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Removal of Derelict Fishing Gear, Lost Or Discarded by Fishermen in the Baltic Sea

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Removal of Derelict Fishing Gear, Lost Or Discarded by Fishermen in the Baltic Sea THIS PUBLICATION HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN PARTNERSHIP BY: REPORT OCTOBER 2015 ©1986 Panda symbol WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund) ® “WWF” and “living planet” are Registered Trademarks Wildlife Fund) ® “WWF” and “living planet” are Registered Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World ©1986 Panda symbol WWF – World REMOVAL OF DERELICT FISHING GEAR, LOST OR DISCARDED BY FISHERMEN IN THE BALTIC SEA FINAL PROJECT REPORT THIS PUBLICATION HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN PARTNERSHIP BY: REPORT OCTOBER 2015 FINAL PROJECT REPORT REMOVAL OF DERELICT FISHING GEAR, LOST OR DISCARDED BY FISHERMEN IN THE BALTIC SEA October 2015 WWF Poland “REMOVAL OF DERELICT FISHING GEAR, LOST OR DISCARDED BY FISHERMEN IN THE BALTIC SEA” FINAL PROJECT REPORT Authors: chapters 1-3 i 5-6: Marek Szulc, PhD; Stanisław Kasperek, MSc, eng chapters 4: Piotr Gruszka, PhD; Piotr Pieckiel, MSc; Michał Grabia PhD, eng Tomasz Markowski, MSc, eng Typesetting: Agencja Wydawnicza EkoPress Translation: Ewa Milewska Published by: WWF Poland Mahatmy Gandhiego 3 Str., 02-645 Warszawa phone: +48 22 849 84 69 fax: +48 22 646 36 72 © WWF Poland ISBN: 978-83-60757-47-5 Published as part of Kołobrzeg Fish Producers Organisation and WWF Poland project titled „Removal of Derelict Fishing Gear, Lost or Discarded by Fishermen in the Baltic Sea” For further information on the project, please contact: Marta Kalinowska: [email protected] The entity responsible for the contents of the publication is WWF Poland. The publication is available on the website: wwf.pl Printed on recycled paper. Project co-financed by European Union in frame of European Fisheries Fund ensuring investments in sustainable fishing Contents: 1. THE PROBLEM 6 1.1. The origin of the problem – factors causing the occurrence of ghost nets in the environment 7 1.2. Dynamic development of fisheries after the Second World War 7 1.3. Improvement of the existing fishing gears and techniques 9 1.4. Development of methods of determining the position of vessels at sea 10 2. INFORMATION ON THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GHOST NETS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 11 3. POSSIBLE MEASURES TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GHOST NETS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 17 3.1. Legal and political measures 18 3.2. Planning future actions 18 3.3. Activities at sea and in the ports 19 4. RESEARCH ON THE POSSIBILITIES TO USE THE RFID TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY FISHING GEARS 21 4.1. Introduction 22 4.2. Research methodology 22 4.3. Research results 30 4.4. Conclusions 32 4.5. Recommendations 32 5. ACTIONS CARRIED OUT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT 34 5.1. Retrieval of ghost nets from the sea bottom using the device towed by a fishing vessel 35 5.2. Retrieval of ghost nets from ship wrecks by divers 37 5.3. Public relations activities 39 6. PROJECT SUMMARY – CONCLUSIONS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS ACHIEVED 40 6.1. Characteristics of source data 40 6.2. The results of actions carried out by fishing vessels 41 6.3. The results of actions carried out by divers 44 6.4. Characteristics of the material transferred to the recycling facilities 47 6.5. Final conclusions 47 FINAL PROJECT REPORT 3 © P. Necel / WWF © P. 4 REMOVAL OF DERELICT FISHING GEAR, LOST OR DISCARDED BY FISHERMEN IN THE BALTIC SEA FINAL PROJECT REPORT © WWF / O. Skumiał © WWF / O. Chapter 1. The problem Derelict fishing gears are lost, abandoned or discarded fishing grounds from the coast. The loss of gears took gears (or fragments thereof), often referred to in the liter- place regularly only in fisheries targeting demersal fish ature as „ghost nets”. such as turbot and cod. Until 1998, the amount of nets lost by the Swedish fleet was estimated at 2750–3000, This term captures the nature of the phenomenon caused which corresponds to approx. 156–165 km of total length2. by ghost nets, since these derelict, invisible gears con- tinue to fish uncontrolled for a long time, keeping their In 2005–2008, the annual amount of cod nets lost in the fishing efficiency for years, causing, above all, immeasur- Baltic by the EU vessels ranged from 5 500 to 10 000 able loss in fish resources, as well as in populations of pieces. diving birds and marine mammals. The estimated amount of nets deployed on shipwrecks On a global scale, entangling nets and traps are consid- located in the Polish marine areas ranges from 150 to 450 ered to be the most common type of derelict fishing gears tonnes3. that contribute to marine debris1. In this respect, the Bal- The catch efficiency estimated in experiments amounted tic Sea differs from other seas. Fixed gillnets as well as to 20% of normal efficiency in the first three months and trawls are the main types of derelict gears. In comparison to 6% after 27 months and was characterised by unfa- to these two types of gears, derelict traps and pots con- vourable size structure of captured fish. stitute a marginal problem in the Baltic. On the basis of present knowledge it is not possible to In the Baltic Sea, estimates of the amount of lost gillnets unequivocally state which type of the fishing gear has a were made in respect to the Swedish fleet operating in higher fishing efficiency as a ghost net and therefore has open waters, both in the coastal areas as well as in more a higher negative impact on Baltic resources. In general, distant fishing grounds. The percentage of lost nets the prevailing opinion is that gillnets pose a greater threat, increased proportionately to the distance separating the however, taking into account the number of wrecks on the 1 Macfadyen, G. et al. 2009: Abandoned, lost or otherwise dis- 2 Tschernij V, Larsson, P.-O., 2003: Ghost fishing by lost cod gill carded fishing gear. UNEP Regional Seas Refootnoteorts and nets in the Baltic Sea. Fisheries Research, 64 (2-3): 151-162. Studies, No. 185; FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, 3 WWF Poland 2011: Ecological effects of ghost net retrieval No. 523, Rome UNEP/FAO. in the Baltic Sea. Pilot project. Final Report. 6 REMOVAL OF DERELICT FISHING GEAR, LOST OR DISCARDED BY FISHERMEN IN THE BALTIC SEA sea bottom and the available information on the amount 1.1. The origin of the problem – of trawls snagged on them, it should be assumed that they are just as dangerous as fixed nets. factors causing the occurrence of In Polish marine areas, the actions undertaken so-far ghost nets in the environment have resulted in the retrieval of 27 tonnes of ghost nets and the assumption that the total amount of derelict nets The origin of the ghost net problem is the economic activ- in these waters can reach 800 tonnes4. These results ity at sea in the form of fishing activities with different clearly indicate the need to continue the actions aimed at fishing nets, which are made of netting with meshes. minimising the impact of ghost nets in the entire Baltic. However, it should be noted that any loss of fishing gear The problem of derelict fishing gears in the Baltic (DFG), for fishermen results in measurable financial loss, in the or “ghost nets” is related to marine debris, notwithstand- case of trawl nets or set nets of substantial value. There- ing the scale: global, European or Baltic. This results from fore, in the case of fixed nets fishermen undertake all the classification adopted in relation to the litter in seas efforts to find and retrieve these gears. To this end, differ- and oceans included in the UNEP-FAO report,5 an Ameri- ent devices, the so-called “searchers” are used, described can study devoted to tackling the problem of marine further in this publication. debris in the 21st century,6 as well as the European Com- An important factor in generating indirectly this phenom- mission document of October 20127. enon is military activity, which results in various wrecks These three major sources of information on the ghost being deposited at the sea bottom, among them civilian net phenomenon are characterised by a complex cover- ships, navy ships, planes, munitions etc. as legacy of age of the problem, ranging from the causes of this phe- wars, especially intense in the Baltic Sea during the two nomenon, related to the widespread use of synthetic last world wars. materials in the production of fishing gears, through The above mentioned main causes of the ghost net phe- description of different types of marine fisheries, which nomenon consist of several interrelated social, techno- generate material debris, the most dangerous for the logical and technical factors, including: environment, together with the analysis of the impact of this debris on the living marine resources, which are a) Dynamic development of fisheries after the Second exploited by fisheries, also including possible mitigation World War; measures and methods of recycling of fragments of nets b) Improvement of the existing fishing gears and and other gear parts used by fishing fleets on a global techniques: scale. Due to the universal nature of these considerations • Active gears: trawls and pair trawls; and proposed practical solutions, it could be assumed that a similar approach to the problem of ghost nets in • Passive gears: set anchored gillnets; the Baltic is fully justified. The above mentioned publica- c) Development of manufacturing technologies of the tions constitute a huge and comprehensive theoretical fibres used in the fishing gears; (references to other publications) and legal source of information on the specific problem of ghost nets. d) Development of methods of determining the position of vessels at sea. Reports summing up a big pilot project “Collecting ghost nets in the Baltic Sea”, carried out by WWF, published in 2011 and refer in detail to the problem of ghost nets in the Baltic.
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