Grade 5 Grade 9 Historical Backgrounders Acknowledgements & Copyright © 2015 Province of British Columbia This resource was developed for the Ministry of International Trade and Minister Responsible for Asia Pacific Strategy and Multiculturalism by Open School BC, Ministry of Education in partnership with the Royal BC Museum, the Legacy Initiatives Advisory Council and BC teachers. A full list of contributors to Bamboo Shoots: Chinese Canadian Legacies in BC can be found at www.openschool.bc.ca/bambooshoots. Historical Backgrounders Contents CONTENTS Chinese Immigration to Canada �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 BC Gold Rushes – 1858 to 1870s .................................................................................................................13 Victoria – An Early History ..............................................................................................................................16 Physical Segregation of Chinese Canadians – Chinatowns ������������������������������������������������������������19 Chinese Disenfranchisement – 1872 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 Building of the Canadian Pacific Railway – 1880 to 1885 ...............................................................25 Yip Sang and the Wing Sang Company.....................................................................................................28 Chinese Immigration Act (Head Tax) – 1885 .......................................................................................30 Chinese Canadian Community Associations and Organizations �����������������������������������������������32 Anti-Asian Riots in Vancouver – 1907 .......................................................................................................34 Chinese Freemasons in Canada .....................................................................................................................37 Chinese Immigration Act (Chinese Exclusion Act) – 1923 �����������������������������������������������������������40 Chinese Participation in World War II – 1939 to 1945 ...................................................................42 Chinese Immigration Act (Chinese Exclusion Act) Repealed – 1947 ................................... 44 Canadian Citizenship Act – 1947 .................................................................................................................46 Fair Employment Practices Act – 1956 .....................................................................................................47 Douglas Jung (鄭天華) ........................................................................................................................................49 Chinese Adjustment Statement Program – 1960 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Universal Immigration Policy – 1967............................................................................................................54 Official Multiculturalism Policy – 1971 ........................................................................................................56 Canadian Parliamentary Recognition – 1980 .........................................................................................58 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms – 1982 ...........................................................................59 David Lam (林思齊) .............................................................................................................................................61 Federal Government Apology for the Chinese Head Tax – 2006 ..........................................63 BC Apology to Chinese Canadians for Historical Wrongs – 2014 ������������������������������������������65 www.openschool.bc.ca/bambooshoots/ 3 Historical Backgrounders Chinese Immigration to Canada Chinese Immigration to Canada Summary • Chinese workers landed in Nuu-chah-nulth territory in 1788 as part of Capt. John Meares’ expedition to build the first year-round, non-indigenous settlement in the place the British named “Nootka Sound.” • Chinese migrants came to the colony of British Columbia right after gold was discovered in 1858. • Between 1881 and 1884, an estimated 15,000 Chinese labourers were brought to Canada to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. • The Chinese Head Tax was passed in 1885, charging each Chinese who arrived in Canada $50. In 1900, the head tax was increased to $100 and then again to $500 per person in 1903. Still over 97,000 Chinese immigrated to Canada between 1885 and 1923. • The Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 excluded all Chinese from entering Canada except for diplomats, foreign students, and those permitted under special circumstance. • After the repeal of the Exclusion Act in 1947, it was still difficult for Chinese to enter Canada due to poor diplomatic relations between Canada and China, and strict immigration policies of the Peoples Republic of China. • Racial preferences were removed from Canadian immigration policy in 1967. • The 1967 “points system” assessed potential immigrants according to the overall need for their profession in Canada, and gave more points for higher education level as well as for the reunification with existing family members in Canada. • Political unrest in Hong Kong in the late 1960s led many Hong Kong Chinese to immigrate to Canada in the 1970s. • Between 1999 and 2009, the largest number of immigrants to Canada originated from the People’s Republic of China. 4 www.openschool.bc.ca/bambooshoots/ Historical Backgrounders Chinese Immigration to Canada Backgrounder Chinese migrants have been coming to the traditional First Nations territories that are now known as British Columbia for as long as European migrants have. During the period when expeditions led by Capt. James Cook and Capt. George Vancouver surveyed—and claimed for the British crown—the coastline of modern-day British Columbia, Chinese workers landed in Nuu-chah-nulth territory. In 1788, they came as part of Capt. John Meares’ expedition to build the first year-round, non-indigenous settlement in the place the British named “Nootka Sound.” Indeed, Chinese workers were the carpenters that built the fort, grew food, and performed much of the essential labour in this settlement. “Gold rushes” in the mid-19th century drew migrants from around the world to alluvial deposits of gold around the edges of the Pacific basin: the territory of California, the Australian colonies, Aoteroa/New Zealand, and what the British crown claimed—right after gold was discovered in 1858—as the Colony of British Columbia. Chinese migrants were a significant element in all of these gold rushes. They often performed necessary functions such as growing food and building infrastructure, as well as importing goods drawn from their extensive trans-Pacific trade networks. Known for creating businesses that provided important services to miners and other migrants, the Chinese were entrepreneurial and able to make money in ways that extended well beyond finding gold. Indeed, in the Cantonese language that these migrants spoke, all of these locations came to be known as “Gum San 金山” (Gold Mountain) not just because of the iconic presence of gold, but also metaphorically for the tremendous wealth that could be created by young ambitious men crossing the seas to work in these places, a mythic name for trans- Pacific migration in search of opportunity that long outlasted the gold rushes themselves. A dream of wealth and a better life created a sustained process of migration—generation after generation. They came from a small number of villages in just eight counties in Guangdong province, on the south coast of China. Often working alongside, and sometimes marrying into First Nations communities up the Fraser River and throughout British Columbia, the migrants, who were mainly men, sought a better livelihood through building early industries. These included market farming, logging, fishing, ranching, and mining, as well as providing services through businesses such as general stores, cafés, and laundries. www.openschool.bc.ca/bambooshoots/ 5 Historical Backgrounders Chinese Immigration to Canada The history of outmigration from southern China had existed for centuries. Since the 16th century, migrants who travelled by sea throughout Southeast Asia had connected the coastal regions of Guangdong and Fujian provinces. For centuries, these migrants left rural villages and became labourers, merchants, traders, and small shopkeepers. Millions of these migrants and their descendants lived across Southeast Asia. The main ports through which these migrants travelled back and forth were Guangzhou, Amoy (now known as Xiamen), Swatow (now known as Shantou), and Macau. During the same time, many Europeans came to trade for Chinese goods such as porcelain, silk, and tea at the port of Guangzhou, as Europeans created colonies in southeast Asia in the Philippines, the East Indies (now known as Indonesia), the Malay peninsula (now known as Malaysia), and India. Migrants from southern China travelled the same trade routes as Europeans and others in the region (such as Muslim traders), trading for Chinese manufacturers and for spice, sugar, silver, and other goods. By the time of the Opium War between Britain and China, from 1840–1842, the trade that went through Guangzhou and Southeast Asia to Europe was at the center of the global