GERMANY AT BAY

MAJOR HALDt\NE MACFALL GERMANY AT BAY MARSHAL JOFFRE (tit· J. Sunps''"· A'.B.A .) Gerniany at Bay

BY

HALDANE MACFALL.-_- Major, late Sherwood Foresters

With an Introduction by FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT FRENCH

WITH PORTRAITS AND MAPS

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne 1918 First published NtnJe1116n- 1917. R•!Jriuteco D~JCem6w 1917 (TAr•• tim~~s), '""'"'"' tgtB (Twic:c), 4-l•nlt. tgtS. 1to ~y Comrades Who Sleep 'THE HEROIC DEAD Who Answered the Call of .Joffre and French and Saved the World A PERSONAL NOTE

I had written and published "The Splendid Way­ faring," the first volume of a trilogy, just before the .War, and was engaged upon the second volume, "The Book of Generous Courage," to prove the utter rot­ tenness of the German Kultur in peace and its inevit­ able doom in the fierce test of the furnace of Battle, when the War broke out, as I thought it would. However, the delibe·rate judgments based upon the strategic notes on which I had been building that volume, over some thirty years of keen study, have been proved to the hilt ever since the German rushed int9 this war. And in another form, more easily grasped by the simp.Zest mind, I now put it before the Man-in-the-Street in the hope that it may do some­ thing to help to guide him as to how alone he can -rid the wo-rld of the brazen god before whom the Hun had willed to make us all bow down and worship. "The Book of Generous Courage" must wait awhile.

There is no time to be lost if Britain and America are to awake to the appalling danger that lies ahead in the making of Peace. To the American in par­ ticular the danger is as hideous as it is secret and sinister. The great American tradition of aloofness viii A Personal Note from world affairs was a counsel of perfection-so long as no powerful enemy arose to assail it. But the German, with astounding craft, made of this appar­ ently safe policy the 'Very trap for destroying America. We in Britain ha'IJe run a terrible Tisk from lack of strategic thinking, but we were nearer the danger and more easily alarmed. The American is far away, and wrapped in the mantle of the written tradition of the Monroe Doctrine. By consequence, it is un­ thinkable to an American that Germany could e'IJen dream of destroying her-yet the destruction of BTitain and America is the aim of the German's war-it is to that deliberate purpose and to that alone that the Germans ha'IJe launched upon this war. ·when, there­ fore, we find great American journalists telling us that the heart of AmeTica bleeds for Belgium, but has little interest in the Balkans; when we find our 'American Allies unrepresented in PaTis at the lVar Council about the Eastern war, we are bound to recognize tk.at the American does not e'Ven now realise that it is exactly this majestically heroic Serbia that matters in this war more than anything-that it is precisely this Serbia which he.ld the gate shut to the Pan-German A!ap-and that it is precisely the making or unmaking of Serbia which will lead to the future welfare or disaster of America and Britain. Serbia is the bulwark of Britain and America, as surely as Britain is the bulwark of America against the German design of world dominion. And if this book pro'Ve nothing but thllt to the_ Man-in-the-Street it wiLl not A Personal Note ix have been written in vain. If America and Britain allow Serbia to fall, they__ will have to fight the Ger­ man, enormously enkamced in power, in his strategy for .World Dominion. Since the ink dried on the last page in this volume, this midsummer of 1917, there have been such revela­ tions-the American Ambassador, Mr. Gerard's "My Four Years in Germany"; the disclosure of the Kaiser's treaty with the Tsar for the attack on Britain in 1905; the publication of Russian State secrets­ which all strongly support what was here deduced, that much whick would have been challenged is now the accepted truth, whilst the calm, wise sanity of General Smuts and of the great American President, and their wide vision in Statesmanship, have done muck to clear a dangerous situation. My thanks are due to the Editor of "Land and Water" for the use of my friend Joseph Simpson's ,very fine portrait of Field-Marshal Joffre. H. M. CONTENTS

PAGE INTRODUCTION BY THE VISCOUNT FRENCH • xiii

BOOK I Of Strategy in General CHAPTER x. To THE MAN-IN-THE-STREET • 3 2. THE GERMAN GENIUS IN WAR 9 3· How THE STRATEGIC STUDENT WoRKs 16

BOOK II

Of th~ Strategy of the Great War

4· RisE OF THE GERMAN MENACE 21 5· GER~AN STRATEGY ROOTED IN KULTUR 35 6, WHAT EXACTLY IS THE GERMAN HIGHER

STRATEGY ? • I 52 7· THE GERMAN WAR-MACHINE 70 8. THE BRITISH AND FRENCH WAR-MACHINES 74 9· BREAKDOWN OF THE' GERMAN STRATEGY 85 10, OF BATTLE • 99 II. FALL OF THE GERMAN WAR GOD • • 106

12. tHE SIEGE OF GERMANY • 161 xii Contents

BOOK III The Peace Map CHAPTER PAGE IJ. LIP-SERVICE REPUDIATION OF KULTUR • 263 14. THE GERMAN PEACE STRATEGY • 269 15. REPARATION AND PUNISHMENT · 283 16. THE FUTURE OF STRATEGIC STUDY 291 INDEX • 295

ILLUSTRATIONS

PORTRAITS MARSHAL JOFFRE Frontispiece VISCOUNT FRENCH To face p. 128

MAPS PAGE PRUSSIA AND HER DOMINIONS IN 1815 • 20 STRATEGY UP TO THE RETREAT FROM THE MARNE Toface II2 FocH'S COUNTER-ATTACK ON SEPTEMBER g, 1914 • 153 GERMAN STRATEGY AFTER THE MARNE • 162 FIRST RussiAN CAMPAIGN • Between 192-3 1"HE PAN-GERMAN MAP • 272 MAP OF GERMANY'S jUST PLACE IN EUROPE • • 273 INDEX

AIRCRAFT, German conception Argonne, the, Germans unsuc- of morality of, 264 cessful in, I 88. 189 Aisne, the, Germans entrench Arras, battle of, I79 on, I6I Aryan theory, the, 42, 47 Albert, battle for, I70 Aubers, British reverse at, 2I3 Alexander of Serbia, Crown Austria and a Pan-Gerw.an Prince, 20I Empire, 92 Alesieff, military genius of, 207 annexes Bosnia and Herze- Allied Fleet, naval demonstra­ govina, 92 tion by, 2I3 bombards Belgrade, I09 Allies, the, disposition of, on German mastery of, I95 Belfort-Verdun line, 118 war with Italy, 26 land in Gallipoli, 214 Austria-Hungary declares war Peace Map of, 273 on Serbia, I09 trench warfare of, 2 I I Austrian losses in 19I6 Russian Alsace, French attack in, I I4 summer offensive, 242 et Alsace (Upper), French victory seq. at, II9 Austrians defeated at Sho1batz, Alsace-Lorraine, Joffre strikes a 166, I9I second blow, u8, I2I defeated in Galicia, I97 America, attitude of, to Great war, 224 BAI.KANS, the, Sarrail begins the German in, 35 his offensive, 250 threatens Germany, 238 Bavaria, alliance with Prnssia, Treitschke's contempt for, 59, 29 63, 64. 67 Beatty, Sir David, I92 why she entered the war, 256 and the battle of Jutland, 239 Ancre, the, German retirement Beaucourt falls to the Naval on, 252, 254 Division, 252 Anglo - Rnssian Agreement Beaumont Hamel taken by the (I907). 87 Highlanders, 252 Antwerp, arrival of English Belfort-Verdun line, the, Io6 troops in, I 7 3 disposition of troops, u8 Belgian retirement to, I69 Belgian Army, retreat of, I22 evacuation of, I74 frontier, enemy concentration German attack on and on, IIS occupation of, I72-4 Belgians fall back on Antwerp, spies in, I 7 4 I69 Apremont, fall of, I89 flood the country, I78 Arabs, the, proclaim independ­ Belgium, events in, in early ence of Turkey, 247 days of Great War, us 295 296 Index

Belgium, German violation of, CADoRNA, a counter-offensive 96, II5 by, 239 landing of British troops in, bombards Isonw front and I72 carries Gorizia, 245 the German objective in, 116 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir H. violation of: a German foresight of, 95. 2I4 blunder, Io8 Capper, General, at Antwerp, Belgrade, bombardment of, I09 I73 Below, von, appeal to his troops, Carpathians, the, Russian cap­ 249 ture of, 204 Berestechko, Russian success at, Cary, Langle de, gives battle at 244 Mezieres, I 36 Bethmann-Hollweg's indictment gallantry of, I 54 of Britain, 222 Castelnau, General de, brilliant Bismarck, astuteness and power strategy of, I 20 of, 26 et SI!IJ. Cavell, Nurse, murder of, 226 dictum concerning France, 8 5 287 dismissal of, 2 I Chamberlain, Houston Stuart, a machinations of, 28 et seq. renegade Englishman, 45 on strategy, 86 Champagne, costly battle to Boer War, the, 78 Germans in, 2 16 Borleaux- Vermandvillers line French offensive in, 212 carried by the French, 249 German defeat in, I89 Bosnia, annexation of, protest Charleroi, battle of, I25 from Triple Entente, 92 Chateau Thierry, French and Brandenburgers, surrender of British at, I 54 at Verdun, 235 Churchill, Winston, report on Breslau, the, II 2 British Fleet, I IO British Expeditionary Force, Coast, the, battle for Belgian, the, lands in France, II2 I64 et seq. psychology of, 79 Colonies, the, and the Great the retreat from Mons, I29 War, 97 British Fleet in battle of the Compiegne, rearguard action at Heligoland Bight, I9I I39 ready for war, I IO ·Germans outflanked at, I70 the blockade, I92 Constantine, King of Greece, British War Office, organisation treachery of, I9S. 218, of, 75 220, 246 Britons, and American attitude Constantinople, affairs in, 237 in Great War, 224 Contalmaison, fall of, 249 Brody, Russian capture of, 244 Coronel, defeat of Admiral Broussiloff at Ravaruska, I66, Cradock, 215 I92 Courland, Germ1111 invasion of, Brussels, Germans enter, I22 205 Bukovina, the, in Russian hands, Cradock, Admiral, a sea-fight in 243 the Pacific, 2 I 5 Bulgaria and a Pan-German Ctesiphon, battle of, 236 Empire, 92, 94, I68, I95. Czemowitz attacked by Ivan­ I99. 2I8, 220, 275 off, 237 secret treaty with Turkey, 2I9 falls to General; Lechitsky, Bullecourt, battle of, 254 - 243 Index 297 DARDANELLES Expedition, the, FALKENHAVN, dismissal of, 242 213, 214 succeeds Moltke, 230, 239 Darwin's " Origin of Species," Falkland Islands battle, 2 I 5 publication of, 39 Ferdinand of Bulgaria, King, Democracy, definition of, 3, 6 treachery of, 219 Denmark, war with Prussia, 28 Fere Champenoise, German on­ "Deploy," definition of, 99 slaught at, 149 D'Esperey. (See Esperey) Festubert, German defeat at, Dinant, French attack at, 122 2I2 Dmitrieff, Bulgaria's hero, now Flanders, transference of British in Russian command, 197 troops to, 175, 178 Douaumont Fort. (See Fort Flank attack, meaning of, 99 Douaumont) Foch as strategist, So Dunajec, battle of the, 206 commander of the " Iron­ sides," 138 EAST PRUSSIA, Roussky ham­ counter-attack of, at battle of mers the Germans in, the Marne, 152 et seq. 196 counter-attack of; map illus­ Egypt, unsuccessful Turkish at­ trating, I 53 tack in, 246 generalship of, 184 Emancipation of the Serfs, Edict Foreign Affairs, necessity of for, 37 study of, 292 "Enfilade," definition of, roo the guide to Strategy, 17 England, awakening as to Ger­ Fort Douaumont, captured by man menace, 87 Germans, 235 German hatred of, 63 et seq. France, Bismarck and, 28 Treitschke on, 63 et seq. Bismarck's machinations English versus German psycho­ against in 1870, 30 logy, 36 fortified frontier of, 106 " Enveloping movements," de­ mobilisation of, 109 finition of, ror war in, during great Russian Enver Pasha, and the Young retreat, 209 Turk party, 92, 198 Franco-German War, the, 30 defeat of Turks at Tabriz, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 213 assassination of, I09 murder of heir to Turkish Frederick William IV., King, throne, 237 and his successor, 25 Erzeroum, fall of, 237 Freedom, an essential act of Erzinghian, fall of, 245 Peace, 277 et seq. Esperey, General Franchet d', French advance on the Somme, a successful counter-at- 25I tack, 13I . frontier of Germany. fortifica­ valour and skill of, I47• I48 tions of, ro6 Espionage in Germany, 96, I74 " Ironsides," the, 118, I20, system instituted by Bis­ 127, I 38, I42, 234 marck, 3I self-discipline of, 8 I Eugenics, the science of, 40 versus German psychology, 36 Europe, the Peace Map of, 269, French, Viscount (Sir John), a 273, 274 et seq. heavy task, 130 Eytkuytten, Russian victory at, a masterly manreuvre, I75 I9I a tribute to, 74 Index French, Viscount (Sir John) and Germans " gas " the Allies, 2 x2 Joffre, 137 heavy losses in batUe of and the Irish, So Nancy, 141, 142 as strategist, 79 increased strength of, in the military genius of, rSo el seq. West after Marne batUe, retreat from Mons, 129 193 takes command of British psychology of, 35, 36 Army, 73 repeated attacks on Verdun, Viscounty for, 227 235 Freyberg, Colonel, gallantry of, suffer by their own gas, 2 39 252 their second retreat in the Fryatt, Captain, murder of, 287 West, 253 Germany, a strategic victory, 93 GAU:CIA,Austrian defeats in, 197 and America's eutry into the Russian concentration in, 192 War, 256 Russian successes in, 242 aspirations for world domin­ Gallieni, M., Governor of Paris, ion: Treitschke's frank 147 confessiou, 66 death of, 238 complete failure of, 238 Gallipol,i campaign, the, 213 declares war ou Russia, 109 the tragedy of, 214 fear of Russia, S2 Galton, Sir Francis, founder of first Navy Bill, 69 science of Eugenics, 40 genius in war, 9 et seq. Gembloux, Germans hammered her intended new froutier, 163, at, 122 r65 et seq. (cj. Pau-Ger­ George, Lloyd, his Dundee man .Empire) speech, 167 her strategy rooted in Kultur, German colonies, 281 35 et seq. contemptofBritishArmy, 129 in IS70, 25 defeat at battle of the Bight morality of: an examination, of Heligoland, 191 264 et seq. defeat at Marne batUe, 154 objective of, in opening days effort to reach coast, 179 of Great War, ro8 et seq., estimate of America, 224 II3, JI6 High Fleet defeated in Jut. Peace uow her hope of vic­ land batUe, 239 tory, 200 higher strategy and its plans for world dominion, 274 supreme aim, 52 et seq., 90 playing for Peace, r86, 220 et intrigues at Russian Court, seq., 227 et seq., 253, 256 228 257, 267, 269 et seq. invincibility, the fetish of, xo6 preparing for war, 109 et seq. . Prussianisatiou of, JO, 32 Kultur, 35 et seq. rejoicings at JuUand batUe, line to the coast, rc; 240 losses before Verdun, 236 spy system of, 31, 96, 174 losses in the Somme batUe, the siege of, x61 et seq. 251, 252 two plans of campaign, S9 el Strategy; breakdown of, S5 seq., 190 11 seq., 274, 275 et seq. value of Poland to, 194· suspicion of Italy, S4, 92 violates Belgiau ueutrality, ultimatUUl to Russia, 109 96, 108, IIS Index 299 Germany, war-macllin(of, 70 et HAES:EI.:ER, General, at Verdun, seq. 230 et seq. Gheluvelt, fall and recapture of, Haig, Sir Douglas, at Ypres, x8I I8I succeeds Sir John French, 227 Ginchy falls' to the Irish,.249 Hamilton, Sir Ian, returns to Givenchy, battle of, 2I I England, 2I4 passes from the Germans, 254 Hampshire, the, sinking of, 240 Gloucester, the, II 2 Hanover annexed by Prussia, 29 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur,Comte Heligoland, battle of the Bight de, and "The Inequality of, I9I of Races," 39 et seq. Henderson, Colonel, 78 Goeben, the, I I2 Herzegovina, annexation of, 92 Gorizia, Italian capture of, 245 Hindenburg baulked by Rus- Gorlice, battle of, 206 sians, 209 Goschen, Sir E., handed his pass­ becomes Field-Marshal, 200 ports, IIO directs the Eastern War, 195, Grand Couronne, the, costly 245 German attack, I4I, I7I enters Warsaw, 207 enemy in force on, II 3 invasions of Poland, 196, 199, (See tllso Nancy) 203 Grandcourt captured by British, victory at Tannenberg, 166, 254 191 Great Britain enters the ·war, Holland, British troops interned 97, I08, IIO, IIS in, 174 national effort to increase Huxley and the " Survival of munitions, 208 the Fittest," 48 Great War, the, British Expe­ ditionary Force in, 79, INDIAN Divisions at Neuve II2 Chapelle, 216 direct origin and cause of, 38 "Initiative," definition of, 103 Germany's two plans of cam- " Initiative, false," 104, I 35 paign, 89, I90, 274, 275 Ireland, loyalty of, to the Russian army, 82 commonweal, 97 Strategy of, I9 et seq. rebellion in, 96, 238 the French army, So Irles, a costly German defeat at, the Sarajevo tragedy, 109 354 Greece and the Pan-German Italy, a gallant fight by, 239 Empire, 92, 94, 2I8, 275 German suspicion of, 84, 92 Greece, treachery of, I95, 2I9, joins the Entente, 98, 214 246 (see also Constantine, war with Austria, 26 King) Ivangorod, German attack at, Grey, Sir Edward, and Belgian 196 neutrality, I IO Ivanoff, Generalissimo of Rus­ Grossetti, " the Bull of the sian central armies, 207 Yser," ISS Grudek, fall of, 166, 192 JEr.r..xcoa and the battle of Jut­ Guillemont taken by British, land, 240 249. 250 J oft're, Marshal, a memorable Guise, battle at, I 36 order to French Army, Gumbinnen, Russian victory at, 144 191 an Order of the Day, 229 300 Index Joffre, Marshal, as strategist, So I.eman, General, gallant defence attacks Alsace, IIJ, uS of Liege, I II. I2I befools the Germans, II4, uS, I.emberg, battles of, I66, I92, II9, I20 206 his I915 Offensive, 2I5 I.eopold of Bavaria, Prince, his general order to the army, enters Warsaw, 207 S2 I.e Quesnoy en Santerre, Bulow in command of French army, defeated at, 1S9 73 I.estoquoi, Colonel, gallantry of, loyalty of his commanders, 152 133. 137. 154. lS7. ISS. I.iege, German occupation of, 159 liZ, II6 master of German psychology, gallant defence of, lli, 121 I 14, II 5, I34, I38 ring-forts of, ll3 "nibbling" at the Germans, Lille, the " Manchester of 210 - · France," I 76 ·orders the Great Retreat, I27 I.incoln on Democracy, 6 superb strategy and tactics in " Line of communication," the Retreat from Mons, meaning of, 101 I 30 et seq. Lodz, battle of, 200 the Marne battle, I44 et seq. Loeshe smashes Austrians at Jutland, battle of, 239 Krasnik, 207 London, the Treaty of, 2S KERENSKY and Russia, 2 55 Loos, battle of, 215 Kielce, Austrian defeat at, I97 Lorraine, Castelnau's victories Kitchener, Lord, tragic death in, II9 of, 240 Lusitania, the, torpedoed and Kluck, von, consummate skill sunk, 213 of, I45, I4S, I49. I 57 Lutsk, battle of, 242 his" rush to Paris," I40 et seq. Luxemburg, annexation of, 2S Kolomea taken by Russians, 244 occupied by Germans, I09 Krasnotow, German defeat at, 207 MACKENSEN'S blow at I.odz, 200 Kultur, German, 36 et seq. Marne, battle of, disposition of H. S. Chamberlain's "Foun· troops, I 5I el seq. dations of the Nineteenth defeat of the Germans, 154 Century," 45 Marne, the, crossed by French lip-service repudiation of, 263 and British, 147 et seq. Maud'huy punishes enemy at rottenness of foundations of, · Berry-au-Bac, 17I 47 Maunoury, General, gallantry of the canker of Prussianism, 292 I47 el seq. Kut-el-Amara, surrender of, 236 Meaux, Kluck crosses the Marne at, I43 LA BASS!E, battle of, I75. I76, Mecca taken by the Grand I79 Sherif, 246 Birthday battle of, zi I Mesopotamia, operations in, 236 Labour Party, the, and the Great Meuse, the, crossed by Hausen, War, 97 I26 Lanzerac, a tactical error by, Iz6 Mezieres, fight at, 136 I.e Cateau, engagement at, I 32 Mine·laying, 192 Index 301 1\Iob law, 3 P ACittiS'tS and their creed, 266 1\Ioltke, General von, and the Pan-German Empire, a pro­ Prussianisation of Ger­ jected, 91, 93, 94, x6S, many, 26 IS6, 190, 199, 202, 217, death of, 239 227, 229, 247. 272 "Moltke-olatry," 77 consenting parties, 92 (sec 1\!ondemont chateau captured also Bulgaria, Greece, by French, 152 Turkey) 1\!ons, Retreat from, 129 " Parallel lines " definition of, Retreat at an end, 144 162 ' 1\Iontmirail, a bayonet charge at, Paris, General, in Antwerp, I73 147 Paris, German " rush " to, I 34 Morhange, battle of. (See Saar­ Peace, dangers of an unsatis- burg) factory, IS Mort Homme, German losses at, essentials of, 2S3 et seq. 241 Germ~ny's whole hope of Miilhausen, French victory at, vtctory, 260 II4, II9 Pan-German Empire and, 93. Munitions, British shortage of, 160, I S6, I90 xSo, xS2, 209, 212 Strategy of Germany, IS6, Russian lack of, 205 220, 227, 253. 256, 257· 267. 269 NAMUR attacked by Bulow, 123 Peace Map of Europe, the, 269, Namur salient, Germans out of 273, 274 et seq. action, 131 Peronne entered by British, 254 Nancy, a projected German at­ Petain, military genius of, 2II tack on, x 13 succeeds Langle de Cary, 240 the second battle of, 141, 171 "Piercing," definition of, 102 Napoleon III. and Bismarck, 29 Poland, Austrian invasion of, his Italian campaign against 192 • Austria, 26 its value to Germany, 194 Neuve Chapelle, British capture third invasion of, compels of, 2II Russian retreat, 203 Nicholas, Grand Duke, and the unsuccessful German inva­ Russian Army, S3 sions of, I 96, I 99 capture of the Carpathians, Polish insurrection of 1864, the, 204 28 plain speaking to the Tsar, 22S Pozieres, fall of, 249 skilful retreat of, 207 Prague, the Treaty of, 29 Nicholas II., Tsar, at head of Prasnysz, Russian victories at, Army, 210 20I, 205 dethronement of, 255 Press, the, faulty judgments on Nietzsche and his new gospel, 42, war matters, IS9, 216, 47 220, 224, 233 North German Confederation, Profiteering in war-time, 9S the, formation of, s6 Prussia and her dominions in Noyon-Somme, battles for sea­ ISIS. 20 flank, x66 annexes Hanover, 29 in the making, 26 ossow.mc. siege of, 20 s reconstruction of army, 26 Ovillers, fall of, 249 war with Denmark, 28 302 Index Prussian soldiers, Bismarck's Russia, Sturmer becomes Pre­ advice to, 86 mier, 237 Przemysl, siege and fall of, 193, treachery in high quarters, 197. 203, 204 194. 210, 228 Psychology and Strategy, I I Russian Army, reform of, 83 Punch, a famous cartoon in, 21 retreat across Poland, 206 its significance to strategic Russians, concentration of, in students, 22 et seq. Galicia, 192 Punishment and Reparation as essentials of Peace, 283 SAARBURG, battle of, 120, 124 Sadowa, battle of, 28 QUJ>NNJ>VIJ>RES, a three days' Sailly-Sallisel taken by the fight at, 213 French, 2S2 St. Gond, Marshes of, I so. I 52 RAVARUSKA, Austrian defeat at, St. Hilaire, Kaiser at, I7I 166, 192 St. Menehould, Crown Prince de­ Rawlinson, General, in Ant· feated at, I7I werp, 173 St. Mihiel, battles at, 171, r88 Raynal, Major, defence of Vaux St. Quentin passes from German Fort, 241 hands, 2S4 " Refusing right and left," de· Salonika, Allied line in, 236 finition of, 100, IOI Expedition, the, 214, 218 Reparation and Punishment as Samsonoff defeated at Tannen· essentials of Peace, 283 et berg, I9I seq. Sarajevo, tragedy of, 109 Reprisals, question of, 283 Sarrail, General, his military Ridges, battle of the, 201 genius, 124 Roberts, ·Lord, death of, ISS in command of Balkan Front, Ronarch, Admiral, in Antwerp, 246 173 Scheidt, the, lost to Allies, 173, Roon, General von, and the 175 Prussianisation of Ger. Schleswig and Holstein, annexa­ many, 26 tion of, 28 Rosebery, Lord, introduction Schubert's " strategic retire­ to Buchan's " History ment," 197 of the War," 87 Serbia, and a Pan· German Roumania, and a Pan-German Empire, 92, 94, 190, 191, Empire, 94 I9S, 199, 217, 27S enters the War, 246 Austria-Hungary declares war Roussky takes Tarnopol, r66, on, 109 192 battle of Shabatz, r66, 191 Russia, appeals to the Allies, heroism of, 202 208 Serfs, Emancipation of, 37 as Sphinx, 82 Shabatz, battle of, r66, 191' German fear of, 82 Sinn Fein rebellion, the, 96, Germany declares war on, 109 238 ' her (1916) summer olfensive, Smuts, General, a warning by, 242 281, 282 mobilisation of, 109 Soissons, second battle of, 2II Pacifists in, 276 Somme, the battle of, 247 at seq, revolution in, 255 Allied successes in, 248, Index South Africa granted a constitu­ Trentino, the, strategic value of, tion, 95 239 South African Rebellion, · the, Trones Wood, , British capture collapse of, 241 of, 249 Stanislau, fall of, to Russians, Turkey and a Pan-German 244 Empire, 92, 94, I68, I95, Steel helmets, first use of, 238 I98, 220, 275 Stein, Baron von, founder of independence of, proclaimed modem Germany, 37 by Arabs, 246 Steinbach taken by the French, secret treaty with Bulgaria, 2Il 219 Strategic judgment, necessity of, war declared on, I98 88 Turks, the, losses before Kut, study, the future of, 291 et seq. 236 Strategy and psychology, II Tyrwhitt and the battle of the Bismarck on, 86 Bight, I92 essentials of study of, 13, 16 Foreign Affairs as guide to; USCJESZKO, Russian success at, 17, 292 237 meaning of, 5, 6, I6 Sturdee' s victory off Falkland VAUX: FORT, Major Raynal's Islands, 2 I 5 gallant defence of, 24I Sturmer becomes Russian Pre­ Venizelos, M., duped by his mier, 237 King, 2I9 Submarine blockade of England, Verdun as Crown Prince's ob- Hindenburg on, 255-6 jective, I36, IS6 warfare and its morality, I92, battle of, 232 et seq. 265 ' disposition of troops, '234 SuezCanal,Turksdefeatedon,213 French defence of, 124 Susse#, the, sinking of, 238 French victory at, 234 German concentration on, 229 TABRIZ (Persia), Turks defeated Hill304, bombardment of, 240 at, 2I3 second battle of, 240 Tactics, meaning'of, 16, 99 surrender of Brandenburgers " Tanks," first use of, 2 51 at, 235 Tannenberg, battle of, I66, I9I Verdun-Belfort line, the, ro6, Tamopol, fall of, 166, I92 II7, I33, I70 Tenniel, John, a world-famous Villafranca, the Peace of, 26 cartoon by, 21 Villers • Cotterets, rearguard Thiaumont, attack and counter- action at, I 39 attack at, 24I Vimy Ridge, battle of, 254 Thiepval, British capture of, 2 S 1 Vitry, a German Staff Order to Tilsit, Treaty of, 37 Army at, ISO Tirpitz, von, dismissal of, 238 Vosges, the, French success in, ToWIIshend, General, driven ll9 back into Kut-el-Amara, Germans lose ground in, I89 236 Trebizond, fall of, 237 W AGNBil and Gobineau, 44 Treitschke champions Bismarck, War, Germany's genius in, 9 et s6 s~. his new gospel, 53, 55, 57 Treitschke on, 59, 63 Index " War of attrition," Joffre's, Woevre, the, a German effort to 2IO isolate Verdun in, 171 Warsaw, aeronauts' leaflets on, German defeat in, 189 221 Woman's Suffrage Movement, fall of, 207 the, 96 Hindenburg's attacks on, 196, Wytshaete, British victory at, 201 254 Kaiser's manifesto, 221 Wellington on Napoleon, IO YA.ROSI.AV, fall of, 166, I92 William I. becomes German Ypres, a costly German "sur- Emperor, 32 J;lrise " attack, I 8 3 coronation of, 25 fighting at, 238 reorganises Prussian army, 27 first battle of, 179 William II., Emperor, and heavy casualties at, I 84 "French's contemptible lack of munitions at, 213 little army," 129 rationing the guns, I So at battle of Nancy, 141 second battle of, 212 at St. Hilaire, 171 shelled by the Germans, 212 dismisses Bismarck, 2 I Ypres salient, the, Allied losses, embraces th~:_ faith of Islam, 213 22I Ypres-Annentieres, battle opens, manifesto by, 221 178 et se!(· present at thrust in East Ypres-Somme line, British, 238 Prussia, 205 Yser, the, battle of, 173, 178, 179 sees his troops drowned, I78 Yussuf-ed-din, Prince, murder witnesses battle of Ypres, 183 of, 237 Wilson, President, offends the Allies, 225 Zoi.I,ERN redoubt falls to the threatens Germany, 238, 256 British, 251

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