. Also we developed a new type of very large (32,000 (32,000 large very of newtype a wedeveloped Also etc. structure dish the of control emperature

and (M. Ishiguro et al.). We took almost 15 years to realize the 45 m mm TheN advantages. in molecules organic newinterstellar of numbers of identification and detection the as such discoveries, several industries to achieve very high surface accuracy of the 45m dish; the homologous deformation deformation homologous the 45mdish; the of accuracy surface high very achieve to industries several instrument, laser measuring surface automatic the design, t radio stable and channel) s construction The mtelescope. 45 the of capability observation Figure 2. Nobeyama mm Nobeyama 2. Figure would be a new p new a be would Themm matter. interstellar of evolution been already had which astronomy radio of community the join to and discoveries the longer wavelength region with the 40 to 60m class giant telescopes in USA, Europe and Australia. 1968, fortunately at the same time as J. Welch and C. Townes discovered the spectra of NHof spectra the Townesdiscovered C. Welchand J. as sametime the at fortunately 1968, the first mm largest world interstellar molecular lines in exist knownto mm that expected 2. Jumps of Japanese ground Japanese of Development The 6 Mitaka (from 1980’s early in astronomy radio in was telescope), and the second was in optical/IR astr 8.2 H.Itokawa et al. (ISAS, U (ISAS, al. et H.Itokawa (1979) initiated the series of solar and cosmic X Currently al.). et Tanaka X an , telescope Solar aperture se next the In operation. in are ground of developments the because section. 3rd the in astronomy space the to comeback will I parallel. K.Akahabe, M.Morimoto, N.Kaifu et al. constructed a 6 m aperture mm aperture m 6 a constructed al. et N.Kaifu M.Morimoto, K.Akahabe, the first cosmic in Japan and started search and observations of interstellar molecu lines in the mm mm mdiameter 45 large very interstellar molecular lines. Rapid Progress in Japan in Progress Rapid mm the in jumps Big T of group astronomy Radio PoS(sps5)003

-

- ,

the 1995, - Norio Kaifu Norio big gap big world fashioned fashioned the - Plateau in hat we had to to wehad hat occurred in occurred wave telescope, otherwise otherwise telescope, wave - Cam for observational observational for Cam Mayor et al al et Mayor - which I used to explain third of Nobeyama users were solar and proto s - - is a challenging and natural , ations of bipolar outflows, proto outflows, bipolar of ations al/IR astronomy for manyyears for astronomy al/IR image quality as possible. We also r in the optica/IR astronomy an new discoveries. For that purpose we first s come solar planets by planets solar - hnology telescopes, thus were proceeding to to proceeding were thus telescopes, hnology

under construction on the Atacama the on construction under

s a new a s 4 , a based astronomy was the SUBARU wasthe Telescope astronomy based - shows what I meant “big Jump” in Japanese astronomy. astronomy. Japanese Jump”in “big meant I showswhat (ALMA), later half of 1990’s. The CIAO, Coronagraphic Imager and cut discoveries in the optical/IR astronomy. Actually there there Actually astronomy. optical/IR the in discoveries cut massive (in NGC4268, by N. Nakai, M. Miyoshi et et Miyoshi M. Nakai, N. by NGC4268, (in hole black massive - iscovery of exo - the Array Array in 1992 to get direct images of exo

d . The star and formation has been a strong field in Japan solar planets. The construction of the Subaru Telescope was1991 SubaruTelescope the of Theconstruction planets. solar - 10 m class step by step. Japan, instead, had only 1.88 mold 1.88 only had instead, Japan, step. by step mclass 10 - the Subaru Telescope toward born - Large mm Large t leaders! The figure 1 was also a caution to ourselves against our optimism 2000. Figure 3 is one of my promotion figure mypromotion of one is 3 Figure 2000. -

of North America, Europe and Japan+Taiwan to steer planetary disks (by T. Hasegawa, R, Kawabe, M. Hayashi, S, Hayashi et al.), al.), et Hayashi S, Kawabe,M.Hayashi, R, Hasegawa, T. (by disks planetary - ama s had grown at Nobeyama, and excellent international cooperation like like cooperation international excellent Nobeyama,and grownat had astronomers IR cooperation had been successfully made. The one - way over. The two types of telescope show the traditional and new generation designs. newgeneration and traditional showthe telescope of types two The over. early 1990’s at least seven 8 m class telescopes with similar concepts were being werebeing concepts similar with telescopes mclass 8 seven least at 1990’s early , as we had in radio astronomy from the 6 m to the 45 m mm The Atac The the ap UK mm UK A figure which I used for the Subaru project explanation (around 1990), showing showing 1990), (around explanation project Subaru the for used I which figure A - a collaboration a In ground Japanese of Jump Second The

Thanks for excellen for Thanks

by d a variety of observing instruments, among them were the Suprime the were amongthem instruments, observing of variety a d 0 and we were fortunate again! The d The again! fortunate wewere and 0

200 wasin energy dark of discovery the and propose was Optics, Adaptive with newly around disks planetary prepared in parallel, so again Japanese astronomy Japanese again so parallel, in prepared gate good needed best as get to domedesign and telescope the on work to decided plane CIAO exo for the and jump g this front the touch to able be never might we optic of community Japanese the in discussion endless and hot a was with size reasonable with telescope a realize to or top world the challenge to go, wayto the about of Council Science the of astronomy for committee the wasmadeby decision Thefinal time. shorter Japan. project. challenging very this during construction, during 1991 during construction, astronomy, (optical) Japanese of situation In the time of preparation of the Subaru telescope (around 1990) the “Western World” already had tec new testing been and telescopes class m 4 to 3 many 8 of telescopes newgeneration telescope bought from UK in 1960 (see the big gap in figure 3). We convinced people t Figure 3. 3. Figure jump to had we al.),etc. Many young al.),etc. the Japan abroad. from Chile Nobeyama.of extension Rapid Progress in Japan in Progress Rapid observ detailed al.), et M,Ohishi Suzuki, H. Kaifu, N. (by clouds dark proto and cores stellar super of confirmation observational first PoS(sps5)003

of

- Norio Kaifu Norio hip started efficient efficient umber of umber forefront , but actually

to the members f ASJf st which was was which times larger FOV is - principal factors for the the for factors principal power problem which problem power - owever, each increase of increase each owever, the

power problem for many for problem power members in 1961 increased - anized from the Tokyo fromthe anized man a D course students. The n The students. course D - has now 9th large now9th has serious man serious Cam) with ten with Cam)

- a Japanese IAUJapanese t of the Ph zero in 1980’s to 12 % of members. Such rapid members.Suchrapid %12 of to 1980’s in zero

The 18 The 5 tection of furthermost galaxies, imaging of dark de cutting data especially of disks, and now the 2nd 2nd nowthe and disks, of especially data cutting - s support the following jumps. H jumps. following the support s the Cam (Hyper Suprime (Hyper Cam -

times higher sensitivity than the first generation has - s Cam on the prime focus of Subaru Telescope has also been a unique unique a been also has Telescope Subaru of focus prime the on Cam - University Research Institutes, are 100% funded by the government. The The government. the by funded 100% are Institutes, Research University borne astronomy of Japan made big jumps to catch up catch to jumps madebig Japan of astronomy borne - - core institute and its cooperation with the community of astronomy of community the with cooperation its and institute core 1994 and 2009, respectively. It seems to be a pretty big jump has also been rapidly increasing! Japan University Research Institutes which was reorg was which Institutes Research University the

large research instruments or facilities like astronomy, particle , etc. - CIAO) with ten with CIAO) 10 m class telescopes. Its production late of cosmological observations has observations cosmological of late production Its telescopes. mclass 10

- - high historical background of astronomy, good economy and good coordination a has increased amazingly, from almost s struction. based and Space and based - by national population in the IAU (Netherlands and Australia are the first). Subaru Telescope: Primary focus (left) and cylindrical enclosure. cylindrical and (left) focus Primary Telescope: Subaru Organization of of Organization Let us check the number of IAU members. IAUmembers. of number the check us Let

fields (many of them are astronomers/physicists in universities) are are universities) in astronomers/physicists are them of (many fields mers normally comes after the jump. Also in many countries the increase rate of position of of position of rate increase the countries many in Also jump. the after comes normally mers

1970’s and 1980’s. New large facilitie the

development of astronomy. Japan had developed a system for scientific research research scientific for system a developed had Japan astronomy. of development requiring fields those for Inter as called institutes, Such Inter the of one is NAOJ to 115, 380 and 600 in 1970, the percentages of Japanese members to the IAU total members are; 2.3 %, 3.7 %, 4.9 % and 6 % each, IAU members total the as normalised related female memberfemale increase of young astronomers is apparently a result of the jump of Japanese in astrono facing been wehad thus rate, required the than lower are scientists years. Both ground Both on based astronomy, had wealways hand other Onthe industries. and community of o increase considerable showsthe 5 Figure growth. rapid the in inevitable be should (Astronomical Society of Japan) professional members since the late 1980’s to now (roughly from 500 to 1600). Here the “professional member” includes mos Figure 4. 4. Figure and Factors Limitation 3. Basic instrument among the 8 including operation its since high very been distant in phenomena new various of discoveries telescopes, other and HST with cooperating matter Suprime generation 2nd The etc. universe, con under also Rapid Progress in Japan in Progress Rapid front good CIAOproduced and years many for CIAO(High generation test observations. The Suprime PoS(sps5)003

,

are

Norio Kaifu Norio public. public. second the top the next (

s to the University University an Tokyo. The The Tokyo. NAOJ. - - of the NAOJ up -

rate which now now which rapid increase became a University Research Research University from abroad. All - contact with with contact

Inter owing our our understanding. Fortunately understanding. , and 300 planetaria the ISAS ( the wide skirt, i.e. a good size and and size good a i.e. skirt, wide but known scientific institute in in institute knownscientific a - similar situation. The NAOJ, a public public a role of best in both in Japan and Japan in both a Japanese astronomical community. single core institute, NAOJ, and institute, core single role before the TAO a difficult matter everywhere, especially in in especially everywhere, matter difficult a also an attached institute of U of institute attached an also a be supported by community for its operation operation its for community by supported be to the remains and

al. Such al. such also also

activities of Japanese amateur astronomers amateur Japanese of activities

in astronomy; Japan has 200 open observatories NAOJ is the 6 n has only only has n in are open to astronomers s Institute) Japa , outreach outreach an udget is always is udget Astronomical Society of Japan, sh Japan, of Society Astronomical c interest interest c NAOJ, as a national core institute of astronomy, operates and universities need good s allocated the as such visited Nobayama Radio Observatory, and the hit of s based astronomy, was a good system for Japan to catch to Japan for system good wasa astronomy, based

Tokyo in 1988. ISAS, Institute for Astronautical and Space Sciences, Sciences, Space and Astronautical for Institute ISAS, 1988. in Tokyo - - ship high publi high s that they can act as a core institute in their fields apart from apart fields their in institute core a as act can they that s develop and construct very large facilities representing the whole USA), and the a already discussed already related community is essenti can

the have still function still million/year. We are proud that proud are We million/year.

based large telescopes. large based e single peak should be high, but to be high it needs it high be to but high, be should peak single e and telescope time is University Research Institutes in 1981 1981 in Institutes Research University - , - as well as personnel committee somewhat from field to field reflecting their situation, es

highest in the world. We have also tried many years to improve improve to manyyears tried Wealso have world. the in highest more and more important. The b The important. more and more Professional member Professional

In addition, both core institute The Nobeyama Observatory actually acted acted actually Observatory Nobeyama The

differs nt economical situation. We might have to cool the very high acceleration rate toward rate acceleration high very the cool to have We might situation. economical nt the

rece

powering astronomy in universities is always important. Manpower is still difficult, and education is is education and difficult, still Manpower is important. always is universities in astronomy powering becoming the large project considering the realistic timescale in the coming era of global cooperation. website exceeds 50 exceeds website Japan. the Coordination and Cooperation 4. Conclusion: Accelerate rapid such in exist limitations many inevitably but Japan, in Science Big a now is Astronomy Aswe developments. active astronomical community. community. astronomical active enjoy astronomers Japanese public and children to universe showthe to governments local by operated the after world the in highest among have people million 200 than More Research Institute and and Institute Research Institute JAXA to but belongs ground of institute national core is it hand other Onthe countries. manydeveloping for true be also might it and astronomy, world the of Th peak. single a After its establishment in 1988 the NAOJ has constructed Subaru, VERA, ALMA and many other other many and ALMA VERA, Subaru, constructed has NAOJ the 1988 in establishment its After ground Japanese those telescopes those process should it but community the supports NAOJthus The Inter the between relationship and cooperation Thereforethe developments. future for and Figure 5. 5. Figure 1980’s. late since individual university, and community. Rapid Progress in Japan in Progress Rapid U of Observatory Astronomical Inter becamean i institute of type this of merit PoS(sps5)003

the Norio Kaifu Norio

ian Meeting on apan (NAOJ)apan future of As - term - future. On the other other Onthe future. he t (ASIAA), J very broad outskirt. broad very

a rvatories Association) in

Network) was also established established also was Network)

Taipei 10. - - Formaldehyde, 1972, Mem.Soc.Roy.Sci., Mem.Soc.Roy.Sci., 1972, Formaldehyde, -

base cooperation of EAMA (East Asian EAMAAsian of (East cooperation base

- 7 s, and Thailand. Such new movements based on based Suchnewmovements Thailand. and s,

8. Granada, Spain, pp.5 Spain, Granada, - Beijing (NAC), China (NAC), Beijing -

Astronomy in Asia”, ed. N.Kaifu, National Astronomical Observastory of of Observastory Astronomical National N.Kaifu, ed. Asia”, in Astronomy m Telescope, 1984, in the URUSI International Symposium, "Milimeter "Milimeter Symposium, International URUSI the in 1984, Telescope, m

-

established the EACOA (East Asian Core Obse

20 years efforts of of efforts years 20 Based Based Astronomy in Japan, 1996, in proceedings of Third East Third of proceedings in 1996, Japan, in Astronomy Based - - the East Asia VLBI Network consortium and East Asian ALMA Research Center ,

moto and N. Kaifu, A Search for Interstellar Para Interstellar for Search A Kaifu, N. and moto International cooperation should be the important direction in

I believe that the regional cooperation is still essentially important for long mostly established cooperation, and more regional cooperation plans are being discussed for for discussed being are plans cooperation regional more and cooperation, established mostly , 5] http://www.narit.or.th/seaan/ http://www.narit.or.th/seaan/ 5]

[4] N. Kaifu, Ground “Ground Astronomy, Japan. [ [2] N. Kaifu, Nobeyama 45 WaveAstronomy", Radio Submillimeter and [3] N. Kaifu The et.al., First Light of the Subaru Telescope: A New Infrared Image of the 1 52, Japan, Soc. . Publ. 2000, Nebula, improvements of economy and science in those regions, and will open up new possibilities of and peaks high of numbers with discoveries” of rate the of “acceleration References [1] M. Mori 467. 3, Serrie 6, Liege, have China of observatories core Thefour future. Korea(KASI)and have after 2005 September Astronomers Asian East (South SEAAN The Meeting). Astronomers recently by Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippine Rapid Progress in Japan in Progress Rapid hand Asia In astronomy.