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NotText by Lucy Martin Just a FAD Photos courtesy of Sam Balderson, — Saving the Reefs in the Seychelles Islands Christian Burger, Lucy Martin, Rose Martin, Brandi Mueller and ICS

52 X-RAY MAG : 96 : 2020 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO CHRISTIAN BURGER feature FADs

LUCY MARTIN School of small fish shelter under a fish aggregating device or FAD (above)

Drifting fish aggregating devices As I descended, I saw a mass of netting (dFADs) are threatening endan- twisting around and down. The visibility was excellent, but all I could see was bright, dis- CHRISTIAN BURGER gered marine species and coral orientating violet, punctuated by the dark reefs in the Indian Ocean. Marine black mesh of nets—my only reference. back to my starting point to continue my conservationist Lucy Martin worked The deeper I went, the clearer the picture mission. Other parts would take too long, with the Island Conservation Society became. I saw sheets of netting, splayed out and coral had already started to overgrow. and smothering the coral life on the seabed So, I reached across my torso, releasing my (ICS), a non-governmental organi- below. I looked further and saw that this was knife from its holder, and sawed the net on zation in the Seychelles, on a large going to be a big job. The lines of rope and either side. survey in 2015 to find out how big broken fishing net extended towards the Slowly but surely, my dive buddy and I— an issue FADs actually were. The drop-off of the second, deeper plateau. each working on our own complex puzzle of As I approached, I checked my com- netting—got the whole monstrosity free from instruments littered the marine envi- puter’s no-deco limit and assessed the com- the reef. Once we started to roll up all the ronment in the Outer Islands espe- plexity of this particular case. I saw the main rope and net together, we realised that this cially around Desroches, Poivre, anchor point was wrapped around a large was far too heavy for us to swim up to the coral bommie, but it looked fairly fresh and surface. My buddy pulled out a 30kg lift bag, Saint Joseph, Cosmolédo, Farquhar uncomplicated. So, with eight minutes of and we bound the bulk of rope together. and the Alphonse Group, where bottom time left, I decided I could go a bit After a couple of purges of the octopus into Martin lived. As a trained marine farther and try to remove the whole hunk of the lift bag, it sailed to the surface. Several biologist, she took a scientific debris before me. minutes later, so did we, breaking the sur- It was a fairly simple task until I had shal- face next to a wooden raft covered in approach to the survey and spent lowed up. There, the netting was carefully goose barnacles. time in the water to see the dam- woven around arms of branching coral. As we waited for our pick-up, I noticed age for herself. Some I patiently picked off, allowing the many small fish hanging in the dark beneath VIDEO STILL COURTESY OF LUCY MARTIN slight surge to swing me away and then the shade cloth that was stretched across Divers use a lift bag to bring heavy FAD materials to the surface for pick-up by a dive boat (above); A diver cuts lose a FAD tangled in the reef (top right and previous page)

53 X-RAY MAG : 96 : 2020 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Dead green sea turtle, which got entangled in a FAD and drowned just inches from the surface FADs feature where it could have reached air to breathe

SIDBAR 1. A BOOMING TUNA INDUSTRY

Seeing huge potential, the purse seine (PS) tuna industries (Spanish, French, Seychellois, Mauritian and Korean) developed their own drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs) with a floating buoy attached, which at first just housed a radio beacon. By the early 2000s, the beacon was replaced with real-time GPS units. Sophisticated acoustic fish finders on the buoys made it easy for vessels to know exactly what tonnage of fish were under the dFADs in specific locations. This made it easy to maximize their catch. Solar panels were then added to the buoy to extend the lifetime of CHRISTIAN BURGER CHRISTIAN ICS a dFAD, allowing fishing grounds to Abandoned FADs will drag on reefs and seagrass, destroying critical habitat along the way expand, covering larger areas.

the raft—some juvenile triggerfish and purse seine (PS) tuna fishing industry. PS It was such a prosperous time that needlefish. When the boat arrived, we nets, which are long and trapezoidal, some nations even brought dedi-

heaved and hauled, trying to lift the are dragged in a circle around school- BURGER CHRISTIAN cated supply vessels into the fleet heavy load aboard. Many shouted ing tuna. Once filled with tuna, they are (the French banned the use of these instructions and directions later, we finally closed at the bottom and everything is boats) whose only job was to deploy retrieved the dFAD out of the water. We hauled aboard. The biggest PS vessels and collect dFADs. Over the next perched ourselves and our dive gear use nets that are 2km long and 300m ten years, dFAD use increased by around it in our small boat, as the skipper deep, and quite frequently will capture 70 percent, with about 10,500 to accelerated towards the next removal non-target bycatch like whale sharks, 14,500 deployments of new buoys in mission of the day. silky sharks, sea turtles and manta rays. 2013. This may seem exorbitant when Whilst this technique has been used on one considers that each buoy costs What are dFADs? free schools of all types of fish for cen- around US$1,500, but tuna fishing is a A typical dFAD is a two metre by two turies, the use of dFADs really took off in huge industry. In 2014, the global tuna metre raft made of bamboo, polyvinyl the early 1990s when the yellowfin tuna industry was worth US$33 billion. In chloride (PVC) pipes or even galvanised fisheries in the Atlantic collapsed. Tuna 2017, PS vessels in the Western Indian steel. The raft is typically tightly bound fishing moved to the Indian Ocean, but Ocean caught more than 380,000 with layer upon layers of old fishing net or the deep water posed a challenge to tonnes of tuna. shade cloth. Within the binding, roughly finding fish. six hard plastic or plastic foam buoys are Natural FADs, such as tree logs or palm The majority of the tuna from the attached to provide extra buoyancy to leaves, have long been known by local on the supply of food. The bigger the atoll, considering the impacts of this multi- Outer Island of the Seychelles is land- the raft. Underneath the raft, there is an fishermen to have tuna aggregating aggregator, the more fish. It was not long billion-dollar industry. When a dFAD goes ed in Port Victoria, the capital, and aggregator of some sorts, typically hang- around them. Any floating object in the before businesses in the fishing industry out of range, it is simply abandoned, at a is destined for the island’s cannery or ing net or rope with woven plastic sacks open ocean provides shelter and refuge started to manufacture their own (see high cost to both the marine environment transshipment. In 2015, the country tied at intervals. for small fish. Over time, small schools turn Sidebar 1). and the non-profit organizations that try exported over 30,000 metric tonnes The longest aggregator I ever pulled into bigger ones, and then, larger spe- to clean them up. Through the baseline of canned tuna, valued at more than out of the water was 50m long. All of cies arrive. After about five months, huge Environmental impact survey in 2015, we found 210 dFADs US$223 million and accounting for 50 these dFADs were used in the industrial accumulations of tuna come to feed Back in 2015, I drove around Alphonse stuck fast to the reef, seagrass flats or percent of the country’s exports. 

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Divers rescue endan- gered hawksbill sea turtles entangled in FAD netting (above and right), washed up on beaches where sea turtles go to nest (below); Dead olive ridley sea turtle drowned when DOWN HERE, it was ensnared in FAD netting (left) MISTAKES CAN ICS

mangroves, and an additional four that carcasses, with flippers limp at their sides The longer the dFAD is attached BE COSTLY.

were still drifting in deeper water. and heads hanging down onto their to the reef, the more points SAM BALDERSON The range of affected species carapaces in a timeless sleep. become anchored to the reef. and habitats is vast. The worst On one particular dFAD dive, my mask I have navigated these messes as if strong enough to withstand the drag THE COST OF A DIVE ACCIDENT damage is being done by curtain net filled with tears, when I came across penetrating a shipwreck, pulling myself of the raft above, wrenched from their CAN EASILY SURPASS $50,000. aggregators—an early form of dFAD— another casualty. All that was left was this way and that along the main ropes base and suspended in netting like a + Dive Accident Insurance Protects You which poses a significant entanglement a turtle’s black skeleton, which was to find the end point. I have seen many sad, abandoned bouquet of flowers in Against Unforeseen Events threat to sharks. almost camouflaged among the masses smaller coral colonies, which are not a graveyard. In 2013, silky shark mortality in the of broken netting, just a metre below + Covers the Medical Costs of Dive fishing grounds was estimated as the surface—a metre from the air it so Accidents Up to $500,000 480,000 to 960,000 sharks per year. needed to breathe to stay alive. + Picks Up Where Your Primary Once a curtain net reaches our Coverage Stops coastlines, it has left the habitat of Reef destruction Recognized Worldwide pelagic sharks but not the habitat of Following an outcry from + sea turtles. conservation groups, dFAD designs + Affordable Annual Plans were encouraged in 2012 to avoid A cruel death for sea turtles entanglement of sea turtles, and Fully aware of the threat of entan­ curtains were bound to form sausage glement, I would jump into the water nets. During our survey, 62 percent of

in snorkel gear every time I saw a new dFADs used sausage nets; but once Explore with DAN dFAD, with a sense of dread that I was they hit the coastal environment and @diversalertnetwork going to see something terrible, and I wrapped around coral heads, the usually did. I saw hawksbill and green binding ropes were cut, and the nets DAN.org/INSURANCE sea turtles, and the only olive ridley sea began to unravel over the reef. turtle I had ever seen, suspended in This scenario is the most difficult *Explore DAN.org/INSURANCE for complete plan and coverage the nets and no longer moving. Those to approach. On scuba dives, I details. Coverage may vary by state. usually graceful reptiles, with alert heads have unpicked sheets and sheets of and bright eyes, were turned into lifeless netting to free coral, countless times.

SAM BALDERSON

55 X-RAY MAG : 96 : 2020 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO SIDEBAR 2. FAD WATCH feature Text by Gail Fordham, ICS Conservation Officer As a result of previous studies and greater public interest, a multi- stakeholder initiative has been under way between the Spanish Tuna Purse Seiner fishing representatives (OPAGAC), Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), Island Development Company (IDC) and Island Conservation Society (ICS). It is called FAD Watch and is the first project of its kind. Its goal? To prevent and mitigate dFAD beaching through an automated alert system. The project is only possible thanks to participating fishing associations, like OPAGAC, who agreed to provide real-time information from the GPS on their dFADs. The system reports to CHRISTIAN BURGER ICS whenever a dFAD penetrates a Divers remove a drifting FAD and tow it to the dive boat for collection. five-nautical-mile buffer zone around the atoll or island ecosystems, and Some dFADs make it through Many a time have I crouched from the early days of their provides GPS coordinates, trajectory the shallow reef break and in silence for hours, watching invention. They will persist in the and estimated time of beaching. This enter the lagoon. I remember the miracle of life, as these environment for hundreds of allows staff time to plan and intercept going to retrieve one and enormous marine reptiles haul years if things do not change. dFADs before beaching occurs on seeing the destructive trail of their bodies out of the water to The ICS mantra is to envision Seychelles’ coastlines. the long, slow journey it had lay eggs. a future in which island OPAGAC has also provided funding made over the reef flats where This particular turtle had just ecosystems and associated for ICS to cover the costs of fuel, labor, it lay completely dry on a low nested. In the act of trying to wildlife are robustly protected equipment and project coordination tide. As the water level rose, it get back into water after all for the benefit of all, and its through the duration of the program, had moved, bit by bit, closer to that labour, she had hauled her mission is to promote restoration which is still on-going. IDC provided the deeper lagoon, and I could body into the net. Unable to and conservation. But was support to ICS on the islands where see the drag marks stretching move backwards, she had tried enough being done? It did not dFAD removal was taking place, for hundreds of metres, carving to turn to free herself, which had seem that way to me. We, at including the use of boats, skippers through the seagrass beds, snared her further. Returning ICS, wrote news articles within and tractors. leaving a bright white trail to the scene with a knife, I was the Seychelles and a technical FAD Watch continues with ICS teams behind it. The dFAD itself was able to cut her free and try to report of our findings, but I quantifying and characterizing the heaving from the amount of guide her exhausted and limp doubted whether anybody negative impacts on habitats and sediment being carried with it body back to the waters’ edge. across the rest of the world wildlife across the Seychelles. This pilot and took three people to load knew about these issues. project has raised awareness of the into the boat. Enduring synthetics Tuna are a highly migratory issue and aims to encourage other By 2015, both curtain and species, and institutional fishing associations to join. Danger for nesting sausage nets were beginning bodies called Regional Fishing Going forward, FAD Watch plans endangered sea turtles to be phased out by upcoming Managements Organisations to improve real-time tracking, which Occasionally, a dFAD gets bans and a non-entangling (RFMOs) bring together nations will result in quicker effective action across the flats into the deep dFAD was defined as having to better manage their fisheries. and to work with stakeholders in the lagoon where its journey to the no net material at all. Despite For the Seychelles, this is the development of BIOFADs. Through FAD beach is faster. One day, I was that, 70 percent of all dFADs we Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Watch, IOTC reductions in quotas and walking the beach and found found, at the time, were made (IOTC), and we hoped they increased general public awareness, a green sea turtle completely of synthetic materials. Many would be concerned about beaching of dFADs may now have stuck in the netting. Alphonse of them were abandoned, was happening in the Alphonse reduced from around 10 percent to CHRISTIAN BURGER is a haven for nesting turtles. still floating around the ocean Group. So, we presented our less than one.  A diver removes a FAD caught on the reef.

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NAUI GREEN DIVER INITIATIVE DIVE WITH A PURPOSE!

PROMOTE aquatic activities and continuing education through participation in conservation CHRISTIAN BURGER programs. Divers lift a dFAD onto a boat for proper disposal. Many are shocked to see the scale of the problem in the Indian Ocean. CONSERVE local research findings to them at a conference hugely popular globally, with a popular specialty course. Our dive documenting the quality of marine later that year, in 2015. very active community across staff view dFADs as graves upon the Seychelles, including some the reef, but it is usually when they ecosystems and aquatic life. Divers help remove FADs massive projects run by the do the course and remove the In 2016, I left ICS to set-up a PADI Seychelles Island Foundation and dFAD that they are really shocked CREATE sustaining opportunities scuba dive and nature activity The Ocean Project. Whilst we see about the scale of the problem. through fundraising contest and centre for Blue Safari on my same lots of floating marine debris at the Employees of the Island island home and created a suite surface in the Alphonse Group, Development Company (IDC) activities. of hands-on conservation activities mostly coming from Indonesia, the who lease the island and manage for guests. That year, the ICS only synthetic trash underneath waste are also exposed to the recorded an additional 109 dFADs, the waves, on our otherwise problem of dFADs through disposal which beached. With further unspoilt reefs, are those dFADs considerations. Together, we investigation, the ICS identified from the tuna fishing industry. decide whether the materials can the Alphonse Group as the worst In addition to damaging the be recycled or incinerated on the affected atolls in the region. I put environment and its wildlife, they island or sent to storage to await weekly beach clean-ups on the also pose a navigational hazard to shipment to the mainland on the hotel guest’s activity schedule, so our dive boats and are eyesores next available barge. that they would see, first-hand, the for divers who often inquire as to Our dive groups are exclusively impact of dFADs and help remove what they are. small, with less than eight divers them. Staff regularly joined in the I encourage all guests to get per week. Despite this, we engage educational initiative and learned involved with a dFAD removal enough divers to remove just to appreciate the problem even on one of their dives during their under two tonnes of dFADs in each more. Together with ICS, we dive holiday. It is a recommended eight-month season. The story NAUIGreenDiver.org removed 1.3 tonnes of beach adventure dive for PADI Advanced does not end with removal. Part of debris in 2018. students and the AWARE Dive raising awareness is recording the Beach clean-ups have become Against Debris (DAD) is our most information and placing it on the

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VIDEO STILL COURTESY OF LUCY MARTIN THIS PAGE: Divers (above and left) work to remove FADs stuck on the reefs in the Seychelles Islands; A raft loaded with ICS recovered FADs and debris (right) ICS

Recent FAD sightings Last month, after strong winds blew new dFADs into the area, I headed out for a removal that was not one we had been alerted to by FAD Watch (see Sidebar 2). It likely belonged to a non- participating company. It was one of the newer non- entangling dFADs, with just

ICS ROSE MARTIN a single long thick rope and ghostly white sacks tied to it AWARE DAD website, putting the scale catch had also been recorded. at intervals, flapping in the gentle current. of our regional fishing-related pollution The IOTC has also recently called for My heart sank when I saw a juvenile problem on the global map. further research into how the fishing green sea turtle attempting to eat the industry can make the switch to using sack, mistaking it for food, but at least Move to biodegradable FADs biodegradable material for dFADs the turtle was tangle-free and alive. This Meanwhile, whilst my main focus switched (BIOFADs). To this end, the European time, I had a whole entourage with me, to eco-tourism, ICS and the IOTC made Union is currently piloting a two-year because I was teaching an AWARE Dive advances at the policy level. A year after project to assess the viability of the Against Debris (DAD) course to hotel air nitrox and able to dive beyond 25m, like frays of plastic exposed from within the baseline study, the IOTC placed the different materials and environmental guests, willing to do their part in helping while others hung mid-depth, waiting to the nylon rope. It was as though the coral first-ever limits on the number of active damage by deploying 1,000 different to protect the reef. help coil the rope towards the surface. had used its only defence and sacrificed dFADs permitted per vessel—350 per BIOFADs. So far, the efficiency of these I have seen these new designs in The damage to the reef was minimal, its fleshy skin to cut the intruding rope with vessel per season, at the time of writing. rafts is minimally less for the fisheries, and deeper water lately, because the single but I noticed something I had been its limestone skeleton. A reduction of 9 to 12 percent in the there is hope that we may soon see a ropes used by fishing fleets are very long. encountering more often of late. It was a It took a long time to cut the frays free, contributions of dFADs to overall tuna move towards naturally-made dFADs. Luckily, several divers were on enriched- smaller coral engulfed by the tiny ribbon- but fortunately, there were enough of us

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BRANDI MUELLER ICS

Life under a FAD (left)—barnacles grow on the lines and dozens of golden trevallies shelter under the device; A beautiful beach on Alphonse Island in the Seychelles (above); One of the FADs found abandoned and drift- ing in the waters around the Seychelles (top right); Divers CHRISTIAN BURGER CHRISTIAN work to remove drifting FADs caught on the reef around Alphonse Island (right)

BRANDI MUELLER

to clear it before our air ran out. As the thanks Greenpeace for initially support- MANAGEMENT PLAN INCLUDING LIMITATION MURUA, J., ET AL (2018). ISSF ON NUMBER OF FADS, MORE DETAILED SKIPPERS’ WORKSHOPS other divers climbed back aboard the ing her work on dFAD removal. SPECIFICATIONS OF CATCH REPORTING ROUND 7. ISSF TECHNICAL dive boat, it occurred to me that coral FROM FAD SETS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF REPORT 2018-01. reefs will still need the technical expertise REFERENCES IMPROVED DESIGNS TO REDUCE INCIDENCE INTERNATIONAL SEAFOOD DUHEC, A., ET AL (2015). COMPOSITION AND and time of scuba divers to defend them OF ENTANGLEMENT OF NON-TARGET SPECIES. SUSTAINABILITY FOUNDATION, POTENTIAL ORIGIN OF MARINE DEBRIS STRANDED HTTPS://WWW.IOTC.ORG/CMM/RESOLUTION- WASHINGTON, D.C., from dFAD invasions for some time to IN THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN ON REMOTE 1708-PROCEDURES-FADS-MANAGEMENT-PLAN- USA. HTTP://WWW. come. I can only hope that less and less ALPHONSE ISLAND, SEYCHELLES. MARINE INCLUDING-LIMITATION-NUMBER-FADS-MORE- MARTINHALLFISHERIES.COM/ of these devices enter the ocean, that POLLUTION BULLETIN. PP. 76-86. DETAILED UPLOADS/7/2/4/3/72430309/ FILMALTER, J. D., ET AL (2013). LOOKING BEHIND ISSF (2015). ISSF GUIDE FOR NON-ENTANGLING ISSF-2018-01-ISSF-SKIPPERS- more companies join FAD Watch, and THE CURTAIN. FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE FADS. INTERNATIONAL SEAFOOD SUSTAINABILITY WORKSHOPS-ROUND-7.PDF that BIOFADs finally do come into play. ENVIRONMENT. 11(6), PP. 291-296. FOUNDATION. HTTPS://ISS-FOUNDATION.ORG/ SEYCHELLES FISHING AUTHORITY I have always believed that throughout FRANCO, J., ET AL (2009). DESIGN OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE-TOOLS/GUIDES-BEST-PRACTICES/ (2016). FISHERIES STATISTICAL FADS. IOTC-2009-WPEB-16. HTTPS://WWW.IOTC. NON-ENTANGLING-FADS/DOWNLOAD-INFO/ISSF- REPORT: YEAR 2016, history, progressive changes in society have ORG/DOCUMENTS/DESIGN-ECOLOGICAL-FADS GUIDE-FOR-NON-ENTANGLING-FADS/ SEMESTER 1. SFA/FSR/05. only been successful when humanity pulls FONTENEAU, A., & CHASSOT, E. (2014). MANAGING LECOMTE, M., ET AL (2017). INDIAN OCEAN HTTP://WWW.SFA.SC/INDEX. together. It seems like this is happening in TROPICAL TUNA PURSE SEINE FISHERIES TUNA FISHERIES: BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT PHP/PUBLICATIONS/FISHERIES- THROUGH LIMITING THE NUMBER OF DRIFTING OPPORTUNITIES AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES. STATISTICAL-REPORTS/ the Seychelles, although the oceans may FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES IN THE ATLANTIC IDDR WORKING REPORT. HTTPS://WWW.IDDRI. SFA-FISHERIES-STATISTICAL- need a louder voice. So, I will continue to OCEAN: FOOD FOR THOUGHT. HTTPS://WWW. ORG/EN/PUBLICATIONS-AND-EVENTS/REPORT/ REPORT-2016.PDF/ tell the dFAD story and bring the scuba ICCAT.INT/DOCUMENTS/CVSP/CV071_2015/N_1/ INDIAN-OCEAN-TUNA-FISHERIES-BETWEEN- TOLOTTI, M. T., ET AL (2015). COLLABORATIVE_INITIATIVE_TO_MINIMIZE_THE_ CV071010460.PDF DEVELOPMENT-OPPORTUNITIES-AND BANNING IS NOT ENOUGH: THE COMPLEXITIES IMPACT_OF_FADS_IN_COASTAL_ECOSYSTEMS divers I encounter into action.  INDIAN OCEAN TUNA COMMISSION (2016). LOPEZ, J., ET AL (2014). EVOLUTION AND CURRENT OF OCEANIC SHARK MANAGEMENT BY ZUDAIRE, I., ET AL (2019). PRELIMINARY RESULTS NOMINAL CATCH BY SPECIES AND GEAR, BY STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF ECHO-SOUNDER TUNA REGIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OF BIOFAD PROJECT: TESTING DESIGNS AND Lucy Martin, a passionate and expe- VESSEL FLAG REPORTING COUNTRY. IOTC- BUOYS USED BY SPANISH TROPICAL TUNA PURSE ORGANIZATIONS. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND IDENTIFYING OPTIONS TO MITIGATE IMPACTS 2016-DATASET-NCDB. HTTP://WWW.IOTC.ORG/ SEINERS IN THE ATLANTIC, INDIAN AND PACIFIC CONSERVATION. 4, PP. 1-7. HTTPS://WWW. OF DRIFTING FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES ON rienced marine conservationist from DOCUMENTS/NOMINAL-CATCH-SPECIES-AND- OCEANS. FISHERIES RESEARCH. 155, PP. 127-137. SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/ THE ECOSYSTEM. INTERNATIONAL SEAFOOD England, is a PADI Master Scuba Diver GEAR-VESSEL-FLAG-REPORTING-COUNTRY MAUFROY, A., ET AL (2015). LARGE-SCALE S2351989415000517 SUSTAINABILITY FOUNDATION (ISSF) WORKING Trainer and holds a graduate degree INDIAN OCEAN TUNA COMMISSION (2012). EXAMINATION OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS ZUDAIRE, I., ET AL (2018). FAD WATCH: A GROUP. HTTPS://WWW.IATTC.ORG/MEETINGS/ RESOLUTION 12/04 ON THE CONSERVATION OF OF DRIFTING FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVE TO MINIMIZE THE MEETINGS2019/JWGFAD-02/DOCS/_FRENCH/ in marine biology. She has been living MARINE TURTLES. HTTPS://WWW.IOTC.ORG/CMM/ (DFADS) FROM TROPICAL TUNA FISHERIES OF IMPACT OF FADS IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS. EXTENDEDABSTRACTS/JWGFAD-02-15A_ on Alphonse Island in the Seychelles for RESOLUTION-1204-CONSERVATION-MARINE-TURTLES THE INDIAN AND ATLANTIC OCEANS. PLOS ONE. CONFERENCE: 14TH INDIAN OCEAN TUNA RESULTATS%20PRELIMINAIRES%20DU%20 the past six years and manages the Blue INDIAN OCEAN TUNA COMMISSION (2017). 10(5): E0128023. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1371/ COMMISSION. HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE. PROJET%20BIOFAD-ENO.PDF RESOLUTION 17/08 PROCEDURES ON A FADS Safari activity centre. Martin personally JOURNAL.PONE.0128023 NET/PUBLICATION/327397064_FAD_WATCH_A_

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