Brazilian Studies in the United States The Road Ahead

A conference at Yale University

Copyright 2020 by Yale University on November 30 and December 1, 2018 All rights reserved Published by the Council on Latin American & Iberian Studies at the Whitney & Betty MacMillan Center for International & Area Studies at Yale.

Council on Latin American & Iberian Studies Whitney & Betty MacMillan Center for International & Area Studies at Yale P.O. Box 208206 New Haven, CT 06520-8206 https://clais.macmillan.yale.edu/

macmillan center Council on Latin American and Iberian Studies introduction introduction

The Ministry of Education in Brazil, the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), and The Ministry of Education in Brazil, the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), and the Council on Latin American & Iberian Studies at the MacMillan Center for the Council on Latin American & Iberian Studies at the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale University were pleased to co-host an International and Area Studies at Yale University were pleased to co-host an interdisciplinary conference on Brazilian Studies in the United States. This interdisciplinary conference on Brazilian Studies in the United States. This conference had a focused theme around collaborative research. The conference conference had a focused theme around collaborative research. The conference convened at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut on November 30 - convened at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut on November 30 - December 1, 2018. December 1, 2018.

This conference gathered an interdisciplinary group of scholars with expertise This conference gathered an interdisciplinary group of scholars with expertise on Brazilian studies with an emphasis on the sciences and collaborative on Brazilian studies with an emphasis on the sciences and collaborative research, and to further an exchange on the future of Brazilian studies in the research, and to further an exchange on the future of Brazilian studies in the United States. In addition to key scholars on Brazilian studies, prominent United States. In addition to key scholars on Brazilian studies, prominent administrators and representatives from the Brazilian Ministry of Education administrators and representatives from the Brazilian Ministry of Education attended the conference. The following interdisciplinary themes were attended the conference. The following interdisciplinary themes were explored: explored:

Anthropology, Ecology, Environmental Sciences Anthropology, Ecology, Environmental Sciences Art History, Ethnomusicology, Communications, Education Art History, Ethnomusicology, Communications, Education History, Literature History, Literature Public Health, Medicine Public Health, Medicine Law, Political Science Law, Political Science Sociology, Demography, Urban Planning Sociology, Demography, Urban Planning

This collection of essays and papers is a summary of the presentations and This collection of essays and papers is a summary of the presentations and ideas shared at the conference. ideas shared at the conference.

brazilian studies in the united states | 1 brazilian studies in the united states | 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Brazilian Studies in the United States: The Road Ahead conference and this publication were made possible with the coordinated efforts of the Council on Latin American and Iberian Studies (CLAIS) staff and Blair Nelsen (MAR, Yale Divinity School, 2019).

The Council on Latin American and Iberian Studies seeks to enhance the understanding of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula through collaborative efforts focused on meaningful partnerships and exchange of ideas and academic research. The Council draws on the strengths of Yale’s pioneering departments of History, Political Science, Anthropology, and Spanish and Portuguese, among others, to offer and support a broad array of courses, cultural and scholarly events, and academic publications.

2 Table Table of Contents 7 15 of Contents 7 15

introductory remarks summaries of conference introductory remarks summaries of conference proceedings proceedings Sérgio Guerra Sérgio Guerra Keneth David Jackson Anthropology, Ecology, Environmental Keneth David Jackson Anthropology, Ecology, Environmental Sciences Sciences Law & Political Science Law & Political Science History & Literature History & Literature Culture – Art History, Communications Culture – Art History, Communications & Education & Education Sociology, Demography & Urban Sociology, Demography & Urban Planning Planning Public Health & Medicine Public Health & Medicine 59 63 97 59 63 97 conference papers conference papers

How do studies about Brazil and the How do studies about Brazil and the exchange of knowledge with Brazilian exchange of knowledge with Brazilian universities contribute to our thinking universities contribute to our thinking about conservation and development in about conservation and development in US academies? A University of US academies? A University of Florida perspective. Florida perspective. Bette A. Loiselle, Emilio M. Bruna, Bette A. Loiselle, Emilio M. Bruna, Robert Buschbacher and Simone Athayde Robert Buschbacher and Simone Athayde closing remarks conclusion closing remarks conclusion The Anthropology of Brazil and its The Anthropology of Brazil and its Contributions to Conceptualizing Biomes Contributions to Conceptualizing Biomes Consul-General Suzanne Oakdale The Burden of Brazilian Studies Consul-General Suzanne Oakdale The Burden of Brazilian Studies Fernando de Mello Barreto Stuart B. Schwartz Fernando de Mello Barreto Stuart B. Schwartz How the United States of America built How the United States of America built an intellectual and practical ideology of an intellectual and practical ideology of regulation that Brazil needs to do regulation that Brazil needs to do Sérgio Guerra Sérgio Guerra

The Study of Brazilian Law and Politics in the The Study of Brazilian Law and Politics in the United States: A Search for The Open Road United States: A Search for The Open Road Fabio de Sa e Silva Fabio de Sa e Silva

Teaching and Research on Brazilian Literature Teaching and Research on Brazilian Literature and Culture Today: Crossroads, Dead Ends, and Culture Today: Crossroads, Dead Ends, New Avenues New Avenues César Braga-Pinto César Braga-Pinto 3 3 introductory remarks introductory remarks

Preface more familiar to the US than 2/3rds Preface more familiar to the US than 2/3rds of American Congressmen. Influential of American Congressmen. Influential American thinkers visited and engaged American thinkers visited and engaged with Brazil. William James, a Harvard with Brazil. William James, a Harvard Sérgio Guerra Sérgio Guerra medical student, spent 8-month in medical student, spent 8-month in Dean, FGV Law School Dean, FGV Law School Rio de Janeiro, Belém and Manaus in Rio de Janeiro, Belém and Manaus in the second half of the 19th century. the second half of the 19th century. In April 15, 1876, the Brazilian emperor In April 15, 1876, the Brazilian emperor John Dewey taught Anisio Teixeira at John Dewey taught Anisio Teixeira at D. Pedro II landed in New York for a D. Pedro II landed in New York for a Columbia University in the beginning Columbia University in the beginning three-month journey across 28 American three-month journey across 28 American of the 20th, and collaborated with him of the 20th, and collaborated with him states (out of 37 that had joined the states (out of 37 that had joined the for years. At the same time, D. Pedro for years. At the same time, D. Pedro Union by the time). D. Pedro II was Union by the time). D. Pedro II was II’s tour around the US only called II’s tour around the US only called well-known for his intellectual curiosity well-known for his intellectual curiosity the attention of Brazilian emerging the attention of Brazilian emerging and passion for sciences. In Boston, and passion for sciences. In Boston, leaders, such as Rui Barbosa and leaders, such as Rui Barbosa and he met the Harvard professor Louis he met the Harvard professor Louis Joaquim Nabuco, largely inspired by the Joaquim Nabuco, largely inspired by the Agassiz and the promising inventor Agassiz and the promising inventor American ideals. American ideals. Graham Bell. In Philadelphia, he visited Graham Bell. In Philadelphia, he visited the Centennial International Exhibition the Centennial International Exhibition The intellectual collaboration between The intellectual collaboration between with the President Grant, where some with the President Grant, where some the Brazil and the United States the Brazil and the United States of the most important inventions of of the most important inventions of developed quite significantly since developed quite significantly since the time where presented. Once asked the time where presented. Once asked then, though not always in a constant then, though not always in a constant what he would like to be, should he not what he would like to be, should he not pace. We have witnessed over the pace. We have witnessed over the been born a “prince”, he answered: a been born a “prince”, he answered: a recent years the interest of American recent years the interest of American professor. professor. academia in Brazilian culture, nature, academia in Brazilian culture, nature, political and social settings. At the political and social settings. At the The expedition of the Brazilian emperor- The expedition of the Brazilian emperor- same time, an increasing number of same time, an increasing number of professor to the United States was a professor to the United States was a Brazilian researchers have come to Brazilian researchers have come to landmark in the relationship between landmark in the relationship between the US to develop their postgraduate the US to develop their postgraduate the two countries. The American the two countries. The American studies in top-tier universities. Some studies in top-tier universities. Some media celebrated D. Pedro II: he was media celebrated D. Pedro II: he was have permanently stayed in the country have permanently stayed in the country

  The intellectual collaboration between the The intellectual collaboration between the Brazil and the United States developed quite Brazil and the United States developed quite significantly since then, though not always in a significantly since then, though not always in a constant pace. constant pace.

brazilian studies in the united states | 7 brazilian studies in the united states | 7 teaching and researching. Some try to US academic institutions in the coming teaching and researching. Some try to US academic institutions in the coming keep their roots and connections to Brazil, years. keep their roots and connections to Brazil, years. but the geographic and cultural distances but the geographic and cultural distances present important obstacles. Part of the genius of D. Pedro II was present important obstacles. Part of the genius of D. Pedro II was his ability to combine two different, yet his ability to combine two different, yet The interdisciplinary conference “Brazilian complementary commitments. On the The interdisciplinary conference “Brazilian complementary commitments. On the Studies in the United States—the Road one hand, the ideal of excellence: D. Studies in the United States—the Road one hand, the ideal of excellence: D. Ahead”, convened at Yale University in Pedro II was always seeking to engage and Ahead”, convened at Yale University in Pedro II was always seeking to engage and New Haven, Connecticut on November learn from the very best of intellectuals, New Haven, Connecticut on November learn from the very best of intellectuals, 30—December 1, 2018, with the support even when they were self-declared anti- 30—December 1, 2018, with the support even when they were self-declared anti- of the Ministry of Education in Brazil, monarchists (like the French writer Victor of the Ministry of Education in Brazil, monarchists (like the French writer Victor the Council on Latin American & Iberian Hugo). On the other, D. Pedro II knew the Council on Latin American & Iberian Hugo). On the other, D. Pedro II knew Studies at the MacMillan Center for that ideas do not exist in a vacuum; they Studies at the MacMillan Center for that ideas do not exist in a vacuum; they International and Area Studies and Getulio are context-dependent and tend to flourish International and Area Studies and Getulio are context-dependent and tend to flourish Vargas Foundation —FGV, opens an in specific conditions that vary from Vargas Foundation —FGV, opens an in specific conditions that vary from important door to deepen the exchange of country to country. Like D. Pedro II, Brazil important door to deepen the exchange of country to country. Like D. Pedro II, Brazil ideas between both countries. and US academic institutions should also ideas between both countries. and US academic institutions should also share a commitment to excellence, but share a commitment to excellence, but Touching on areas as diverse as never lose light of each other’s unique Touching on areas as diverse as never lose light of each other’s unique anthropology, ecology and environmental circumstances. anthropology, ecology and environmental circumstances. sciences, history and literature, culture, sciences, history and literature, culture, arts, communication and education, arts, communication and education, sociology, democracy and urban planning, sociology, democracy and urban planning, public health and medicine, law and public health and medicine, law and political science, the event gathered a political science, the event gathered a group of talented and promising American group of talented and promising American and Brazilian intellectuals genuinely and Brazilian intellectuals genuinely interested in paving new ways for cross- interested in paving new ways for cross- country partnerships. country partnerships.

Some of the most significant contributions Some of the most significant contributions of the conference participants are of the conference participants are presented in this book. Each participant presented in this book. Each participant was invited to address the main challenges was invited to address the main challenges and opportunities to cooperation in their and opportunities to cooperation in their own field. The scope and originality of own field. The scope and originality of the ideas illustrate the potential for new the ideas illustrate the potential for new projects and partnerships between Brazil- projects and partnerships between Brazil-

8 8 BRAZILIAN STUDIES IN THE NDEA Act of 1959. Studies of Brazil UNITED STATES: THE ROAD in that first phase in our universities AHEAD belonged primarily to the social sciences, and in 1966 historian Robert Levine published a guide to research titled Brazil: Field Research Guide in the Social Conference Introductory Sciences. The first comprehensive study Remarks Delivered by: of “brazilianists,” as scholars of Brazil Kenneth David Jackson came to be called, was José Carlos Sebe Professor and Director of Under- Bom Meihy’s 1990 book of interviews, graduate Studies for Portuguese, A colônia brasilianista (The Brazilianist Yale University Colony).

Secretary Sigollo, Ambassador Barreto, Today’s Yale conference comes almost President Simonsen Leal, Visiting Schol- 20 years after the meetings at the ars, Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen. Brazilian Embassy in Washington D.C. This conference at Yale, “Brazilian in 1999, under Ambassador Paulo Studies in the United States: The Tarso Flecha de Lima, whose objective Road Ahead”, marks one of the most was to establish interaction with the comprehensive reviews of studies academic community in the U.S. on an of Brazil in the United States to be official level and which gave rise to the undertaken since the first doctoral publication of O Brasil dos Brasilianistas: degrees were awarded in American Um guia dos estudos sobre o Brasil nos universities for studies of Brazil almost Estados Unidos, 1945-2000 (2002) (Brazil 70 years ago, and the first International of the Brazilianists: A Guide to Studies Colloquium of Luso-Brazilian Studies on Brazil in the United States, 1945o- met in October, 1950 at the Library of 2000) and its counterpart in English, Congress with the presence of such Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian figures as Sérgio Buarque de Hollanda, Studies in the United States (2005). José Honório de Rodrigues, Cecília Those binational studies continued to Meireles, Helen Caldwell, Ralph be limited in scope to the humanities, Dimmick, and Antônio Cândido. Recent arts, social sciences, education, and research by Darlene Sadlier in her book library science. The last general review Americans All follows a generation of of studies of Brazil in the U.S. was Brazilian Intellectuals invited to the U.S. conducted in 2005 by the Brazilian in the 1940s and 50s under the Good Studies Association with the aim of Neighbor Policy whose presence set the assessing and promoting traditional stage for the wave of visiting professors fields of study. teaching in US universities under the

brazilian studies in the united states | 9 For the first time, and distinct from to thank the personnel of the Ministry previous meetings on Brazilian studies, for receiving me for a planning session the Yale conference assigns priority to in Brasília in February and for a second the sciences, particularly public health, meeting in Rio de Janeiro in July. medicine, and the environment, alongside Supported by UNESCO, this conference is the humanities, arts, and social sciences. the outcome of many combined efforts. At In addition, our purpose is to provide the Ministry of Education, I would like to structural models for the study of Brazil recognize Minister Carla Barroso Carneiro, in the U.S. based on active collaborative assisted by Maria Auriana Pinto Diniz, research tied to institutions in Brazil. Our and Gustavo Servilha. Thanks also to Dr. aim is to establish linkages that will aid Sérgio Guerra, Dean of the Law School of future researchers, recognize their work in the Getúvio Vargas Foundation (FGV), both countries, and provide a framework for our productive meeting in July, which for associations among scholars and led to participation by the Foundation and institutions for the future. the presence of its president, Simonsen Leal. This conference could not have Our work today was prepared by the been organized without the truly efficient May 6-7 conference at Yale in which and perceptive organization of Ms. Asia more than a dozen specialists on Brazil Neupane, of Yale’s Council of Latin presented papers on their own research, American & Iberian Studies, assisted by covering studies in ethnomusicology, Blair Nelsen and Daniel Juárez, and in anthropology, history, literature, forestry, Brasília by Gustavo Servilha. Our work at biomedical research, and public health. Yale for Brazil in Connecticut has enjoyed For this November event, scholars will the support of the Brazilian Consulate debate central questions affecting their in Hartford and Ambassador Fernando research and discuss models for improving Melo Barreto, for which we are especially binational cooperation, as well as consider grateful. It has been an honor for me to the evolving nature of their fields. Our work with all of you in organizing “The goal is to produce a book on these Road Ahead,” and I would like to welcome discussions that will provide helpful advice especially the many scholars and specialists and directions for another generation of on Brazil about whose experience and scholars of Brazil in the U.S. collaborative research we will soon learn.

This conference itself is a collaborative Yale has a long and memorable role in effort between Brazil’s Ministry of Brazilian studies. In 1908 Brazil’s first Education and Yale University. With ambassador to the United States, Joaquim pleasure I recognize the presence of the Nabuco came to campus for two lectures, National Deputy Executive Secretary, “The Place of Camões in Literature,” Felipe Sartori Sigollo. I would also like and “The Spirit of Nationality in Brazil.”

10 Nabuco’s choice of the Camonian epic continued with such scholar-teachers is evidence that literature nourished as Malcolm Batchelor, Haroldo de his relationship with political culture, Campos, Richard Morse, and Emília which he understood in esthetic Viotti da Costa. In Music, Aldo Parisot parameters. Carolina Nabuco wrote led the world-famous Yale Cellos for six in her biography, “To reveal Camões decades. to the Americans was to promote the Portuguese language and to treat one of We owe our accomplishments as scholars his favorite subjects. The love of Camões of Brazil to several generations of U.S. that at age 20 had inspired his first book, brasilianistas whose work and dedication Camões e os Lusíadas, accompanied him to Brazilian studies has brought us to his whole life.” Nabuco’s presentation this point today. In 1938, for example, on nationality shares its content with American anthropologist Ruth Landes Machado de Assis, in his famous essay traveled alone to Salvador, Bahia for “Instinct of Nationality,” seeing in a year’s research and in her book, City Brazilian life a recapitulation sui generis of Women (1947), commented on the of the great archetypes of Western restrictive policies she encountered, civilization. He thought that universal at the same time she expressed her values of culture had to be built over a admiration for and confidence in the long period of apprenticeship rather than Brazilian people and her admiration for simply located in national identity. For its liberal social attitudes in comparison Nabuco’s imagination, Brazil is one of with those of the U.S. at the time. In the stages of the human drama, and he the 54 years since I first visited Brazil, I its spectator. In recognition of Nabuco’s have seen many changes and difficulties, lectures at Yale, the seminar “Joaquim however I continue to be fascinated Nabuco at Yale: Statesman, Author, by Brazilian literature and, like other Ambassador: a centenary symposium “brasilianists” who are committed to commemorating the lectures at Yale the study of Brazil, I have confidence in 1908” brought scholars and many in the Road Ahead. On behalf of the members of the Nabuco family to Yale Portuguese program and Brazilian in April 2008. Today, in recognition of studies at Yale, I welcome you here and Nabuco’s love of Camões, the Beinecke wish you a successful conference and a Rare Books & Manuscripts Library memorable visit to Yale. exhibited the first edition of Os Lusíadas and the Rhymas (1598). Advancement of studies of Brazil and the Portuguese language at Yale date from the late 19th century, with the philologist and medievalist Henry Roseman Lang, and

brazilian studies in the united states | 11 summaries of summaries of conference proceedings conference proceedings

Session 1: Anthropology, attention to the importance of areas that Session 1: Anthropology, attention to the importance of areas that Ecology, and Environ- were once Amazonian forested areas— Ecology, and Environ- were once Amazonian forested areas— mental Sciences those which are now grasslands, savannah, mental Sciences those which are now grasslands, savannah, or even urban centers. She noticed how or even urban centers. She noticed how complex such post-forest biomes could be, complex such post-forest biomes could be, and posited that even these fragmented and posited that even these fragmented Friday, November 30, 2018. Friday, November 30, 2018. landscapes might be important for their landscapes might be important for their 3:00-4:30 p.m. 3:00-4:30 p.m. islands of biodiversity if we help protect islands of biodiversity if we help protect them. Environmental protection is them. Environmental protection is Moderator: Florencia Montagnini, Moderator: Florencia Montagnini, challenging as it occurs in both urban and challenging as it occurs in both urban and Senior Research Scientist; Director, Senior Research Scientist; Director, rural landscapes, and deforestation rates rural landscapes, and deforestation rates Program in Tropical Forestry and Program in Tropical Forestry and are increasing. She pointed out that Brazil are increasing. She pointed out that Brazil Agroforestry, Global Institute in Agroforestry, Global Institute in has a unique opportunity to continue the has a unique opportunity to continue the Sustainable Forestry, Yale School of Sustainable Forestry, Yale School of conversations from this conference at the conversations from this conference at the Forestry & Environmental Studies. Forestry & Environmental Studies. XXV IUFRO World Congress in Curitiba, XXV IUFRO World Congress in Curitiba, Paraná state, occurring from September Paraná state, occurring from September Discussion Question: Thinking about 29-October 5, 2019. (More information is Discussion Question: Thinking about 29-October 5, 2019. (More information is the development and protection of large available at IUFRO2019.com.) the development and protection of large available at IUFRO2019.com.) biomes, how do studies about Brazil and biomes, how do studies about Brazil and the exchange of knowledge with Brazilian Bette Loiselle, Professor of Wildlife the exchange of knowledge with Brazilian Bette Loiselle, Professor of Wildlife universities contribute to this debate in Ecology and Conservation; universities contribute to this debate in Ecology and Conservation; U.S. academies? Director, Tropical Conservation and U.S. academies? Director, Tropical Conservation and Development Program; Director, Development Program; Director, Professor Montagnini led off discussion Center for Latin American Studies, Professor Montagnini led off discussion Center for Latin American Studies, by drawing participants’ attention to the University of Florida. by drawing participants’ attention to the University of Florida. ecological importance of both the Amazon ecological importance of both the Amazon and the Atlantic rainforests for both Brazil Professor Loiselle chose an “institutional and the Atlantic rainforests for both Brazil Professor Loiselle chose an “institutional and the world. She emphasized how approach” to the discussion question, and the world. She emphasized how approach” to the discussion question, challenging it is to determine whether beginning by introducing initiatives challenging it is to determine whether beginning by introducing initiatives protected areas are truly protected in from her home base, the University of protected areas are truly protected in from her home base, the University of practice, or just on paper. She drew practice, or just on paper. She drew   Environmental protection is challenging as it Environmental protection is challenging as it occurs in both urban and rural landscapes, and occurs in both urban and rural landscapes, and deforestation rates are increasing. deforestation rates are increasing.

brazilian studies in the united states | 15 brazilian studies in the united states | 15 Florida. This institution’s programs have advance academic careers, as Professor Florida. This institution’s programs have advance academic careers, as Professor attracted knowledgeable professionals Loiselle observed in a study done by attracted knowledgeable professionals Loiselle observed in a study done by such as the international climate expert her colleague, Emilio Bruna. Working such as the international climate expert her colleague, Emilio Bruna. Working Dr. Carlos Nobre from Brazil’s Ministry with collaborators, Bruna reviewed Dr. Carlos Nobre from Brazil’s Ministry with collaborators, Bruna reviewed of Science and Technology, member of a number of scientific articles and of Science and Technology, member of a number of scientific articles and the IPCC and the National Academy found that collaborative projects lead the IPCC and the National Academy found that collaborative projects lead of Sciences. In 1921, the University to more citations and publication in of Sciences. In 1921, the University to more citations and publication in of Florida and the government of higher-impact journals. Professor of Florida and the government of higher-impact journals. Professor Minas Gerais collaborated to form the Loiselle outlined several strategies and Minas Gerais collaborated to form the Loiselle outlined several strategies and university of Viçosa, one of the most mechanisms for collaboration including university of Viçosa, one of the most mechanisms for collaboration including important agricultural centers in the formal agreements, two-way exchanges important agricultural centers in the formal agreements, two-way exchanges country. UF boasts the oldest Latin (including South-South exchanges), country. UF boasts the oldest Latin (including South-South exchanges), American Studies program in the U.S., training courses, collaborative applied American Studies program in the U.S., training courses, collaborative applied founded in 1930. The Portuguese research, and joint publications. founded in 1930. The Portuguese research, and joint publications. language was first taught there in 1914, She emphasized the importance of language was first taught there in 1914, She emphasized the importance of and has been taught continuously since collaborative partners spending time and has been taught continuously since collaborative partners spending time 1939. She cited numerous collaborations in the field together in order for such 1939. She cited numerous collaborations in the field together in order for such between the University of Florida and collaborations to be successful. She cited between the University of Florida and collaborations to be successful. She cited Brazilian research institutions in many the example of Karen A. Kainer who Brazilian research institutions in many the example of Karen A. Kainer who different disciplines, such as their conducted graduate-level research on different disciplines, such as their conducted graduate-level research on collaboration with the Federal University the role of the Brazil nut in forest-based collaboration with the Federal University the role of the Brazil nut in forest-based of Acre since the 1980s. With the help development. Her initial work brought of Acre since the 1980s. With the help development. Her initial work brought of a grant from the Ford Foundation, her into contact with local stakeholders, of a grant from the Ford Foundation, her into contact with local stakeholders, the University of Florida’s Tropical including Chico Mendes, and built the the University of Florida’s Tropical including Chico Mendes, and built the Conservation and Development program kinds of long-term relationship networks Conservation and Development program kinds of long-term relationship networks emerged in the 1980s, building on part that still make research in that area emerged in the 1980s, building on part that still make research in that area research and training efforts focused of Acre possible to this day. She cited research and training efforts focused of Acre possible to this day. She cited on the Amazon. Uniting the concepts other examples of collaborative research on the Amazon. Uniting the concepts other examples of collaborative research of conservation and development was projects undertaken by members of of conservation and development was projects undertaken by members of revolutionary at the time. This ongoing her institution, such as the Amazon revolutionary at the time. This ongoing her institution, such as the Amazon program is a learning community Dams Network/Rede de Barragens da program is a learning community Dams Network/Rede de Barragens da and does not confer degrees, but it Amazônia (ADN), which began as a field and does not confer degrees, but it Amazônia (ADN), which began as a field does bring together US and Brazilian course in 2009. She noted the need to does bring together US and Brazilian course in 2009. She noted the need to scientists, NGOs, students and faculty to seek funding from multiple sources since scientists, NGOs, students and faculty to seek funding from multiple sources since work collaboratively. each source has its own restrictions— for work collaboratively. each source has its own restrictions— for example, the NSF training grant would example, the NSF training grant would International collaboration is a moral only fund researchers from the US, so International collaboration is a moral only fund researchers from the US, so imperative as well as an effective way additional funding from the Moore imperative as well as an effective way additional funding from the Moore to disseminate research findings and Foundation was sought for participants to disseminate research findings and Foundation was sought for participants from other nations. from other nations.

16 16 She noted the difficulty that exists when Jung-Eun Lee, Assistant Professor She noted the difficulty that exists when Jung-Eun Lee, Assistant Professor trying to scale up successful projects, and of Earth, Environmental and trying to scale up successful projects, and of Earth, Environmental and pointed out the importance of building Planetary Sciences, Brown pointed out the importance of building Planetary Sciences, Brown local networks to see which strategies University. local networks to see which strategies University. work best in different locations. To work best in different locations. To summarize, her answer to the discussion Professor Lee examined the role of plant summarize, her answer to the discussion Professor Lee examined the role of plant question is, “Exchange of knowledge and transpiration on rainfall patterns in question is, “Exchange of knowledge and transpiration on rainfall patterns in collaboration with Brazilian universities Amazonia. Her specialty is theoretical collaboration with Brazilian universities Amazonia. Her specialty is theoretical and other partners have transformed modeling of how climate systems and and other partners have transformed modeling of how climate systems and the way we think about conservation ecosystems evolve. Transpiration from the way we think about conservation ecosystems evolve. Transpiration from and development, and our approaches to plants decreases precipitation variability and development, and our approaches to plants decreases precipitation variability research training and dissemination of over tropical rainforests. She presented a research training and dissemination of over tropical rainforests. She presented a results.” few theoretical models of the earth covered results.” few theoretical models of the earth covered in non-perspiring plants and an earth with in non-perspiring plants and an earth with Professor Loiselle fielded a question no plants at all. Her models showed that Professor Loiselle fielded a question no plants at all. Her models showed that from the audience about whether Brazil’s plant cover is necessary to produce the from the audience about whether Brazil’s plant cover is necessary to produce the large dams were more beneficial or moisture that initiates precipitation, and large dams were more beneficial or moisture that initiates precipitation, and detrimental. She admitted that dams are that plant removal leads to more extreme detrimental. She admitted that dams are that plant removal leads to more extreme a complicated case, mostly due to the lack precipitation events— both more days that a complicated case, mostly due to the lack precipitation events— both more days that of environmental and social planning are drier, and more extreme rain on the of environmental and social planning are drier, and more extreme rain on the involved in their implementation. Had fewer rainy days. She then demonstrated involved in their implementation. Had fewer rainy days. She then demonstrated environmental impact studies been how this applies to the Amazon region. environmental impact studies been how this applies to the Amazon region. more thorough and local populations Currently, late October marks the onset of more thorough and local populations Currently, late October marks the onset of consulted and participated in planning the wet season there. The large number of consulted and participated in planning the wet season there. The large number of and review, many of the negative impacts flowering plants in the Amazon leads to and review, many of the negative impacts flowering plants in the Amazon leads to might possibly have been mitigated or higher evapotranspiration and an earlier might possibly have been mitigated or higher evapotranspiration and an earlier projects abandoned. Another question onset of the wet season, which would projects abandoned. Another question onset of the wet season, which would was posed about whether social scientists start as late as January 10 and last for less was posed about whether social scientists start as late as January 10 and last for less and lawyers were involved in these time should the flowering plants of the and lawyers were involved in these time should the flowering plants of the collaborative projects. Professor Loiselle Amazon be removed. Indeed, the onset of collaborative projects. Professor Loiselle Amazon be removed. Indeed, the onset of said yes, that the ADN involved academics, the rainy season in the southern Amazon said yes, that the ADN involved academics, the rainy season in the southern Amazon engineers, lawyers, representatives of has been delayed in recent years because engineers, lawyers, representatives of has been delayed in recent years because the energy sector, licensing and planning of deforestation, with consequences for the energy sector, licensing and planning of deforestation, with consequences for agencies, indigenous peoples. This the precipitation cycles in all of Brazil. agencies, indigenous peoples. This the precipitation cycles in all of Brazil. diversity of actors sometimes led to She correlated these reduced precipitation diversity of actors sometimes led to She correlated these reduced precipitation conflict at meetings, but she highlighted rates with reduced forest cover using the conflict at meetings, but she highlighted rates with reduced forest cover using the the importance of hearing all of these Normalized Difference Vegetation Index the importance of hearing all of these Normalized Difference Vegetation Index perspectives. (NDVI). perspectives. (NDVI).

brazilian studies in the united states | 17 brazilian studies in the united states | 17 Professor Lee demonstrated how she pointed out that early successional Professor Lee demonstrated how she pointed out that early successional she used CloudSat data to compare forests tend to have shallower roots she used CloudSat data to compare forests tend to have shallower roots cloud types and surface processes. that would likely pose a difference in cloud types and surface processes. that would likely pose a difference in Over the Amazon, cloud shapes show evapotranspiration. Over the Amazon, cloud shapes show evapotranspiration. a similar pattern to clouds over the a similar pattern to clouds over the ocean, so we could refer to the forest Suzanne Oakdale, Associate ocean, so we could refer to the forest Suzanne Oakdale, Associate as a “green ocean”, but continental- Professor, Department of as a “green ocean”, but continental- Professor, Department of like deep convection occurs during Anthropology, University of New like deep convection occurs during Anthropology, University of New the brief dry-to-wet transition season Mexico. the brief dry-to-wet transition season Mexico. with highest temperature and energy, with highest temperature and energy, possibly due to plant water stress. Her Professor Oakdale introduced herself possibly due to plant water stress. Her Professor Oakdale introduced herself findings surrounding cloud shapes and as a sociocultural anthropologist findings surrounding cloud shapes and as a sociocultural anthropologist precipitation rates confirm the findings who might offer a slightly different precipitation rates confirm the findings who might offer a slightly different above concerning land use change and perspective from her colleagues. She above concerning land use change and perspective from her colleagues. She changing precipitation rates, which are began by discussing how anthropology changing precipitation rates, which are began by discussing how anthropology likely to continue to be exacerbated in has complicated the boundaries between likely to continue to be exacerbated in has complicated the boundaries between the future. nature and humanity. She asked whether the future. nature and humanity. She asked whether we should be thinking about biomes we should be thinking about biomes Professor Loiselle poised a question as exclusively natural. Such a line of Professor Loiselle poised a question as exclusively natural. Such a line of to Professor Lee about when a tipping thinking dates back to the 1970s, and to Professor Lee about when a tipping thinking dates back to the 1970s, and point will happen. Lee replied that this research in Brazil has played a key role point will happen. Lee replied that this research in Brazil has played a key role is not easy to determine, but that even a in asking that question and changing is not easy to determine, but that even a in asking that question and changing small amount of deforestation results in our thinking. Archaeologists as well small amount of deforestation results in our thinking. Archaeologists as well perceptible change in rainfall patterns. as social anthropologists, particularly perceptible change in rainfall patterns. as social anthropologists, particularly Unfortunately, the expected high ones associated with “perspectivism” Unfortunately, the expected high ones associated with “perspectivism” level of CO2 and ensuing temperature originating at the Museu Nacional in Rio level of CO2 and ensuing temperature originating at the Museu Nacional in Rio patterns over the Pacific might result in de Janeiro, and critiques of perspectivism patterns over the Pacific might result in de Janeiro, and critiques of perspectivism Amazonian dieback even without large- have been especially influential. Amazonian dieback even without large- have been especially influential. scale deforestation. Land surface change Their efforts highlighted the central scale deforestation. Land surface change Their efforts highlighted the central is crucial to analyze, since according to importance of indigenous Amazonians in is crucial to analyze, since according to importance of indigenous Amazonians in her research maintaining precipitation the protection of these biomes. her research maintaining precipitation the protection of these biomes. patterns is determined by plants and patterns is determined by plants and soil retaining water until the end of Archaeology is the key to demonstrating soil retaining water until the end of Archaeology is the key to demonstrating the dry season. She affirmed that the how humans and nature are entangled. the dry season. She affirmed that the how humans and nature are entangled. conversion from forest to agricultural She described current theories that conversion from forest to agricultural She described current theories that land is dangerous. Professor Lee fielded as early as 4000 years ago, humans land is dangerous. Professor Lee fielded as early as 4000 years ago, humans another question wherein she admitted were actively shaping the Amazonian another question wherein she admitted were actively shaping the Amazonian that she did not include analysis of landscape to produce today’s Brazil that she did not include analysis of landscape to produce today’s Brazil secondary forests in her model, although nut and açaí “forests”. She highlighted secondary forests in her model, although nut and açaí “forests”. She highlighted

18 18 Hecht’s work in this area, as well as Neves moved to the Xingú reserve from the Hecht’s work in this area, as well as Neves moved to the Xingú reserve from the and Peterson’s work with Amazonian Tapajós. She finds “multinaturalism” to be and Peterson’s work with Amazonian Tapajós. She finds “multinaturalism” to be dark earths. Mound-building and other a useful way to characterize shamanism. A dark earths. Mound-building and other a useful way to characterize shamanism. A cultivation methods were present in number of “true animals” watch over the cultivation methods were present in number of “true animals” watch over the areas of cultivated forest surrounded by “everyday” animals of the forest. These areas of cultivated forest surrounded by “everyday” animals of the forest. These “high forest”. There were areas of high “true animals” can take human souls in “high forest”. There were areas of high “true animals” can take human souls in population density, such as the upper revenge when needed. Shaman have to population density, such as the upper revenge when needed. Shaman have to Xingú from 1250-1400 AD. This area navigate the souls of the sick, the diseased, Xingú from 1250-1400 AD. This area navigate the souls of the sick, the diseased, displayed roads and houses built around and the unborn in order to bring them displayed roads and houses built around and the unborn in order to bring them a central plaza, with carefully managed back into the world, as well as interact a central plaza, with carefully managed back into the world, as well as interact lands between the residency nodes. There with these “true animals” or non-human lands between the residency nodes. There with these “true animals” or non-human is continuity between this archaeological subjectivities. Moral codes surrounding is continuity between this archaeological subjectivities. Moral codes surrounding record and contemporary peoples, such dietary taboos and interaction with game record and contemporary peoples, such dietary taboos and interaction with game as the Kayapó and the Kaapor. Some of are present. The human condition or as the Kayapó and the Kaapor. Some of are present. The human condition or these ancient technologies, such as using personhood becomes a generic condition these ancient technologies, such as using personhood becomes a generic condition fire to create dark earths, are increasingly of many different species, so human fire to create dark earths, are increasingly of many different species, so human unusable under current climactic beings are not special in this regard. The unusable under current climactic beings are not special in this regard. The conditions (which are drier due to land domain of “nature” as separate from conditions (which are drier due to land domain of “nature” as separate from use change). She noted the collaborative “human” effectively disappears. use change). She noted the collaborative “human” effectively disappears. projects between the Kaapor and the projects between the Kaapor and the Museu do Índio that transmit forest Perspectivism is not without its Museu do Índio that transmit forest Perspectivism is not without its knowledge and speak out against logging, shortcomings, as many scholars both knowledge and speak out against logging, shortcomings, as many scholars both as well as other projects that sell native Brazilian and international have pointed as well as other projects that sell native Brazilian and international have pointed seeds to deforested areas. out. It can lead to a dangerous kind of seeds to deforested areas. out. It can lead to a dangerous kind of homogenization or essentialism, treating homogenization or essentialism, treating She highlighted the importance of the indigenous worldviews generically instead She highlighted the importance of the indigenous worldviews generically instead Brazilian anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros of specifically (and accurately). However, Brazilian anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros of specifically (and accurately). However, de Castro’s work in blurring a rigid as Professor Oakdale pointed out, de Castro’s work in blurring a rigid as Professor Oakdale pointed out, human/nature distinction. In contrast perspectivism can be useful in dialogue human/nature distinction. In contrast perspectivism can be useful in dialogue to this Western thinking, Amerindian with capitalism because it galvanizes to this Western thinking, Amerindian with capitalism because it galvanizes “multinaturalism” treats humans and support for indigenous peoples and other “multinaturalism” treats humans and support for indigenous peoples and other animals equally as persons with different ways of living. Perspectivism deals in animals equally as persons with different ways of living. Perspectivism deals in perspectives due to their different bodies. generalities but has an activist appeal. perspectives due to their different bodies. generalities but has an activist appeal. His work took a major step in decolonizing Multinaturalism can be a means of uniting His work took a major step in decolonizing Multinaturalism can be a means of uniting thought and embracing different people against harmful development thought and embracing different people against harmful development ontologies, and his work continues to projects. In politics, it can present a ontologies, and his work continues to projects. In politics, it can present a influence academic thinking worldwide. utopian, alternative future-oriented project influence academic thinking worldwide. utopian, alternative future-oriented project Professor Oakdale discussed her research wherein humans do not dominate nature. Professor Oakdale discussed her research wherein humans do not dominate nature. with the Kawaiwete people, who were However, there is no multinaturalist with the Kawaiwete people, who were However, there is no multinaturalist

brazilian studies in the united states | 19 brazilian studies in the united states | 19 world isolated from the Western world, Questions and Discussion: world isolated from the Western world, Questions and Discussion: since we are all entangled in shared since we are all entangled in shared global problems such as climate change. After the presentations, the panel global problems such as climate change. After the presentations, the panel We face a challenge of not discarding opened for discussion and questions. We face a challenge of not discarding opened for discussion and questions. indigenous worldviews that are not One audience member asked about indigenous worldviews that are not One audience member asked about completely isolated from Western ways the political conditions under completely isolated from Western ways the political conditions under of living. Professor Oakdale concluded which multinational collaboration of living. Professor Oakdale concluded which multinational collaboration her talk by giving several examples of could be improved. Professor her talk by giving several examples of could be improved. Professor indigenous participation in sustainable Loiselle acknowledged that effective indigenous participation in sustainable Loiselle acknowledged that effective development projects and some ways collaboration is something they all development projects and some ways collaboration is something they all that they resonated within their lifeways. struggle with, sometimes meeting with that they resonated within their lifeways. struggle with, sometimes meeting with In the mid-1940s, a Kawaiwete shaman resistance from local actors. While the In the mid-1940s, a Kawaiwete shaman resistance from local actors. While the helped set up an airstrip near his University of Florida cannot enter into helped set up an airstrip near his University of Florida cannot enter into community so that his people could projects without partners on the ground, community so that his people could projects without partners on the ground, have better access to Western medical they can sometimes play the role of have better access to Western medical they can sometimes play the role of supplies, but he did so in a way that took neutral party between organizations in supplies, but he did so in a way that took neutral party between organizations in into account appropriate relationships conflict and thereby improve stakeholder into account appropriate relationships conflict and thereby improve stakeholder with forest spirits. She also discussed the collaboration. Professor Lee emphasized with forest spirits. She also discussed the collaboration. Professor Lee emphasized Instituto Socioambiental’s beekeeping the importance of funding from Instituto Socioambiental’s beekeeping the importance of funding from projects in the Xingú park. Beekeeping is US and Brazilian sources in making projects in the Xingú park. Beekeeping is US and Brazilian sources in making a Western practice, occurring there with collaborations possible, as was the case a Western practice, occurring there with collaborations possible, as was the case European species. According to a local with her own research. However, she European species. According to a local with her own research. However, she shaman, there is now a new spirit that lamented that American and Brazilian shaman, there is now a new spirit that lamented that American and Brazilian watches over the European bees, and the resources for studying the tropics are watches over the European bees, and the resources for studying the tropics are project appears to be going well. drying up, and she is often encouraged project appears to be going well. drying up, and she is often encouraged to study Puerto Rico instead of Brazil. to study Puerto Rico instead of Brazil.   The audience posed a question about The audience posed a question about We face a challenge the relationship between forest land We face a challenge the relationship between forest land use change and chronic or infectious use change and chronic or infectious of not discarding diseases. Professor Lee admitted that of not discarding diseases. Professor Lee admitted that she was unfamiliar with this, but knew she was unfamiliar with this, but knew indigenous world views of a student at Brown who studied indigenous world views of a student at Brown who studied that are not completely disease outbreaks in India. This student that are not completely disease outbreaks in India. This student found that outbreaks more consistently found that outbreaks more consistently isolated from Western occurred in deforested areas (as opposed isolated from Western occurred in deforested areas (as opposed to, for example, cities). Professor to, for example, cities). Professor ways of living. Montagnini, the panel moderator, ways of living. Montagnini, the panel moderator, discussed a project on infectious diseases discussed a project on infectious diseases

20 20 (malaria, yellow fever, and leptospirosis) (malaria, yellow fever, and leptospirosis) carried out in the 1990s by Yale’s schools carried out in the 1990s by Yale’s schools of Public Health and of Forestry and of Public Health and of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Those diseases Environmental Studies. Those diseases are present within the forest, including in are present within the forest, including in the birds and small mammals that host the birds and small mammals that host the insects bearing the diseases. However, the insects bearing the diseases. However, when humans enter forests to extract when humans enter forests to extract resources and then return to urban centers, resources and then return to urban centers, the forest’s natural cycle is broken, leading the forest’s natural cycle is broken, leading to outbreak. In order to break this cycle of to outbreak. In order to break this cycle of infection, the research team came up with infection, the research team came up with many recommendations about reducing many recommendations about reducing land use change and using forest resources land use change and using forest resources without exposure to disease. without exposure to disease.

A final question was asked about carbon A final question was asked about carbon credits. The audience member posing the credits. The audience member posing the question lamented the implementation question lamented the implementation of carbon credits in the Amazon in a of carbon credits in the Amazon in a way that prevented local indigenous way that prevented local indigenous populations from practicing their populations from practicing their traditional agriculture. She lamented a traditional agriculture. She lamented a lack of dialogue in the process of their lack of dialogue in the process of their implementation. Professor Oakdale implementation. Professor Oakdale agreed that while carbon credits may agreed that while carbon credits may be useful, they are not a panacea. be useful, they are not a panacea. Professor Montagnini cited an example Professor Montagnini cited an example of indigenous peoples in Panama who of indigenous peoples in Panama who clashed with other stakeholders over clashed with other stakeholders over carbon credits, claiming that the carbon carbon credits, claiming that the carbon in the trees and in the soils was theirs and in the trees and in the soils was theirs and that they should be compensated for it. that they should be compensated for it. The laws surrounding ownership of soil The laws surrounding ownership of soil vary by country, and there are no simple vary by country, and there are no simple answers. answers.

brazilian studies in the united states | 21 brazilian studies in the united states | 21 Session 2: Law & He pointed out Brazil’s current need Session 2: Law & He pointed out Brazil’s current need Political Science. for practical regulations. He foresees Political Science. for practical regulations. He foresees a difficult political transition in the a difficult political transition in the upcoming months due to corruption upcoming months due to corruption scandals and a politically fraught climate. scandals and a politically fraught climate. Friday, November 30, 2018. Friday, November 30, 2018. Dean Guerra proceeded to outline Dean Guerra proceeded to outline 4:30-6:00 p.m. 4:30-6:00 p.m. a history of the interaction between a history of the interaction between Brazilian and American administrative Brazilian and American administrative Moderator: Daniel Vargas, Moderator: Daniel Vargas, institutions. The Interstate Commerce institutions. The Interstate Commerce Professor of Law, FGV Law School Professor of Law, FGV Law School Commission marked the beginning Commission marked the beginning of this bureaucratic standard in the of this bureaucratic standard in the Discussion Question: How does the regulation of public utilities in the US. Discussion Question: How does the regulation of public utilities in the US. foreign view of the American academy He recommended Jerry L. Mashaw’s foreign view of the American academy He recommended Jerry L. Mashaw’s contribute to the development of book, Creating the Administrative contribute to the development of book, Creating the Administrative research in Brazilian politics and Constitution (2012) for a historical research in Brazilian politics and Constitution (2012) for a historical institutions in both countries? overview of this development. institutions in both countries? overview of this development. Although administrators were largely Although administrators were largely Sérgio Guerra, Dean, FGV Law allowed to self-regulate, by the 1930s Sérgio Guerra, Dean, FGV Law allowed to self-regulate, by the 1930s School. widespread corruption led to the School. widespread corruption led to the creation of oversight agencies and creation of oversight agencies and Dean Guerra began his presentation further regulation. The Administrative Dean Guerra began his presentation further regulation. The Administrative by acknowledging that comparative Procedure Act (1946) was a crucial step by acknowledging that comparative Procedure Act (1946) was a crucial step work in this field is acceptable since taken during this period. It is the true work in this field is acceptable since taken during this period. It is the true many Brazilian institutions have been constitution of administrative law at the many Brazilian institutions have been constitution of administrative law at the influenced by American ones. American federal level. It represents decentralized influenced by American ones. American federal level. It represents decentralized Federalism influenced the 1891 Brazilian public administration and effective Federalism influenced the 1891 Brazilian public administration and effective Constitution and its subsequent versions managerial autonomy. The Brazilian case Constitution and its subsequent versions managerial autonomy. The Brazilian case as well, making comparisons particularly is a partial reproduction of this standard. as well, making comparisons particularly is a partial reproduction of this standard. apt in constitutional law. The Brazilian apt in constitutional law. The Brazilian Supreme Court has been known to The 1990s saw the restructuring of Supreme Court has been known to The 1990s saw the restructuring of rely on precedent set by the American public administration in Brazil, together rely on precedent set by the American public administration in Brazil, together Supreme courts in this area, and in with Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s Supreme courts in this area, and in with Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s administrative law. Such a comparative economic reforms. There was a large administrative law. Such a comparative economic reforms. There was a large undertaking could also help clear up push toward privatization, as well undertaking could also help clear up push toward privatization, as well misunderstandings about the Brazilian as regularization within agencies. misunderstandings about the Brazilian as regularization within agencies. regulatory standard. His discussion Independent regulatory agencies regulatory standard. His discussion Independent regulatory agencies focused on the development of the were created, headed by a collegiate focused on the development of the were created, headed by a collegiate American regulatory standard, which body with tenure for commissioners, American regulatory standard, which body with tenure for commissioners, Brazil needs to do right now. administrative autonomy, and quasi- Brazil needs to do right now. administrative autonomy, and quasi-

22 22 adjudicatory powers. Many industries David Trubek, Voss-Bascom adjudicatory powers. Many industries David Trubek, Voss-Bascom underwent these changes, including oil Professor of Law; Dean of underwent these changes, including oil Professor of Law; Dean of and gas, energy, electricity, health care, International Studies, University of and gas, energy, electricity, health care, International Studies, University of telecommunications, and transportation. Wisconsin - Madison. telecommunications, and transportation. Wisconsin - Madison. These new regulatory agencies were These new regulatory agencies were intended to reduce some of the party Professor Trubek began noting that right intended to reduce some of the party Professor Trubek began noting that right politics influencing public administration. now there is no course on Brazilian law politics influencing public administration. now there is no course on Brazilian law One problem these new structures in the whole of the United States. It used One problem these new structures in the whole of the United States. It used faced was a lack of the separation of to be taught at Miami but when Keith faced was a lack of the separation of to be taught at Miami but when Keith power, having a unitary executive Rosenn retired it was discontinued. Few power, having a unitary executive Rosenn retired it was discontinued. Few and independent commissioners with US law professors speak Portuguese or and independent commissioners with US law professors speak Portuguese or permanent terms. Guerra sees massive pay attention to Brazil. Trubek was able permanent terms. Guerra sees massive pay attention to Brazil. Trubek was able similarities, both in structure and in to include a module on Brazil in a law similarities, both in structure and in to include a module on Brazil in a law difficulties faced, between the US (post- and development course at his home difficulties faced, between the US (post- and development course at his home New Deal) and Brazil. The Brazilian institution and there may be similar New Deal) and Brazil. The Brazilian institution and there may be similar Supreme court often looked to the US to modules in courses on human rights, Supreme court often looked to the US to modules in courses on human rights, determine its rulings, as was the case with anticorruption, elsewhere. In those determine its rulings, as was the case with anticorruption, elsewhere. In those tenured positions. However, the Brazilian courses Portuguese is not required. This tenured positions. However, the Brazilian courses Portuguese is not required. This and American systems remain distinct in strategy can help break through student and American systems remain distinct in strategy can help break through student terms of governability and government unfamiliarity with Brazil and language terms of governability and government unfamiliarity with Brazil and language structure. barriers— it is possible to link Brazil to structure. barriers— it is possible to link Brazil to specific topics such as the environment, specific topics such as the environment, Laws written under structures created 200 climate change, human rights, or Laws written under structures created 200 climate change, human rights, or years ago can be difficult to adequately development. He cited examples from Pace years ago can be difficult to adequately development. He cited examples from Pace apply when faced with corporations that (law and environment), Harvard (global apply when faced with corporations that (law and environment), Harvard (global act like global service providers, such legal professions), and U. Texas-Austin act like global service providers, such legal professions), and U. Texas-Austin as Uber, Google and Facebook. Guerra (human rights in Brazil) as successful as Uber, Google and Facebook. Guerra (human rights in Brazil) as successful suggests that Brazilian and American examples. suggests that Brazilian and American examples. academies analyze this specifically, taking academies analyze this specifically, taking into account differences in government But he noted that maintaining in-depth into account differences in government But he noted that maintaining in-depth and socioeconomic realities. He praised study of Brazil including Portuguese in and socioeconomic realities. He praised study of Brazil including Portuguese in this conference for its multidisciplinary US universities is a challenge. The UW this conference for its multidisciplinary US universities is a challenge. The UW nature, and suggested more bilateral Madison had an active Brazil studies nature, and suggested more bilateral Madison had an active Brazil studies cooperation in future research endeavors. program led by Thomas Skidmore. cooperation in future research endeavors. program led by Thomas Skidmore. But when Skidmore left UW Madison But when Skidmore left UW Madison and was not replaced by another Brazil and was not replaced by another Brazil historian, the program languished. In US historian, the program languished. In US universities, the positions are usually in universities, the positions are usually in a department and when a departments a department and when a departments

brazilian studies in the united states | 23 brazilian studies in the united states | 23 decide to focus on a different country, Age of Globalization. decide to focus on a different country, Age of Globalization. or no country at all, a whole country or no country at all, a whole country or regional program can disappear. As Trubek described the road ahead for or regional program can disappear. As Trubek described the road ahead for Dean of International Studies, he tried Brazil itself as rocky. He described Brazil Dean of International Studies, he tried Brazil itself as rocky. He described Brazil hard to get departments to hire people as being at a turning point, generating hard to get departments to hire people as being at a turning point, generating with expertise in Brazil and other needed anxiety and concern for some and with expertise in Brazil and other needed anxiety and concern for some and countries but had little leverage if a happiness for others. He sees the current countries but had little leverage if a happiness for others. He sees the current department has other ideas. situation in Brazil as paralleling other department has other ideas. situation in Brazil as paralleling other nations, including the US, with its nations, including the US, with its One area that is encouraging is debates over environmental protection, One area that is encouraging is debates over environmental protection, interdisciplinary US-Brazil research human rights, the nature of democracy, interdisciplinary US-Brazil research human rights, the nature of democracy, networks on specific topics. Giving an and the ability of the law to protect the networks on specific topics. Giving an and the ability of the law to protect the example of an effective collaboration, environment and minorities. example of an effective collaboration, environment and minorities. Trubek discussed a project he is Trubek discussed a project he is involved with at Harvard. It created In this context, a new version of involved with at Harvard. It created In this context, a new version of interdisciplinary, multinational teams Brazilian studies might emerge within interdisciplinary, multinational teams Brazilian studies might emerge within doing collaborative research on the the field of law. Brazil is at the forefront doing collaborative research on the the field of law. Brazil is at the forefront rise of the corporate legal profession of many issues important to US law rise of the corporate legal profession of many issues important to US law in Brazil, India and China. More schools such as: how to ensure the legal in Brazil, India and China. More schools such as: how to ensure the legal than fifty people collaborated on this system support economic development, than fifty people collaborated on this system support economic development, over the course of five years. Harvard preserve democracy, maintain the role over the course of five years. Harvard preserve democracy, maintain the role partnered with the FGV Law School in of the judiciary as a constitutional partnered with the FGV Law School in of the judiciary as a constitutional São Paulo and created a team of over 20 guarantor, combat corruption, preserve São Paulo and created a team of over 20 guarantor, combat corruption, preserve researchers, mostly Brazilians. The team the environment, strengthen electoral researchers, mostly Brazilians. The team the environment, strengthen electoral included Brazilians who could speak systems, reform criminal justice and the included Brazilians who could speak systems, reform criminal justice and the English and one American who spoke protect the rights of defendants, combat English and one American who spoke protect the rights of defendants, combat Portuguese. This led to a volume jointly all forms of discrimination, and maintain Portuguese. This led to a volume jointly all forms of discrimination, and maintain edited by Brazilian and US scholars and free speech. This new direction would edited by Brazilian and US scholars and free speech. This new direction would published by Cambridge University be characterized by interdisciplinary published by Cambridge University be characterized by interdisciplinary Press: The Brazilian Legal Profession in the teams led jointly by US and Brazilian Press: The Brazilian Legal Profession in the teams led jointly by US and Brazilian

  For this deeper meaning of Brazilianist to emerge, For this deeper meaning of Brazilianist to emerge, a deep-rooted collective experience must be had, a deep-rooted collective experience must be had, and this is the sense in which he uses this term. and this is the sense in which he uses this term.

24 24 institutions on topics like this. These there is a foreign view of the American institutions on topics like this. These there is a foreign view of the American teams would push through language academy, suggesting rather that there may teams would push through language academy, suggesting rather that there may barriers, and address these and other be multiple, with some hegemonizing barriers, and address these and other be multiple, with some hegemonizing interest areas. others. When discussing the development interest areas. others. When discussing the development of research, he noted that a PhD candidate of research, he noted that a PhD candidate Trubek noted that Yale has a program that doing his/her first research trip to Brazil Trubek noted that Yale has a program that doing his/her first research trip to Brazil sends students to Brazil to explore such provides a different contribution than sends students to Brazil to explore such provides a different contribution than issues. That might evolve into a research those engaged in long-term collaborative issues. That might evolve into a research those engaged in long-term collaborative network with faculty on both sides. Other projects. He also questioned which network with faculty on both sides. Other projects. He also questioned which universities might create similar networks political institutions should be focused universities might create similar networks political institutions should be focused if they could get sufficient support. on— just the ones that have parallels in if they could get sufficient support. on— just the ones that have parallels in both countries, or ones specific to Brazil. both countries, or ones specific to Brazil. While Trubek thought there were ways He cautioned against automatically While Trubek thought there were ways He cautioned against automatically to promote Brazil studies in law without positioning the US as the more advanced to promote Brazil studies in law without positioning the US as the more advanced demanding that all US participants have of the two societies. demanding that all US participants have of the two societies. deep country knowledge or Portuguese deep country knowledge or Portuguese competence, it will depend on their being His area is Law and Society, which competence, it will depend on their being His area is Law and Society, which a cadre of US law professors with such developed as a movement in the US in a cadre of US law professors with such developed as a movement in the US in skills. Recruiting and supporting such the 1960s and 1970s. This movement skills. Recruiting and supporting such the 1960s and 1970s. This movement a cadre is essential if there is to be any has three characteristics: it studies a cadre is essential if there is to be any has three characteristics: it studies attention to Brazil in US legal education. the law in action (how the law gets attention to Brazil in US legal education. the law in action (how the law gets implemented, rather than written); it is implemented, rather than written); it is Fabio de Sa e Silva, Assistant interdisciplinary (pushing back against Fabio de Sa e Silva, Assistant interdisciplinary (pushing back against Professor of International Studies; the status quo of the period in which it Professor of International Studies; the status quo of the period in which it Wick Cary Professor of Brazilian took shape); and it is progressive. One Wick Cary Professor of Brazilian took shape); and it is progressive. One Studies, University of Oklahoma. of the subareas of Law and Society was Studies, University of Oklahoma. of the subareas of Law and Society was Law and Development, which focused on Law and Development, which focused on Professor de Sa e Silva began by defining the role of law in promoting economic Professor de Sa e Silva began by defining the role of law in promoting economic two meanings of “Brazilianist”: a and political change. He quoted Trubek two meanings of “Brazilianist”: a and political change. He quoted Trubek thin sense, as a strategic label used to et al.’s writing as the clearest expression thin sense, as a strategic label used to et al.’s writing as the clearest expression communicate about Brazil or research of how Law and Development scholars communicate about Brazil or research of how Law and Development scholars conducted there, or a thicker sense as in the 1960s understood this role (i.e., of conducted there, or a thicker sense as in the 1960s understood this role (i.e., of an identity. For this deeper meaning of what the “foreign view” once was). Those an identity. For this deeper meaning of what the “foreign view” once was). Those Brazilianist to emerge, a deep-rooted scholars saw economic development as Brazilianist to emerge, a deep-rooted scholars saw economic development as collective experience must be had, and being generated by the organization of collective experience must be had, and being generated by the organization of this is the sense in which he uses this markets (private rights) and political this is the sense in which he uses this markets (private rights) and political term. He proceeded to question many of development as being a direct consequence term. He proceeded to question many of development as being a direct consequence the assumptions embedded in the panel’s of a growing private sphere. They thus the assumptions embedded in the panel’s of a growing private sphere. They thus discussion prompt. He questioned whether pushed for the creation of “better laws”, discussion prompt. He questioned whether pushed for the creation of “better laws”,

brazilian studies in the united states | 25 brazilian studies in the united states | 25 for a “better application of the law”, to development in Brazil if it is not for a “better application of the law”, to development in Brazil if it is not and for changes in legal culture and marked by a commitment to freedom, and for changes in legal culture and marked by a commitment to freedom, legal reasoning, always under their justice and democracy; if it does not legal reasoning, always under their justice and democracy; if it does not normative assumptions of what a “good display awareness of the structural normative assumptions of what a “good display awareness of the structural law” and “good law practice” was. Their contradictions and conflicts in Brazil; law” and “good law practice” was. Their contradictions and conflicts in Brazil; research goals included legal changes or if it is not based on horizontal research goals included legal changes or if it is not based on horizontal that could be undertaken or cases that relationships of solidarity. Professor that could be undertaken or cases that relationships of solidarity. Professor could help justify their intended legal de Sa e Silva identified some obstacles could help justify their intended legal de Sa e Silva identified some obstacles development efforts by showing the to doing this work in the US academy, development efforts by showing the to doing this work in the US academy, positive relationships between particular including time, energy, resources, and positive relationships between particular including time, energy, resources, and kinds of law and outcomes in economic lack of tangible reward. He argued that kinds of law and outcomes in economic lack of tangible reward. He argued that and political development. But for in law and political science, collaborative and political development. But for in law and political science, collaborative many reasons, these projects were later research does not lead to the professional many reasons, these projects were later research does not lead to the professional deemed a failure. Law and Development rewards cited in the graph presented by deemed a failure. Law and Development rewards cited in the graph presented by scholars ignored that, in countries like Professor Loiselle in the previous panel scholars ignored that, in countries like Professor Loiselle in the previous panel Brazil, the state played a greater role (the standards for tenure are different). Brazil, the state played a greater role (the standards for tenure are different). than markets in the economy, changing He also pointed out the difficulties in than markets in the economy, changing He also pointed out the difficulties in the role of the law in those systems. Brazil posed by cutbacks in funding, the role of the law in those systems. Brazil posed by cutbacks in funding, They also faced unexpected results, such privatization in higher education, They also faced unexpected results, such privatization in higher education, as in their attempts to promote a more attacks on affirmative action and similar as in their attempts to promote a more attacks on affirmative action and similar “purposive” thinking in law schools, programs, anti-intellectualism and “purposive” thinking in law schools, programs, anti-intellectualism and which legitimized authoritarianism attacks on academic freedom (including which legitimized authoritarianism attacks on academic freedom (including during the military dictatorship. Last Escola Sem Partido, rising fascism, and during the military dictatorship. Last Escola Sem Partido, rising fascism, and but not least, Law and Development the recent ENEM essay controversy). but not least, Law and Development the recent ENEM essay controversy). scholars experienced a loss of faith in US Yet, he urged us to keep walking the scholars experienced a loss of faith in US Yet, he urged us to keep walking the legal liberalist post-Vietnam, which cast road ahead. He is a professor at the legal liberalist post-Vietnam, which cast road ahead. He is a professor at the doubt of the desirability of US models David L. Boren College of International doubt of the desirability of US models David L. Boren College of International of development and the policy motives Studies at the University of Oklahoma, of development and the policy motives Studies at the University of Oklahoma, behind such Law and Development where he is starting a Brazil Studies behind such Law and Development where he is starting a Brazil Studies initiatives. Program. This program aims to include initiatives. Program. This program aims to include coursework, events, exchange programs, coursework, events, exchange programs, To answer the discussion question, publications, an institutional research To answer the discussion question, publications, an institutional research we must learn from these law and agenda, and study abroad programs. we must learn from these law and agenda, and study abroad programs. development projects, creating development projects, creating infrastructure that would prevent the Questions and Discussion: infrastructure that would prevent the Questions and Discussion: same mistakes from being repeated. same mistakes from being repeated. To answer the discussion question in An audience member commented on the To answer the discussion question in An audience member commented on the the negative, the foreign view of the long-standing influence of the Federalist the negative, the foreign view of the long-standing influence of the Federalist American academy does not contribute papers and the US Constitution on American academy does not contribute papers and the US Constitution on

26 26 Brazilian constitutional law, remarking the audience that there is a way for foreign Brazilian constitutional law, remarking the audience that there is a way for foreign with awe that now the US is influencing scholars to help (and to get past the with awe that now the US is influencing scholars to help (and to get past the Brazilian criminal law as well. He cited assumption that they are just “imperialist Brazilian criminal law as well. He cited assumption that they are just “imperialist a recent news report that a new law had pigs”), and he welcomed the audience to a recent news report that a new law had pigs”), and he welcomed the audience to been passed, allowing the president to grab a drink with him to talk more about been passed, allowing the president to grab a drink with him to talk more about pardon persons involved in corruption how. pardon persons involved in corruption how. scandals. He observed a preference in scandals. He observed a preference in Brazil for hiring younger lawyers who Professor de Sa e Silva clarified that Brazil for hiring younger lawyers who Professor de Sa e Silva clarified that understood compliance laws after having he admires Professor Trubek and his understood compliance laws after having he admires Professor Trubek and his studied in the US. collaborators from the 1960s. He does not studied in the US. collaborators from the 1960s. He does not blame them for the results of their efforts blame them for the results of their efforts Another audience member asked a two- because of their critical takeaways, which Another audience member asked a two- because of their critical takeaways, which part question about how to improve allowed his generation to learn from their part question about how to improve allowed his generation to learn from their intellectual property rights in Brazil, mistakes. He feels it is now more possible intellectual property rights in Brazil, mistakes. He feels it is now more possible particularly for scientific discoveries, and to create infrastructure that allows for particularly for scientific discoveries, and to create infrastructure that allows for how to embrace responsibility for the state deeper engagement, developing a better how to embrace responsibility for the state deeper engagement, developing a better of the law in Brazil without putting all the understanding of place and cultural biases. of the law in Brazil without putting all the understanding of place and cultural biases. blame on prior generations of scholars and blame on prior generations of scholars and lawmakers. Professor Trubek fielded this Brazil has a habit of importing ideas lawmakers. Professor Trubek fielded this Brazil has a habit of importing ideas question by explaining more thoroughly from abroad, asserted another audience question by explaining more thoroughly from abroad, asserted another audience what was fueling the projects of the 1960s. member. They cited Rui Barbosa’s what was fueling the projects of the 1960s. member. They cited Rui Barbosa’s At the time, the Ford Foundation and adoption of American Federalism and the At the time, the Ford Foundation and adoption of American Federalism and the the US government (that were funding social contract copied from the Germans, the US government (that were funding social contract copied from the Germans, these projects) had a simplistic view about neither of which were problem-free these projects) had a simplistic view about neither of which were problem-free what would work and what was needed. in Brazilian society. Professor Trubek what would work and what was needed. in Brazilian society. Professor Trubek There was a romanticized view of the acknowledged that in order to be an There was a romanticized view of the acknowledged that in order to be an American system, and it was assumed ethical legal exporter, one need be aware American system, and it was assumed ethical legal exporter, one need be aware that deliberately reforming one area of of this tendency without contributing to that deliberately reforming one area of of this tendency without contributing to Brazilian law would naturally reform the it. One cannot act on advice too soon or Brazilian law would naturally reform the it. One cannot act on advice too soon or rest. However, the reforms were accepted too readily, so one has a responsibility to rest. However, the reforms were accepted too readily, so one has a responsibility to in a piecemeal fashion and treated with slow the workings down and give time in a piecemeal fashion and treated with slow the workings down and give time skepticism. He now acknowledges for analysis. He pointed out that this is a skepticism. He now acknowledges for analysis. He pointed out that this is a that one cannot transplant a piece of narrow, small professional practice, but that one cannot transplant a piece of narrow, small professional practice, but foreign law without recognizing there one that must be handled ethically. foreign law without recognizing there one that must be handled ethically. will be ramifications based on the local will be ramifications based on the local environment and the complexity of the Addressing the subject of intellectual environment and the complexity of the Addressing the subject of intellectual system. Americans also have to analyze property rights, Guerra described the system. Americans also have to analyze property rights, Guerra described the their own assumptions about how the law complexity of the Brazilian case since the their own assumptions about how the law complexity of the Brazilian case since the works in their own country. He assured nation is currently walking an unstable works in their own country. He assured nation is currently walking an unstable

brazilian studies in the united states | 27 brazilian studies in the united states | 27 path between either a unified acceptance path between either a unified acceptance of such laws or a pure administrative of such laws or a pure administrative state model. He urged Brazil to state model. He urged Brazil to choose one approach or the other. The choose one approach or the other. The Constitution of 1891 copied Federalism Constitution of 1891 copied Federalism and its separation of powers, but and its separation of powers, but Brazilian bureaucracy copied the French Brazilian bureaucracy copied the French (Bonaparte) model that centralized (Bonaparte) model that centralized power in the president. Brazil cannot power in the president. Brazil cannot always copy US laws because of this always copy US laws because of this complexity. Professor Trubek called this complexity. Professor Trubek called this a good challenge for both Brazilian and a good challenge for both Brazilian and American scholars. US law has been American scholars. US law has been reformed so that patents can be obtained reformed so that patents can be obtained even when research was performed with even when research was performed with government funding, which has led to government funding, which has led to many startups associated with American many startups associated with American universities. He sees this as something universities. He sees this as something that could be implemented in Brazil as that could be implemented in Brazil as well. well.

Professor de Sa e Silva noted how Professor de Sa e Silva noted how Brazilian criminal law is becoming more Brazilian criminal law is becoming more Americanized, particularly in the case of Americanized, particularly in the case of the Lava Jato scandal. As a scholar, he the Lava Jato scandal. As a scholar, he would like to understand what’s driving would like to understand what’s driving this, particularly since “corruption” this, particularly since “corruption” under US law is different from Brazil. He under US law is different from Brazil. He mentioned the modernization reforms mentioned the modernization reforms being carried out by the ENCLA panel being carried out by the ENCLA panel of the Ministry of Justice. Professor of the Ministry of Justice. Professor Vargas noted the difficulty in reforming Vargas noted the difficulty in reforming the criminal code without streamlining the criminal code without streamlining both criminal and civil procedure. The both criminal and civil procedure. The absence of this would still allow for absence of this would still allow for loopholes in which judges can rule. He loopholes in which judges can rule. He urged structural reforms to strengthen urged structural reforms to strengthen public institutions over relying on public institutions over relying on prosecutors and judges to reform the prosecutors and judges to reform the law, which is riskier. law, which is riskier.

28 28 Session 3: History and conveniently accessible and transforms the Session 3: History and conveniently accessible and transforms the Literature possibilities of research. He also praised Literature possibilities of research. He also praised the expansion of excellent graduate the expansion of excellent graduate programs in history at USP, the Federal programs in history at USP, the Federal Universities, and the Catholic Universities. Universities, and the Catholic Universities. Saturday, December 1, 2018. Saturday, December 1, 2018. The discipline of history is being The discipline of history is being 9:30-11:00 a.m. 9:30-11:00 a.m. transformed as the quality of teaching transformed as the quality of teaching improves. He called the Americanization improves. He called the Americanization Moderator: Stuart Schwartz, Moderator: Stuart Schwartz, of the French-style university system of the French-style university system George Burton Adams Professor of George Burton Adams Professor of in Brazil a success, in general. Having in Brazil a success, in general. Having History, Yale University History, Yale University similar degree programs, such as an MA similar degree programs, such as an MA before a PhD, facilitates exchange between before a PhD, facilitates exchange between Discussion Question: What are the the two nations since students will be Discussion Question: What are the the two nations since students will be challenges in research on Brazilian at comparable stages in their academic challenges in research on Brazilian at comparable stages in their academic history and literature at U.S. universities: careers. He highlighted how growth of the history and literature at U.S. universities: careers. He highlighted how growth of the elements of attraction and indifference libraries at UNICAMP and USP, as well elements of attraction and indifference libraries at UNICAMP and USP, as well from American students to exchanges with as their centralization, has revolutionized from American students to exchanges with as their centralization, has revolutionized Brazilian universities? social science and humanities research at Brazilian universities? social science and humanities research at both institutions. both institutions. Dain Borges, Associate Professor Dain Borges, Associate Professor of History, Romance Languages A mourning hush fell over the audience as of History, Romance Languages A mourning hush fell over the audience as & Literatures, and The College, he reminded the crowd that the Bendigó & Literatures, and The College, he reminded the crowd that the Bendigó University of Chicago. meteorite is the only part of the Museu University of Chicago. meteorite is the only part of the Museu Nacional’s collection that still exists after Nacional’s collection that still exists after Collaboration in the field of history its all-consuming fire in September, Collaboration in the field of history its all-consuming fire in September, primarily means institutional structures 2018. This was a catastrophe for his primarily means institutional structures 2018. This was a catastrophe for his such as the “Bolsa Sanduíche”. There are discipline and many others, and not just such as the “Bolsa Sanduíche”. There are discipline and many others, and not just also a few intermediate collaborations such for Brazil. This lamentable occurrence also a few intermediate collaborations such for Brazil. This lamentable occurrence as the Brazilian Association of Historians, demonstrates the critical importance of as the Brazilian Association of Historians, demonstrates the critical importance of but that group will not apply for grants digitalizing everything. He is undertaking but that group will not apply for grants digitalizing everything. He is undertaking to fund research. Developing functional digitalization projects at the University to fund research. Developing functional digitalization projects at the University research centers is crucial. Professor Borges of Chicago with scholars who study the research centers is crucial. Professor Borges of Chicago with scholars who study the lauded the Biblioteca Nacional’s initiative Middle East, whose archives face similar lauded the Biblioteca Nacional’s initiative Middle East, whose archives face similar to digitalize its archives which eliminates threats due to the ravages of war. He to digitalize its archives which eliminates threats due to the ravages of war. He prior obstacles to doing research, such feels committed to doing this with all prior obstacles to doing research, such feels committed to doing this with all as waiting in line in Rio at 7:59 in the holdings from all sources. Had the Museu as waiting in line in Rio at 7:59 in the holdings from all sources. Had the Museu morning in order to see a microfilm. Nacional’s collections been digitalized, morning in order to see a microfilm. Nacional’s collections been digitalized, Lending materials such as microfilms is biological specimens would still have been Lending materials such as microfilms is biological specimens would still have been difficult, but digitalizing them makes them destroyed, but many kinds of materials difficult, but digitalizing them makes them destroyed, but many kinds of materials

brazilian studies in the united states | 29 brazilian studies in the united states | 29 would still have been preserved. These attract study abroad students. Once would still have been preserved. These attract study abroad students. Once efforts are as necessary in the US as American students have studied abroad efforts are as necessary in the US as American students have studied abroad in Brazil: no collections in Chicago- there, they tend to “convert” to scholars in Brazil: no collections in Chicago- there, they tend to “convert” to scholars area museums are fully digitalized, of Brazil. area museums are fully digitalized, of Brazil. either. He stressed the importance of either. He stressed the importance of making multiple copies kept in multiple Since few undergraduate programs making multiple copies kept in multiple Since few undergraduate programs locations. adequately prepare students for a PhD locations. adequately prepare students for a PhD in Brazilian history, programs tend to be in Brazilian history, programs tend to be Professor Borges discussed the more forgiving with language acquisition Professor Borges discussed the more forgiving with language acquisition importance of language acquisition at the doctoral level. FLAS grants have importance of language acquisition at the doctoral level. FLAS grants have in overcoming obstacles to studying been particularly useful in helping these in overcoming obstacles to studying been particularly useful in helping these Brazilian history in the US. In the field students acquire their much-needed Brazilian history in the US. In the field students acquire their much-needed of history, one cannot assume that one’s language skills. While language learning of history, one cannot assume that one’s language skills. While language learning collaborators will speak English, so in history may be slow, this becomes collaborators will speak English, so in history may be slow, this becomes learning Portuguese is of paramount more complicated when one is training learning Portuguese is of paramount more complicated when one is training importance. Since Spanish is the default for an advanced degree in literature. He importance. Since Spanish is the default for an advanced degree in literature. He foreign language of instruction in encouraged both nations’ governments foreign language of instruction in encouraged both nations’ governments the US, students will typically not be to foment study abroad programs, to the US, students will typically not be to foment study abroad programs, to exposed to Portuguese until college. encourage higher-level scholarship exposed to Portuguese until college. encourage higher-level scholarship Many of these language learners come further down the line. Even a small Many of these language learners come further down the line. Even a small to it via Spanish and tend to enjoy it. stimulus could make a big difference, to it via Spanish and tend to enjoy it. stimulus could make a big difference, There is a high rate of conversion from such as a contest with travel or study There is a high rate of conversion from such as a contest with travel or study beginner to intermediate Portuguese in in Brazil as a prize. He also believes beginner to intermediate Portuguese in in Brazil as a prize. He also believes US colleges. There are two bottlenecks: that more MA programs that focus on US colleges. There are two bottlenecks: that more MA programs that focus on getting students enrolled in beginner (and fund) language acquisition would getting students enrolled in beginner (and fund) language acquisition would Portuguese in the first place, and increase the size and quality of the pool Portuguese in the first place, and increase the size and quality of the pool getting them to study abroad in Brazil of candidates for the advanced study of getting them to study abroad in Brazil of candidates for the advanced study of since such programs are few and far Brazil, which at this time is very small since such programs are few and far Brazil, which at this time is very small between. Brazil’s reputation for violence and self-selected. between. Brazil’s reputation for violence and self-selected. keeps many families from sending their keeps many families from sending their children there— many prefer to send César Braga-Pinto, Professor children there— many prefer to send César Braga-Pinto, Professor their children to Ecuador instead, where of Brazilian, Lusophone African their children to Ecuador instead, where of Brazilian, Lusophone African 4-10 times the quantity of American and Comparative Literature, 4-10 times the quantity of American and Comparative Literature, students study abroad compared to Northwestern University. students study abroad compared to Northwestern University. Brazil. He encouraged the Brazilian Brazil. He encouraged the Brazilian government to invest more in promoting Professor Braga-Pinto described government to invest more in promoting Professor Braga-Pinto described tourism to Brazil (which he called historians as his best friends, even tourism to Brazil (which he called historians as his best friends, even mediocre when compared to Mexico or though his field is literature. They share mediocre when compared to Mexico or though his field is literature. They share Spain, for example), which would also fear over the loss of precious documents Spain, for example), which would also fear over the loss of precious documents

30 30 and archives, and concern for the future He saw high enrollment with more and archives, and concern for the future He saw high enrollment with more of Brazilian Studies in the US. There is support from the Portuguese government of Brazilian Studies in the US. There is support from the Portuguese government a crisis in the humanities which affects than the Brazilian government. He noted a crisis in the humanities which affects than the Brazilian government. He noted both American and Brazilian institutions. a growing interest in courses taught in both American and Brazilian institutions. a growing interest in courses taught in Language and literature departments are English, engaging with comparative Language and literature departments are English, engaging with comparative the most vulnerable of these, particularly literature, Africana studies, and women’s the most vulnerable of these, particularly literature, Africana studies, and women’s with less commonly taught languages such and gender studies. with less commonly taught languages such and gender studies. as Portuguese. He wants to avoid sounding as Portuguese. He wants to avoid sounding apocalyptic, but these departments are Professor Braga-Pinto lamented apocalyptic, but these departments are Professor Braga-Pinto lamented constantly having to prove their relevance the absence of tenure-line faculty at constantly having to prove their relevance the absence of tenure-line faculty at and right to exist. He lamented the decline Rutgers after he left that institution. and right to exist. He lamented the decline Rutgers after he left that institution. of tenure-track jobs, which have decreased At Northwestern, where he currently of tenure-track jobs, which have decreased At Northwestern, where he currently 50% in the last ten years, particularly in teaches, he sees almost no demand for a 50% in the last ten years, particularly in teaches, he sees almost no demand for a the humanities. Literary scholars need to degree in Portuguese, let alone a course the humanities. Literary scholars need to degree in Portuguese, let alone a course be interdisciplinary in order to survive in Portuguese literature, because of the be interdisciplinary in order to survive in Portuguese literature, because of the professionally. One particular difficulty in low language level of the students. An professionally. One particular difficulty in low language level of the students. An the field of literature is that students either interdisciplinary degree was created the field of literature is that students either interdisciplinary degree was created need to work with works in translation and courses were carried out in English need to work with works in translation and courses were carried out in English or need to have a high level of language translation, which was what was possible or need to have a high level of language translation, which was what was possible ability. although not ideal. He praised the ability. although not ideal. He praised the translation grants given sometimes by translation grants given sometimes by The study of Brazilian literature in the the Biblioteca Nacional. He noted that The study of Brazilian literature in the the Biblioteca Nacional. He noted that US is very different from studying it in he is the only Brazilianist in the entire US is very different from studying it in he is the only Brazilianist in the entire Brazil. The focus here has tended to be school of Arts and Sciences, and perhaps Brazil. The focus here has tended to be school of Arts and Sciences, and perhaps on popular music, mestiçagem, Carnaval on the whole campus. This necessitates on popular music, mestiçagem, Carnaval on the whole campus. This necessitates and other cultural exceptionalisms. interdisciplinary work with economics, and other cultural exceptionalisms. interdisciplinary work with economics, However, now Brazil is beginning to be political science, and other departments. However, now Brazil is beginning to be political science, and other departments. studied transnationally, in the context of He noted that some student athletes are studied transnationally, in the context of He noted that some student athletes are the world. There are only two university drawn to courses on Brazil due to soccer the world. There are only two university drawn to courses on Brazil due to soccer departments in the US that study and capoeira. He finds that students in departments in the US that study and capoeira. He finds that students in Portuguese exclusively; most departments these courses are interested in receiving a Portuguese exclusively; most departments these courses are interested in receiving a combine this language with Spanish. global education and not just in fulfilling combine this language with Spanish. global education and not just in fulfilling When he started his career as a professor, degree requirements. He noted how small, When he started his career as a professor, degree requirements. He noted how small, he was told that Luso-Brazilianists private universities can more easily have he was told that Luso-Brazilianists private universities can more easily have were often excluded in these combined such small, “niche” courses on Brazil than were often excluded in these combined such small, “niche” courses on Brazil than departments, but that wasn’t what he larger universities can. departments, but that wasn’t what he larger universities can. found in practice. In fact, he only had to found in practice. In fact, he only had to teach one language class after grad school, At Northwestern, students are in a teach one language class after grad school, At Northwestern, students are in a which he could tailor to focus on literature. situation similar to that at many other which he could tailor to focus on literature. situation similar to that at many other

brazilian studies in the united states | 31 brazilian studies in the united states | 31 universities, which on the whole don’t Seth W. Garfield, Professor of universities, which on the whole don’t Seth W. Garfield, Professor of have a doctoral program in Portuguese, History, University of Texas - have a doctoral program in Portuguese, History, University of Texas - nor the resources to make one currently. Austin. nor the resources to make one currently. Austin. Such an endeavor would be unrealistic. Such an endeavor would be unrealistic. However, he finds many people Professor Garfield addressed three main However, he finds many people Professor Garfield addressed three main are eager to learn about Brazil and topics in his presentation: 1) improved are eager to learn about Brazil and topics in his presentation: 1) improved perhaps dedicate a large section of their access to primary and secondary sources perhaps dedicate a large section of their access to primary and secondary sources dissertation to it. Students are generally due to digitalization; 2) shifting trends dissertation to it. Students are generally due to digitalization; 2) shifting trends not encouraged to write exclusively on in Brazilian historiography from not encouraged to write exclusively on in Brazilian historiography from Brazil unless they plan on moving back comparative to connective history; 3) Brazil unless they plan on moving back comparative to connective history; 3) there someday. and challenges to promoting Brazilian there someday. and challenges to promoting Brazilian Studies in the US and study abroad to Studies in the US and study abroad to Professor Braga-Pinto voiced Brazil. Professor Braga-Pinto voiced Brazil. concern over the incoming Brazilian concern over the incoming Brazilian administration, particularly over recent Digitalization of Brazilian archives is of administration, particularly over recent Digitalization of Brazilian archives is of statements about the preservation of inestimable importance. First, it allows statements about the preservation of inestimable importance. First, it allows family and traditional morality issued researchers to keep up with Brazilian family and traditional morality issued researchers to keep up with Brazilian by the Secretary of Education. He noted journals, dissertations, and publications, by the Secretary of Education. He noted journals, dissertations, and publications, how difficult it can be to make a case especially via SCIELO. It also enables how difficult it can be to make a case especially via SCIELO. It also enables for the study of Brazilian literature in researchers to break out of the Rio- for the study of Brazilian literature in researchers to break out of the Rio- a world with many pressing concerns, Sao Paulo academic axis and access a world with many pressing concerns, Sao Paulo academic axis and access including deforestation and human intellectual production emerging from including deforestation and human intellectual production emerging from rights abuses. He believes the road other parts of the country. Professor rights abuses. He believes the road other parts of the country. Professor ahead will be rocky, as Professor Trubek Garfield listed and praised many archival ahead will be rocky, as Professor Trubek Garfield listed and praised many archival said earlier. However, it remains urgent collections that are currently available said earlier. However, it remains urgent collections that are currently available to study how earlier creative writers online, which allows researchers to write to study how earlier creative writers online, which allows researchers to write have faced the challenges of their times entirely new histories. As an example, he have faced the challenges of their times entirely new histories. As an example, he without succumbing to skepticism and cited his current research project: without succumbing to skepticism and cited his current research project: despair. In this age of “alternative truth”, despair. In this age of “alternative truth”, it remains important to understand the it remains important to understand the rules of rhetoric, irony, dialogue, and so  rules of rhetoric, irony, dialogue, and so  forth. In these times, literature can be an forth. In these times, literature can be an alternate form of citizenship for some. Without proficiency in alternate form of citizenship for some. Without proficiency in Portuguese, applicants Portuguese, applicants face greater difficulty to face greater difficulty to gain admission to a PhD gain admission to a PhD in Brazilian History. in Brazilian History.

32 32 a history of guaraná, an Amazonian in the Americas. Yet, one risk inherent a history of guaraná, an Amazonian in the Americas. Yet, one risk inherent cultivar and namesake of Brazil’s in undertaking comparative history is in cultivar and namesake of Brazil’s in undertaking comparative history is in “national” soda, which lacks a scholarly universalizing experiences or essentializing “national” soda, which lacks a scholarly universalizing experiences or essentializing monograph, despite being a cultural icon differences between nations in the interest monograph, despite being a cultural icon differences between nations in the interest and multibillion dollar industry. Studying of sustaining comparisons or contrast. and multibillion dollar industry. Studying of sustaining comparisons or contrast. guaraná was difficult in the past due to Students should be prodded or intrigued guaraná was difficult in the past due to Students should be prodded or intrigued a lack of concentrated archival material. by comparative approaches, but “othering” a lack of concentrated archival material. by comparative approaches, but “othering” The plant did not leave an extensive paper can also result if the historian’s sources The plant did not leave an extensive paper can also result if the historian’s sources trail since it was never a leading export, or methods do not align well in both trail since it was never a leading export, or methods do not align well in both nor the product of the slave-plantation countries, and if we end up comparing nor the product of the slave-plantation countries, and if we end up comparing complex. Yet, thanks to digitalization, he apples and oranges. Connective histories, complex. Yet, thanks to digitalization, he apples and oranges. Connective histories, has been able to find far-flung sources for on the other hand, trace the exchange has been able to find far-flung sources for on the other hand, trace the exchange his research. This has revealed guaraná’s of goods, ideas, and peoples between his research. This has revealed guaraná’s of goods, ideas, and peoples between geopolitical importance in sustaining the United States and Brazil, thereby geopolitical importance in sustaining the United States and Brazil, thereby trade linkages with the sparsely populated highlighting a dialectic relationship trade linkages with the sparsely populated highlighting a dialectic relationship western frontier in the nineteenth century; between the two countries’ histories. western frontier in the nineteenth century; between the two countries’ histories. its fleeting popularity in the North its fleeting popularity in the North American pharmaceutical market; and its On his second point, Professor Garfield American pharmaceutical market; and its On his second point, Professor Garfield early packaging as a sign of modernity, noted the challenge of promoting study early packaging as a sign of modernity, noted the challenge of promoting study comfort, and fantasy in Brazilian abroad in Brazil, particularly because comfort, and fantasy in Brazilian abroad in Brazil, particularly because magazine ads. In the classroom, he added, the pool of students in the US who magazine ads. In the classroom, he added, the pool of students in the US who digitalization of historical materials allows study abroad has been shrinking, in digitalization of historical materials allows study abroad has been shrinking, in the teaching of Brazil to be taken to a new general. Overall, humanities majors the teaching of Brazil to be taken to a new general. Overall, humanities majors level, supplemented by resources such as in the US have dropped 45-50% from level, supplemented by resources such as in the US have dropped 45-50% from paintings, videos, telenovelas, and more. its 2007 peak, due in great part to the paintings, videos, telenovelas, and more. its 2007 peak, due in great part to the Still, greater funds must be dedicated to economic recession— students look for Still, greater funds must be dedicated to economic recession— students look for eliminating inequality in access to digital STEM skills seen as more marketable. eliminating inequality in access to digital STEM skills seen as more marketable. resources. Moreover, digitalization must This also means fewer students are in resources. Moreover, digitalization must This also means fewer students are in supplement rather than replace investment Portuguese classes (as documented by supplement rather than replace investment Portuguese classes (as documented by in physical archives, which still need to be a recent study of the Modern Language in physical archives, which still need to be a recent study of the Modern Language adequately preserved, as evinced by the Association), and since these classes adequately preserved, as evinced by the Association), and since these classes terrible losses at the Museu Nacional in teach about Brazilian culture as well as terrible losses at the Museu Nacional in teach about Brazilian culture as well as September 2018. language, opportunities for specialization September 2018. language, opportunities for specialization in Brazilian studies are greatly diminished. in Brazilian studies are greatly diminished. Professor Garfield noted a shifting Without proficiency in Portuguese, Professor Garfield noted a shifting Without proficiency in Portuguese, historiographical trend from studying applicants face greater difficulty to gain historiographical trend from studying applicants face greater difficulty to gain comparative history to studying connective admission to a PhD in Brazilian History. comparative history to studying connective admission to a PhD in Brazilian History. history. The former was, and is, still Professor Garfield urged more funding history. The former was, and is, still Professor Garfield urged more funding robust in the study of slavery and abolition for the study of the Portuguese language. robust in the study of slavery and abolition for the study of the Portuguese language.

brazilian studies in the united states | 33 brazilian studies in the united states | 33 He noted that there will always be a for the emphasis on the sciences that He noted that there will always be a for the emphasis on the sciences that pool of students, of course, who are this conference has shown, but stressed pool of students, of course, who are this conference has shown, but stressed proficient in Portuguese, as Americans the need to retain the humanities in proficient in Portuguese, as Americans the need to retain the humanities in privileged to have been raised in Brazil the mix as well. At minimum, if we privileged to have been raised in Brazil the mix as well. At minimum, if we or as Brazilian-Americans. However, want greater collaboration between or as Brazilian-Americans. However, want greater collaboration between universities are tasked with broadening Brazilian and American scientists, universities are tasked with broadening Brazilian and American scientists, students’ intellectual horizons. He those researchers will need to learn the students’ intellectual horizons. He those researchers will need to learn the noted a personal example: when he Portuguese language in order to operate. noted a personal example: when he Portuguese language in order to operate. was a Latin American Studies major at The sciences and humanities are not in was a Latin American Studies major at The sciences and humanities are not in Yale, he was required by the program to conflict, but rather support each other. Yale, he was required by the program to conflict, but rather support each other. take Portuguese, which is how he first He described himself as a colonial take Portuguese, which is how he first He described himself as a colonial became interested in Brazil. As a college historian who looks at the role of the became interested in Brazil. As a college historian who looks at the role of the student, he subsequently received a grant state and its relationship to society. student, he subsequently received a grant state and its relationship to society. to conduct research in Brazil for his Some argue that Brazil had a state before to conduct research in Brazil for his Some argue that Brazil had a state before senior essay, going on to build on this it had a society, and the relationship senior essay, going on to build on this it had a society, and the relationship foundation a career focused on Brazilian between the two has been a concern foundation a career focused on Brazilian between the two has been a concern history. In other words, he became one from the colonial period to the present. history. In other words, he became one from the colonial period to the present. of the “little Brazilianists” that Professor Questions regarding race, ethnicity, and of the “little Brazilianists” that Professor Questions regarding race, ethnicity, and Borges described in his presentation. immigration all benefit from a historical Borges described in his presentation. immigration all benefit from a historical These kinds of opportunities must be view and an understanding of the way These kinds of opportunities must be view and an understanding of the way made available to more students. these issues were treated in the past. He made available to more students. these issues were treated in the past. He gave the example of a project run by a gave the example of a project run by a Questions and Discussion: Brazilian entomologist at IBGE, who Questions and Discussion: Brazilian entomologist at IBGE, who looked at the role of leaf-cutter ants looked at the role of leaf-cutter ants The audience posed a question about (saúvas) in shaping colonial society, The audience posed a question about (saúvas) in shaping colonial society, how the relationship between Brazilian which continues to have implications how the relationship between Brazilian which continues to have implications and American scholars of history and to this day. History can inform the and American scholars of history and to this day. History can inform the literature can help us understand current development of the sciences as well. literature can help us understand current development of the sciences as well. issues in Brazil. Professor Borges began Professor Garfield added that history issues in Brazil. Professor Borges began Professor Garfield added that history by explaining that even though his field mobilizes people, particularly by the by explaining that even though his field mobilizes people, particularly by the is the 19th and 20th century, he begins inspiring examples of ancestors who is the 19th and 20th century, he begins inspiring examples of ancestors who his courses in the 17th century. He have shown great courage in moments his courses in the 17th century. He have shown great courage in moments stressed the importance of having a long of adversity. Professor Braga-Pinto stressed the importance of having a long of adversity. Professor Braga-Pinto horizon of at least 500 years in order to noted that scholars in the US tend to be horizon of at least 500 years in order to noted that scholars in the US tend to be accurately understand the world. Issues more comfortable asking these kinds of accurately understand the world. Issues more comfortable asking these kinds of of identity and the future will likely questions of literature (which is more of identity and the future will likely questions of literature (which is more be dealt with in ignorance if the past affective) than of history (which tends be dealt with in ignorance if the past affective) than of history (which tends is ignored. The moderator, Professor to be more objective or removed). Yet, to is ignored. The moderator, Professor to be more objective or removed). Yet, to Stuart Schwartz, expressed appreciation understand how Brazil sees itself today— Stuart Schwartz, expressed appreciation understand how Brazil sees itself today—

34 34 such as how its society came to be divided, A book on Machado de Assis could be such as how its society came to be divided, A book on Machado de Assis could be or how the image of Brazil as cordial comparative in nature but singular in or how the image of Brazil as cordial comparative in nature but singular in and harmonious emerged— an archival focus. Parts of authors’ biographies, such and harmonious emerged— an archival focus. Parts of authors’ biographies, such approach drawing on literature and history as Lispector’s Jewish heritage, can close approach drawing on literature and history as Lispector’s Jewish heritage, can close is needed. debates about their work when not treated is needed. debates about their work when not treated comparatively. The construction of race, comparatively. The construction of race, One audience member expressed the for example, is happening in Brazil but One audience member expressed the for example, is happening in Brazil but importance of performing comparative not only in Brazil, so comparison can importance of performing comparative not only in Brazil, so comparison can studies in order to take away an important help put this phenomenon in a wider studies in order to take away an important help put this phenomenon in a wider lesson, and not just for the sake of context. Brazilian literature is by nature lesson, and not just for the sake of context. Brazilian literature is by nature comparison. He indicated his interest in comparative. Professor Borges agreed comparison. He indicated his interest in comparative. Professor Borges agreed seeing a comparison between the writings that Brazilian authors were wide readers, seeing a comparison between the writings that Brazilian authors were wide readers, of Mark Twain and Monteiro Lobato. aware of literary works in other languages. of Mark Twain and Monteiro Lobato. aware of literary works in other languages. Professor Borges pointed out that Twain Professor Garfield pointed out that Professor Borges pointed out that Twain Professor Garfield pointed out that was a contemporary of Machado de history, even within one country, is always was a contemporary of Machado de history, even within one country, is always Assis. He compared Machado de Assis’ comparative as one compares people across Assis. He compared Machado de Assis’ comparative as one compares people across regulated hatred and brutal honesty, different cultures and centuries. In his regulated hatred and brutal honesty, different cultures and centuries. In his articulated in a way that elites would find presentation, he was merely cautioning articulated in a way that elites would find presentation, he was merely cautioning acceptable, to Jane Austen’s writing. He against political and methodological acceptable, to Jane Austen’s writing. He against political and methodological also pointed out that while Twain’s humor approaches that lead to essentialist also pointed out that while Twain’s humor approaches that lead to essentialist is broad and colloquial on the surface, assertions about who someone or what is broad and colloquial on the surface, assertions about who someone or what it is similarly very controlled. There are something is. it is similarly very controlled. There are something is. points of comparison in the content of points of comparison in the content of their writing as well— Machado de Assis Professor Borges expressed a wish for their writing as well— Machado de Assis Professor Borges expressed a wish for talked about American imperialism in the better conditions for studying the US talked about American imperialism in the better conditions for studying the US Philippines, and Twain also wrote about in Brazilian universities. The US is Philippines, and Twain also wrote about in Brazilian universities. The US is that war. He agreed that comparing Twain very heavily policed against outsiders, that war. He agreed that comparing Twain very heavily policed against outsiders, and Lobato would be interesting, albeit questioning foreign researchers’ and Lobato would be interesting, albeit questioning foreign researchers’ problematic, though perhaps fruitful if competency and sources. He does research problematic, though perhaps fruitful if competency and sources. He does research examining their use of the folkloric for on Japanese literature even though he does examining their use of the folkloric for on Japanese literature even though he does political purposes. He noted that almost not read Japanese— the membrane on political purposes. He noted that almost not read Japanese— the membrane on everyone in the US has had to adopt a the US is much thicker and would make everyone in the US has had to adopt a the US is much thicker and would make comparative approach for career reasons— such a study there difficult. It is possible comparative approach for career reasons— such a study there difficult. It is possible one must study Guimarães Rosa and for a talented student in Brazil to get an one must study Guimarães Rosa and for a talented student in Brazil to get an Lispector and others together— which education in European history, but it’s not Lispector and others together— which education in European history, but it’s not can sometimes dilute a good reading of as easy for an average Brazilian student to can sometimes dilute a good reading of as easy for an average Brazilian student to a single author’s work. Professor Braga- study the US and Japan. a single author’s work. Professor Braga- study the US and Japan. Pinto countered by suggesting that this Pinto countered by suggesting that this is not all comparative literature does. is not all comparative literature does.

brazilian studies in the united states | 35 brazilian studies in the united states | 35 Professor Schwartz quoted Thomas stressed that continued contact between Professor Schwartz quoted Thomas stressed that continued contact between Skidmore, who said that the first Portugal and the American academy will Skidmore, who said that the first Portugal and the American academy will generations of Brazilian scholars were be important for the study of Brazilian generations of Brazilian scholars were be important for the study of Brazilian afilhados de Fidel, since the concern history. Professor Braga-Pinto said that afilhados de Fidel, since the concern history. Professor Braga-Pinto said that was that Brazil would become the next Lusofonia is helpful but not necessary, was that Brazil would become the next Lusofonia is helpful but not necessary, Cuba. It led the US to encourage the more so in the US than in Brazil. He Cuba. It led the US to encourage the more so in the US than in Brazil. He study of Portuguese, which is how works on Mozambique and taught there study of Portuguese, which is how works on Mozambique and taught there his generation of scholars got started. for a year, and he found more differences his generation of scholars got started. for a year, and he found more differences He stressed the need to create more than similarities with Brazilian history He stressed the need to create more than similarities with Brazilian history opportunities for high school students and literature there. He admitted that opportunities for high school students and literature there. He admitted that to go to Brazil, because they would then Jorge Amado perhaps had an influence in to go to Brazil, because they would then Jorge Amado perhaps had an influence in come into college already interested in Cape Verde, but not in Mozambique. come into college already interested in Cape Verde, but not in Mozambique. studying the country and its language. studying the country and its language. The importance of Brazil as a world The importance of Brazil as a world player should encourage more people player should encourage more people in the US to study it. He lauded the in the US to study it. He lauded the FGV’s important role in fomenting FGV’s important role in fomenting the social sciences in Brazil and for its the social sciences in Brazil and for its engagement in collaborative projects. engagement in collaborative projects. Professor Borges noted that there are Professor Borges noted that there are institutional hurdles that keep students institutional hurdles that keep students from studying in Portuguese: the from studying in Portuguese: the FLAS grant, for example, will not fund FLAS grant, for example, will not fund language study in Portugal. There is language study in Portugal. There is little stimulus to engage with Portuguese little stimulus to engage with Portuguese scholars, and with Luso-African scholars scholars, and with Luso-African scholars it is easier in the field of politics than in it is easier in the field of politics than in literature or history. Professor Schwartz literature or history. Professor Schwartz discussed an initiative by a university discussed an initiative by a university in Ceará that brings students from in Ceará that brings students from Mozambique and Angola to study at Mozambique and Angola to study at their institution. Chico Buarque wrote their institution. Chico Buarque wrote that Brazil is um imenso Portugal during that Brazil is um imenso Portugal during the political crisis of the 1970s, and the political crisis of the 1970s, and pointed out some interesting changes pointed out some interesting changes that are currently happening in Portugal. that are currently happening in Portugal. He praised Projeto Resgate, an initiative He praised Projeto Resgate, an initiative that microfilmed all documents on that microfilmed all documents on Brazil extant in Portuguese archives. He Brazil extant in Portuguese archives. He

36 36 Session 4: Culture - that he would be mentioning his name Session 4: Culture - that he would be mentioning his name Art History, from now on. He noted that education Art History, from now on. He noted that education Communications faculties are like Noah’s ark: there are Communications faculties are like Noah’s ark: there are & Education two sociologists, two philosophers, & Education two sociologists, two philosophers, two English teachers, and so on. His two English teachers, and so on. His presentation would reflect this array of presentation would reflect this array of partial perspectives. partial perspectives. Saturday, December 1, 2018. Saturday, December 1, 2018. 11:00 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 11:00 a.m.-12:30 p.m. Brazil has had a huge influence on the field Brazil has had a huge influence on the field of education in the United States. Paulo of education in the United States. Paulo Moderator: Cécile Fromont, Moderator: Cécile Fromont, Freire’s critical theory and its analysis Freire’s critical theory and its analysis Associate Professor of Art History, Associate Professor of Art History, of the structures of domination and of the structures of domination and Yale University. Yale University. oppression have revolutionized education oppression have revolutionized education faculties in the US. Freire is the patron faculties in the US. Freire is the patron Discussion Questions: In thinking about saint of Brazilian education, both for Discussion Questions: In thinking about saint of Brazilian education, both for research in Brazilian culture and education better or for worse. He has inspired action research in Brazilian culture and education better or for worse. He has inspired action from the perspective of the American researchers in both countries, as well as from the perspective of the American researchers in both countries, as well as academy, how important are these fields deep work that changed how children academy, how important are these fields deep work that changed how children of research in the United States? What is learn and how teachers teach. At the same of research in the United States? What is learn and how teachers teach. At the same their place in the academy at present, and time, however, this tradition has also their place in the academy at present, and time, however, this tradition has also what is the importance to the academy of fostered a general posture of critique as a what is the importance to the academy of fostered a general posture of critique as a their contribution to Brazil? Have you seen substitute for engagement. There seems their contribution to Brazil? Have you seen substitute for engagement. There seems any change in these perspectives? to be an unhelpful attitude that society any change in these perspectives? to be an unhelpful attitude that society is unfair, people are exploited, and the is unfair, people are exploited, and the David Plank, Research Professor government is uncaring toward teachers David Plank, Research Professor government is uncaring toward teachers and Executive Director of Policy and education, so nothing much can be and Executive Director of Policy and education, so nothing much can be Analysis for California Education, done until a real and deep revolution takes Analysis for California Education, done until a real and deep revolution takes Stanford University School of place. Among education faculty in Brazil Stanford University School of place. Among education faculty in Brazil Education. Plank finds plentiful rhetoric about how Education. Plank finds plentiful rhetoric about how bad the system is, but little real effort to bad the system is, but little real effort to Professor Plank began by stating that he change it. Professor Plank began by stating that he change it. now works almost full-time on educational now works almost full-time on educational policy in Brazil, thanks to Stanford In the US, Freire’s powerful influence can policy in Brazil, thanks to Stanford In the US, Freire’s powerful influence can University’s Lemann Center. He then be seen, for example, at the Paulo Freire University’s Lemann Center. He then be seen, for example, at the Paulo Freire admonished the audience for not having Institute at UCLA, which operates in admonished the audience for not having Institute at UCLA, which operates in mentioned the name of president-elect partnership with the Paulo Freire Institute mentioned the name of president-elect partnership with the Paulo Freire Institute Jair Bolsonaro until that moment, as if he in São Paulo. There are disciples of Freire’s Jair Bolsonaro until that moment, as if he in São Paulo. There are disciples of Freire’s were He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named from in virtually all education department were He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named from in virtually all education department the Harry Potter book series. He warned faculties. At Stanford, the Lemann Center the Harry Potter book series. He warned faculties. At Stanford, the Lemann Center

brazilian studies in the united states | 37 brazilian studies in the united states | 37 published a volume to commemorate the larger scale and with greater Freirean published a volume to commemorate the larger scale and with greater Freirean 25th year of his death. Work influenced emphasis. Lula virtually universalized 25th year of his death. Work influenced emphasis. Lula virtually universalized by him will almost certainly continue basic education and introduced by him will almost certainly continue basic education and introduced into the foreseeable future, with renewed affirmative action in universities. (Plank into the foreseeable future, with renewed affirmative action in universities. (Plank energy. Bolsonaro, however, has stated noted that this would be an interesting energy. Bolsonaro, however, has stated noted that this would be an interesting that he wants to “take a flame thrower to point of comparison with American that he wants to “take a flame thrower to point of comparison with American the Ministry of Education, to get Freire universities.) The Base Nacional the Ministry of Education, to get Freire universities.) The Base Nacional out of there.” The oppositional stance Comum Curricular displayed greater out of there.” The oppositional stance Comum Curricular displayed greater that Freire advocated now seems much acknowledgment of gender and racial that Freire advocated now seems much acknowledgment of gender and racial more urgent. The challenges under this inequalities in classrooms and society. more urgent. The challenges under this inequalities in classrooms and society. new regime are quite real. Under the PT, MST schools were new regime are quite real. Under the PT, MST schools were encouraged and private higher education encouraged and private higher education Research on education in Brazil is often was expanded. Research on education in Brazil is often was expanded. conducted outside of the education conducted outside of the education departments in universities, in Professor Plank began working in this departments in universities, in Professor Plank began working in this economics departments and technical field forty years ago. Since that time, he economics departments and technical field forty years ago. Since that time, he agencies such as INEP and IPEA, and has witnessed a decline in deference to agencies such as INEP and IPEA, and has witnessed a decline in deference to often with support from international North American scholars in Brazil, which often with support from international North American scholars in Brazil, which agencies. Plank has been involved in has strengthened Brazilian scholarship. agencies. Plank has been involved in has strengthened Brazilian scholarship. some of these projects, which mostly He was also seen close cooperation some of these projects, which mostly He was also seen close cooperation dealt with policy evaluation and design. between Brazilian and American scholars dealt with policy evaluation and design. between Brazilian and American scholars Over the past twenty years, huge in the Freirean tradition on how to resist Over the past twenty years, huge in the Freirean tradition on how to resist improvements and changes have been the state, and also on how to develop improvements and changes have been the state, and also on how to develop seen in school financing systems, teacher and implement policy. seen in school financing systems, teacher and implement policy. preparation, curriculum development, preparation, curriculum development, and large-scale assessment systems The Lemann Center at Stanford was and large-scale assessment systems The Lemann Center at Stanford was (of which Brazil is a global pioneer at founded eight years ago. The education (of which Brazil is a global pioneer at founded eight years ago. The education all ages and levels). Such evaluations faculty at Stanford is small (about 45 all ages and levels). Such evaluations faculty at Stanford is small (about 45 of how policy has affected school people), but four of them had experience of how policy has affected school people), but four of them had experience performance have produced good social in Brazil, so the Center emerged performance have produced good social in Brazil, so the Center emerged science together with good educational somewhat organically. The Center’s science together with good educational somewhat organically. The Center’s reforms. Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s mission is to support improvement reforms. Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s mission is to support improvement presidency was the high point for in the Brazilian educational system presidency was the high point for in the Brazilian educational system economists and technocrats, laying the via research and projects that seek economists and technocrats, laying the via research and projects that seek foundation for new and more equitable new strategies. Students and visiting foundation for new and more equitable new strategies. Students and visiting finance policies that led to higher salaries professors are brought to Stanford, finance policies that led to higher salaries professors are brought to Stanford, for teachers and also to the introduction where they meet to discuss topics for teachers and also to the introduction where they meet to discuss topics of an early version of the Bolsa Família. such as the economics of education, of an early version of the Bolsa Família. such as the economics of education, The PT built on these reforms, on a pedagogy, and educational technology. The PT built on these reforms, on a pedagogy, and educational technology.

38 38 Currently, the Center is working with a Teachers are protective of their autonomy Currently, the Center is working with a Teachers are protective of their autonomy number of partner universities in Brazil in the classroom, and some see the Base number of partner universities in Brazil in the classroom, and some see the Base to change the way that teachers are Nacional Comum as fascist as well. Will to change the way that teachers are Nacional Comum as fascist as well. Will trained, which remains a great failure of this new government see it as too infected trained, which remains a great failure of this new government see it as too infected Brazilian universities. Plank highlighted by Marx and Freire and throw it out? Brazilian universities. Plank highlighted by Marx and Freire and throw it out? the Dados para um Debate Democrático em Bolsonaro’s priorities on the campaign the Dados para um Debate Democrático em Bolsonaro’s priorities on the campaign Educação (D3E), an initiative that aims to trail have seemed to be Escola Sem Educação (D3E), an initiative that aims to trail have seemed to be Escola Sem increase the impact of academic research Partido; attacking universities, teachers, increase the impact of academic research Partido; attacking universities, teachers, in educational policy-making. He is also and ENEM; and banning discussions in educational policy-making. He is also and ENEM; and banning discussions working on projects that aim to better about gender and sexuality in schools. working on projects that aim to better about gender and sexuality in schools. implement the Base Nacional and the It is unclear how these priorities will implement the Base Nacional and the It is unclear how these priorities will Reforma do Ensino Médio in classrooms. play out once he is in office. If the US’ Reforma do Ensino Médio in classrooms. play out once he is in office. If the US’ He briefly discussed other education recent example tells us anything, it is that He briefly discussed other education recent example tells us anything, it is that initiatives in the Center, including data- such promises tend to worsen once the initiatives in the Center, including data- such promises tend to worsen once the sharing arrangements with multiple states, candidate obtains office, so the current sharing arrangements with multiple states, candidate obtains office, so the current municípios, and federal agencies; work situation in Brazil is one of anxiety. municípios, and federal agencies; work situation in Brazil is one of anxiety. with the Cearense município of Sobral on with the Cearense município of Sobral on new techniques in science education; and Joseph Straubhaar, Amon G. new techniques in science education; and Joseph Straubhaar, Amon G. a research project that investigates how Carter Centennial Professor of a research project that investigates how Carter Centennial Professor of small changes in student environments can Communication, The University of small changes in student environments can Communication, The University of lead to big changes in the behaviors and Texas - Austin. lead to big changes in the behaviors and Texas - Austin. mindsets of students and their parents. mindsets of students and their parents. Professor Straubhaar discussed the Professor Straubhaar discussed the Professor Plank described Brazil as being importance of research on communications Professor Plank described Brazil as being importance of research on communications in a liminal moment. He believes that we and media in Brazil. Brazil is a crucial in a liminal moment. He believes that we and media in Brazil. Brazil is a crucial will see the re-emergence of old debates case study in the US and in international will see the re-emergence of old debates case study in the US and in international regarding whether or not to overturn debates surrounding media and regarding whether or not to overturn debates surrounding media and recent governments’ educational reforms, communications. It was an emerging recent governments’ educational reforms, communications. It was an emerging including affirmative action, teacher power even before the emergence of the including affirmative action, teacher power even before the emergence of the training, and curriculum reform. Who BRICS, which is how he first became training, and curriculum reform. Who BRICS, which is how he first became owns the curriculum is a major debate in interested in it: he wanted to see who owns the curriculum is a major debate in interested in it: he wanted to see who Brazil. Is education a private affair? Is it would challenge American dominance Brazil. Is education a private affair? Is it would challenge American dominance the responsibility of the family and the in this field. Brazil seemed to directly the responsibility of the family and the in this field. Brazil seemed to directly church rather than the state? Although challenge US cultural imperialism in the church rather than the state? Although challenge US cultural imperialism in the these concerns are now being voiced debates of the 1970s. Brazil is currently a these concerns are now being voiced debates of the 1970s. Brazil is currently a primarily by Evangelicals rather than more important communications power primarily by Evangelicals rather than more important communications power Catholics, the debate remains the same than China. Catholics, the debate remains the same than China. as it was in the 1950s. As a teacher friend as it was in the 1950s. As a teacher friend said to him, “All curriculum is fascist.” said to him, “All curriculum is fascist.”

brazilian studies in the united states | 39 brazilian studies in the united states | 39 dictatorship, Globo employed a number dictatorship, Globo employed a number  of left-wing writers who found a haven  of left-wing writers who found a haven for their ideas in the telenovelas they for their ideas in the telenovelas they In the US, Facebook were writing. In the US, Facebook were writing. has become more open has become more open RCA and the United States influenced RCA and the United States influenced as a public relations TV Tupi, and it is interesting to trace as a public relations TV Tupi, and it is interesting to trace how that influence became transformed how that influence became transformed effort, but it is not a over time. TV Tupi existed from 1950- effort, but it is not a over time. TV Tupi existed from 1950- legal requirement. 1981, run by Assis Chateaubriand. It legal requirement. 1981, run by Assis Chateaubriand. It is a study in how something can seem is a study in how something can seem so powerful while being the worst so powerful while being the worst Brazil has been an innovator in Brazil has been an innovator in run television network in the world, run television network in the world, alternative media, from the VCR to alternative media, from the VCR to which led to its eventual collapse. The which led to its eventual collapse. The the internet. As a case study, it is an the internet. As a case study, it is an twentieth century in Brazil was marked twentieth century in Brazil was marked important example of the growth and important example of the growth and by extreme decentralization, where by extreme decentralization, where power of national media companies, power of national media companies, programs were never played at the same programs were never played at the same families and empires. Brazil’s families and empires. Brazil’s time and advertising became impossible. time and advertising became impossible. innovation in new media can be seen innovation in new media can be seen Roberto Marinho and Joe Wallach (an Roberto Marinho and Joe Wallach (an in its widespread use of the application in its widespread use of the application American who received the Ordem American who received the Ordem WhatsApp, whose encrypted data played WhatsApp, whose encrypted data played Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) helped Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) helped a major role in the recent elections (even a major role in the recent elections (even to commercialize Brazilian TV on the to commercialize Brazilian TV on the more so than Trump and Facebook). more so than Trump and Facebook). American model. American model. Brazil also makes for an interesting case Brazil also makes for an interesting case study when looking at how the Radio study when looking at how the Radio Professor Straubhaar perceives a Professor Straubhaar perceives a Nacional was used to construct Brazilian Nacional was used to construct Brazilian generalized attitude in Brazil that TV generalized attitude in Brazil that TV national identity. The poorly managed national identity. The poorly managed is globalized, capitalist, and not to be is globalized, capitalist, and not to be TV Tupi could teach us much about TV Tupi could teach us much about trusted. The effect of the media on trusted. The effect of the media on success and failure in the media business. success and failure in the media business. Brazilian society has certainly been Brazilian society has certainly been powerful, and there was much capital powerful, and there was much capital The progression of the telenovela is The progression of the telenovela is flow into Rede Globo during the military flow into Rede Globo during the military an interesting hemispheric case study. an interesting hemispheric case study. dictatorship. That government was dictatorship. That government was Colgate Palmolive created the telenovela Colgate Palmolive created the telenovela happy to turn Brazil into a capitalist, happy to turn Brazil into a capitalist, in Cuba in order to sell soap. When in Cuba in order to sell soap. When consumer society so that its citizens consumer society so that its citizens Castro got rid of the telenovelas in Castro got rid of the telenovelas in would not desire a left-wing revolution would not desire a left-wing revolution his country, he inadvertently spread his country, he inadvertently spread should one threaten to arise. Yes, should one threaten to arise. Yes, them throughout Latin America, them throughout Latin America, Brazilian TV has been an instrument of Brazilian TV has been an instrument of including Brazil. Rede Globo’s history including Brazil. Rede Globo’s history cultural imperialism, but only focusing cultural imperialism, but only focusing is fascinating to study because in the is fascinating to study because in the on that aspect ignores other interesting on that aspect ignores other interesting 1970s, while supporting the military 1970s, while supporting the military

40 40 cultural developments that took place identity. Brazilians are the largest group cultural developments that took place identity. Brazilians are the largest group because of it. Professor Straubhaar is of social media adherents in the world. because of it. Professor Straubhaar is of social media adherents in the world. currently studying how TV Globo will He doesn’t want to seem determinist, as currently studying how TV Globo will He doesn’t want to seem determinist, as cope with internet streaming providers if the results of Bolsonaro’s election were cope with internet streaming providers if the results of Bolsonaro’s election were such as Netflix. a foregone conclusion, but he does admit such as Netflix. a foregone conclusion, but he does admit that the strategy was well-chosen, since that the strategy was well-chosen, since Returning to the history of Brazilian many Brazilians do not have access to Returning to the history of Brazilian many Brazilians do not have access to media, Professor Straubhaar discussed conventional media but do have access to media, Professor Straubhaar discussed conventional media but do have access to how Roberto Marinho wanted to WhatsApp. how Roberto Marinho wanted to WhatsApp. “glocalize” the US model when he took “glocalize” the US model when he took over Rede Globo. There is debate as Professor Straubhaar concluded by over Rede Globo. There is debate as Professor Straubhaar concluded by to whether it was a violation of the presenting an overview of his professional to whether it was a violation of the presenting an overview of his professional Constitution when the network took involvement in Brazil. He has worked Constitution when the network took involvement in Brazil. He has worked American technology and then essentially with Intercom since the 1970s, describing American technology and then essentially with Intercom since the 1970s, describing kicked them out of the country. These himself as “their pet gringo”. He has kicked them out of the country. These himself as “their pet gringo”. He has events demonstrated the considerable participated in the Colóquio Brasil-Estados events demonstrated the considerable participated in the Colóquio Brasil-Estados power of that media empire. Another Unidos de Estudos da Comunicação power of that media empire. Another Unidos de Estudos da Comunicação interesting historical figure is Dias since 2002. He feels that his role as an interesting historical figure is Dias since 2002. He feels that his role as an Gomes, a man who was popular theater outside observer can be positive so long Gomes, a man who was popular theater outside observer can be positive so long productions were censured by the military as it is performed in good faith. He is productions were censured by the military as it is performed in good faith. He is dictatorship. He then transitioned into TV also a member of the Academy of US dictatorship. He then transitioned into TV also a member of the Academy of US because he felt the theater had become too Brazilianists, an organization based in because he felt the theater had become too Brazilianists, an organization based in elitist. He faced a choice: to become either Brazil. In that organization, he finds a lot elitist. He faced a choice: to become either Brazil. In that organization, he finds a lot a leader of a communist party or to write of productive dialogue and little power a leader of a communist party or to write of productive dialogue and little power for Rede Globo. From his unlikely position politics or presupposition of superior for Rede Globo. From his unlikely position politics or presupposition of superior at Rede Globo, although the network knowledge. at Rede Globo, although the network knowledge. promoted capitalist modernity, he was able promoted capitalist modernity, he was able to offer a platform for leftist playwrights to Cecile Fromont, Yale University, to offer a platform for leftist playwrights to Cecile Fromont, Yale University, talk about their vision for Brazil. It was an Panel Moderator talk about their vision for Brazil. It was an Panel Moderator interesting compromise that got everyone interesting compromise that got everyone at least a little bit of what they wanted. Professor Fromont echoed previous at least a little bit of what they wanted. Professor Fromont echoed previous presenters’ urging for better and earlier presenters’ urging for better and earlier Brazil is an innovator in technology language study, particularly linked to Brazil is an innovator in technology language study, particularly linked to for alternative media, including favela study abroad, since issues of translation for alternative media, including favela study abroad, since issues of translation and village media. Such folk media and are so central in teaching and research. and village media. Such folk media and are so central in teaching and research. communication has a long history in There need to be more classes teaching communication has a long history in There need to be more classes teaching Brazil, as seen for instance in the cordel Portuguese for Spanish speakers, which Brazil, as seen for instance in the cordel Portuguese for Spanish speakers, which and forró traditions in the Northeast, would accelerate learning and increase and forró traditions in the Northeast, would accelerate learning and increase which are deeply intwined with regional the quantity of people in the field quickly. which are deeply intwined with regional the quantity of people in the field quickly.

brazilian studies in the united states | 41 brazilian studies in the united states | 41 The field of Brazilian art history in the a public relations effort, but it is not a The field of Brazilian art history in the a public relations effort, but it is not a US academy is useful to other fields as legal requirement. The technology is so US academy is useful to other fields as legal requirement. The technology is so well, such as anthropology and history, far in front of our ability to regulate it well, such as anthropology and history, far in front of our ability to regulate it and she finds much solidarity amongst that he is not optimistic that any changes and she finds much solidarity amongst that he is not optimistic that any changes these disciplines. There is a desire to will be forthcoming. He discussed the these disciplines. There is a desire to will be forthcoming. He discussed the grow these fields together, through the urgency of media literacy campaigns, grow these fields together, through the urgency of media literacy campaigns, help of institutions such as the Getty since this new technology meant that help of institutions such as the Getty since this new technology meant that Foundation. In art history, digitalization many people were unprepared to filter Foundation. In art history, digitalization many people were unprepared to filter is also crucial but insufficient, since one the news that reached them. In Brazil, is also crucial but insufficient, since one the news that reached them. In Brazil, cannot simply download works of art. many people without prior access to the cannot simply download works of art. many people without prior access to the Cultural cooperation remains key, as well internet suddenly had a smart phone in Cultural cooperation remains key, as well internet suddenly had a smart phone in as support for museum programming their hands, and if a trusted relative sent as support for museum programming their hands, and if a trusted relative sent and traveling exhibitions. The last major them something, it surely must be true. and traveling exhibitions. The last major them something, it surely must be true. exhibition on Brazil in the US was the He believes that there is no real exhibition on Brazil in the US was the He believes that there is no real Brazil: Body and Soul exhibition at the government interest in investigating the Brazil: Body and Soul exhibition at the government interest in investigating the Guggenheim in 2001. In order for the technological innovations that helped to Guggenheim in 2001. In order for the technological innovations that helped to field of Brazilian Studies to grow, we elect them, therefore this initiative will field of Brazilian Studies to grow, we elect them, therefore this initiative will must foster more study of the many have to come from civil society and other must foster more study of the many have to come from civil society and other diverse faces of the many different actors. diverse faces of the many different actors. Brazils. Brazils. An audience member noted an increase An audience member noted an increase Questions and Discussion: in literacy and functional literacy in Questions and Discussion: in literacy and functional literacy in recent years, as well as the highest recent years, as well as the highest An audience member asked what the role support for Bolsonaro coming from the An audience member asked what the role support for Bolsonaro coming from the of academics should be in mitigating college-educated. What will the impact of academics should be in mitigating college-educated. What will the impact fake news in elections, public health, and of this increase in functional literacy be fake news in elections, public health, and of this increase in functional literacy be so on. Professor Straubhaar gave a brief on Brazilian society? Professor Plank so on. Professor Straubhaar gave a brief on Brazilian society? Professor Plank overview of court cases in Brazil where noted that when he was in grad school, overview of court cases in Brazil where noted that when he was in grad school, judges unsuccessfully attempted to there were more illiterate than literate judges unsuccessfully attempted to there were more illiterate than literate obtain encrypted data from WhatsApp people in Brazilian society. Literacy obtain encrypted data from WhatsApp people in Brazilian society. Literacy in order to prosecute drug traffickers. changes the way people think about the in order to prosecute drug traffickers. changes the way people think about the The company preferred to shut down world, as transmitted facts seem more The company preferred to shut down world, as transmitted facts seem more for days rather than acquiesce to this real. We need to reckon with the fact that for days rather than acquiesce to this real. We need to reckon with the fact that demand. However, Facebook is now the not everything written down is true, and demand. However, Facebook is now the not everything written down is true, and owner of WhatsApp, and the extent to with the recent proliferation in sources owner of WhatsApp, and the extent to with the recent proliferation in sources which they may or may not cooperate of information. Literacy is just one more which they may or may not cooperate of information. Literacy is just one more with researchers in the future will tool that humans can use. The optimism with researchers in the future will tool that humans can use. The optimism depend on a number of factors. In the he had held felt over literacy campaigns depend on a number of factors. In the he had held felt over literacy campaigns US, Facebook has become more open as has been qualified. Just making people US, Facebook has become more open as has been qualified. Just making people

42 42 literate does not necessarily make them state’s involvement in education (seeing literate does not necessarily make them state’s involvement in education (seeing more civic-minded, historically aware, or the state as leftist and union-friendly). The more civic-minded, historically aware, or the state as leftist and union-friendly). The politically astute. Professor Straubhaar situation is similar in the US. politically astute. Professor Straubhaar situation is similar in the US. explained that people must be taught to explained that people must be taught to be skeptical of sources of information, be skeptical of sources of information, which is a cultivated rather than natural which is a cultivated rather than natural impulse. Professor Plank said that this impulse. Professor Plank said that this kind of literacy is Professor Weinstein’s kind of literacy is Professor Weinstein’s main occupation at Stanford, where both main occupation at Stanford, where both students and teachers need assistance students and teachers need assistance is sorting out the truth from multiple is sorting out the truth from multiple sources. Professor Straubhaar said that we sources. Professor Straubhaar said that we must teach people to be post-modern: just must teach people to be post-modern: just because something is new and interesting because something is new and interesting does not mean that it is true. does not mean that it is true.

Another question was posed concerning Another question was posed concerning the changes that will come due to the changes that will come due to upcoming educational reforms in Brazil upcoming educational reforms in Brazil along a capitalist model— reforms such along a capitalist model— reforms such as increasing privatization and distance as increasing privatization and distance learning, in which certain cabinet learning, in which certain cabinet members have a financial interest. This members have a financial interest. This also converges with the agenda of the also converges with the agenda of the Evangelical bloc. What will be the likely Evangelical bloc. What will be the likely effects of these reforms, and how is the effects of these reforms, and how is the field of education in the US thinking about field of education in the US thinking about these? Professor Plank answered that the these? Professor Plank answered that the effect will be powerful. There is a large effect will be powerful. There is a large private sector in education, particularly private sector in education, particularly in higher education, in part because of in higher education, in part because of new policies and in part because of an new policies and in part because of an emenda constitucional that limits public emenda constitucional that limits public expenditures. This is likely to increase over expenditures. This is likely to increase over the course of the next president’s mandate, the course of the next president’s mandate, and have an impact for at least twenty and have an impact for at least twenty years or so. This will be compounded by years or so. This will be compounded by financial backers pushing for this, as well financial backers pushing for this, as well as constituencies that are hostile to the as constituencies that are hostile to the

brazilian studies in the united states | 43 brazilian studies in the united states | 43 Session 5: Sociology, possible professors in sociology, which Session 5: Sociology, possible professors in sociology, which Demography and Urban filled a vacuum. In the 1980s, when Demography and Urban filled a vacuum. In the 1980s, when Planning this was happening, population control Planning this was happening, population control was a major sociological question, was a major sociological question, although this never interested him although this never interested him as much as urban development. The as much as urban development. The Saturday, December 1, 2018. Saturday, December 1, 2018. Chinese universities needed the financial Chinese universities needed the financial 1:30-3:00 p.m. 1:30-3:00 p.m. resources that the US academies could resources that the US academies could offer. Nowadays, the research network offer. Nowadays, the research network Moderator: Claudia Valeggia, Moderator: Claudia Valeggia, is much more secure and mature. is much more secure and mature. Professor of Anthropology and Professor of Anthropology and However, now there is no more money However, now there is no more money Spanish and Portuguese; Chair, Spanish and Portuguese; Chair, in the US for this kind of research— it in the US for this kind of research— it Council on Latin American and Council on Latin American and is all in China. He is no longer teaching is all in China. He is no longer teaching Iberian Studies, Yale University. Iberian Studies, Yale University. the rudiments of his discipline to these the rudiments of his discipline to these students, since they can obtain that students, since they can obtain that Discussion Question: Regarding studies knowledge from their own professors. Discussion Question: Regarding studies knowledge from their own professors. on urban formation and Brazilian Now this joint PhD can offer the on urban formation and Brazilian Now this joint PhD can offer the environmental challenges from the U.S. reputation of the American university, environmental challenges from the U.S. reputation of the American university, perspective, what are the best ways in which helps students get published and perspective, what are the best ways in which helps students get published and which U.S. researchers can contribute to acquire funding. Many US researchers which U.S. researchers can contribute to acquire funding. Many US researchers the debate in Brazil? engage in collaboration in order to the debate in Brazil? engage in collaboration in order to develop the field in another country develop the field in another country John Logan, Professor of where it needs help developing. John Logan, Professor of where it needs help developing. Sociology, Brown University. Sociology, Brown University. Although his research focuses principally Although his research focuses principally Professor Logan began by presenting on China, he did develop the Map Brazil Professor Logan began by presenting on China, he did develop the Map Brazil data mapping as an example of a way Project which makes GIS data on urban data mapping as an example of a way Project which makes GIS data on urban that US researchers can contribute to change in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo that US researchers can contribute to change in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo urban research in Brazil. He drew from in 2000 and 2010 publicly available. This urban research in Brazil. He drew from in 2000 and 2010 publicly available. This his experience with China in order to allows for many actors from different his experience with China in order to allows for many actors from different address the discussion question. At this disciplines to interact at the same time address the discussion question. At this disciplines to interact at the same time conference, many of the panelists seem with the same data, rather than keeping conference, many of the panelists seem with the same data, rather than keeping at least semi-Brazilian in a way, although their perspectives siloed. This project at least semi-Brazilian in a way, although their perspectives siloed. This project he has no such connection to China. uses the IBGE data available online he has no such connection to China. uses the IBGE data available online When he was at Albany, they created to present maps where urban spatial When he was at Albany, they created to present maps where urban spatial a join PhD program with a Chinese inequalities (which are central to urban a join PhD program with a Chinese inequalities (which are central to urban universities that allowed students to social science) become clearly visualized. universities that allowed students to social science) become clearly visualized. spend a few years studying in each While this data is technically available, spend a few years studying in each While this data is technically available, country. These students were the earliest it is difficult to find, understand and country. These students were the earliest it is difficult to find, understand and

44 44 interpret. While he does not feel capable policy and the allocation of resources, interpret. While he does not feel capable policy and the allocation of resources, of interpreting urban inequalities in Brazil, it is important to think about what can of interpreting urban inequalities in Brazil, it is important to think about what can he does feel competent to map it using be gained from these relationships from he does feel competent to map it using be gained from these relationships from these data sets, dissemination systems and a Brazilian perspective. She sees these these data sets, dissemination systems and a Brazilian perspective. She sees these mapping systems. relationships as circular—as exchanges— mapping systems. relationships as circular—as exchanges— and not a one-way street. and not a one-way street. The Map Brazil Project was built partly The Map Brazil Project was built partly on Google and is more user-friendly that She outlined three ways that the on Google and is more user-friendly that She outlined three ways that the the raw IBGE data. He demonstrated for US’ influence has been important in the raw IBGE data. He demonstrated for US’ influence has been important in the audience how a person could use the Brazil. First, the vision of what a city the audience how a person could use the Brazil. First, the vision of what a city map’s layers to display urban inequalities is has become more abstract. Material map’s layers to display urban inequalities is has become more abstract. Material between the Rio de Janeiro neighborhoods and symbolic signs and symbols of between the Rio de Janeiro neighborhoods and symbolic signs and symbols of of Leblon and Rocinha, the former wealthy cities include neon signs, sidewalks, of Leblon and Rocinha, the former wealthy cities include neon signs, sidewalks, and the latter a favela. There were clear transportation, public works, skyscrapers, and the latter a favela. There were clear transportation, public works, skyscrapers, disparities between the two neighborhoods and so forth. The city is part of a disparities between the two neighborhoods and so forth. The city is part of a when comparing the percentage of college normative architectural spacial and social when comparing the percentage of college normative architectural spacial and social degrees held, number of street signs (with revolution, an incubator of a vision of the degrees held, number of street signs (with revolution, an incubator of a vision of the implications for access to gas water, trash modern grounded in Marx and Weber. implications for access to gas water, trash modern grounded in Marx and Weber. pickup, etc.), and regularity of streets. Cities display an evolutionary notion of pickup, etc.), and regularity of streets. Cities display an evolutionary notion of Particularly when working with students unitary human progress. The city is still a Particularly when working with students unitary human progress. The city is still a who may not have been to these cities North Atlantic construction that does not who may not have been to these cities North Atlantic construction that does not personally, such visual imagery can be an conform to lived realities in the so-called personally, such visual imagery can be an conform to lived realities in the so-called important pedagogical tool. It is available “global South”, and even in the North important pedagogical tool. It is available “global South”, and even in the North at: https://s4.ad.brown.edu/webgisnew/ Atlantic such a paradigmatic city was at: https://s4.ad.brown.edu/webgisnew/ Atlantic such a paradigmatic city was webgisbrazil/ always a fantasy, anyhow. The number of webgisbrazil/ always a fantasy, anyhow. The number of cities without such categories is greater cities without such categories is greater Brodwyn Fischer, Professor of Latin outside of the North Atlantic, and they Brodwyn Fischer, Professor of Latin outside of the North Atlantic, and they American History and the College, often include shanty towns, forms of American History and the College, often include shanty towns, forms of University of Chicago. violence as extralegal forms of power, and University of Chicago. violence as extralegal forms of power, and networks of relational power that can be as networks of relational power that can be as Professor Fischer is a historian by training, important as legal liberal institutions. We Professor Fischer is a historian by training, important as legal liberal institutions. We but her recent work has bearing on need to be self-critical on this point and but her recent work has bearing on need to be self-critical on this point and current events such as the right to the city, to understand cities in terms of what they current events such as the right to the city, to understand cities in terms of what they race, citizenship, and the meaning of the are, as well as what they should, can or race, citizenship, and the meaning of the are, as well as what they should, can or law. When she first read the discussion want to be. law. When she first read the discussion want to be. question about what the US can bring question about what the US can bring to the study of Brazilian cities, she The US has greatly influenced how cities to the study of Brazilian cities, she The US has greatly influenced how cities thought the question sounded imperialist. should be studied and what in them thought the question sounded imperialist. should be studied and what in them However, when considering educational should be studied. Methodologies and However, when considering educational should be studied. Methodologies and

brazilian studies in the united states | 45 brazilian studies in the united states | 45 paradigms such as census techniques immigrants in US institutions. The paradigms such as census techniques immigrants in US institutions. The have been coming from the US, although cosmopolitanism of early anthropology have been coming from the US, although cosmopolitanism of early anthropology Brazil has had an influence, too. She transferred over into urban studies Brazil has had an influence, too. She transferred over into urban studies cited a publicly available census map as the discipline emerged. This cited a publicly available census map as the discipline emerged. This from Recife in 1907 which mapped even multidisciplinary field is empirical and from Recife in 1907 which mapped even multidisciplinary field is empirical and the shanties, and was the only map of its inductive, sending researchers out into the shanties, and was the only map of its inductive, sending researchers out into kind available in the world at that time. the world to build knowledge from kind available in the world at that time. the world to build knowledge from With the rise of the Chicago School of the bottom up. She discussed Luis With the rise of the Chicago School of the bottom up. She discussed Luis Sociology, some researchers focused Bettencourt of the Mansueto Institute for Sociology, some researchers focused Bettencourt of the Mansueto Institute for on Brazil and created its first social Urban Innovation at the University of on Brazil and created its first social Urban Innovation at the University of science institutes, such as USP. They Chicago. He was trained as a theoretical science institutes, such as USP. They Chicago. He was trained as a theoretical also influenced Boas at Columbia and physicist and housed in the ecology also influenced Boas at Columbia and physicist and housed in the ecology other researchers. The Chicago School department, so his work and that of other researchers. The Chicago School department, so his work and that of influenced Freyre’s work on race, cities the institute were interdisciplinary influenced Freyre’s work on race, cities the institute were interdisciplinary and evolution, such as the evolution of from the start. One modern iteration of and evolution, such as the evolution of from the start. One modern iteration of shacks to formal neighborhoods. Donald this interdisciplinary approach is this shacks to formal neighborhoods. Donald this interdisciplinary approach is this Pierson researched racial dynamics in application of mathematical models of Pierson researched racial dynamics in application of mathematical models of Bahia and São Paulo, and help set up topology to access to urban resources Bahia and São Paulo, and help set up topology to access to urban resources their first social science institutes. Ruth such as access to health care, education, their first social science institutes. Ruth such as access to health care, education, Landes conducted anthropological and sanitation. A big challenge in Landes conducted anthropological and sanitation. A big challenge in research on Candomblé. Some of the urban planning is how to keep people research on Candomblé. Some of the urban planning is how to keep people first articulations of the connections from having to travel far for access to first articulations of the connections from having to travel far for access to between race, space and inequality such basic services, but creating streets between race, space and inequality such basic services, but creating streets happened because of exchanges between without forcing evictions is difficult in happened because of exchanges between without forcing evictions is difficult in American and Brazilian scholars. places like Rio de Janeiro, where the American and Brazilian scholars. places like Rio de Janeiro, where the Floristan Fernandes’ work was modeled alleys of the favelas are often twisty and Floristan Fernandes’ work was modeled alleys of the favelas are often twisty and on the Chicago School, and Ann Teles unplanned. Many conflicts arise over on the Chicago School, and Ann Teles unplanned. Many conflicts arise over (among others) used modern mapping how to regularize access to services with (among others) used modern mapping how to regularize access to services with techniques to gain insight. The focus minimal disruption. Such mathematical techniques to gain insight. The focus minimal disruption. Such mathematical on race and cities, as well as urban modeling can help with this, generating on race and cities, as well as urban modeling can help with this, generating informality, from the 1930s onward was maps that can be taken into community informality, from the 1930s onward was maps that can be taken into community heavily influenced by the US. American meetings to examine what options are heavily influenced by the US. American meetings to examine what options are researchers went to the Brazilian favelas available. Such interdisciplinary work researchers went to the Brazilian favelas available. Such interdisciplinary work to better understand urban anthropology is now being expanded to Cape Town to better understand urban anthropology is now being expanded to Cape Town and sociology, so Brazil was crucial to the and Mumbai in conjunction with Slum and sociology, so Brazil was crucial to the and Mumbai in conjunction with Slum development of these fields. Dwellers International, which is an development of these fields. Dwellers International, which is an organization against forced removals and organization against forced removals and A third factor to examine is the influence authoritarian urban planning. A third factor to examine is the influence authoritarian urban planning. of immigrants and the children of of immigrants and the children of

46 46 Professor Fischer echoed Toqueville ongoing debates. Universities in Brazil Professor Fischer echoed Toqueville ongoing debates. Universities in Brazil in highlighting how a foreigner can sometimes speak only to each other and in highlighting how a foreigner can sometimes speak only to each other and sometimes bring a fresh perspective on not to the outside world, so researchers sometimes bring a fresh perspective on not to the outside world, so researchers things that have become so normalized need to participate in order to widen these things that have become so normalized need to participate in order to widen these that they don’t seem worth studying. In debates. She loves going to Brazil because that they don’t seem worth studying. In debates. She loves going to Brazil because Brazil, urban racial and spatial inequality of the high level of scholarship she finds Brazil, urban racial and spatial inequality of the high level of scholarship she finds is usually studied by foreigners, or by there, which shows her how much she still is usually studied by foreigners, or by there, which shows her how much she still people who studied in the US: perhaps needs to learn. people who studied in the US: perhaps needs to learn. such research is harder to dismiss or such research is harder to dismiss or marginalize when a famous institution or Questions and Discussion: marginalize when a famous institution or Questions and Discussion: foreigner is bringing it to the table. During foreigner is bringing it to the table. During the military dictatorship, the US was a An audience member asked the panel to the military dictatorship, the US was a An audience member asked the panel to safe haven for researchers from Brazil, reflect on ways in which collaboration is safe haven for researchers from Brazil, reflect on ways in which collaboration is and as Americans we have to take that not always positive, citing an example of and as Americans we have to take that not always positive, citing an example of role seriously. We must continue to be a multiple teams “collaborating” on a paper role seriously. We must continue to be a multiple teams “collaborating” on a paper safe space for researchers from threatened but in practice only working together safe space for researchers from threatened but in practice only working together countries, and sometimes we need that at the end of the process. How could countries, and sometimes we need that at the end of the process. How could kind of care ourselves: this is an important researchers balance what is positive in kind of care ourselves: this is an important researchers balance what is positive in aspect of exchange. The US fosters both local and cosmopolitan networks? aspect of exchange. The US fosters both local and cosmopolitan networks? university spaces in Brazil that are free and Professor Logan explained that social university spaces in Brazil that are free and Professor Logan explained that social not-for-profit, and she is concerned for science researchers do not organize not-for-profit, and she is concerned for science researchers do not organize their future under the incoming regime. themselves around a project. There is a their future under the incoming regime. themselves around a project. There is a Education is not just for entrepreneurship. huge number of people active, but who Education is not just for entrepreneurship. huge number of people active, but who There must be a focus on free speech and are only sometimes influenced by each There must be a focus on free speech and are only sometimes influenced by each knowledge production, and it must remain other. They are disconnected, usually only knowledge production, and it must remain other. They are disconnected, usually only accessible to all sectors of the population. working together on a local level. This accessible to all sectors of the population. working together on a local level. This disjointedness is not what the discussion disjointedness is not what the discussion Researchers make a real contribution question would seem to anticipate. This Researchers make a real contribution question would seem to anticipate. This to a country when they are really lucky. insularity means that many researchers— to a country when they are really lucky. insularity means that many researchers— Otherwise, their best function is as such as sociologists, economists, and Otherwise, their best function is as such as sociologists, economists, and translators of what is already being anthropologists—never read each others’ translators of what is already being anthropologists—never read each others’ researched in Brazil, and serving as a work. Some of these divisions are due researched in Brazil, and serving as a work. Some of these divisions are due bridge to bring that knowledge to the to theoretical orientations. For example, bridge to bring that knowledge to the to theoretical orientations. For example, US. Although some argue that this is some sociologists would never want to US. Although some argue that this is some sociologists would never want to unnecessary since so much research gets hear that the Chicago School had any unnecessary since so much research gets hear that the Chicago School had any published in English, there is still a great positive influence at all. We must push for published in English, there is still a great positive influence at all. We must push for deal of social context that goes beyond more cooperation and communication. deal of social context that goes beyond more cooperation and communication. literal translation. Intermediaries are still Professor Fischer cautioned, however, literal translation. Intermediaries are still Professor Fischer cautioned, however, needed to explain the richer context of that too much communication can lead needed to explain the richer context of that too much communication can lead

brazilian studies in the united states | 47 brazilian studies in the united states | 47 to paradigms generated in one place similar to when the Ford Foundation to paradigms generated in one place similar to when the Ford Foundation that do not apply in another. But, in stepped in to finance research on race that do not apply in another. But, in stepped in to finance research on race the balance, now there is a place in in the 1970s. Professor Logan noted the balance, now there is a place in in the 1970s. Professor Logan noted which to conduct urban studies. This that when he first started working in which to conduct urban studies. This that when he first started working in allows new categories to be created and China, the one-child policy was the allows new categories to be created and China, the one-child policy was the to translate those ideas to a broader main concern of sociology. Now its focus to translate those ideas to a broader main concern of sociology. Now its focus audience. When you support these is more on income inequality and the audience. When you support these is more on income inequality and the initiatives locally, you gain the ability to marginalization of rural-urban migrants. initiatives locally, you gain the ability to marginalization of rural-urban migrants. contribute internationally. Usually such These studies are cloaked in phrases contribute internationally. Usually such These studies are cloaked in phrases collaborations involve people of equal such as “social harmony”. He noted that collaborations involve people of equal such as “social harmony”. He noted that resources that end up talking to each authoritarian regimes that want to last resources that end up talking to each authoritarian regimes that want to last other, so we much endeavor to make long-term can be good for progressive other, so we much endeavor to make long-term can be good for progressive systems robust in all places. sociology. Fifteen years ago, it was systems robust in all places. sociology. Fifteen years ago, it was difficult to talk about housing reform, difficult to talk about housing reform, Another question was posed but eventually he found a way to conduct Another question was posed but eventually he found a way to conduct concerning the future of Brazil given that study that was acceptable to the concerning the future of Brazil given that study that was acceptable to the the governmental transition, when the government. He imagines something the governmental transition, when the government. He imagines something government is usually what galvanizes similar could happen in Brazil. There government is usually what galvanizes similar could happen in Brazil. There academic research. Professor Fischer may be a way for researchers to study academic research. Professor Fischer may be a way for researchers to study acknowledged the enormity of this what they want without attacking the acknowledged the enormity of this what they want without attacking the present discussion. Will there be a repeal regime. Perhaps support from foreign present discussion. Will there be a repeal regime. Perhaps support from foreign of affirmative action, or will limitations foundations won’t even be necessary if of affirmative action, or will limitations foundations won’t even be necessary if to equal access to education be enacted? there is a critical mass in US academies to equal access to education be enacted? there is a critical mass in US academies The state agencies that are responsible pushing for collaboration, although he The state agencies that are responsible pushing for collaboration, although he for funding research influence what admitted that his lack of knowledge for funding research influence what admitted that his lack of knowledge kinds of knowledge will be available about Bolsonaro might mean that his kinds of knowledge will be available about Bolsonaro might mean that his and produced. Politics changes research outlook is too optimistic. and produced. Politics changes research outlook is too optimistic. agendas and funding. The US can play agendas and funding. The US can play a role if this happens, which would be a role if this happens, which would be

  When you support these initiatives locally, you When you support these initiatives locally, you gain the ability to contribute internationally. gain the ability to contribute internationally.

48 48 Session 6: Public Health also noted that basic biomedical science Session 6: Public Health also noted that basic biomedical science and Medicine is dominated by a system organized and Medicine is dominated by a system organized into highly hierarchical structures. A into highly hierarchical structures. A researcher’s background (or pedigree) researcher’s background (or pedigree) counts more than any other metric of counts more than any other metric of Saturday, December 1, 2018. Saturday, December 1, 2018. scientific capability when it comes to scientific capability when it comes to 3:00-4:30 p.m. 3:00-4:30 p.m. obtaining the funding and opportunities obtaining the funding and opportunities that lead to discovery. The system is that lead to discovery. The system is Moderator: Albert Ko, Moderator: Albert Ko, “winner takes all”. “winner takes all”. Department Chair and Professor of Department Chair and Professor of Epidemiology (Microbial Diseases) Epidemiology (Microbial Diseases) His hypothesis is that providing more His hypothesis is that providing more and of Medicine (Infectious and of Medicine (Infectious opportunities at early stages in the careers opportunities at early stages in the careers Diseases), Yale School of Public Diseases), Yale School of Public of people from all kinds of backgrounds of people from all kinds of backgrounds Health. Health. would lead to new kinds of scientific would lead to new kinds of scientific discoveries. He cautioned young scientists discoveries. He cautioned young scientists Discussion Questions: With respect about working too closely with a famous Discussion Questions: With respect about working too closely with a famous to public health and medicine, how professor: you will spend the rest of your to public health and medicine, how professor: you will spend the rest of your to effectively study Brazil as a field of career trying to sustain someone else’s to effectively study Brazil as a field of career trying to sustain someone else’s study? What impacts and challenges are theories. If you break with this hierarchical study? What impacts and challenges are theories. If you break with this hierarchical there for the exchange of this knowledge structure you will have the freedom to there for the exchange of this knowledge structure you will have the freedom to developed between American and Brazilian think, but no one to fight for you. developed between American and Brazilian think, but no one to fight for you. universities? universities? He proposed an intervention similar to He proposed an intervention similar to Marcelo de Oliveira Dietrich, Marcelo de Oliveira Dietrich, the talent scouting used by professional the talent scouting used by professional Assistant Professor of Comparative Assistant Professor of Comparative soccer teams and modeling agencies. soccer teams and modeling agencies. Medicine and of Neuroscience, Yale Medicine and of Neuroscience, Yale With a robust talent scouting system, With a robust talent scouting system, School of Medicine School of Medicine good “players” (read: scientists-in- good “players” (read: scientists-in- training) would be rewarded, no matter training) would be rewarded, no matter Professor Dietrich confessed to feeling like their socioeconomic background. This Professor Dietrich confessed to feeling like their socioeconomic background. This an outlier on this panel, and so he chose kind of educational scouting should an outlier on this panel, and so he chose kind of educational scouting should to discuss an updated version of what occur outside of the US and Europe, who to discuss an updated version of what occur outside of the US and Europe, who he presented at the May conference that currently dominate the field. With his “pet he presented at the May conference that currently dominate the field. With his “pet pre-dated this one. He presented a small project”, BioSCoP at UFRGS, he tries to pre-dated this one. He presented a small project”, BioSCoP at UFRGS, he tries to but energetic initiative in Brazil aimed at acquire Brazilian funding for students to but energetic initiative in Brazil aimed at acquire Brazilian funding for students to fostering biomedical research. He noted be trained in the biomedical sciences. He fostering biomedical research. He noted be trained in the biomedical sciences. He that the inequality gap in biomedical supposes that the impact of this project— that the inequality gap in biomedical supposes that the impact of this project— research is huge because of its expense. In which involves a personal financial risk research is huge because of its expense. In which involves a personal financial risk countries like Brazil, it becomes difficult to on his part— will perhaps be seen forty countries like Brazil, it becomes difficult to on his part— will perhaps be seen forty keep up with the growth of the field. He years from now. It creates an environment keep up with the growth of the field. He years from now. It creates an environment

brazilian studies in the united states | 49 brazilian studies in the united states | 49 of scientific discussion and competitive pool. However, he cautioned that such of scientific discussion and competitive pool. However, he cautioned that such science in Brazil, rather than removing initiatives are always in danger because science in Brazil, rather than removing initiatives are always in danger because the most talented students from there. the funding sources in Brazil are drying the most talented students from there. the funding sources in Brazil are drying He does, however, recognize the up. He encouraged people to reach out He does, however, recognize the up. He encouraged people to reach out importance of training talented young to him if they know of potential funding importance of training talented young to him if they know of potential funding Brazilians abroad. Although he has been solutions. Brazilians abroad. Although he has been solutions. doing this project for the past ten years, doing this project for the past ten years, he feels his youth was an impediment Marcia Castro, Professor of he feels his youth was an impediment Marcia Castro, Professor of to obtaining better resources until Demography, T. H. Chan School of to obtaining better resources until Demography, T. H. Chan School of recently. BioSCoP at UFRGS invites Public Health, Harvard University. recently. BioSCoP at UFRGS invites Public Health, Harvard University. junior faculty and post-docs to give talks junior faculty and post-docs to give talks so that younger researchers can connect Professor Castro began by explaining so that younger researchers can connect Professor Castro began by explaining with them. He showed a video clip that much of the work in public health with them. He showed a video clip that much of the work in public health from the conference, whose upcoming involves biomarkers, clinical trials, and from the conference, whose upcoming involves biomarkers, clinical trials, and iteration had 150 people registered. This experimental trials. Obtaining access to iteration had 150 people registered. This experimental trials. Obtaining access to project also runs a blog with resources such trials is additionally difficult when project also runs a blog with resources such trials is additionally difficult when and an “incubator lab” in Brazil. About researchers come from outside of the US. and an “incubator lab” in Brazil. About researchers come from outside of the US. 20 students who have come through In order to do this kind of work well, it 20 students who have come through In order to do this kind of work well, it the lab have gone on to PhD programs, is crucial to get out of the Ivy League and the lab have gone on to PhD programs, is crucial to get out of the Ivy League and which showcases its effectiveness. The into the field in order to truly understand which showcases its effectiveness. The into the field in order to truly understand blog resolves issues about a lack of the local situation. She stressed that blog resolves issues about a lack of the local situation. She stressed that awareness of funding opportunities, as dissertations in particular must be awareness of funding opportunities, as dissertations in particular must be well as providing instructions about how done in the field, particularly in order well as providing instructions about how done in the field, particularly in order to apply for grad schools and grants. to understand a culture’s perception of to apply for grad schools and grants. to understand a culture’s perception of There are currently six students at the risk and subsequent behaviors. One’s There are currently six students at the risk and subsequent behaviors. One’s incubator lab, with whom he holds work will be useless or even harmful if incubator lab, with whom he holds work will be useless or even harmful if weekly Skype meetings. its conclusions do not apply in the local weekly Skype meetings. its conclusions do not apply in the local context. Researchers must be humble: context. Researchers must be humble: He lauded the CAPES-Yale Doctoral while they may know the science, the He lauded the CAPES-Yale Doctoral while they may know the science, the Scholars Program in the Biomedical locals know the context. One must be Scholars Program in the Biomedical locals know the context. One must be Sciences, which helps 5-10 students per quick to understand but slow to judge. Sciences, which helps 5-10 students per quick to understand but slow to judge. year pursue doctoral studies at Yale. One must go back in history in order year pursue doctoral studies at Yale. One must go back in history in order CAPES is providing the financial support to understand the root of public health CAPES is providing the financial support to understand the root of public health necessary to bring three times as many problems. A lack of historical vision can necessary to bring three times as many problems. A lack of historical vision can Brazilian students in than there had result in, for example, papers studying Brazilian students in than there had result in, for example, papers studying been in previous years. This program is malaria in 1955 and 2018 yet showing been in previous years. This program is malaria in 1955 and 2018 yet showing continuous, high impact, and judged by the same problems. She stressed service- continuous, high impact, and judged by the same problems. She stressed service- Brazilian educational standards, which learning, which should be adopted by all Brazilian educational standards, which learning, which should be adopted by all increases the diversity of the applicant schools of public health. Such programs increases the diversity of the applicant schools of public health. Such programs

50 50 benefit communities in addition to getting a Harvard professor’s first question is benefit communities in addition to getting a Harvard professor’s first question is students on the ground. She lamented that whether there is money to pay their students on the ground. She lamented that whether there is money to pay their Harvard needed to be doing more in this salary. Without it, the collaboration dies. Harvard needed to be doing more in this salary. Without it, the collaboration dies. area. However, she did cite her institution’s Working in Brazil requires commitment, area. However, she did cite her institution’s Working in Brazil requires commitment, January three-week field intensive in a little bit of risk, and often working January three-week field intensive in a little bit of risk, and often working Brazil, as well as a course structured to without money. Like planting a seed, some Brazil, as well as a course structured to without money. Like planting a seed, some address problems on the ground. Harvard of these initiatives will sprout and some address problems on the ground. Harvard of these initiatives will sprout and some is just beginning to be concerned with will not, but no beautiful tree is possible is just beginning to be concerned with will not, but no beautiful tree is possible such service-learning initiatives that give without planting the seed. She pointed such service-learning initiatives that give without planting the seed. She pointed back to communities. out imbalances in the payment system back to communities. out imbalances in the payment system between the US and Brazil. Another between the US and Brazil. Another In the field of public health, real problem she described is the political In the field of public health, real problem she described is the political partnerships are imperative. Both Brazilian context in both countries. Both nations are partnerships are imperative. Both Brazilian context in both countries. Both nations are and American universities have to win experiencing a lack of trust in science, and and American universities have to win experiencing a lack of trust in science, and in such collaborations, exchanging both it becomes difficult to navigate the news in such collaborations, exchanging both it becomes difficult to navigate the news faculty and students. She noted that and the government in order to prove that faculty and students. She noted that and the government in order to prove that a lack of real partnership can lead to you are doing good science. Anyone in a lack of real partnership can lead to you are doing good science. Anyone in ugly situations, as happened during the the US who is working on public health ugly situations, as happened during the the US who is working on public health recent Zika outbreak. Some partnerships and climate change is currently in trouble, recent Zika outbreak. Some partnerships and climate change is currently in trouble, amounted to simply demanding samples and it looks as if Brazil is headed that way. amounted to simply demanding samples and it looks as if Brazil is headed that way. from each other, which is not a real The COP conference that would have from each other, which is not a real The COP conference that would have partnership. Thankfully, Brazil was been held there was recently canceled. partnership. Thankfully, Brazil was been held there was recently canceled. able to produce most knowledge locally Bolsonaro has talked about withdrawing able to produce most knowledge locally Bolsonaro has talked about withdrawing during the outbreak because it had the from the Paris Agreement as well. He has during the outbreak because it had the from the Paris Agreement as well. He has resources. This kind of capacity must be publicly proven himself misinformed on resources. This kind of capacity must be publicly proven himself misinformed on stimulated. Researchers in public health matters of health, like in a recent speech stimulated. Researchers in public health matters of health, like in a recent speech must know how to translate the results wherein he nonsensically blamed infant must know how to translate the results wherein he nonsensically blamed infant of their research into actions on the mortality on poor oral hygiene. These of their research into actions on the mortality on poor oral hygiene. These ground. It must reach communities and political situations force researchers to ask ground. It must reach communities and political situations force researchers to ask make their lives better, otherwise one is themselves how they wish to position their make their lives better, otherwise one is themselves how they wish to position their not doing good public health. Involving research and persons in this context. The not doing good public health. Involving research and persons in this context. The policy-makers is important so that they time for research that leads to published policy-makers is important so that they time for research that leads to published feel ownership over the proposed solutions papers is over; public engagement is feel ownership over the proposed solutions papers is over; public engagement is and greater incentive to implement them. crucial now, even when the audience is and greater incentive to implement them. crucial now, even when the audience is tough. The situation is similar to driving tough. The situation is similar to driving Professor Castro described two major down the roads of the Amazon: they are Professor Castro described two major down the roads of the Amazon: they are problems in this area. Financial unpaved and difficult, but they can be problems in this area. Financial unpaved and difficult, but they can be barriers provide the biggest obstacle to driven with persistence and determination. barriers provide the biggest obstacle to driven with persistence and determination. collaboration. When a project is proposed, collaboration. When a project is proposed,

brazilian studies in the united states | 51 brazilian studies in the united states | 51 Mitermeyer Reis, Researcher obstacles working against both nations’ Mitermeyer Reis, Researcher obstacles working against both nations’ of Molecular Epidemiology and research are restrictions on the flow of of Molecular Epidemiology and research are restrictions on the flow of Immunopathogenesis of Parasitic information and material. Immunopathogenesis of Parasitic information and material. and Genetic Infectious Diseases, and Genetic Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation When he posed the question to his Oswaldo Cruz Foundation When he posed the question to his (Fiocruz). Brazilian colleagues, they found the (Fiocruz). Brazilian colleagues, they found the condition of the field in Brazil to be condition of the field in Brazil to be When Professor Reis received the similar to many other places. Brazil has When Professor Reis received the similar to many other places. Brazil has prompt question, he opened discussion a good research infrastructure and a prompt question, he opened discussion a good research infrastructure and a with many of his colleagues at American qualified, diverse group of scientists at with many of his colleagues at American qualified, diverse group of scientists at universities. They cited a number work. However, laboratory structures universities. They cited a number work. However, laboratory structures of instances of cooperation between need to be improved in order to benefit of instances of cooperation between need to be improved in order to benefit American and Brazilian universities. John the public health of Brazil and the world. American and Brazilian universities. John the public health of Brazil and the world. David at Harvard discussed the three- Truly beneficial partnerships need to be David at Harvard discussed the three- Truly beneficial partnerships need to be week field course for graduate students created and maintained, and people must week field course for graduate students created and maintained, and people must mentioned by Professor Castro, as well be trained to work on health matters mentioned by Professor Castro, as well be trained to work on health matters as laboratories set up by Americans in both locally and globally. as laboratories set up by Americans in both locally and globally. Brazil and funded either by the NIH Brazil and funded either by the NIH or privately. Lee Riley at UC Berkeley Professor Reis discussed one successful or privately. Lee Riley at UC Berkeley Professor Reis discussed one successful commented on the international course case, centered around the work of this commented on the international course case, centered around the work of this on molecular epidemiology that he panel’s moderator, Albert Ko. He spent on molecular epidemiology that he panel’s moderator, Albert Ko. He spent has taught for 17 years, which has led fifteen years in Brazil while conducting has taught for 17 years, which has led fifteen years in Brazil while conducting to on-the-ground projects in Rio de his work, and he knew everyone at the to on-the-ground projects in Rio de his work, and he knew everyone at the Janeiro. Riley cautioned that sustaining hospital where he worked. His research Janeiro. Riley cautioned that sustaining hospital where he worked. His research funding is always a challenge. Mary focused on leptospirosis, a disease funding is always a challenge. Mary focused on leptospirosis, a disease Wilson from USC talked about the which had once been seen as rural, Wilson from USC talked about the which had once been seen as rural, importance of opening databases and occupational or recreational but which importance of opening databases and occupational or recreational but which of diversity in the field, which leads to a had witnessed an urban outbreak thanks of diversity in the field, which leads to a had witnessed an urban outbreak thanks rich landscape for research. Uriel Kitron changing climate patterns. Many cases rich landscape for research. Uriel Kitron changing climate patterns. Many cases at Emory discussed the importance of of leptospirosis were misdiagnosed at Emory discussed the importance of of leptospirosis were misdiagnosed Science Without Borders and the Bolsa as dengue. Ko first had to prove that Science Without Borders and the Bolsa as dengue. Ko first had to prove that Sanduíche program which brought leptospirosis was a problem in order Sanduíche program which brought leptospirosis was a problem in order Brazilian doctoral students to study to convince people to pay attention. Brazilian doctoral students to study to convince people to pay attention. in the US. Warren Johnson at Cornell Around 12,000 cases were reported per in the US. Warren Johnson at Cornell Around 12,000 cases were reported per coordinated the Cornell in Bahia year, with a lethality of around 10%. coordinated the Cornell in Bahia year, with a lethality of around 10%. program, which has existed since 1964 These cases were spread throughout the program, which has existed since 1964 These cases were spread throughout the and coordinates the exchange of both country, most occurring in São Paulo. and coordinates the exchange of both country, most occurring in São Paulo. faculty and students. Ronald Blanton at Many of the symptoms mirror other faculty and students. Ronald Blanton at Many of the symptoms mirror other Case Western pointed out that one of the contagious diseases— such as fever, Case Western pointed out that one of the contagious diseases— such as fever,

52 52   The image of America as the hero is gone, at The image of America as the hero is gone, at least in the field of public health in Brazil. least in the field of public health in Brazil. headache, and muscle pain— so it is Yale School of Public Health headache, and muscle pain— so it is Yale School of Public Health important to look for leptospirosis in important to look for leptospirosis in addition to dengue, yellow fever and Professor Ko further explained that the addition to dengue, yellow fever and Professor Ko further explained that the zika. Since it is transmissible by rats, it project that brought him to Brazil from zika. Since it is transmissible by rats, it project that brought him to Brazil from is especially important to screen for it 1995-2010 was at first funded by Cornell is especially important to screen for it 1995-2010 was at first funded by Cornell in areas such as the favelas. Fatality rises and later by the Ministry of Health. He in areas such as the favelas. Fatality rises and later by the Ministry of Health. He to over 70% if it spreads and becomes stressed the importance of Brazilian to over 70% if it spreads and becomes stressed the importance of Brazilian pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome. Ko paradigms of public health research, pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome. Ko paradigms of public health research, had to pressure policymakers in order to particularly around HIV prevention, had to pressure policymakers in order to particularly around HIV prevention, get adequate equipment into hospitals universal access to healthcare, and mass get adequate equipment into hospitals universal access to healthcare, and mass to treat this outbreak. As a result, immunization campaigns. The Brazilian to treat this outbreak. As a result, immunization campaigns. The Brazilian community-driven efforts to prevent the experience is unique due to this legal community-driven efforts to prevent the experience is unique due to this legal disease began to emerge. One group, Pau guarantee of social rights that includes disease began to emerge. One group, Pau guarantee of social rights that includes de Lima, received $36 million in order to a health care system. What researchers de Lima, received $36 million in order to a health care system. What researchers build a closed sewer system that would learned in Brazil is applicable to other build a closed sewer system that would learned in Brazil is applicable to other mitigate this problem. places experiencing rapid urbanization, mitigate this problem. places experiencing rapid urbanization, an aging population, climate changes, an aging population, climate changes, Professor Reis also mentioned recent and so on. These findings can be Professor Reis also mentioned recent and so on. These findings can be Zika studies and the Brazil-Yale program applied to areas such as South Asia and Zika studies and the Brazil-Yale program applied to areas such as South Asia and on urban slum health as successful Africa. He has been impressed by the on urban slum health as successful Africa. He has been impressed by the instances of collaboration. He suggests aspirations of Brazilian researchers. instances of collaboration. He suggests aspirations of Brazilian researchers. that success be measured by the number Zika research, for example, was led by a that success be measured by the number Zika research, for example, was led by a of trainees doing research and obtaining team of Brazilian researchers. They are of trainees doing research and obtaining team of Brazilian researchers. They are positions of influence, as well as by the global leaders on the social determinants positions of influence, as well as by the global leaders on the social determinants quantities of grants obtained, public of health. They are leaders in the quantities of grants obtained, public of health. They are leaders in the actions enacted, patents granted, and production of vaccines (thanks to the actions enacted, patents granted, and production of vaccines (thanks to the publications written. Instituto Butantã and others) as well as publications written. Instituto Butantã and others) as well as in training (for example, of scientists in training (for example, of scientists Albert Ko, Department Chair from Mozambique and Angola). Much Albert Ko, Department Chair from Mozambique and Angola). Much and Professor of Epidemiology of the excitement that comes from and Professor of Epidemiology of the excitement that comes from (Microbial Diseases) and of working in the field comes from learning (Microbial Diseases) and of working in the field comes from learning Medicine (Infectious Diseases), these new paradigms. Medicine (Infectious Diseases), these new paradigms.

brazilian studies in the united states | 53 brazilian studies in the united states | 53 However, as Professor Ko explained, the Rio particularly disgusting. Global health However, as Professor Ko explained, the Rio particularly disgusting. Global health cup is half empty rather than half full. is a sexy term that everyone wants to be cup is half empty rather than half full. is a sexy term that everyone wants to be We can still do more, and perhaps we can associated with, although its definition We can still do more, and perhaps we can associated with, although its definition be more responsive to the aspirations of differs and no single one is correct. The be more responsive to the aspirations of differs and no single one is correct. The Brazilians and grad students. If reflexive best examples engage local populations Brazilians and grad students. If reflexive best examples engage local populations work is being done in other countries, and give something back, because without work is being done in other countries, and give something back, because without such as China, why can’t it be done in these elements the programs are mere such as China, why can’t it be done in these elements the programs are mere Brazil as well? The ambiguity of the US’ tourism. In order to do the right thing, Brazil as well? The ambiguity of the US’ tourism. In order to do the right thing, role in Brazilian institutions is growing. the right leaders with the right kinds of role in Brazilian institutions is growing. the right leaders with the right kinds of In Brazil, much blame for failures seems commitment are needed. Professor Ko In Brazil, much blame for failures seems commitment are needed. Professor Ko to be assigned to a lack of vision. Many noted that any of these problems are to be assigned to a lack of vision. Many noted that any of these problems are programs that emerge are organic, but grounded in our perception of the other. programs that emerge are organic, but grounded in our perception of the other. one-off or fragmented. A lack of vision The image of America as the hero is one-off or fragmented. A lack of vision The image of America as the hero is prevents them from unifying with gone, at least in the field of public health prevents them from unifying with gone, at least in the field of public health institutional support. We are losing out in Brazil. Students must be prepared for institutional support. We are losing out in Brazil. Students must be prepared for on the potential impact of collaborative the kinds of on-the-ground experiences on the potential impact of collaborative the kinds of on-the-ground experiences research because of this. An economy of that await them. One defect at Yale is that research because of this. An economy of that await them. One defect at Yale is that scale and critical mass are crucial issues. students’ language preparation is often scale and critical mass are crucial issues. students’ language preparation is often There is no business model in place to inadequate. How is one supposed to There is no business model in place to inadequate. How is one supposed to effect a long-term, sustained impact. It is interact with speaking the local language? effect a long-term, sustained impact. It is interact with speaking the local language? time to make new paradigms. While the Yale program has a language time to make new paradigms. While the Yale program has a language requirement, no courses are offered by the requirement, no courses are offered by the Questions and Discussion: department, so how are these language Questions and Discussion: department, so how are these language skills supposed to be acquired? skills supposed to be acquired? An audience member began by expressing An audience member began by expressing skepticism over top-down approaches to Professor Castro discussed another serious skepticism over top-down approaches to Professor Castro discussed another serious global and public health. They accused limitation: governments that approve any global and public health. They accused limitation: governments that approve any American global health initiatives of being funded projects that are proposed, even American global health initiatives of being funded projects that are proposed, even ethnocentric, failing to teach students to when the project will likely be ineffectual. ethnocentric, failing to teach students to when the project will likely be ineffectual. treat locals as experts and to learn from Professor Ko lauded Professor Dietrich’s treat locals as experts and to learn from Professor Ko lauded Professor Dietrich’s communities. This top-down savior incubator program in Brazil as the type communities. This top-down savior incubator program in Brazil as the type complex was posited as a reason that many of initiative that is part of the solution to complex was posited as a reason that many of initiative that is part of the solution to global health programs do not have the these problems in the field. In response, global health programs do not have the these problems in the field. In response, success expected of them. Professor Castro Professor Dietrich lamented that most success expected of them. Professor Castro Professor Dietrich lamented that most agreed that there are many bad examples universities lack the kind of vision agreed that there are many bad examples universities lack the kind of vision of such initiatives, although they are not necessary to keep thee sorts of projects of such initiatives, although they are not necessary to keep thee sorts of projects always bad. Some horrible programs seem alive. Many are more invested in briefly always bad. Some horrible programs seem alive. Many are more invested in briefly more like a field trip or poverty tourism, expanding their empire or influence than more like a field trip or poverty tourism, expanding their empire or influence than and little interaction with the locals is to in building long-term solutions and and little interaction with the locals is to in building long-term solutions and be had. She finds thefavela tourism in partnerships. Political incompetence, be had. She finds thefavela tourism in partnerships. Political incompetence, 54 54 particularly lack of management skills An audience member inquired about particularly lack of management skills An audience member inquired about or experience, is another limitation. the increase in healthcare costs and or experience, is another limitation. the increase in healthcare costs and Persistence is needed to find the right incidence of chronic disease in Brazil, Persistence is needed to find the right incidence of chronic disease in Brazil, allies with vision among policy-makers. conjecturing that those may be due allies with vision among policy-makers. conjecturing that those may be due One must maneuver in such a way to increased use of farm chemicals. One must maneuver in such a way to increased use of farm chemicals. subsequent officials cannot take away Professor Castro explained that Brazil subsequent officials cannot take away Professor Castro explained that Brazil the advances already made. Brazil has a universal health system (SUS) the advances already made. Brazil has a universal health system (SUS) as a country suffers from scattered with good primary care program, which as a country suffers from scattered with good primary care program, which investments and unsustained initiatives, has reduced avoidable hospitalizations investments and unsustained initiatives, has reduced avoidable hospitalizations and its universities are no exception. and mortality. Brazil has also reduced and its universities are no exception. and mortality. Brazil has also reduced the cost of certain common medicines, the cost of certain common medicines, The audience asked Professor Dietrich to and made others available for free to The audience asked Professor Dietrich to and made others available for free to elaborate on the incubator lab initiative’s the public. The incidence of disease is elaborate on the incubator lab initiative’s the public. The incidence of disease is outcomes so far. Professor Dietrich actually not getting worse at this time. outcomes so far. Professor Dietrich actually not getting worse at this time. explained that the initiative is small However, these programs just took explained that the initiative is small However, these programs just took compared to many of the projects that major budget cuts, resulting in care compared to many of the projects that major budget cuts, resulting in care the panel had discussed. The type of changes such as Cuban doctors leaving the panel had discussed. The type of changes such as Cuban doctors leaving research he does is expensive, although Brazil. Without the same access to research he does is expensive, although Brazil. Without the same access to they do manage to implement some primary care and to these pharmaceutical they do manage to implement some primary care and to these pharmaceutical cost-saving measures. Buying computers drugs, the incidence of disease will cost-saving measures. Buying computers drugs, the incidence of disease will and training students in bioinformatics surely increase. Professor Reis added and training students in bioinformatics surely increase. Professor Reis added and computer science has been that certain diseases are on the rise as a and computer science has been that certain diseases are on the rise as a important. One problem with doing the result of demographic transition, most important. One problem with doing the result of demographic transition, most kind of work he does on animals often notably increased life expectancy. Big kind of work he does on animals often notably increased life expectancy. Big proves prohibitively expensive at Yale, cities have seen an increase in violence proves prohibitively expensive at Yale, cities have seen an increase in violence so he partners with institutions in China and the incidence of infectious diseases, so he partners with institutions in China and the incidence of infectious diseases, to breed the animals and send them to and this will be a major challenge in the to breed the animals and send them to and this will be a major challenge in the Brazil. Some of his students are helping future. However, he praised SUS’ efforts Brazil. Some of his students are helping future. However, he praised SUS’ efforts with this work at a very high level. and expressed hope that the problem with this work at a very high level. and expressed hope that the problem Although this work is difficult, it is not does not continue to grow exponentially. Although this work is difficult, it is not does not continue to grow exponentially. impossible and he feels it is important Professor Ko observed that healthcare impossible and he feels it is important Professor Ko observed that healthcare to set an example. He suggested costs in Brazil are going to explode since to set an example. He suggested costs in Brazil are going to explode since greater institutional investment in the population is rapidly aging: the greater institutional investment in the population is rapidly aging: the Latin America, such as a Yale campus population over 60 is going to triple in Latin America, such as a Yale campus population over 60 is going to triple in in Brazil. Professor Ko urged American the near future. The major problems in Brazil. Professor Ko urged American the near future. The major problems and Brazilian universities to co-finance at this time are epidemiological and and Brazilian universities to co-finance at this time are epidemiological and truly joint professorships, building a structural rather than environmental truly joint professorships, building a structural rather than environmental robust model for financing these kinds (due to pesticides). robust model for financing these kinds (due to pesticides). of exchanges. of exchanges.

brazilian studies in the united states | 55 brazilian studies in the united states | 55 Professor Ko concluded by asking the Professor Ko concluded by asking the panel what the next steps should be after panel what the next steps should be after this meeting. Professor Reis asserted that this meeting. Professor Reis asserted that pragmatic steps to address the problems pragmatic steps to address the problems of megacities should be priority. Antibiotic of megacities should be priority. Antibiotic resistance and cancer (particularly the resistance and cancer (particularly the forms associated with infectious diseases) forms associated with infectious diseases) should also be given immediate attention. should also be given immediate attention. Professor Castro urged professionals in Professor Castro urged professionals in this field to be determined, passionate, this field to be determined, passionate, and willing to put themselves out there and willing to put themselves out there and confront unsympathetic audiences. and confront unsympathetic audiences. Professor Dietrich spoke on the Professor Dietrich spoke on the importance of teaching people to find their importance of teaching people to find their own passion. In the field of medicine, it own passion. In the field of medicine, it is important to map out the successful is important to map out the successful projects that are already in place, in order projects that are already in place, in order to learn from their example and invest to learn from their example and invest in what is working. We can also alter the in what is working. We can also alter the university funding system so that the university funding system so that the investigator becomes a commodity. Such investigator becomes a commodity. Such a step would be innovative, and would a step would be innovative, and would require vision and a willingness to take require vision and a willingness to take risk in order to implement. Professor Ko risk in order to implement. Professor Ko suggested that the quantitative methods suggested that the quantitative methods used in their research be applied to the used in their research be applied to the implementation of successful programs. implementation of successful programs. He urged the Ministry of Education to do He urged the Ministry of Education to do this work so that the evidence of successful this work so that the evidence of successful experiences does not remain anecdotal. experiences does not remain anecdotal.

56 56 CLOSING REMARKS CLOSING REMARKS

CLOSING REMARKS Many expressed their views with CLOSING REMARKS Many expressed their views with passion and good will about how to passion and good will about how to further connect the academic world further connect the academic world of both countries. In doing so, they of both countries. In doing so, they Ambassador Fernando de Mello Ambassador Fernando de Mello have used different words to manifest have used different words to manifest Barreto Barreto those possibilities, such as cooperation, those possibilities, such as cooperation, collaboration, partnership, exchange, collaboration, partnership, exchange, As Consul-General of Brazil in connectivity and comparison. They made As Consul-General of Brazil in connectivity and comparison. They made Connecticut and Rhode Island, I am clear the significant role that academics Connecticut and Rhode Island, I am clear the significant role that academics very thankful to Yale University and and institutions can play in promoting very thankful to Yale University and and institutions can play in promoting Fundação Getúlio Vargas for having cultural exchanges, fostering research Fundação Getúlio Vargas for having cultural exchanges, fostering research organized the seminar entitled Road of mutual interest and helping people organized the seminar entitled Road of mutual interest and helping people Ahead – Brazilian Studies in the United to unite efforts, spread knowledge and Ahead – Brazilian Studies in the United to unite efforts, spread knowledge and States. improve the quality of life in Brazil and States. improve the quality of life in Brazil and in the US. in the US. I am particularly grateful to Professors I am particularly grateful to Professors Kenneth David Jackson and Stuart Professors of language, demonstrated Kenneth David Jackson and Stuart Professors of language, demonstrated Schwartz for their efforts in organizing the relevance of surpassing the Schwartz for their efforts in organizing the relevance of surpassing the the event together with Claudia Valeggia language barriers as translations the event together with Claudia Valeggia language barriers as translations and many other faculty and staff can be very difficult and misleading. and many other faculty and staff can be very difficult and misleading. members. The professors from other US Environmentalists have stressed the members. The professors from other US Environmentalists have stressed the universities who attended the seminar relevance of the Amazon region for the universities who attended the seminar relevance of the Amazon region for the also deserve our special gratitude for countries who share it, but also to the also deserve our special gratitude for countries who share it, but also to the having come to New Haven to make world in general. Professors of law have having come to New Haven to make world in general. Professors of law have presentations on their respective areas of given examples of legal practices that presentations on their respective areas of given examples of legal practices that expertise. have been borrowed in areas such as expertise. have been borrowed in areas such as the fight against corruption. Historians the fight against corruption. Historians In only one a half day, the seminar have fascinated us about the increasing In only one a half day, the seminar have fascinated us about the increasing provided a large amount of very possibilities of further research thanks provided a large amount of very possibilities of further research thanks interesting information for those who to the digitalization of documents that is interesting information for those who to the digitalization of documents that is have had the privilege of attending permitting researchers to speed analyses have had the privilege of attending permitting researchers to speed analyses it. One after another, professors, from their respective countries, that is, it. One after another, professors, from their respective countries, that is, researchers and experts have conveyed without having to travel to visit libraries. researchers and experts have conveyed without having to travel to visit libraries. innovative ideas and stimulating Experts on Brazilian literature have innovative ideas and stimulating Experts on Brazilian literature have concepts. They shared experiences and stressed areas of comparisons that can concepts. They shared experiences and stressed areas of comparisons that can provoked thoughts about numerous be of mutual interest in view of both provoked thoughts about numerous be of mutual interest in view of both possibilities of cooperation between countries past in the Americas. possibilities of cooperation between countries past in the Americas. Brazil and the United States. Brazil and the United States.

brazilian studies in the united states | 59 brazilian studies in the united states | 59 These discussions were possible because These discussions were possible because Brazil and the US share democratic values. Brazil and the US share democratic values. Professors from both countries could Professors from both countries could freely discuss all issues, including Brazilian freely discuss all issues, including Brazilian challenges in areas such as education challenges in areas such as education (literacy), health (such as the Zika virus), (literacy), health (such as the Zika virus), urbanization (slums) and the preservation urbanization (slums) and the preservation of the environment (particularly in of the environment (particularly in the Amazon region). Comparisons are the Amazon region). Comparisons are good, sharing experiences and successful good, sharing experiences and successful solutions as well. As democratic countries, solutions as well. As democratic countries, there are no political constraints to engage there are no political constraints to engage in such discussions. It is gratifying that in such discussions. It is gratifying that people from the academic world can people from the academic world can discuss ideas. They might not agree but discuss ideas. They might not agree but they can freely propose their ideas and they can freely propose their ideas and criticisms. This debate was possible criticisms. This debate was possible because, both in Brazil and the US, there because, both in Brazil and the US, there is freedom of press, independence of the is freedom of press, independence of the judiciary and respect for the rule of law. judiciary and respect for the rule of law.

Personally, it has been very pleasant Personally, it has been very pleasant to me to have had this opportunity of to me to have had this opportunity of having Brazil discussed here. It provided having Brazil discussed here. It provided the consulate a unique opportunity the consulate a unique opportunity to promote cultural interactions. Yale to promote cultural interactions. Yale provided this excellent opportunity to provided this excellent opportunity to discuss many challenges Brazil faces at the discuss many challenges Brazil faces at the moment. Scholars of good will brought moment. Scholars of good will brought attention to those issues with a view to attention to those issues with a view to offering genuine academic cooperation. offering genuine academic cooperation. This initiative deserves appreciation and This initiative deserves appreciation and support. I hope it will continue in the support. I hope it will continue in the years to come because promoting culture, years to come because promoting culture, trade and investments are perennial efforts trade and investments are perennial efforts to be kept alive and well among countries to be kept alive and well among countries that have much in common to share. that have much in common to share.

60 60 CONFERENCE PAPERS CONFERENCE PAPERS

How do studies about campus, and together works with How do studies about campus, and together works with Brazil and the alumni, universities and other partners Brazil and the alumni, universities and other partners exchange of knowl- in many countries across the globe. Our exchange of knowl- in many countries across the globe. Our edge with Brazilian connections with Brazil are especially edge with Brazilian connections with Brazil are especially universities contribute strong, reflecting the roots of the TCD universities contribute strong, reflecting the roots of the TCD to our thinking about program and the long history of UF’s to our thinking about program and the long history of UF’s conservation and interactions and focus on Brazil. In conservation and interactions and focus on Brazil. In development in U.S. addition, partnerships with Brazil are development in U.S. addition, partnerships with Brazil are academies? A a priority of the State of Florida, as academies? A a priority of the State of Florida, as University of Florida Brazil is Florida’s largest international University of Florida Brazil is Florida’s largest international perspective. trading partner (www.floridabrazil. perspective. trading partner (www.floridabrazil. org). At UF, Portuguese was first taught org). At UF, Portuguese was first taught in the summer of 1914, and has been in the summer of 1914, and has been regularly taught on campus since 1939, regularly taught on campus since 1939, Bette A. Loiselle1,2, Emilio M. Bette A. Loiselle1,2, Emilio M. contributing to UF’s capacity to work contributing to UF’s capacity to work Bruna1,2, Robert Buschbacher1,3 and Bruna1,2, Robert Buschbacher1,3 and with our Brazilian collaborators. Indeed, with our Brazilian collaborators. Indeed, Simone Athayde1. Simone Athayde1. UF has arguably the largest number UF has arguably the largest number of researchers working in Brazil with of researchers working in Brazil with 1Center for Latin American Studies, MOU’s with >40 Brazilian universities, 1Center for Latin American Studies, MOU’s with >40 Brazilian universities, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 NGOs, and government agencies. More University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 NGOs, and government agencies. More 2Department of Wildlife Ecology and than 100 Master’s and PhD students 2Department of Wildlife Ecology and than 100 Master’s and PhD students Conservation, University of Florida, from Brazil are currently enrolled in UF Conservation, University of Florida, from Brazil are currently enrolled in UF Gainesville, FL 32611 graduate programs, and UF hosts a large Gainesville, FL 32611 graduate programs, and UF hosts a large 3School of Forest Resources and number of Brazilian graduate students 3School of Forest Resources and number of Brazilian graduate students Conservation, University of Florida, for semester-long visits. Conservation, University of Florida, for semester-long visits. Gainesville, FL 32611 Gainesville, FL 32611

For the TCD program at UF, our For the TCD program at UF, our To the point, the exchange of knowledge connections to conservation and To the point, the exchange of knowledge connections to conservation and and collaboration with Brazilian development issues in Brazil were and collaboration with Brazilian development issues in Brazil were universities and other partners have initially catalyzed by the arrival of the universities and other partners have initially catalyzed by the arrival of the transformed the way we think about preeminent scholar, Dr. Charles Wagley, transformed the way we think about preeminent scholar, Dr. Charles Wagley, conservation and development and our to UF in 1971 (Schmink 2014). Well conservation and development and our to UF in 1971 (Schmink 2014). Well approaches to research, training and known for his work with communities approaches to research, training and known for his work with communities dissemination of results. The Tropical in the Brazilian Amazon (e.g., Wagley dissemination of results. The Tropical in the Brazilian Amazon (e.g., Wagley Conservation and Development (TCD) 1953, 1974), the approaches Wagley Conservation and Development (TCD) 1953, 1974), the approaches Wagley program is an interdisciplinary graduate began in the 1970’s, such as providing program is an interdisciplinary graduate began in the 1970’s, such as providing program that connects University of field research seed grants for faculty program that connects University of field research seed grants for faculty Florida (UF) faculty, and students and students, inviting visiting scholars Florida (UF) faculty, and students and students, inviting visiting scholars from across 28 departments across from Brazil, establishing research from across 28 departments across from Brazil, establishing research

brazilian studies in the united states | 63 brazilian studies in the united states | 63 collaborations with colleagues in Brazil, to advantages of being able to better collaborations with colleagues in Brazil, to advantages of being able to better training next generation of Amazon identify and address relevant and timely training next generation of Amazon identify and address relevant and timely researchers, professors, and practitioners, issues, publishing with international researchers, professors, and practitioners, issues, publishing with international are still key components of the program colleagues has been shown to result in are still key components of the program colleagues has been shown to result in today. The strategies and mechanisms we articles being published in journals with today. The strategies and mechanisms we articles being published in journals with adopted early on for collaboration include: higher impact factors and have greater adopted early on for collaboration include: higher impact factors and have greater number of citations relative to other number of citations relative to other 1) formal agreements that set out articles published in same journal and year 1) formal agreements that set out articles published in same journal and year responsibilities of collaborating (Smith et al. 2014). responsibilities of collaborating (Smith et al. 2014). partners and individuals; partners and individuals; Developing effective collaborations Developing effective collaborations 2) two-way exchanges, including 2) two-way exchanges, including within international research teams or within international research teams or facilitating south-south exchanges, facilitating south-south exchanges, between institutions, however, requires between institutions, however, requires 3) training courses co-taught considerable investment in time, energy, 3) training courses co-taught considerable investment in time, energy, with partners and targeted to and resources. Building trust and with partners and targeted to and resources. Building trust and local institutions (e.g., conflict learning how to work across institutions, local institutions (e.g., conflict learning how to work across institutions, management, community resource disciplines, and often with diverse set of management, community resource disciplines, and often with diverse set of management, environmental actors addressing issues that frequently management, environmental actors addressing issues that frequently governance); are characterized by conflict (e.g., natural governance); are characterized by conflict (e.g., natural resource governance) is truly a long-term resource governance) is truly a long-term 4) collaborative applied research team effort. Further, such collaborative 4) collaborative applied research team effort. Further, such collaborative involving UF faculty and students projects also can be expected to evolve involving UF faculty and students projects also can be expected to evolve partnering with local organization over time as they respond to changing partnering with local organization over time as they respond to changing and universities; and conditions that include dynamics and and universities; and conditions that include dynamics and 5) joint publications intended not interests of both individuals/institutions 5) joint publications intended not interests of both individuals/institutions only for scholarly journals, but also involved and the nature of the problems only for scholarly journals, but also involved and the nature of the problems practical manuals. being addressed. practical manuals. being addressed.

TCD faculty and students recognize The Amazon Conservation Leadership TCD faculty and students recognize The Amazon Conservation Leadership that working collaboratively with Initiative (ACLI) at UF exemplifies the that working collaboratively with Initiative (ACLI) at UF exemplifies the Brazilian scientists and partners has long-term alliance between UF, Brazilian Brazilian scientists and partners has long-term alliance between UF, Brazilian added significant value to our teaching universities and NGO partners that added significant value to our teaching universities and NGO partners that and research programs. In particular, has evolved over time and responded and research programs. In particular, has evolved over time and responded in-country collaborators bring local to identified needs and issues raised in-country collaborators bring local to identified needs and issues raised understanding of complex issues related to by participatory research and capacity understanding of complex issues related to by participatory research and capacity conservation and development, including building activities on the ground (Fig. conservation and development, including building activities on the ground (Fig. knowledge of and access to relevant 1). Building on collaborations that knowledge of and access to relevant 1). Building on collaborations that stakeholders, and key insights and lessons began in the 1980’s with Amazonian stakeholders, and key insights and lessons began in the 1980’s with Amazonian learned from past experiences. In addition universities, UF developed and was learned from past experiences. In addition universities, UF developed and was

64 64 awarded an interdisciplinary training – the Resilient Family Agriculture awarded an interdisciplinary training – the Resilient Family Agriculture grant from National Science Foundation program, the RECAM network which grant from National Science Foundation program, the RECAM network which focused on “Working Forests in the focuses on municipal governance in focused on “Working Forests in the focuses on municipal governance in Tropics”. To complement training of the Amazon, and the Amazon Dams Tropics”. To complement training of the Amazon, and the Amazon Dams US graduate students, TCD program Network. The ACLI program and these US graduate students, TCD program Network. The ACLI program and these received a grant from the Gordon and newer offshoots all incorporate the received a grant from the Gordon and newer offshoots all incorporate the Betty Moore Foundation to strengthen strategies and mechanisms outlined Betty Moore Foundation to strengthen strategies and mechanisms outlined Amazon universities in Peru and above to establish and maintain effective Amazon universities in Peru and above to establish and maintain effective in Mato Grosso and Acre in Brazil. collaborations. in Mato Grosso and Acre in Brazil. collaborations. The ACLI collaborative research and The ACLI collaborative research and capacity building activities resulted in To highlight one, the Amazon capacity building activities resulted in To highlight one, the Amazon ~25 graduate degrees, >30 short- to Dams Network/Rede Barragens ~25 graduate degrees, >30 short- to Dams Network/Rede Barragens long-term visits by professionals to UF, Amazônicas (ADN-RBA) (www. long-term visits by professionals to UF, Amazônicas (ADN-RBA) (www. collaborative field research and joint amazondamsnetwork.org) emerged as a collaborative field research and joint amazondamsnetwork.org) emerged as a field courses that brought students, collaboration between UF, US Geological field courses that brought students, collaboration between UF, US Geological faculty, and conservation/development Survey, and Brazilian universities, faculty, and conservation/development Survey, and Brazilian universities, practitioners together. Importantly this with a focus on building capacity practitioners together. Importantly this with a focus on building capacity led to development of collaborative for advancing research and adaptive led to development of collaborative for advancing research and adaptive learning networks that addressed key management of socio-ecological impacts learning networks that addressed key management of socio-ecological impacts topics, such as collaboration, stakeholder of hydroelectric dam construction topics, such as collaboration, stakeholder of hydroelectric dam construction engagement, resilience, natural across the Amazon. The roots of the engagement, resilience, natural across the Amazon. The roots of the resource governance, gender, family ADN-RBA can be traced to a 2009 field resource governance, gender, family ADN-RBA can be traced to a 2009 field agriculture, infrastructure development, course in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, agriculture, infrastructure development, course in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, among others. Finding ways to work where individuals discovered a shared among others. Finding ways to work where individuals discovered a shared together including innovating how research interest and need to address together including innovating how research interest and need to address courses were developed and taught, the emergence of rapidly increasing courses were developed and taught, the emergence of rapidly increasing mechanisms to remain engaged, plans for hydroelectric infrastructure mechanisms to remain engaged, plans for hydroelectric infrastructure recruiting and developing opportunities development that has potential to recruiting and developing opportunities development that has potential to for professional development, placing significantly alter natural resources and for professional development, placing significantly alter natural resources and UF graduate students with University existing use of those resources (Fig. UF graduate students with University existing use of those resources (Fig. or NGO partners to conduct thesis or 2). Over the first years of exchange, or NGO partners to conduct thesis or 2). Over the first years of exchange, dissertation research, and at all times the group met to discussed shared dissertation research, and at all times the group met to discussed shared being able to be flexible or adapt to interests (e.g., Universidade Federal do being able to be flexible or adapt to interests (e.g., Universidade Federal do changing conditions and better ensure Tocantins Professor Elineide Marques changing conditions and better ensure Tocantins Professor Elineide Marques desired outcomes. Bringing individuals noted “what unites us in water…” at desired outcomes. Bringing individuals noted “what unites us in water…” at together from across institutions in a UF meeting in 2010), understand together from across institutions in a UF meeting in 2010), understand Brazil with UF students and faculty existing and needed capacities, exchange Brazil with UF students and faculty existing and needed capacities, exchange led to three offshoots of the ACLI knowledge and learn from each other led to three offshoots of the ACLI knowledge and learn from each other program, which are still active today via exchange visits, virtual meetings, program, which are still active today via exchange visits, virtual meetings,

brazilian studies in the united states | 65 brazilian studies in the united states | 65 and webinars. These first efforts which transformed our approaches to research, and webinars. These first efforts which transformed our approaches to research, relied on relatively little funding enabled training and dissemination of results. relied on relatively little funding enabled training and dissemination of results. the team to establish build personal the team to establish build personal and professional relationships which Kainer, K., M. Schmink, H. Covert, J. R. and professional relationships which Kainer, K., M. Schmink, H. Covert, J. R. facilitated development of action plans, Stepp, E. Bruna, J. Dain, S. Espinosa, and S. facilitated development of action plans, Stepp, E. Bruna, J. Dain, S. Espinosa, and S. formal agreements, proposals to fund Humphries. 2006. A Graduate Education formal agreements, proposals to fund Humphries. 2006. A Graduate Education collaborative projects, workshops, Framework for Tropical Conservation and collaborative projects, workshops, Framework for Tropical Conservation and Development. Conservation Biology 20:3–13. Development. Conservation Biology 20:3–13. and eventually, establish inter- and and eventually, establish inter- and transdisciplinary thematic working groups Duchelle, A. E, K. Biedenweg, C. Lucas, A. transdisciplinary thematic working groups Duchelle, A. E, K. Biedenweg, C. Lucas, A. to advance the project goals and products. Virapongse, J. Radachowsky, D. J. Wojcik, to advance the project goals and products. Virapongse, J. Radachowsky, D. J. Wojcik, Brazilian universities leading the effort M. Londres, W. L. Bartels, D. Alvira and Brazilian universities leading the effort M. Londres, W. L. Bartels, D. Alvira and K. A. Kainer. 2009. Graduate students and K. A. Kainer. 2009. Graduate students and with UF are Universidade Federal do with UF are Universidade Federal do knowledge exchange with local stakeholders: knowledge exchange with local stakeholders: Tocantins, and Universidade Federal de Possibilities and preparation. Biotropica Tocantins, and Universidade Federal de Possibilities and preparation. Biotropica Rondônia; other key Brazilian researchers 41:578–585. Rondônia; other key Brazilian researchers 41:578–585. include scientists from Universidade do include scientists from Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Universidade Schmink, M. 2014. Charles Wagley’s legacy Estado de Mato Grosso, Universidade Schmink, M. 2014. Charles Wagley’s legacy of interdisciplinary graduate research and of interdisciplinary graduate research and Federal do Pará, Universidade de São Federal do Pará, Universidade de São training programs at the University of Florida. training programs at the University of Florida. Paulo, and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi Cienc. Hum., Paulo, and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi Cienc. Hum., da Amazônia. Bel- 9:661-674. da Amazônia. Bel- 9:661-674.

Smith, M. J., C. Weinberger, E. M. Bruna, Smith, M. J., C. Weinberger, E. M. Bruna, At UF’s TCD program, we were inspired and S. Allesina. 2014. The scientific impact At UF’s TCD program, we were inspired and S. Allesina. 2014. The scientific impact more than 40 years ago by Charles of nations: journal placement and citation more than 40 years ago by Charles of nations: journal placement and citation Wagley’s “interdisciplinary courage” performance. PLoS ONE 9(10): e109195. Wagley’s “interdisciplinary courage” performance. PLoS ONE 9(10): e109195. and commitment to international Wagley, C. 1953. Amazon town: a study of and commitment to international Wagley, C. 1953. Amazon town: a study of collaborations (Schmink 2014). man in the tropics. Macmillan, New York. collaborations (Schmink 2014). man in the tropics. Macmillan, New York. Components of his South America Wagley, C. (Ed.). 1974. Man in the Amazon. Components of his South America Wagley, C. (Ed.). 1974. Man in the Amazon. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. program are still present in TCD today, program are still present in TCD today, but have been adapted and innovated over but have been adapted and innovated over the years (Kainer et al. 2006, Duchelle et the years (Kainer et al. 2006, Duchelle et al. 2009). In summary, working with our al. 2009). In summary, working with our Brazilian university and NGO partners Brazilian university and NGO partners has been integral to the success of the has been integral to the success of the TCD program as it has helped us to reflect TCD program as it has helped us to reflect and identify what skills are needed to and identify what skills are needed to effectively address complex conservation effectively address complex conservation and development issues, generate more and development issues, generate more locally relevant research in collaboration locally relevant research in collaboration with in-country partners, and build lasting with in-country partners, and build lasting collaborative learning networks that have collaborative learning networks that have

66 66 brazilian studies in the united states | 67 brazilian studies in the united states | 67 68 68 The Anthropology Archeology The Anthropology Archeology of Brazil and its of Brazil and its Contributions to Archeological research in Brazil has been Contributions to Archeological research in Brazil has been Conceptualizing Biomes key for showing how the natural and the Conceptualizing Biomes key for showing how the natural and the human are entangled. Rather than being human are entangled. Rather than being categorized simply as either “wild” or categorized simply as either “wild” or Suzanne Oakdale “wrecked,” forests and cerrados are coming Suzanne Oakdale “wrecked,” forests and cerrados are coming University of New Mexico to be seen “rooted in and contingent on University of New Mexico to be seen “rooted in and contingent on human actions and social configurations human actions and social configurations of the past” to quote Susanna Hecht et of the past” to quote Susanna Hecht et Anthropological research in Brazil Anthropological research in Brazil al. (Hecht et. al. 2014:5-6). This complex al. (Hecht et. al. 2014:5-6). This complex contributes to the conceptualization of contributes to the conceptualization of relationship between humans and nature relationship between humans and nature biomes in that it has called into question biomes in that it has called into question is seen with respect to the composition of is seen with respect to the composition of the boundaries between the categories the boundaries between the categories soils, rivers, flora and fauna. Beginning soils, rivers, flora and fauna. Beginning of “nature” and “humanity.” A biome of “nature” and “humanity.” A biome ca. 4000 years ago, Amazonians started ca. 4000 years ago, Amazonians started is understood to be a domain of nature is understood to be a domain of nature to manage forests – in many places Brazil to manage forests – in many places Brazil with characteristic flora, fauna, soil, with characteristic flora, fauna, soil, nut tree stands were encouraged and nut tree stands were encouraged and altitude, and tendencies toward natural altitude, and tendencies toward natural single species forests of açaí palm created single species forests of açaí palm created fire (Cutinho 2006:14). A wide variety of fire (Cutinho 2006:14). A wide variety of (Clement et al. 2015:3). At one site (The (Clement et al. 2015:3). At one site (The research in Brazil speaks to the question of research in Brazil speaks to the question of Central Amazon Project), adjacent to Central Amazon Project), adjacent to if we should be thinking of the biome as if we should be thinking of the biome as the juncture of the Negro and Solimões the juncture of the Negro and Solimões exclusively a “natural” space. Archeology, exclusively a “natural” space. Archeology, Rivers, Eduardo Neves and James Peterson Rivers, Eduardo Neves and James Peterson research with contemporary peoples based research with contemporary peoples based (2006) have shown that over the course (2006) have shown that over the course in historical ecology, social anthropology in historical ecology, social anthropology of long-term occupation during the first of long-term occupation during the first following Eduardo Viveiros de Castro of following Eduardo Viveiros de Castro of millennium AD, vast amounts of fertile millennium AD, vast amounts of fertile the Museu Nacional called perspectivism, the Museu Nacional called perspectivism, ADE or Amazonian Dark Earth were ADE or Amazonian Dark Earth were as well as critiques of perspectivism all as well as critiques of perspectivism all formed from the acidic yellow soil by formed from the acidic yellow soil by complicate our understanding of “nature” complicate our understanding of “nature” humans. Mound building and cultivation humans. Mound building and cultivation vs. “human.” These bodies of research and vs. “human.” These bodies of research and methods also created a forest mosaic of methods also created a forest mosaic of the dialogue they have engendered with the dialogue they have engendered with secondary growth surrounded by larger secondary growth surrounded by larger respect to these categories point to many respect to these categories point to many areas of high forest (2006: 300). areas of high forest (2006: 300). ways that Amazonian peoples are and can ways that Amazonian peoples are and can be integral to the protection of Brazilian be integral to the protection of Brazilian The Upper Xingu is another key locale for The Upper Xingu is another key locale for biomes. I will review the contributions biomes. I will review the contributions showing the long-term development of showing the long-term development of of each of these approaches with this as a of each of these approaches with this as a landscapes by indigenous peoples. Long landscapes by indigenous peoples. Long goal in mind. goal in mind. seen as pristine and protected by a reserve seen as pristine and protected by a reserve since the mid twentieth century, areas since the mid twentieth century, areas around the headwaters of the Xingu River around the headwaters of the Xingu River are covered with sites where there were are covered with sites where there were

brazilian studies in the united states | 69 brazilian studies in the united states | 69 once nodes of high population, house Ka’apor, for example, initiated a project once nodes of high population, house Ka’apor, for example, initiated a project clusters built around central plazas, in 2009 (Jande Myra Taka’a Rupi Ha, clusters built around central plazas, in 2009 (Jande Myra Taka’a Rupi Ha, each node connected by roads to form Our Trees of the High Forest) funded each node connected by roads to form Our Trees of the High Forest) funded a lattice like structure. This formation by the World Wildlife Foundation and a lattice like structure. This formation by the World Wildlife Foundation and reached it height in the first half of the Rio’s Museu do Índio to support the reached it height in the first half of the Rio’s Museu do Índio to support the second millennium (Heckenberger et. transmission of their forest knowledge. second millennium (Heckenberger et. transmission of their forest knowledge. al. 2003:1711). The land between these This program has also been influential al. 2003:1711). The land between these This program has also been influential nodes was carefully managed, with in fighting logging (Maffi and Woodley nodes was carefully managed, with in fighting logging (Maffi and Woodley weirs, ponds, causeways, fields of sapé 2010:120). In the Xingu, the Associação weirs, ponds, causeways, fields of sapé 2010:120). In the Xingu, the Associação grass for thatch, and piqui tree groves Rede de Sementes do Xingu with the grass for thatch, and piqui tree groves Rede de Sementes do Xingu with the (Heckenberger et. al. 2003:1711, 1713). help of the Instituto Socioambiental (Heckenberger et. al. 2003:1711, 1713). help of the Instituto Socioambiental has been enlisting Xinguans since 2007 has been enlisting Xinguans since 2007 Research with Contemporary Peoples to gather native seeds to sell for the Research with Contemporary Peoples to gather native seeds to sell for the replanting of other deforested areas replanting of other deforested areas Research with contemporary (Rede 2017). Research with contemporary (Rede 2017). Amazonians shows that forest Amazonians shows that forest management and knowledge continues. Perspectivism management and knowledge continues. Perspectivism In central Brazil, the Kayapo’s practice In central Brazil, the Kayapo’s practice of continual low-level burning favors The other body of work that has of continual low-level burning favors The other body of work that has inajá and tucumá palms and is linked problematized the boundaries between inajá and tucumá palms and is linked problematized the boundaries between to the formation of dark earth (Hecht nature and culture is that of Eduardo to the formation of dark earth (Hecht nature and culture is that of Eduardo 2003; Posey 2002). William Balée (1994; Viveiros de Castro and his students, 2003; Posey 2002). William Balée (1994; Viveiros de Castro and his students, 2013) has found the Ka’apor of eastern called perspectivism. Based on his 2013) has found the Ka’apor of eastern called perspectivism. Based on his Brazil create a new kind of old growth fieldwork with the Araweté, his mastery Brazil create a new kind of old growth fieldwork with the Araweté, his mastery forest which enhances species diversity. of lowland ethnographies as well as his forest which enhances species diversity. of lowland ethnographies as well as his Upper Xinguans who have used fire as a dialogue with philosophy (Deleuze) Upper Xinguans who have used fire as a dialogue with philosophy (Deleuze) tool for landscape management and have and structuralism, Viveiros de Castro tool for landscape management and have and structuralism, Viveiros de Castro monitored rainfall for their agricultural has put forth a general characterization monitored rainfall for their agricultural has put forth a general characterization cycles for thousands of years, have a of Amazonian thought which has been cycles for thousands of years, have a of Amazonian thought which has been wealth of knowledge passed between extremely influential. According to wealth of knowledge passed between extremely influential. According to generations about current changes in him (2014), in contrast to “Western generations about current changes in him (2014), in contrast to “Western rainfall and conditions now leading to thought,” “Amerindian thought” is rainfall and conditions now leading to thought,” “Amerindian thought” is uncontrollable fire (Schwartzmanet al. guided by “multinaturalism” -- a mode uncontrollable fire (Schwartzmanet al. guided by “multinaturalism” -- a mode 2012:6). This sort of knowledge is useful that apprehends humans and animals to 2012:6). This sort of knowledge is useful that apprehends humans and animals to both for sustainable management and be united by their common humanity, both for sustainable management and be united by their common humanity, the documentation of changes in biomes. but understands them to have different the documentation of changes in biomes. but understands them to have different perspectives because they possess perspectives because they possess It is also a resource that garners different types of bodies. In contrast, It is also a resource that garners different types of bodies. In contrast, international support and income. The “naturalism” characterizes Western international support and income. The “naturalism” characterizes Western

70 70 thought. This mode is founded on seeing essence disappears” (Viveiros de Castro thought. This mode is founded on seeing essence disappears” (Viveiros de Castro a shared biological nature between all 2013:3). a shared biological nature between all 2013:3). living things, but a division between living things, but a division between nature and culture, culture being the force Critics (Ramos 2012; Turner 2009) nature and culture, culture being the force Critics (Ramos 2012; Turner 2009) that separates humans from animals. observe that perspectivism leads to that separates humans from animals. observe that perspectivism leads to Agency and creativity belong to humans the portrayal of distinctive indigenous Agency and creativity belong to humans the portrayal of distinctive indigenous in contrast to the more passive nature. traditions in terms that are basically an in contrast to the more passive nature. traditions in terms that are basically an With the aim of “decolonizing thought,” essentialized alter-image of “the West.” As With the aim of “decolonizing thought,” essentialized alter-image of “the West.” As multinaturalism and naturalism are not perspectivism has inspired field research multinaturalism and naturalism are not perspectivism has inspired field research simply taken as characteristic of different in other parts of the non-western world simply taken as characteristic of different in other parts of the non-western world cultural perspectives on a shared world, where similar “kinds of thought” have cultural perspectives on a shared world, where similar “kinds of thought” have but rather as entirely different realities or been identified (Brightmanet al. 2012, but rather as entirely different realities or been identified (Brightmanet al. 2012, ontologies. among many others), it leads perhaps ontologies. among many others), it leads perhaps to an essentialized “global indigenous to an essentialized “global indigenous With respect to the Kawaiwete, a thought.” Multinaturalism has however With respect to the Kawaiwete, a thought.” Multinaturalism has however people who have relocated to the Xingu, become a position from which the people who have relocated to the Xingu, become a position from which the multinaturalism characterizes well the problems of capitalist development can multinaturalism characterizes well the problems of capitalist development can domains of myth and shamanism. Deep be addressed (Danowski and Viveiros de domains of myth and shamanism. Deep be addressed (Danowski and Viveiros de in the forest and underwater live vestiges Castro 2017), (see Lagrou 2018 on this in the forest and underwater live vestiges Castro 2017), (see Lagrou 2018 on this of beings that populated the earth in point). Because of its elegant formulation of beings that populated the earth in point). Because of its elegant formulation mythic times, before humans and animals and its grounding in myth rather than mythic times, before humans and animals and its grounding in myth rather than divaricated. These ancient and powerful historical complexity, perspectivism offers divaricated. These ancient and powerful historical complexity, perspectivism offers beings watch over the regular animals who a vision of a different kind of world that beings watch over the regular animals who a vision of a different kind of world that are considered to be their children. These is possible in the future beyond that of are considered to be their children. These is possible in the future beyond that of beings take human souls in revenge for our current world system (see Bessire and beings take human souls in revenge for our current world system (see Bessire and animals killed in the hunt. The souls of Bond 2014). As such, it has the potential animals killed in the hunt. The souls of Bond 2014). As such, it has the potential the sick, the dead, and the unborn are also to galvanize support in industrialized the sick, the dead, and the unborn are also to galvanize support in industrialized kept by them until shamans can negotiate nations for indigenous peoples and their kept by them until shamans can negotiate nations for indigenous peoples and their their return to the human world (Oakdale environments. Shamans working through their return to the human world (Oakdale environments. Shamans working through 2005). Aspects of what we would call part translators like Davi Kopenawa Yanomami 2005). Aspects of what we would call part translators like Davi Kopenawa Yanomami of “the natural” environment are always have become compelling spokespersons of “the natural” environment are always have become compelling spokespersons en route to becoming transformed into the far beyond Amazonia for this other way en route to becoming transformed into the far beyond Amazonia for this other way human and vice versa. Animals are also to live (Kopenawa and Albert 2013). With human and vice versa. Animals are also to live (Kopenawa and Albert 2013). With non-human subjectivities and moral codes respect to its usefulness in movements non-human subjectivities and moral codes respect to its usefulness in movements guide engagement with them. This sort of such as enviornmentalism, its “prêt-a guide engagement with them. This sort of such as enviornmentalism, its “prêt-a ontology “causes the human condition to porter” nature, to quote Ramos, is perhaps ontology “causes the human condition to porter” nature, to quote Ramos, is perhaps cease being ‘special’ and to become instead an asset as is its futurist orientation. cease being ‘special’ and to become instead an asset as is its futurist orientation. the default mode or generic condition of With respect to protecting biomes, the default mode or generic condition of With respect to protecting biomes, any species. The domain of nature … in perspectivism offers a vision of both an any species. The domain of nature … in perspectivism offers a vision of both an

brazilian studies in the united states | 71 brazilian studies in the united states | 71 indigenous world and an ideal future the better medical treatment that air indigenous world and an ideal future the better medical treatment that air where there is no category of the human travel allowed. Finding how indigenous where there is no category of the human travel allowed. Finding how indigenous differentiated from nature and therefore alterity is entangled and enmeshed with differentiated from nature and therefore alterity is entangled and enmeshed with no human domination of nature. goals and projects shared across ethnic no human domination of nature. goals and projects shared across ethnic boundaries, provides a more realistic boundaries, provides a more realistic The problem with this, as Lucas Bessire template for how conservation (or The problem with this, as Lucas Bessire template for how conservation (or and David Bond (2014) point out is that development, sustainable or otherwise) and David Bond (2014) point out is that development, sustainable or otherwise) this mulinaturalist world entirely cut projects involving indigenous peoples this mulinaturalist world entirely cut projects involving indigenous peoples off from “the West” does not exist save have worked and can work in the future. off from “the West” does not exist save have worked and can work in the future. perhaps in myth or as they point out, perhaps in myth or as they point out, the vague future. Moreover, this leads to One current project sponsored by the vague future. Moreover, this leads to One current project sponsored by an artificial and dangerous perception the Instituto Socioambiental is the an artificial and dangerous perception the Instituto Socioambiental is the that Amazonians live in separate realities production of organic honey from that Amazonians live in separate realities production of organic honey from when in fact they are entangled in the the European Apis Millifera bee. This when in fact they are entangled in the the European Apis Millifera bee. This material problems we all share such honey is produced in the Xingu and material problems we all share such honey is produced in the Xingu and as the effects of fossil fuels, tailings sold to grocery stores for a profit. as the effects of fossil fuels, tailings sold to grocery stores for a profit. from mines, poisons such as DDT While Kawaiwete had experience with from mines, poisons such as DDT While Kawaiwete had experience with or mercury, etc. Perspectivism, they native stingless bees and gathering their or mercury, etc. Perspectivism, they native stingless bees and gathering their caution, may also lead to a discounting honey, the art of bee keeping was new. caution, may also lead to a discounting honey, the art of bee keeping was new. and non-recognition of indigenous According to Simone Athayde, this and non-recognition of indigenous According to Simone Athayde, this peoples, the vast majority, who are venture has led to the documentation peoples, the vast majority, who are venture has led to the documentation not fully cut off from a “Western” of Kawaiwete observations of the not fully cut off from a “Western” of Kawaiwete observations of the reality. They suggest instead to look interactions of native and European bees reality. They suggest instead to look interactions of native and European bees at peoples’ actual working relations and the monitoring of forest blooms at peoples’ actual working relations and the monitoring of forest blooms with the natural world. With respect to (Athayde et. al. 2016). It has also lead to with the natural world. With respect to (Athayde et. al. 2016). It has also lead to the Kawaiwete, I have written about a the discovery by of a new spirit, Maruari, the Kawaiwete, I have written about a the discovery by of a new spirit, Maruari, shaman’s involvement in the midcentury that controls and watches over this shaman’s involvement in the midcentury that controls and watches over this state project called the “March to the European bee (ibid.). state project called the “March to the European bee (ibid.). West.” This particular shaman, named West.” This particular shaman, named Prepori, both worked with the Brazilian In conclusion, all of this research Prepori, both worked with the Brazilian In conclusion, all of this research air force, ground-truthing across central contributes to shifting our air force, ground-truthing across central contributes to shifting our Brazil to establish new landing strips conceptualization of biomes and Brazil to establish new landing strips conceptualization of biomes and in the 1940s at the same time as he can work toward their protection. in the 1940s at the same time as he can work toward their protection. communicated with the “True Animals” Archeology and cultural ecology produce communicated with the “True Animals” Archeology and cultural ecology produce and spirits of the sky so that these teams fine-grained understandings of humans’ and spirits of the sky so that these teams fine-grained understandings of humans’ could have game as they worked and roles in particular contexts and their could have game as they worked and roles in particular contexts and their their airplanes would not be taken down historical trajectories. Perspectivism, their airplanes would not be taken down historical trajectories. Perspectivism, by heavy winds (Oakdale 2018). He providing compelling, even if abstract, by heavy winds (Oakdale 2018). He providing compelling, even if abstract, did this, he said, to bring Kawaiwete philosophical positions, can be used did this, he said, to bring Kawaiwete philosophical positions, can be used

72 72 as a platform to fight environmental as a platform to fight environmental destruction. Critiques of perspectivism destruction. Critiques of perspectivism document the way environmental document the way environmental protection (or degradation) happen in protection (or degradation) happen in more historically specific ways, across more historically specific ways, across interethnic divides and conceptual worlds. interethnic divides and conceptual worlds.

brazilian studies in the united states | 73 brazilian studies in the united states | 73 Bibliography Bibliography

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brazilian studies in the united states | 75 brazilian studies in the united states | 75 How the United States American agency model is very How the United States American agency model is very of America built an rich, containing elements that could of America built an rich, containing elements that could intellectual and contribute to the clearing up of certain intellectual and contribute to the clearing up of certain practical ideology of misunderstandings about the Brazilian practical ideology of misunderstandings about the Brazilian regulation that Brazil regulatory standard. In early twenty regulation that Brazil regulatory standard. In early twenty needs to do century, the progressive movement in needs to do century, the progressive movement in the USA raised the agency model against the USA raised the agency model against the chaotic scenario revolving around the the chaotic scenario revolving around the government at the end of the nineteenth government at the end of the nineteenth Sérgio Guerra Sérgio Guerra century. The movement spread through century. The movement spread through FGV Law School FGV Law School the middle class located in urban areas, the middle class located in urban areas, shocked by the corruption and fraud shocked by the corruption and fraud The 1891 Constitution was modeled in the political field. The solution to The 1891 Constitution was modeled in the political field. The solution to upon that of the United States, these problems was to create agencies to upon that of the United States, these problems was to create agencies to institutionalized Brazilian federalism control certain industrial activities that institutionalized Brazilian federalism control certain industrial activities that and the separation of powers. So, should be decided by experts, rationally and the separation of powers. So, should be decided by experts, rationally the method of comparative research and free from partisan pressures, in the the method of comparative research and free from partisan pressures, in the between the Brazilian and North- format known as spoil system. between the Brazilian and North- format known as spoil system. American institutional and legal systems American institutional and legal systems was - and still is - relevant in Brazilian was - and still is - relevant in Brazilian Considering the impact of agency Considering the impact of agency constitutional matters. There are studies constitutional matters. There are studies decisions on the lives of citizens and decisions on the lives of citizens and on the federation, on the separation on the federation, on the separation businesses, a statute was enacted in businesses, a statute was enacted in of powers, on the presidential system, of powers, on the presidential system, 1946 to proceduralize their actions, 1946 to proceduralize their actions, and on the checks and balances system. and on the checks and balances system. bring transparency, and guarantee bring transparency, and guarantee Indeed, cases tried by the U.S. Supreme Indeed, cases tried by the U.S. Supreme fundamental rights. The Administrative fundamental rights. The Administrative Court are customarily relied upon by the Court are customarily relied upon by the Procedure Act was enacted to guide Procedure Act was enacted to guide Brazilian Supreme Court as the basis for Brazilian Supreme Court as the basis for the operation of the agencies, detailing the operation of the agencies, detailing their arguments. their arguments. the mechanisms of action. Indeed, the the mechanisms of action. Indeed, the APA provides guidelines for the issuing APA provides guidelines for the issuing The same is happening in administrative of regulatory standards, hearings The same is happening in administrative of regulatory standards, hearings law. Considering the Brazilian agency and society participation, judgment law. Considering the Brazilian agency and society participation, judgment model is close and was influenced by of individual cases and, in addition, model is close and was influenced by of individual cases and, in addition, the system of independent regulatory parameters for the judicial control of the system of independent regulatory parameters for the judicial control of agencies of the United States of America, the acts of the agencies by the courts agencies of the United States of America, the acts of the agencies by the courts it is appropriate to conduct legal research (judicial review). The APA is the true it is appropriate to conduct legal research (judicial review). The APA is the true from a comparative perspective. “constitution” of administrative law at from a comparative perspective. “constitution” of administrative law at the federal level. the federal level. Having gone through several phases Having gone through several phases during its history, the long-lived during its history, the long-lived

76 76 The actions of an agency must comply model agencies favor the occupation of The actions of an agency must comply model agencies favor the occupation of with the details contained in its law of positions by experts, public participation, with the details contained in its law of positions by experts, public participation, creation. When there is a dispute about transparency in procedures and decisions creation. When there is a dispute about transparency in procedures and decisions its actions, courts examine the data and with a procedural safeguards system its actions, courts examine the data and with a procedural safeguards system in accordance with appeal standards similar to the jurisdictional model. in accordance with appeal standards similar to the jurisdictional model. established by the law that granted powers established by the law that granted powers to the agency, generally keeping the Brazil is living a tough moment shocked to the agency, generally keeping the Brazil is living a tough moment shocked regulatory choice due to what is informally by a systemic corruption and fraud in the regulatory choice due to what is informally by a systemic corruption and fraud in the known as the principle of deference. Most political field and is going to have a new known as the principle of deference. Most political field and is going to have a new of the laws of creation of agencies have President (Jair Bolsonaro), promising a of the laws of creation of agencies have President (Jair Bolsonaro), promising a vague and open terms (that the doctrine huge privatization program. So, like what vague and open terms (that the doctrine huge privatization program. So, like what   It is important to stress that the Brazilian It is important to stress that the Brazilian bureaucracy, even with the advent of regulatory bureaucracy, even with the advent of regulatory agencies, is still different from the U.S. agencies, is still different from the U.S. bureaucratic system in terms of governability and bureaucratic system in terms of governability and governance structures. governance structures.

call “intelligible principle”), allowing the happened in the new deal reforms, this call “intelligible principle”), allowing the happened in the new deal reforms, this agency flexibility and even discretion to issue is very important to the social and agency flexibility and even discretion to issue is very important to the social and create its own rules and procedures. economic development of the country. create its own rules and procedures. economic development of the country.

With this background, despite some The Brazilian agency model is a (partial) With this background, despite some The Brazilian agency model is a (partial) opponents, the U.S. regulation model has reproduction of an existing standard in opponents, the U.S. regulation model has reproduction of an existing standard in been kept since the nineteenth century the United States of America. The Master been kept since the nineteenth century the United States of America. The Master to the present day with the support of Plan of the State Governance Reform in to the present day with the support of Plan of the State Governance Reform in the Supreme Court. In fact, the U.S. 1995 brought a new model of independent the Supreme Court. In fact, the U.S. 1995 brought a new model of independent Supreme Court validated tenure and the regulatory agencies in order to Supreme Court validated tenure and the regulatory agencies in order to delegation of powers and recognized the restructure Public Administration. It was delegation of powers and recognized the restructure Public Administration. It was legality in the accumulation of quasi- implemented at a time of the restructuring legality in the accumulation of quasi- implemented at a time of the restructuring legislative, quasi-executive and quasi- of the state’s way of intervening in the legislative, quasi-executive and quasi- of the state’s way of intervening in the judicial functions. Presently, the U.S. economy during the administration of judicial functions. Presently, the U.S. economy during the administration of

brazilian studies in the united states | 77 brazilian studies in the united states | 77 former president Fernando Henrique the constitutionality of the Brazilian former president Fernando Henrique the constitutionality of the Brazilian Cardoso. Mr. Cardoso led a huge model, in two cases the Supreme Cardoso. Mr. Cardoso led a huge model, in two cases the Supreme privatization program. At that stage, Court validated the tenure system, the privatization program. At that stage, Court validated the tenure system, the the creation of regulatory agencies was normative functions (with mention to the creation of regulatory agencies was normative functions (with mention to paramount. First, to attract private the so called “intelligible principles”), paramount. First, to attract private the so called “intelligible principles”), capital (especially foreign). Second, and the decision-making autonomy. capital (especially foreign). Second, and the decision-making autonomy. to deal with technical issues for to deal with technical issues for decentralizing the executive power. It is important to stress that the Brazilian decentralizing the executive power. It is important to stress that the Brazilian bureaucracy, even with the advent of bureaucracy, even with the advent of The goal was lending some regulatory agencies, is still different from The goal was lending some regulatory agencies, is still different from predictability and making the agency the U.S. bureaucratic system in terms of predictability and making the agency the U.S. bureaucratic system in terms of less susceptible to conflicts and political governability and governance structures. less susceptible to conflicts and political governability and governance structures. interests typical of the routines of However, there is no doubt that part interests typical of the routines of However, there is no doubt that part the Brazilian´s Congress. Bringing of the institutional design, granting the Brazilian´s Congress. Bringing of the institutional design, granting novelty to both Brazilian constitutional tenure to the agency commissioners novelty to both Brazilian constitutional tenure to the agency commissioners and administrative law, independent and decision-making autonomy was and administrative law, independent and decision-making autonomy was regulatory agencies were created under influenced by the American model. regulatory agencies were created under influenced by the American model. a special autarchy nature: headed by Indeed, because of these factors, a special autarchy nature: headed by Indeed, because of these factors, a collegiate body; granting tenure for analyses should be produced about what a collegiate body; granting tenure for analyses should be produced about what its commissioners; administrative happened and has been happening in the its commissioners; administrative happened and has been happening in the autonomy; quasi-executive, quasi- North American model, in the various autonomy; quasi-executive, quasi- North American model, in the various legislative, and quasi-judicial functions. stages along its over one hundred and legislative, and quasi-judicial functions. stages along its over one hundred and Right now, Brazil has independent fifty years of history. Some matters Right now, Brazil has independent fifty years of history. Some matters regulatory commissions in relevant related to the American system of regulatory commissions in relevant related to the American system of industrial sectors like oil and gas regulatory agencies can contribute to the industrial sectors like oil and gas regulatory agencies can contribute to the industry; electric power; health care; development of Brazilian agencies and industry; electric power; health care; development of Brazilian agencies and transportation; and telecom. not only in regards to the administrative transportation; and telecom. not only in regards to the administrative law. It would be helpful to further law. It would be helpful to further The introduction of regulatory agencies research in several areas. Thus, the The introduction of regulatory agencies research in several areas. Thus, the brought some legal controversies studies could contribute to debates on brought some legal controversies studies could contribute to debates on in Brazil. First, the offense to the the Brazilian regulatory standard, aiming in Brazil. First, the offense to the the Brazilian regulatory standard, aiming principle of the separation of powers. to improve or to identify potential principle of the separation of powers. to improve or to identify potential Second, the delegation of power from measures to be investigated in greater Second, the delegation of power from measures to be investigated in greater the legislative branch to unelected deepness. the legislative branch to unelected deepness. commissioners. Third, the violation commissioners. Third, the violation of the principle of unitary executive. In conclusion, for Brazilian academy of the principle of unitary executive. In conclusion, for Brazilian academy Fourth, the lack of legitimacy of the the goal is doing research to contribute Fourth, the lack of legitimacy of the the goal is doing research to contribute commissioners of independent agencies to the effective construction of a new commissioners of independent agencies to the effective construction of a new holding fixed terms. Looking toward Brazilian regulatory state in a moment holding fixed terms. Looking toward Brazilian regulatory state in a moment

78 78 the country needs to have strong the country needs to have strong bureaucracy to avoid systemic corruption bureaucracy to avoid systemic corruption and for fostering the social and economic and for fostering the social and economic development. development.

brazilian studies in the united states | 79 brazilian studies in the united states | 79 The Study of Brazilian and learn from––more local forms of The Study of Brazilian and learn from––more local forms of Law and Politics in the institutions and politics? Law and Politics in the institutions and politics? United States United States This questioning attitude comes not from This questioning attitude comes not from an academic cacoethes, but rather from a an academic cacoethes, but rather from a A Search for The Open Road scholarly tradition usually referred to as A Search for The Open Road scholarly tradition usually referred to as Fabio de Sa e Silva1* “law and development”. In this chapter, Fabio de Sa e Silva1* “law and development”. In this chapter, University of Oklahoma I review that tradition, the lessons it has University of Oklahoma I review that tradition, the lessons it has generated2, and the extent to which these generated2, and the extent to which these apply to the broader challenge this book apply to the broader challenge this book This chapter proceeds from a conference This chapter proceeds from a conference embraces––i.e., to chart “the road ahead” embraces––i.e., to chart “the road ahead” panel that asked, “How does the foreign panel that asked, “How does the foreign for Brazilian Studies in the United States. for Brazilian Studies in the United States. view [coming from] the North-American view [coming from] the North-American academy contribute to the development academy contribute to the development The assumptions of law and development The assumptions of law and development of research on Brazilian politics and of research on Brazilian politics and institutions in both countries?” institutions in both countries?” The scholarly tradition known as “law The scholarly tradition known as “law and development” was a product of both and development” was a product of both Posed as such, the question is clearly Posed as such, the question is clearly intellectual and political conditions that intellectual and political conditions that meant to invite prospective and creative meant to invite prospective and creative marked the United States in the 1960s. marked the United States in the 1960s. thinking. To many of us, however, it only thinking. To many of us, however, it only raises more questions. For example, is raises more questions. For example, is there a unifiedforeign view coming from Intellectually, the study of law had been there a unifiedforeign view coming from Intellectually, the study of law had been the North-American academy, or is there a reinvigorated by “legal realism” and the North-American academy, or is there a reinvigorated by “legal realism” and myriad of views, with some hegemonizing an interest in “law in action” (i.e., the myriad of views, with some hegemonizing an interest in “law in action” (i.e., the over others? Moreover, what counts as production, implementation, and effects of over others? Moreover, what counts as production, implementation, and effects of research? If an early career professor with legal rules), more than “law on the books” research? If an early career professor with legal rules), more than “law on the books” limited Portuguese spends a semester of (i.e., the decisions and doctrines produced limited Portuguese spends a semester of (i.e., the decisions and doctrines produced fieldwork interacting with Brazilian elites by lawyers and judges). This shift created fieldwork interacting with Brazilian elites by lawyers and judges). This shift created to write his next book, may he or she opportunities for both legal scholars to write his next book, may he or she opportunities for both legal scholars contribute to the development of research and social scientists to engage in critical contribute to the development of research and social scientists to engage in critical on Brazilian politics and institutions? inquiry of legal rules and institutions. The on Brazilian politics and institutions? inquiry of legal rules and institutions. The Finally, what counts as politics and Law and Society Association was both a Finally, what counts as politics and Law and Society Association was both a institutions? Is that a reference to product and the most visible expression institutions? Is that a reference to product and the most visible expression mainstream features of Western polities? of these emerging academic identities and mainstream features of Western polities? of these emerging academic identities and Or are we also willing to consider–– prospects. Or are we also willing to consider–– prospects.

1 *Assistant Professor of International Studies and Wick Cary Professor of Brazilian Studies, University of Okla- 1 *Assistant Professor of International Studies and Wick Cary Professor of Brazilian Studies, University of Okla- homa; co-Director of the Brazil Studies Program. E-mail: [email protected] homa; co-Director of the Brazil Studies Program. E-mail: [email protected] 2 These considerations are based on Trubek (1972) and Trubek and Galanter (1974) and, to a lesser extent, 2 These considerations are based on Trubek (1972) and Trubek and Galanter (1974) and, to a lesser extent, Gardner (1980). Gardner (1980).

80 80 Politically, the world was divided by the “Legal developers” also understood that Politically, the world was divided by the “Legal developers” also understood that Cold War and the US foreign policy relied law had a “purpose”, i.e., that instead Cold War and the US foreign policy relied law had a “purpose”, i.e., that instead heavily on “developmental assistance” to of representing transcendental ideals of heavily on “developmental assistance” to of representing transcendental ideals of bar what North-Americans feared could justice, those general legal rules were bar what North-Americans feared could justice, those general legal rules were be the advancement of real socialism. meant to preserve or change society in a be the advancement of real socialism. meant to preserve or change society in a These “development projects” were given, purposeful way. It followed that, These “development projects” were given, purposeful way. It followed that, generally inspired by modernization passing and applying proper laws, was a generally inspired by modernization passing and applying proper laws, was a theory and its understanding that, for powerful way for countries to walk from theory and its understanding that, for powerful way for countries to walk from one, societies tended to “evolve” from “underdevelopment” to “development”. one, societies tended to “evolve” from “underdevelopment” to “development”. “underdevelopment” (commodities- “underdevelopment” (commodities- based, rural, autocratic) to “developed” But what would these “proper laws” based, rural, autocratic) to “developed” But what would these “proper laws” (industrialized, urban, democratic) and, be and how would they lead to (industrialized, urban, democratic) and, be and how would they lead to for another, that this “evolutionary” “development”? “Legal developers” for another, that this “evolutionary” “development”? “Legal developers” process could be accelerated if considered that “proper laws” were those process could be accelerated if considered that “proper laws” were those “underdeveloped” countries were to that would structure and protect a private “underdeveloped” countries were to that would structure and protect a private adopt some structures typical of their sphere (property rights, corporate law, adopt some structures typical of their sphere (property rights, corporate law, “developed” counterparts. and capital markets law). They also “developed” counterparts. and capital markets law). They also maintained that, once in place, these laws maintained that, once in place, these laws It did not take time for “legal developers” would produce a US-style marketplace and It did not take time for “legal developers” would produce a US-style marketplace and to emerge and initiate “legal development expand individual freedoms altogether. to emerge and initiate “legal development expand individual freedoms altogether. projects” in countries around the world, As a result, the societies adopting and projects” in countries around the world, As a result, the societies adopting and Brazil being one of them. implementing these new laws would Brazil being one of them. implementing these new laws would become both advanced industrial become both advanced industrial These “developers” shared a very clear- These “developers” shared a very clear- cut “view” about law and its relationship cut “view” about law and its relationship to development, which they drew from to development, which they drew from readings of Max Weber. They thought readings of Max Weber. They thought of law as a system of general rules (as of law as a system of general rules (as opposed to particularistic ones), backed  opposed to particularistic ones), backed  up by the state (as opposed to traditional up by the state (as opposed to traditional or charismatic sources of authority), or charismatic sources of authority), and applied by specialized agencies But what would these and applied by specialized agencies But what would these (i.e., Courts, as opposed, for example, “proper laws” be and (i.e., Courts, as opposed, for example, “proper laws” be and to community-based decisionmakers) to community-based decisionmakers) in a universal and uniform manner how would they lead to in a universal and uniform manner how would they lead to (i.e., regardless of the gender, race, or (i.e., regardless of the gender, race, or socioeconomic status of the parties). “development”? socioeconomic status of the parties). “development”?

brazilian studies in the united states | 81 brazilian studies in the united states | 81 economies and politically liberal, “catching did not quite fit their models. Brazil economies and politically liberal, “catching did not quite fit their models. Brazil up” with their role-models in North was, and continues to be, an economy in up” with their role-models in North was, and continues to be, an economy in America and Western Europe. which the state, before the marketplace, America and Western Europe. which the state, before the marketplace, gets to play a central role in economic gets to play a central role in economic The critical legacy of law and development3 and beyond4. New laws to The critical legacy of law and development3 and beyond4. New laws to development structure and protect a private sphere were development structure and protect a private sphere were not sufficient to change this state-of-affairs not sufficient to change this state-of-affairs Once “legal developers” landed in their and, of course, did very little to curb the Once “legal developers” landed in their and, of course, did very little to curb the countries of destination, they quickly authoritarian turn that Brazil eventually countries of destination, they quickly authoritarian turn that Brazil eventually unpacked an agenda that included both took in the mid-1960s. unpacked an agenda that included both took in the mid-1960s. research and reform. Consistent with their research and reform. Consistent with their assumptions, they carefully reviewed the In addition, some of the reforms assumptions, they carefully reviewed the In addition, some of the reforms laws, legal institutions, and legal practices undertaken by “legal developers” laws, legal institutions, and legal practices undertaken by “legal developers” they encountered in place, searching for generated rather unintended results. they encountered in place, searching for generated rather unintended results. discrepancies between those and the ideal Legal education offers, once again, a case discrepancies between those and the ideal Legal education offers, once again, a case models they had brought to bear. In light in point. As authoritarianism mounted models they had brought to bear. In light in point. As authoritarianism mounted of their findings, they would not hesitate in the wake of the 1964 civil-military of their findings, they would not hesitate in the wake of the 1964 civil-military to propose changes. coup, the attempt to give lawyers a more to propose changes. coup, the attempt to give lawyers a more “purposeful” thinking enabled those “purposeful” thinking enabled those One of the areas these “legal developers” working for the state to more effectively One of the areas these “legal developers” working for the state to more effectively focused on, in the case of Brazil, was legal implement, rather than challenge, a focused on, in the case of Brazil, was legal implement, rather than challenge, a education. They were struck by the high growing body of illiberal rules. education. They were struck by the high growing body of illiberal rules. formalism of Brazilian legal culture and formalism of Brazilian legal culture and were supportive of reforms in law school Last but not least, “legal developers” ended were supportive of reforms in law school Last but not least, “legal developers” ended pedagogy to infuse Brazilian law students up losing their faith in their own models. pedagogy to infuse Brazilian law students up losing their faith in their own models. with better analytical skills and a more Amidst the malaise caused by the Vietnam with better analytical skills and a more Amidst the malaise caused by the Vietnam “purposeful” legal reasoning. The CEPED, war, they questioned, for example, “purposeful” legal reasoning. The CEPED, war, they questioned, for example, or Center for the Teaching and Research of whether the US was a desirable template or Center for the Teaching and Research of whether the US was a desirable template Law, was established in Rio de Janeiro as for other countries to follow, and how Law, was established in Rio de Janeiro as for other countries to follow, and how an experiment of such reforms. noble the policy motives behind the push an experiment of such reforms. noble the policy motives behind the push for “law and development” projects were. for “law and development” projects were. As time went by, however, these “legal As time went by, however, these “legal developers” found themselves deeply developers” found themselves deeply troubled. To begin with, they encountered troubled. To begin with, they encountered different socioeconomic structures, which different socioeconomic structures, which

3 This arrangement would be later recognized––and analytically valued––by political economists like Chang 3 This arrangement would be later recognized––and analytically valued––by political economists like Chang (2002) and Hall and Soskice (2001). (2002) and Hall and Soskice (2001). 4 Since the “law and development” movement was launched, the meaning of development itself was expanded 4 Since the “law and development” movement was launched, the meaning of development itself was expanded to include minimum social protection and the expansion of political freedoms as goals in their own right. to include minimum social protection and the expansion of political freedoms as goals in their own right. 82 82 Back to the question estrangement” (Trubek and Galanter Back to the question estrangement” (Trubek and Galanter 1974)? While any good “Brazilianist” may 1974)? While any good “Brazilianist” may By the mid-1970s, disappointments of have found his or her own way through By the mid-1970s, disappointments of have found his or her own way through “legal developers” and changes in the this challenge, the answer needs to be “legal developers” and changes in the this challenge, the answer needs to be priorities of US foreign policy brought the given at a more collective and institutional priorities of US foreign policy brought the given at a more collective and institutional first generation of “law and development” level. Through university programs and first generation of “law and development” level. Through university programs and to an end. Its critical legacy, however, learned societies, we must work to create to an end. Its critical legacy, however, learned societies, we must work to create endures. Hence, when questioned, “How a permanent infrastructure that will endures. Hence, when questioned, “How a permanent infrastructure that will does the foreign view coming from the enable students and faculty to learn the does the foreign view coming from the enable students and faculty to learn the North-American academy contribute language, to immerse themselves in the North-American academy contribute language, to immerse themselves in the to the development of research on Brazilian context and culture, to develop to the development of research on Brazilian context and culture, to develop Brazilian politics and institutions in both relationships, and to be challenged in their Brazilian politics and institutions in both relationships, and to be challenged in their countries?”, those who are familiar with certainties and assumptions about that countries?”, those who are familiar with certainties and assumptions about that the legacy tend to immediately respond, “it country. the legacy tend to immediately respond, “it country. depends”. depends”. At the David L. Boren College of At the David L. Boren College of Is that “view” aware of the structural International Studies, University of Is that “view” aware of the structural International Studies, University of contradictions and conflicts that constitute Oklahoma, we are establishing a program contradictions and conflicts that constitute Oklahoma, we are establishing a program Brazil and how scholarly work fits that I hope will be up to this task. Through Brazil and how scholarly work fits that I hope will be up to this task. Through such context––whether to challenge or cross-departmental collaboration, we are such context––whether to challenge or cross-departmental collaboration, we are reinforce it? Does the “view” involve an building a core-curriculum of Brazilian reinforce it? Does the “view” involve an building a core-curriculum of Brazilian open commitment to freedom, equality, Studies, including Portuguese and study open commitment to freedom, equality, Studies, including Portuguese and study and democracy, instead of the abstract abroad requirements, which we expect will and democracy, instead of the abstract abroad requirements, which we expect will belief that, with the right economic be given the status of an academic minor. belief that, with the right economic be given the status of an academic minor. reforms, those will, one day, inevitably Through events and exchange programs, reforms, those will, one day, inevitably Through events and exchange programs, come? Is the “view” based on horizontal we are attempting to increase the Brazilian come? Is the “view” based on horizontal we are attempting to increase the Brazilian and solidary relationships with Brazilians, presence on our campus, allowing our and solidary relationships with Brazilians, presence on our campus, allowing our beyond elites that often make strategic students and faculty to interact more beyond elites that often make strategic students and faculty to interact more use of foreign connections to enhance directly with a “Brazilian community”. use of foreign connections to enhance directly with a “Brazilian community”. their own positions of power (Dezalay Through a publication series (soon to be their own positions of power (Dezalay Through a publication series (soon to be and Garth 2002)? The answers to these launched), we wish to educate the North- and Garth 2002)? The answers to these launched), we wish to educate the North- questions will determine very different American audience about contemporary questions will determine very different American audience about contemporary forms of “contribution to research” (or Brazilian issues. And through study forms of “contribution to research” (or Brazilian issues. And through study will move us through very different “roads abroad programs, we have aimed to give will move us through very different “roads abroad programs, we have aimed to give ahead”), as they did before. our students and faculty a chance to get ahead”), as they did before. our students and faculty a chance to get immersed in the Brazilian complexity immersed in the Brazilian complexity But how could we develop a better and develop long-term ties with Brazilian But how could we develop a better and develop long-term ties with Brazilian “view” and pursue a “road” that, in the academics and institutions. “view” and pursue a “road” that, in the academics and institutions. future, will not put us, yet again, in “self- future, will not put us, yet again, in “self-

brazilian studies in the united states | 83 brazilian studies in the united states | 83 Needless to say, none of this is easy. Needless to say, none of this is easy.

Obstacles begin in the US, where Obstacles begin in the US, where financial support associated with foreign financial support associated with foreign policy interests has long gone away, policy interests has long gone away, and the reigning academic structure and the reigning academic structure offers no tangible rewards for the time offers no tangible rewards for the time and energy spent by faculty in efforts and energy spent by faculty in efforts to create Brazil Studies programs. to create Brazil Studies programs. Hardships have also grown in Brazil, Hardships have also grown in Brazil, where, in spite of pressures for “academic where, in spite of pressures for “academic internationalization”, higher education internationalization”, higher education institutions face cutbacks in funds and institutions face cutbacks in funds and threats of privatization; affirmative action threats of privatization; affirmative action and policies that have made student bodies and policies that have made student bodies more inclusive and diverse are under more inclusive and diverse are under siege; and anti-intellectualism and attacks siege; and anti-intellectualism and attacks on academic freedom have mounted, as on academic freedom have mounted, as represented by the Escola Sem Partido represented by the Escola Sem Partido movement and the recent election of Jair movement and the recent election of Jair Bolsonaro. Bolsonaro.

With persistence and mutual support, With persistence and mutual support, however, these are challenges we will face however, these are challenges we will face and overcome. And while, to some of us, a and overcome. And while, to some of us, a call to chart “the road ahead” for Brazilian call to chart “the road ahead” for Brazilian Studies in the US may raise questions and Studies in the US may raise questions and doubts, hopefully it will make us feel more doubts, hopefully it will make us feel more like Walt Whitman (1856), who once used like Walt Whitman (1856), who once used “road” as a metaphor for a utopian, open “road” as a metaphor for a utopian, open space, finally attained: space, finally attained:

“Allons! the road is before us! “Allons! the road is before us!

It is safe—I have tried it—my own feet It is safe—I have tried it—my own feet have tried it well—be not detain’d!” have tried it well—be not detain’d!”

84 84 References References

Chang H-J (2002) Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem Chang H-J (2002) Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem Press, 2002). Press, 2002).

Dezalay Y; Garth B (2002) The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest Dezalay Y; Garth B (2002) The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Gardner JA (1980) Legal Imperialism: American Lawyers and Foreign Aid in Latin America, The University Gardner JA (1980) Legal Imperialism: American Lawyers and Foreign Aid in Latin America, The University of Wisconsin Press. of Wisconsin Press.

Hall PA; Soskice D (2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative. Oxford/ Hall PA; Soskice D (2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative. Oxford/ NY: Oxford University Press. NY: Oxford University Press.

Trubek DM (1972) “Toward a Social Theory of Law: An Essay on the Study of Law and Development”, 82 Trubek DM (1972) “Toward a Social Theory of Law: An Essay on the Study of Law and Development”, 82 Yale Law Journal 1-50 Yale Law Journal 1-50

Trubek DM; Galanter M (1974) “Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Trubek DM; Galanter M (1974) “Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies”, 1974 Wisconsin Law Review 1062-1102 Development Studies”, 1974 Wisconsin Law Review 1062-1102

Waltman W (1856) “Song of the Open Road”, available at: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/ Waltman W (1856) “Song of the Open Road”, available at: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/ poems/48859/song-of-the-open-road, last access Jan 4, 2018. poems/48859/song-of-the-open-road, last access Jan 4, 2018.

brazilian studies in the united states | 85 brazilian studies in the united states | 85 Teaching and Research the humanities that affects both the U.S. Teaching and Research the humanities that affects both the U.S. on Brazilian Litera- and Brazilian institutions. But among on Brazilian Litera- and Brazilian institutions. But among ture and Culture Today: the humanities, it is the language and ture and Culture Today: the humanities, it is the language and Crossroads, Dead Ends, literature departments that are the most Crossroads, Dead Ends, literature departments that are the most New Avenues vulnerable; more specifically, the foreign New Avenues vulnerable; more specifically, the foreign languages; and among these, the teaching languages; and among these, the teaching and research in so-called less-commonly- and research in so-called less-commonly- taught languages, such as Portuguese, taught languages, such as Portuguese, César Braga-Pinto César Braga-Pinto are the most vulnerable of all, constantly are the most vulnerable of all, constantly Northwestern University Northwestern University struggling to prove their relevance and struggling to prove their relevance and sometimes their existence. sometimes their existence. The following pages are meant address to The following pages are meant address to address the questions proposed to us (one address the questions proposed to us (one However, I want to avoid, as much as However, I want to avoid, as much as literary studies scholar and two historians) literary studies scholar and two historians) possible, the catastrophic, sometimes possible, the catastrophic, sometimes in the conference “Brazilian Studies in the in the conference “Brazilian Studies in the apocalyptic tone that has characterized apocalyptic tone that has characterized United States: The Road Ahead”: What United States: The Road Ahead”: What much of the recent debates on our much of the recent debates on our are the challenges in research on Brazilian are the challenges in research on Brazilian discipline. It is true that it is rather difficult discipline. It is true that it is rather difficult history and literature at US universities: history and literature at US universities: not to be alarmed, or even to panic when not to be alarmed, or even to panic when elements of attraction and indifference elements of attraction and indifference we consider the present and the future we consider the present and the future from American students to exchanges with from American students to exchanges with of the humanities in higher education of the humanities in higher education Brazilian universities? So, as a scholar of Brazilian universities? So, as a scholar of in general, and in Brazil, in particular. A in general, and in Brazil, in particular. A literary and cultural studies (the only one literary and cultural studies (the only one recent piece by Eric Hyot, Professor of recent piece by Eric Hyot, Professor of in this conference), I want firstly to stress in this conference), I want firstly to stress Comparative Literature and Asian Studies Comparative Literature and Asian Studies that historians are, and indeed should that historians are, and indeed should at Penn State U, in one of the publications at Penn State U, in one of the publications be our best friends. Firstly because with be our best friends. Firstly because with of the Modern Languages Association, of the Modern Languages Association, them we share a keen interest in memory them we share a keen interest in memory gives plenty of evidence of the dimension gives plenty of evidence of the dimension and, often, in the case of Brazil,a fear for and, often, in the case of Brazil,a fear for of the crisis we endure (to have an idea, of the crisis we endure (to have an idea, the fate of our documents and precarious the fate of our documents and precarious the article is entitled “The sky is falling”!) the article is entitled “The sky is falling”!) archives. In addition, if it is true that the archives. In addition, if it is true that the 5. In summary, Eric Hyot calls attention to 5. In summary, Eric Hyot calls attention to participants in this event share a general participants in this event share a general the rapid and steady decline of the tenure- the rapid and steady decline of the tenure- interest in, as well as concerns for the interest in, as well as concerns for the track jobs advertised in the MLA’s Job track jobs advertised in the MLA’s Job future of Brazilian studies in the U.S., we, future of Brazilian studies in the U.S., we, Information List, particularly in the last Information List, particularly in the last historians and literature scholars, find historians and literature scholars, find 10 year or so, when the numbers dropped 10 year or so, when the numbers dropped ourselves in the middle of an additional ourselves in the middle of an additional more than 50%. [I should point out that, in more than 50%. [I should point out that, in and broader crisis, which is the much- and broader crisis, which is the much- Portuguese, 2018-19 was Portuguese, 2018-19 was discussed crisis in discussed crisis in

5 Hayot, Eric. “The Sky is Falling.” Modern Languages Association, https://profession.mla.org/the-sky-is-falling/ 5 Hayot, Eric. “The Sky is Falling.” Modern Languages Association, https://profession.mla.org/the-sky-is-falling/

86 86 not a bad year, with 5 or 6 tenure-track 5. In addition, the scope and the viability not a bad year, with 5 or 6 tenure-track 5. In addition, the scope and the viability positions open, but we cannot say that this of the interdisciplinarity imperative vary positions open, but we cannot say that this of the interdisciplinarity imperative vary is really a trend]. As expected, this decline according to the nature of the institution. is really a trend]. As expected, this decline according to the nature of the institution. in jobs also corresponds to an overall in jobs also corresponds to an overall decline of 50% in humanities majors at I should also note that the nature and decline of 50% in humanities majors at I should also note that the nature and several institutions. scope of our research, on the one hand, several institutions. scope of our research, on the one hand, and of our teaching, on the other – or and of our teaching, on the other – or After presenting this dramatic picture, of our discipline, on the one hand, and After presenting this dramatic picture, of our discipline, on the one hand, and Hayot suggests that, in order to remain our departments, on the other – do not Hayot suggests that, in order to remain our departments, on the other – do not relevant, the only way out for literary always coincide. And yet, as scholars of relevant, the only way out for literary always coincide. And yet, as scholars of scholars is interdisciplinarity: “We Brazilian literary and cultural studies, scholars is interdisciplinarity: “We Brazilian literary and cultural studies, may want to double down on [this] we too must understand our research may want to double down on [this] we too must understand our research interdisciplinarity, seeing our courses as as inherently interdisciplinary, and interdisciplinarity, seeing our courses as as inherently interdisciplinary, and training in the humanities (in general), our pedagogical practice needs to be training in the humanities (in general), our pedagogical practice needs to be ourselves as humanists (in general), and more and more committed to renewed ourselves as humanists (in general), and more and more committed to renewed our work as orienting our students to the forms of collaboration. Needless to say, our work as orienting our students to the forms of collaboration. Needless to say, big human questions, which are, after studying Brazilian culture in the U.S., at big human questions, which are, after studying Brazilian culture in the U.S., at all, not constrained by the boundaries of least on the undergraduate level, is quite all, not constrained by the boundaries of least on the undergraduate level, is quite the university’s disciplinary divisions.” I different from the kind of specialized the university’s disciplinary divisions.” I different from the kind of specialized couldn’t agree more, although the case of work one can do in Brazil. Indeed, for couldn’t agree more, although the case of work one can do in Brazil. Indeed, for literatures produced in less-commonly decades, courses on Brazilian literature literatures produced in less-commonly decades, courses on Brazilian literature taught languages is always much more and culture have focused on subjects such taught languages is always much more and culture have focused on subjects such dramatic, among other reasons because as Brazilian Popular music, mestiçagem dramatic, among other reasons because as Brazilian Popular music, mestiçagem we almost always need to rely either on and democracia racial, carnival and we almost always need to rely either on and democracia racial, carnival and high level of language proficiency from other cultural exceptionalisms. But this high level of language proficiency from other cultural exceptionalisms. But this the students, or the availability of works has changed in the last decade, as we the students, or the availability of works has changed in the last decade, as we in translations. In fact, many schools do understand Brazilian culture and history in translations. In fact, many schools do understand Brazilian culture and history not even offer a major or minor. A survey as part of the world, no matter how not even offer a major or minor. A survey as part of the world, no matter how conducted by the BTAA (formally known complicated this relationship might be. conducted by the BTAA (formally known complicated this relationship might be. as the Big Ten) indicates that in 2017-2018, So (perhaps because I was trained as a as the Big Ten) indicates that in 2017-2018, So (perhaps because I was trained as a the average of graduating majors was five comparatist) I firmly believe that today, the average of graduating majors was five comparatist) I firmly believe that today, students, with most of the 14 schools (U. more than ever, Brazilian cultural studies students, with most of the 14 schools (U. more than ever, Brazilian cultural studies of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, U. is to be undertaken transnationally and of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, U. is to be undertaken transnationally and of Michigan, Michigan State, Minnesota, interdisciplinarily. of Michigan, Michigan State, Minnesota, interdisciplinarily. Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, Rutgers-New Without intending to be exhaustive, Penn State, Purdue, Rutgers-New Without intending to be exhaustive, Brunswick, Wisconsin) having graduate I want to illustrate some of the issues Brunswick, Wisconsin) having graduate I want to illustrate some of the issues no majors at all, whereas Minnesota scholars of Brazilian cultures working no majors at all, whereas Minnesota scholars of Brazilian cultures working declared 23, Wisconsin 9 and U. of Iowa most often in Spanish and Portuguese declared 23, Wisconsin 9 and U. of Iowa most often in Spanish and Portuguese

brazilian studies in the united states | 87 brazilian studies in the united states | 87 departments face (as there are really Brazilianists as their colleagues; and, in departments face (as there are really Brazilianists as their colleagues; and, in only two departments of Portuguese in fact, I was asked to teach a language course only two departments of Portuguese in fact, I was asked to teach a language course the country, namely at Brown U. and U. only once in my entire career. At the time the country, namely at Brown U. and U. only once in my entire career. At the time Mass at Dartmouth) by narrating my own (around 2000) Rutgers had a very large Mass at Dartmouth) by narrating my own (around 2000) Rutgers had a very large experience in the two research universities Portuguese, and a growing Brazilian experience in the two research universities Portuguese, and a growing Brazilian where I have taught, two institutions student body, as well as a huge population where I have taught, two institutions student body, as well as a huge population which are nevertheless very different of Spanish heritage speakers. Therefore, which are nevertheless very different of Spanish heritage speakers. Therefore, from each other. After finishing my enrollments were never a concern, and from each other. After finishing my enrollments were never a concern, and Ph.D. in Comparative Literature at U.C. I was not worried about enrollments in Ph.D. in Comparative Literature at U.C. I was not worried about enrollments in Berkeley, my first teaching position was classes on Fernando Pessoa, Machado de Berkeley, my first teaching position was classes on Fernando Pessoa, Machado de at Rutgers University at New Brunswick Assis, Graciliano Ramos, fado or MPB, at Rutgers University at New Brunswick Assis, Graciliano Ramos, fado or MPB, (New Jersey), where I taught for more always taught in Portuguese. There was (New Jersey), where I taught for more always taught in Portuguese. There was than ten years. Rutgers, like Berkeley, also some support from Portuguese than ten years. Rutgers, like Berkeley, also some support from Portuguese is a public university, with one of the foundations and the Portuguese is a public university, with one of the foundations and the Portuguese most diverse student populations in the government – which contrasted with the most diverse student populations in the government – which contrasted with the U.S. At the time (about twenty years Brazilian government, which seemed much U.S. At the time (about twenty years Brazilian government, which seemed much ago), the field of Luso-Brazilian studies more interested in financing programs in ago), the field of Luso-Brazilian studies more interested in financing programs in was starting to change, and I would say the wealthiest research universities, rather was starting to change, and I would say the wealthiest research universities, rather that things seemed pretty auspicious. than supporting the growing Brazilian that things seemed pretty auspicious. than supporting the growing Brazilian For example, before I had often heard (I community in the U.S., the so-called For example, before I had often heard (I community in the U.S., the so-called was often warned) that there was a clear Brazucas (today we see a growing presence was often warned) that there was a clear Brazucas (today we see a growing presence divide within Spanish and Portuguese of heritage students even in the private divide within Spanish and Portuguese of heritage students even in the private departments; that Luso-Brazilianists were elite institutions, and this is something departments; that Luso-Brazilianists were elite institutions, and this is something marginalized in decision making; and worth paying attention at, as it has started marginalized in decision making; and worth paying attention at, as it has started they were often excluded from graduate to have a significant effect on teaching they were often excluded from graduate to have a significant effect on teaching teaching and advising. To chair a Spanish and research on Brazil). On the other teaching and advising. To chair a Spanish and research on Brazil). On the other and Portuguese department, or even to hand, beyond the Spanish and Portuguese and Portuguese department, or even to hand, beyond the Spanish and Portuguese direct the graduate program, was pretty department, there was a growing interest direct the graduate program, was pretty department, there was a growing interest much unthinkable (whereas today at in courses taught in English, particularly much unthinkable (whereas today at in courses taught in English, particularly least two Brazilianists chair Spanish and in the Program in Comparative literature, least two Brazilianists chair Spanish and in the Program in Comparative literature, Portuguese departments in major research to which I was affiliated and soon became Portuguese departments in major research to which I was affiliated and soon became universities). Moreover, someone who the Director of Undergraduate Studies, universities). Moreover, someone who the Director of Undergraduate Studies, had a Ph.D. in literature many times had but also in other unities, such as Africana had a Ph.D. in literature many times had but also in other unities, such as Africana to teach Portuguese, and in some cases Studies, African Studies and Women and to teach Portuguese, and in some cases Studies, African Studies and Women and even Spanish language. However, this is Gender Studies. A few years later, my even Spanish language. However, this is Gender Studies. A few years later, my not what I encountered. On the contrary, department hired a second tenure-track not what I encountered. On the contrary, department hired a second tenure-track at least in my experience, Spanish and faculty, when until then it was rare to have at least in my experience, Spanish and faculty, when until then it was rare to have Portuguese departments welcomed, and more than one professor of Portuguese Portuguese departments welcomed, and more than one professor of Portuguese actually were enthusiastic about having in the same department. Today, a few actually were enthusiastic about having in the same department. Today, a few

88 88 departments have, are about to have, or Northwestern, where I have been teaching departments have, are about to have, or Northwestern, where I have been teaching until recently had more than one tenure- for almost ten years now, is a private and until recently had more than one tenure- for almost ten years now, is a private and track position in Luso-Brazilian Studies: much smaller elite university which, to track position in Luso-Brazilian Studies: much smaller elite university which, to UCLA, UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Ohio some extent, emphasizes professional UCLA, UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Ohio some extent, emphasizes professional State, Vanderbilt, Penn State, Princeton, degrees and the sciences, with some State, Vanderbilt, Penn State, Princeton, degrees and the sciences, with some Georgetown, Tulane, UW-Madison, Duke, humanistic training added. In my Georgetown, Tulane, UW-Madison, Duke, humanistic training added. In my Dartmouth College, U. of Michigan, department, there is practically no demand Dartmouth College, U. of Michigan, department, there is practically no demand Indiana, Rutgers-Newark, Emory, NYU, for a major in Portuguese, as the few Indiana, Rutgers-Newark, Emory, NYU, for a major in Portuguese, as the few U. of Texas-Austin, New Mexico, U. of students who take Portuguese language U. of Texas-Austin, New Mexico, U. of students who take Portuguese language Miami, U. of Georgia, and Minnesota. rarely attain proficiency beyond the Miami, U. of Georgia, and Minnesota. rarely attain proficiency beyond the But after the place of Brazilian studies in intermediate level, and therefore literature But after the place of Brazilian studies in intermediate level, and therefore literature research universities seemed consolidated, courses with readings in Portuguese are research universities seemed consolidated, courses with readings in Portuguese are the financial crisis and the resulting crisis simply out of the question. So, I had to the financial crisis and the resulting crisis simply out of the question. So, I had to in the humanities came about. However, adjust our expectations, and designed an in the humanities came about. However, adjust our expectations, and designed an as professors retire or leave to another interdisciplinary minor in “Portuguese as professors retire or leave to another interdisciplinary minor in “Portuguese institution, it seems unlikely that those Language and Lusophone Cultures,” in institution, it seems unlikely that those Language and Lusophone Cultures,” in positions will be replaced. I left Rutgers which some of the requirements can be positions will be replaced. I left Rutgers which some of the requirements can be in 2010 and my colleague a few years after fulfilled with literature courses taught in 2010 and my colleague a few years after fulfilled with literature courses taught me, but our positions were never replaced. in translation or courses originating in me, but our positions were never replaced. in translation or courses originating in For almost ten years, Rutgers-New other departments. In fact, the readings For almost ten years, Rutgers-New other departments. In fact, the readings Brunswick has had no tenure-line faculty and discussion in all of my courses are in Brunswick has had no tenure-line faculty and discussion in all of my courses are in in Portuguese, having to rely on one NTE English translation, which is not always in Portuguese, having to rely on one NTE English translation, which is not always faculty for all courses in the Portuguese ideal, but at least it is possible today, partly faculty for all courses in the Portuguese ideal, but at least it is possible today, partly major, and is only this year that the thanks to the translation subvention grants major, and is only this year that the thanks to the translation subvention grants department is finally opening a search for offered by the Biblioteca Nacional (which department is finally opening a search for offered by the Biblioteca Nacional (which one position. I do hope they will continue during the one position. I do hope they will continue during the dark times ahead) which fomented the dark times ahead) which fomented the translation of numerous literary works translation of numerous literary works into English and several other languages.6 into English and several other languages.6 6 Among the new translations or retranslations to English that were published in the last two de- 6 Among the new translations or retranslations to English that were published in the last two de- cades are: Raul Pompeias The Athenaeum (Northwestern U. P., 2015); Machado de Assis’s Esau and Jacob cades are: Raul Pompeias The Athenaeum (Northwestern U. P., 2015); Machado de Assis’s Esau and Jacob (Oxford U.P., 2000) and The wager [Memorial de Ayres] (Peter Owen, 2005); The Oxford anthology of the (Oxford U.P., 2000) and The wager [Memorial de Ayres] (Peter Owen, 2005); The Oxford anthology of the Brazilian short story, edited by K. David Jackson (Oxford U. P, 2006); new editions of Jorge Amado’s Tieta Brazilian short story, edited by K. David Jackson (Oxford U. P, 2006); new editions of Jorge Amado’s Tieta and Tent of Miracles (U. of Wisconsin P., 2003), The War of the Saints (Dial Press, 2005) and Gabriela, and Tent of Miracles (U. of Wisconsin P., 2003), The War of the Saints (Dial Press, 2005) and Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon (Vintage Internationl, 2006); João Cabral de Melo Neto’s Education by Stone: Se- Clove and Cinnamon (Vintage Internationl, 2006); João Cabral de Melo Neto’s Education by Stone: Se- lected Poems (Archipelago Books, 2005); Clarice Lispector’s Complete Stories (2015), in addition to new lected Poems (Archipelago Books, 2005); Clarice Lispector’s Complete Stories (2015), in addition to new translations of five of her novels, all published by New Directions; João Guimarães Rosa’s The Jaguar and translations of five of her novels, all published by New Directions; João Guimarães Rosa’s The Jaguar and other stories (Oxford U.P., 2001); Lúcio Cardoso’s Chronicle of the Murdered House (Open Letter, 2016); other stories (Oxford U.P., 2001); Lúcio Cardoso’s Chronicle of the Murdered House (Open Letter, 2016); Haroldo de Campos’s Novas: Selected Writings (Northwestern U.P., 2007); Luiz Fernando Veríssimo’s Haroldo de Campos’s Novas: Selected Writings (Northwestern U.P., 2007); Luiz Fernando Veríssimo’s Club of Angels (The Harvill P., 2001), Borges and the Eternal Orang-Utans (Vintage, 2005) and The Spies Club of Angels (The Harvill P., 2001), Borges and the Eternal Orang-Utans (Vintage, 2005) and The Spies (Quercus, 2012); Caio Fernando Abreu’s Whatever happened to Dulce Veiga? (Texas U.P., 2000), Moa- (Quercus, 2012); Caio Fernando Abreu’s Whatever happened to Dulce Veiga? (Texas U.P., 2000), Moa- cyr Scliar,’s Max and the Cat (Plume, 2003); Ignácio de Loyola Brandão’s Teeth Under the Sun (Dalkey cyr Scliar,’s Max and the Cat (Plume, 2003); Ignácio de Loyola Brandão’s Teeth Under the Sun (Dalkey Archive P. 2007); Renata Pallottini’s Renata & other poems (Host Pub., 2005); Quilombhoje, Black note- Archive P. 2007); Renata Pallottini’s Renata & other poems (Host Pub., 2005); Quilombhoje, Black note-

brazilian studies in the united states | 89 brazilian studies in the united states | 89 Still, even minors in Portuguese are few, capoeira. I am frequently and pleasantly Still, even minors in Portuguese are few, capoeira. I am frequently and pleasantly among other reasons because courses with surprised to learn that these students among other reasons because courses with surprised to learn that these students a Brazil component in other departments do not want simply to fulfill a general a Brazil component in other departments do not want simply to fulfill a general are almost inexistent. In fact, if I am not requirement in the humanities, but rather, are almost inexistent. In fact, if I am not requirement in the humanities, but rather, mistaken, I think that I am now the only they find it important to have a broad mistaken, I think that I am now the only they find it important to have a broad Brazilianist in the entire School of Arts and humanistic education –even with a course Brazilianist in the entire School of Arts and humanistic education –even with a course Sciences, perhaps even on campus. on Brazilian culture, which they often call Sciences, perhaps even on campus. on Brazilian culture, which they often call it a “niche” course. [I should add that this it a “niche” course. [I should add that this So, again, interdisciplinarity and might not be as viable in other institutions So, again, interdisciplinarity and might not be as viable in other institutions collaboration has become an imperative, with less resources. For even though I have collaboration has become an imperative, with less resources. For even though I have but a very welcome one, I would say, as it had very healthy enrollments in my classes, but a very welcome one, I would say, as it had very healthy enrollments in my classes, has opened the study of Brazilian literature in places such as Northwestern, Yale and has opened the study of Brazilian literature in places such as Northwestern, Yale and and culture to students in a variety of Princeton, we are allowed to run a class and culture to students in a variety of Princeton, we are allowed to run a class fields, not only those closest to us, such with five, sometimes even less students]. fields, not only those closest to us, such with five, sometimes even less students]. as Spanish or Comparative Literature, but as Spanish or Comparative Literature, but also to majors in fields such as Economics, Now, on the graduate level: I would also to majors in fields such as Economics, Now, on the graduate level: I would Political Science, Psychology, Business, say that in despite of the discrepancy Political Science, Psychology, Business, say that in despite of the discrepancy Journalism, Screen Cultures etc. –– not to in resources, Northwestern students Journalism, Screen Cultures etc. –– not to in resources, Northwestern students mention student athletes who are drawn are not so different from those in the mention student athletes who are drawn are not so different from those in the at first by their interested in soccer or doctoral program at Rutgers and other at first by their interested in soccer or doctoral program at Rutgers and other books: contemporary Afro-Brazilian literary movement (Africa World Press, 2008); Rubem Fonseca’s books: contemporary Afro-Brazilian literary movement (Africa World Press, 2008); Rubem Fonseca’s Crimes of August (Tagus, 2014); Patricia Melo’s Inferno (Bloomsbury, 2002), Black Waltz (2004) and Lost Crimes of August (Tagus, 2014); Patricia Melo’s Inferno (Bloomsbury, 2002), Black Waltz (2004) and Lost World (2009); Chico Buarque’s Budapest (Bloomsbury, 2004) and Spit Milk (Bloomsbury, 2012); Milton World (2009); Chico Buarque’s Budapest (Bloomsbury, 2004) and Spit Milk (Bloomsbury, 2012); Milton Hatoum ‘s The Brothers (Bloombury, 2003), Tale of a Certain Orient (Bloomsbury, 2004), Ashes of the Hatoum ‘s The Brothers (Bloombury, 2003), Tale of a Certain Orient (Bloomsbury, 2004), Ashes of the Amazon, (Bloomsbury, 2008) and Orphans of Eldorado (Canongate, 2012); Bernardo Carvalho’s Nine Amazon, (Bloomsbury, 2008) and Orphans of Eldorado (Canongate, 2012); Bernardo Carvalho’s Nine Nights (William Heinemann, 2007) and Fear of Sade (Canongate, 2012). Paulo Lins’ City of God, (Black Nights (William Heinemann, 2007) and Fear of Sade (Canongate, 2012). Paulo Lins’ City of God, (Black Cat, 2006). Alberto Mussa’s The riddle of Qaf (Aflame, 2008) andThe Mystery of Rio (Europa Ed., 2013); Cat, 2006). Alberto Mussa’s The riddle of Qaf (Aflame, 2008) andThe Mystery of Rio (Europa Ed., 2013); Adriana Lisboa’s Symphony in White (Texas Tech U. P., 2010), Hut of Fallen Parsimmons (Texas Tech Adriana Lisboa’s Symphony in White (Texas Tech U. P., 2010), Hut of Fallen Parsimmons (Texas Tech U.P., 2011) and Crow Blue (Boomsburry, 2014); Cristóvão Tezza’s Eternal Son (Tagus, 2013); João Paulo U.P., 2011) and Crow Blue (Boomsburry, 2014); Cristóvão Tezza’s Eternal Son (Tagus, 2013); João Paulo Cuenca’s The Only Happy Ending for a Love Story is an Accident (Tagus, 2013), Luiz Ruffato’s There Were Cuenca’s The Only Happy Ending for a Love Story is an Accident (Tagus, 2013), Luiz Ruffato’s There Were Many Horses (Amazon Crossing, 2014); Edney Silvestre’s If I Close My Eyes Mow (Doubleday, 2013); Many Horses (Amazon Crossing, 2014); Edney Silvestre’s If I Close My Eyes Mow (Doubleday, 2013); Michel Laub’s Diary of the Fall (Other P., 2014) and The Poison Apple (Vintage, 2017); Paulo Henriques Michel Laub’s Diary of the Fall (Other P., 2014) and The Poison Apple (Vintage, 2017); Paulo Henriques Britto’s The clean shirt of it (Boa Ed., 2007); Conceição Evaristos’ Poncia Vicencio (Host Pub., 2007); Britto’s The clean shirt of it (Boa Ed., 2007); Conceição Evaristos’ Poncia Vicencio (Host Pub., 2007); João Almino’s The five seasons of love (Host Pub. 2008), The Book of Emotions (Dalkey Archive P.,, 2012), João Almino’s The five seasons of love (Host Pub. 2008), The Book of Emotions (Dalkey Archive P.,, 2012), Free City (Dalkey Archive P., 2013) and Enigmas of Spring (Dalkey Archive P., 2016); Hilda Hilst’s The Free City (Dalkey Archive P., 2013) and Enigmas of Spring (Dalkey Archive P., 2016); Hilda Hilst’s The Obscene Madam D . (Nightboat Books, 2012), With My Dog’s Eyes (Melville House, 2014) and Letters Obscene Madam D . (Nightboat Books, 2012), With My Dog’s Eyes (Melville House, 2014) and Letters from a Seducer (Nightboat Books, 2014); Marcelo Mirisola’s Joana Against My Will (KBR, 2012); Tatia- from a Seducer (Nightboat Books, 2014); Marcelo Mirisola’s Joana Against My Will (KBR, 2012); Tatia- na Salem Levy’s The House in Smyrna (Scribe, 2015); and Alexandre Vidal Porto’s Sergio Y. (Europa Ed. na Salem Levy’s The House in Smyrna (Scribe, 2015); and Alexandre Vidal Porto’s Sergio Y. (Europa Ed. 2016). According to Feres and Brisolara, in 2010 no Brazilian books received support for translation into 2016). According to Feres and Brisolara, in 2010 no Brazilian books received support for translation into English. Since then, the numbers have increased steadly: four in 2011; fifteen in 2012,; sixteen in 2013; English. Since then, the numbers have increased steadly: four in 2011; fifteen in 2012,; sixteen in 2013; fourteen in 2014; five in 2015 (not necessarily literary works). See Lilia Baranski Feres andValéria Silveira fourteen in 2014; five in 2015 (not necessarily literary works). See Lilia Baranski Feres andValéria Silveira Brisolara,“A literatura brasileira em tradução: o programa de apoio à tradução e à publicação de autores Brisolara,“A literatura brasileira em tradução: o programa de apoio à tradução e à publicação de autores brasileiros no exterior como ferramenta de interferência no polissistema literário.” Revista da Anpoll v. 1, nº brasileiros no exterior como ferramenta de interferência no polissistema literário.” Revista da Anpoll v. 1, nº 44, p. 331-345, Florianópolis, Jan./Abr. 2018. 44, p. 331-345, Florianópolis, Jan./Abr. 2018.

90 90 research universities, either private or “[comparative studies remain rare, theory research universities, either private or “[comparative studies remain rare, theory public. Most of these institutions do is deemphasized, and most advanced public. Most of these institutions do is deemphasized, and most advanced not have a doctoral program exclusively studies continue to describe authors and not have a doctoral program exclusively studies continue to describe authors and in Portuguese, and I believe that in the genres. Brazilian authors are still rarely but in Portuguese, and I believe that in the genres. Brazilian authors are still rarely but current situation it would be unrealistic increasingly discussed in essays originating current situation it would be unrealistic increasingly discussed in essays originating and even irresponsible to consider creating in other disciplines using the latest and even irresponsible to consider creating in other disciplines using the latest one7. And yet, students in my department, concepts and schools of criticism… The one7. And yet, students in my department, concepts and schools of criticism… The which focuses largely on Latin America, appearance of comparative and theoretical which focuses largely on Latin America, appearance of comparative and theoretical are always enthusiastic about graduate topics notwithstanding, the majority of are always enthusiastic about graduate topics notwithstanding, the majority of courses on Brazilian literature, film or theses continue the author/theme pattern courses on Brazilian literature, film or theses continue the author/theme pattern theory, and many include a significant established in the 1950’s…”. A brief survey theory, and many include a significant established in the 1950’s…”. A brief survey Brazilian component in their dissertation. of the most important titles published in Brazilian component in their dissertation. of the most important titles published in I believe this is a trend in other universities the last ten years, many of which result for I believe this is a trend in other universities the last ten years, many of which result for as well, as we can confirm with the Doctoral dissertations, show precisely the as well, as we can confirm with the Doctoral dissertations, show precisely the monographs published in the last decade. opposite. They are often interdisciplinary monographs published in the last decade. opposite. They are often interdisciplinary Indeed, when K. David Jackson wrote (with an emphasis on film), comparative Indeed, when K. David Jackson wrote (with an emphasis on film), comparative a comprehensive survey of the field and increasingly with hemispheric scope a comprehensive survey of the field and increasingly with hemispheric scope more than 15 years ago, the picture was and almost never on a single author9. In more than 15 years ago, the picture was and almost never on a single author9. In entirely different8. According to his study, my department all graduate students are entirely different8. According to his study, my department all graduate students are

7 U. of Wisconsin-Madison offers an M.A. in Portuguese and a Ph.D. with a major in Portuguese; UMa- 7 U. of Wisconsin-Madison offers an M.A. in Portuguese and a Ph.D. with a major in Portuguese; UMa- ss-Dartmouth has a M.A. in Portuguese and Ph.D. in Luso-Afro-Brazilian Studies & Theory; Brown U. has M.A.s in ss-Dartmouth has a M.A. in Portuguese and Ph.D. in Luso-Afro-Brazilian Studies & Theory; Brown U. has M.A.s in Brazilian Studies, Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, Portuguese Bilingual Education, as well as a Ph.D. in Portuguese Brazilian Studies, Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, Portuguese Bilingual Education, as well as a Ph.D. in Portuguese and Brazilian Studies; UCLA offers a M.A. in Portuguese; Harvard offers a Ph.D. program in Portuguese and Lu- and Brazilian Studies; UCLA offers a M.A. in Portuguese; Harvard offers a Ph.D. program in Portuguese and Lu- so-Brazilian Literatures; Ohio State U. offers a PhD program in Studies of the Portuguese-speaking World; Indiana U. so-Brazilian Literatures; Ohio State U. offers a PhD program in Studies of the Portuguese-speaking World; Indiana U. offers M.A, and Ph.D. in Portuguese. BYU offers M.A.’s with specializations in Luso-Brazilian Literatures, Portuguese offers M.A, and Ph.D. in Portuguese. BYU offers M.A.’s with specializations in Luso-Brazilian Literatures, Portuguese Linguistics and Portuguese Pedagogy; U.C. Santa Barbara offers both M.A. and Ph.D. in Portuguese. Many others have Linguistics and Portuguese Pedagogy; U.C. Santa Barbara offers both M.A. and Ph.D. in Portuguese. Many others have combined programs in Spanish and Portuguese. combined programs in Spanish and Portuguese. 8 Jackson, K. David. “Literature, Culture, and Civilization.” Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies 8 Jackson, K. David. “Literature, Culture, and Civilization.” Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States. Marshall C. Eakin, Paulo Roberto de Almeida (1945-2003). The U. of Wisconsin P, 2005. I should in the United States. Marshall C. Eakin, Paulo Roberto de Almeida (1945-2003). The U. of Wisconsin P, 2005. I should also note that whereas at the time the MLA maintained three convention sections dedicated to Luso-Brazilian studies, also note that whereas at the time the MLA maintained three convention sections dedicated to Luso-Brazilian studies, as Jackson indicates, today these have more than doubled. as Jackson indicates, today these have more than doubled. 9 Cannibal Modernities: Postcoloniality and the Avant-garde in Brazilian and Caribbean Literature (2005), 9 Cannibal Modernities: Postcoloniality and the Avant-garde in Brazilian and Caribbean Literature (2005), by Luis Madureira (Wisconsin, Ph.D. U.C. San Diego); Nossa and Nuestra América: Inter-American Dialogues (2011), by Luis Madureira (Wisconsin, Ph.D. U.C. San Diego); Nossa and Nuestra América: Inter-American Dialogues (2011), by Robert P. Newcomb (U.C. Davis, Ph.D. Brown); Terms of Inclusion: Black Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century by Robert P. Newcomb (U.C. Davis, Ph.D. Brown); Terms of Inclusion: Black Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century Brazil(2011), by Paulina Alberto (U. of Michigan, Ph.D. U.Penn); Transnational discourses on class, gender, and Brazil(2011), by Paulina Alberto (U. of Michigan, Ph.D. U.Penn); Transnational discourses on class, gender, and cultural identity (2011), by Irene Marques (U. of Toronto, Ph.D. U. of Toronto); Porous City: A Cultural History of cultural identity (2011), by Irene Marques (U. of Toronto, Ph.D. U. of Toronto); Porous City: A Cultural History of Rio de Janeiro (2013), by Bruno Carvalho (Harvard, Ph.D. Harvard); The Object of the Atlantic: Concrete Aesthetics Rio de Janeiro (2013), by Bruno Carvalho (Harvard, Ph.D. Harvard); The Object of the Atlantic: Concrete Aesthetics in Cuba, Brazil and Spain 1868-1968 (2014), by Rachel Price (Princeton, Ph.D. Duke); Breaching the Frame: The in Cuba, Brazil and Spain 1868-1968 (2014), by Rachel Price (Princeton, Ph.D. Duke); Breaching the Frame: The Rise of Contemporary Art in Brazil and Japan (2014), by Pedro Erber (Cornell, Ph.D. Cornell); Literary and cultural Rise of Contemporary Art in Brazil and Japan (2014), by Pedro Erber (Cornell, Ph.D. Cornell); Literary and cultural relations between Brazil and Mexico : deep undercurrents (2014), by Paulo Moreira (U. of Oklahoma, Ph.D. U.C. relations between Brazil and Mexico : deep undercurrents (2014), by Paulo Moreira (U. of Oklahoma, Ph.D. U.C. Santa Barbara); Memory’s Turn: Reckoning with Dictatorship in Brazil (2014), by Rebecca Atencio (Tulane, Ph.D. Santa Barbara); Memory’s Turn: Reckoning with Dictatorship in Brazil (2014), by Rebecca Atencio (Tulane, Ph.D. Wisconsin); Oshun’s Daughters: The Search for Womanhood in the Americas (2015), by Vanessa K. Valdés (CYNY, Wisconsin); Oshun’s Daughters: The Search for Womanhood in the Americas (2015), by Vanessa K. Valdés (CYNY, Ph.D. Vanderbilt); Latin America at fin-de-siècle Universal Exhibitions. Modern Cultures of Visuality (2016), by Ale- Ph.D. Vanderbilt); Latin America at fin-de-siècle Universal Exhibitions. Modern Cultures of Visuality (2016), by Ale- jandra Uslenghi (Northwestern U., Ph.D. NYU); Confluence Narratives: Ethnicity, History, and Nation-Making in the jandra Uslenghi (Northwestern U., Ph.D. NYU); Confluence Narratives: Ethnicity, History, and Nation-Making in the Americas(2015), by Luciano Tosta (Kansas U., Ph.D. Brown); Delirious Consumption: Aesthetics and Consumer Cap- Americas(2015), by Luciano Tosta (Kansas U., Ph.D. Brown); Delirious Consumption: Aesthetics and Consumer Cap- italism in Mexico and Brazil (2017); by Sergio Delgado Moya (Emory, Ph.D. Princeton U); Media Laboratories: Late italism in Mexico and Brazil (2017); by Sergio Delgado Moya (Emory, Ph.D. Princeton U); Media Laboratories: Late Modernist Authorship in South America (2017), by Sarah Ann Wells (Wisconsin, Ph.D. U.C. Berkeley); Anti-literature Modernist Authorship in South America (2017), by Sarah Ann Wells (Wisconsin, Ph.D. U.C. Berkeley); Anti-literature : the politics and limits of representation in modern Brazil and Argentina (2017), by Adam Joseph Shellhorse (Temple, : the politics and limits of representation in modern Brazil and Argentina (2017), by Adam Joseph Shellhorse (Temple, Ph.D. U.C. Berkeley); Public Spectacles of Violence: Sensational Cinema and Journalism in Early Twentieth-Century Ph.D. U.C. Berkeley); Public Spectacles of Violence: Sensational Cinema and Journalism in Early Twentieth-Century

brazilian studies in the united states | 91 brazilian studies in the united states | 91 required to be proficient in both Spanish need to reach out to other unities and required to be proficient in both Spanish need to reach out to other unities and and Portuguese, and are very excited to disciplines, and to collaborate, now more and Portuguese, and are very excited to disciplines, and to collaborate, now more learn. But whereas writing a dissertation than ever. For example, at Northwestern learn. But whereas writing a dissertation than ever. For example, at Northwestern exclusively on Brazilian literature is I co-direct an interdisciplinary cluster exclusively on Brazilian literature is I co-direct an interdisciplinary cluster possible, it is not encouraged, unless the called Global Avant Garde and Modernist possible, it is not encouraged, unless the called Global Avant Garde and Modernist student plans to work in Brazil, which Studies, a growing field that has offered student plans to work in Brazil, which Studies, a growing field that has offered seems more and more unlikely. In fact, one great opportunities for the study and seems more and more unlikely. In fact, one great opportunities for the study and thing that we should expect (and which visibility of Brazilian literature and its very thing that we should expect (and which visibility of Brazilian literature and its very I have already noticed in the last two or unique avant-garde movements. Some of I have already noticed in the last two or unique avant-garde movements. Some of three years) is that graduate applications my most exciting collaborative projects three years) is that graduate applications my most exciting collaborative projects from Brazilian students tend to increase have been with faculty in the French from Brazilian students tend to increase have been with faculty in the French dramatically, depending on how uncertain Department, with whom I organized dramatically, depending on how uncertain Department, with whom I organized political and economic situations, but events on Modernism, 1968, etc. Another political and economic situations, but events on Modernism, 1968, etc. Another also on how much some of the increasing area that remains promising is the visit of also on how much some of the increasing area that remains promising is the visit of attacks on higher education, intellectual Brazilian writers. With some support of attacks on higher education, intellectual Brazilian writers. With some support of work, critical thinking and academic the Creative Writing Program, last year we work, critical thinking and academic the Creative Writing Program, last year we freedom prove to be effective. Now, one hosted a most diverse group of 13 Brazilian freedom prove to be effective. Now, one hosted a most diverse group of 13 Brazilian of the problems that those prospective poets, writers of fiction and graphic of the problems that those prospective poets, writers of fiction and graphic students who were trained in Brazil is novelists (and this year we will try to bring students who were trained in Brazil is novelists (and this year we will try to bring that they often need to be proficient in another 5 or 6 artists) as part of a program that they often need to be proficient in another 5 or 6 artists) as part of a program both Spanish and English, and preferably created by Leonardo Tonus, a literature both Spanish and English, and preferably created by Leonardo Tonus, a literature willing to consider a career teaching professor at the Sorbonne. We wanted willing to consider a career teaching professor at the Sorbonne. We wanted Spanish in order to be competitive at all. to make sure that other universities took Spanish in order to be competitive at all. to make sure that other universities took Again, it remains to be seeing if foreign advantage of the fact that these writers Again, it remains to be seeing if foreign advantage of the fact that these writers languages, and Spanish in particular, will were in the U.S., so we coordinated with languages, and Spanish in particular, will were in the U.S., so we coordinated with be a priority in the Brazilian curriculum in them so that different writers visited other be a priority in the Brazilian curriculum in them so that different writers visited other next few years. universities. In any case, as a result of that next few years. universities. In any case, as a result of that event, we invited the 13 artists to produced event, we invited the 13 artists to produced In any case, both on the graduate and works to be collected in a volume we a In any case, both on the graduate and works to be collected in a volume we a undergraduate level, both in teaching and calling Navegar Chicago, or Navigating undergraduate level, both in teaching and calling Navegar Chicago, or Navigating research, students as well as faculty research, students as well as faculty

Mexico and Brazil (2017), by Rielle Navitski (Georgia, Ph.D. U.C. Berkeley) The Unfinished Art of Theater: Mexico and Brazil (2017), by Rielle Navitski (Georgia, Ph.D. U.C. Berkeley) The Unfinished Art of Theater: Avant-Garde Intellectuals in Mexico and Brazil (2018), by Sarah Townsend (Penn State, Ph.D. N.Y.U). Foundational Avant-Garde Intellectuals in Mexico and Brazil (2018), by Sarah Townsend (Penn State, Ph.D. N.Y.U). Foundational Films. Early Cinema and Modernity in Brazil (2018), by Maite Conde (Cambridge, Ph.D. UCLA); Mandarin Brazil: Films. Early Cinema and Modernity in Brazil (2018), by Maite Conde (Cambridge, Ph.D. UCLA); Mandarin Brazil: Race, Representation, and Memory (Asian America) , by Ana Paulina Lee (Columbia, Ph.D., Ph.D. USC); Slavery Race, Representation, and Memory (Asian America) , by Ana Paulina Lee (Columbia, Ph.D., Ph.D. USC); Slavery Unseen: Sex, Power, and Violence in Brazilian History (Latin America Otherwise).(2018), by Lamonte Aidoo (Duke, Unseen: Sex, Power, and Violence in Brazilian History (Latin America Otherwise).(2018), by Lamonte Aidoo (Duke, Ph.D. Brown); Documentary Filmmaking in Contemporary Brazil Cinematic Archives of the Present (2019), by Gus- Ph.D. Brown); Documentary Filmmaking in Contemporary Brazil Cinematic Archives of the Present (2019), by Gus- tavo Furtado (Duke, Ph.D. Cornell). tavo Furtado (Duke, Ph.D. Cornell).

92 92 Chicago, forthcoming in Portuguese next writings by the Brazilian philosopher Chicago, forthcoming in Portuguese next writings by the Brazilian philosopher April, and hopefully in English at some Marilena Chauí were finally published. April, and hopefully in English at some Marilena Chauí were finally published. point. Bringing Brazilian writers either In short, in spite of my pessimism, I still point. Bringing Brazilian writers either In short, in spite of my pessimism, I still for short visits or longer residences, if see some relatively promising signs of for short visits or longer residences, if see some relatively promising signs of done consistently, has proved to be a growing interest in Brazilian Cultural done consistently, has proved to be a growing interest in Brazilian Cultural successful way of drawing interest to Studies, as professors are located not only successful way of drawing interest to Studies, as professors are located not only Brazilian literature for both undergraduate in Language and Literature Departments Brazilian literature for both undergraduate in Language and Literature Departments and graduate students. This is the kind of but also in programs or departments and graduate students. This is the kind of but also in programs or departments initiative of which the João Almino, today of Gender Studies, African American initiative of which the João Almino, today of Gender Studies, African American a member of the Brazilian Academy of Studies, Performance Studies, English a member of the Brazilian Academy of Studies, Performance Studies, English Letters, was a great supporter, wherever and Comparative Literature, Art History, Letters, was a great supporter, wherever and Comparative Literature, Art History, he served as a diplomat. For example, Musicology and so on. Therefore, to my he served as a diplomat. For example, Musicology and so on. Therefore, to my when he was the Consul General in San fellow Brazilianists, I want to reiterate: when he was the Consul General in San fellow Brazilianists, I want to reiterate: Francisco, he created a writer in residence yes, now more than ever, we will need Francisco, he created a writer in residence yes, now more than ever, we will need program at U.C. Berkeley, which hosted to collaborate with colleagues in Brazil. program at U.C. Berkeley, which hosted to collaborate with colleagues in Brazil. writers such as Milton Hatoum and We should not restrict all presentations writers such as Milton Hatoum and We should not restrict all presentations Bernardo Carvalho for about three weeks. to LASA and other discipline-specific Bernardo Carvalho for about three weeks. to LASA and other discipline-specific Unfortunately, I see that many of these scholarly associations based in the Unfortunately, I see that many of these scholarly associations based in the programs were discontinued in the few U.S. We will probably have to travel to programs were discontinued in the few U.S. We will probably have to travel to last years. Hopefully, they will come back Brazil at our own expenses, in order to last years. Hopefully, they will come back Brazil at our own expenses, in order to and include not only one university, but participate in conferences, give talks and and include not only one university, but participate in conferences, give talks and several. mini-courses at Brazilian universities – several. mini-courses at Brazilian universities – and we should do that beyond São Paulo and we should do that beyond São Paulo Finally, I want to point to the burgeoning and Rio universities. We shall remain Finally, I want to point to the burgeoning and Rio universities. We shall remain fields of decolonial theory and a renewed interdisciplinary while we work on fields of decolonial theory and a renewed interdisciplinary while we work on interest in critical theories from the south national, comparative, transatlantic and interest in critical theories from the south national, comparative, transatlantic and as an opportunity for introducing the world literatures. as an opportunity for introducing the world literatures. works of some of Brazil’s most important works of some of Brazil’s most important intellectuals. However, here too there is Having said that, I, and perhaps most of intellectuals. However, here too there is Having said that, I, and perhaps most of still need for translations of the essays by my colleagues, today have many more still need for translations of the essays by my colleagues, today have many more classical as well as contemporary thinkers, questions than answers regarding potential classical as well as contemporary thinkers, questions than answers regarding potential something which can be hardly be attained collaborations with Brazilian scholars and something which can be hardly be attained collaborations with Brazilian scholars and without some sort of subvention (Sérgio institutions, and probably many more without some sort of subvention (Sérgio institutions, and probably many more Buarque de Hollanda’s seminal Raízes do questions than we had a few months Buarque de Hollanda’s seminal Raízes do questions than we had a few months Brazil was translated into English only a ago, when we accepted the invitation to Brazil was translated into English only a ago, when we accepted the invitation to few years ago; more recently, collections participate in this event. For I cannot few years ago; more recently, collections participate in this event. For I cannot of the works by the foundational critics help but wonder about the short and of the works by the foundational critics help but wonder about the short and of Brazilian cinema such as Paulo Emílio long-term effects of the statements of the of Brazilian cinema such as Paulo Emílio long-term effects of the statements of the Salles Gomes and Glauber Rocha; and incoming Secretary of Education, Ricardo Salles Gomes and Glauber Rocha; and incoming Secretary of Education, Ricardo

brazilian studies in the united states | 93 brazilian studies in the united states | 93 Vélez Rodríguez, whose preliminary dialogue, fiction, narrative, storytelling, Vélez Rodríguez, whose preliminary dialogue, fiction, narrative, storytelling, agenda included “norms for a conservative speech acts, alternative truths, etc. And if agenda included “norms for a conservative speech acts, alternative truths, etc. And if society, traditional values associated I can’t really argue that Brazilian literature society, traditional values associated I can’t really argue that Brazilian literature with the preservation of the family and is among the best in the world (I don’t with the preservation of the family and is among the best in the world (I don’t humanistic morality.” Also, and this may even know what that would mean), I feel humanistic morality.” Also, and this may even know what that would mean), I feel sound controversial, but I believe that all encouraged as I witness the emergence of a sound controversial, but I believe that all encouraged as I witness the emergence of a of us sometimes ask ourselves: how can vibrant and heterogeneous new generation of us sometimes ask ourselves: how can vibrant and heterogeneous new generation we make a case for the study of literature of writers and readers who, in spite of we make a case for the study of literature of writers and readers who, in spite of and culture in such critical times, namely, everything, continue to make literature and culture in such critical times, namely, everything, continue to make literature when global warming and the effects of not only relevant, but also a mode of when global warming and the effects of not only relevant, but also a mode of deforestation are denied; when the rights resistance, even for some, an alternative deforestation are denied; when the rights resistance, even for some, an alternative of indigenous peoples are threatened; form of citizenship. of indigenous peoples are threatened; form of citizenship. when social movements and human when social movements and human rights are demonized; and when there are rights are demonized; and when there are attempts to erase events from history? attempts to erase events from history? In other words, how can Brazilian and In other words, how can Brazilian and Lusophone literary studies, or Portuguese Lusophone literary studies, or Portuguese language and literature departments language and literature departments prove to be relevant next to the subjects prove to be relevant next to the subjects of anthropology, environmental sciences, of anthropology, environmental sciences, public health, social sciences, law, and public health, social sciences, law, and even the pressing work of my fellow even the pressing work of my fellow historians? Or even closer to home: how historians? Or even closer to home: how can we promote and argue for the study of can we promote and argue for the study of Brazilian literature as opposed to, say, the Brazilian literature as opposed to, say, the monuments of French, German, Russian, monuments of French, German, Russian, Chinese, or even Argentinian literary Chinese, or even Argentinian literary traditions? traditions?

At any rate, it might be that the road At any rate, it might be that the road ahead will indeed be bumpy, and I want ahead will indeed be bumpy, and I want to believe that, after that which seemed to believe that, after that which seemed unimaginable occurred, there is some unimaginable occurred, there is some value and urgency in studying the works value and urgency in studying the works of our best creative writers, and how of our best creative writers, and how they have responded to times of crisis, they have responded to times of crisis, skepticism, or even despair; and perhaps skepticism, or even despair; and perhaps today, more than ever, it is urgent to better today, more than ever, it is urgent to better understand the rules of rhetoric, irony, understand the rules of rhetoric, irony,

94 94 conclusion conclusion

The Burden of Unfortunately, Hill himself was a The Burden of Unfortunately, Hill himself was a Brazilian Studies jaundiced observer. He loved his adopted Brazilian Studies jaundiced observer. He loved his adopted country, its majesty, its exotic plants country, its majesty, its exotic plants and animals, its economic potential, but and animals, its economic potential, but he savagely ridiculed and criticized its he savagely ridiculed and criticized its Stuart B. Schwartz Stuart B. Schwartz political class and its people. Although he political class and its people. Although he George Burton Adams Professor George Burton Adams Professor was sometimes an astute and experienced was sometimes an astute and experienced of History, Yale University; Comen- of History, Yale University; Comen- observer, he was also a captive of the observer, he was also a captive of the dador da Ordem do Cruzeiro do Sul dador da Ordem do Cruzeiro do Sul political, religious, and racial prejudices political, religious, and racial prejudices (2000) (2000) and preconceptions of his place and time. and preconceptions of his place and time. He sadly underestimated the capacities of He sadly underestimated the capacities of I live not far from New Haven, my the peoples of Brazil. He, like other foreign I live not far from New Haven, my the peoples of Brazil. He, like other foreign office at Yale is twenty minutes away in observers of Brazil, before and after his office at Yale is twenty minutes away in observers of Brazil, before and after his Guilford, a small New England town time often seemed to bear the fardo do Guilford, a small New England town time often seemed to bear the fardo do on the Connecticut shoreline. Little did homem branco, the white man’s burden, on the Connecticut shoreline. Little did homem branco, the white man’s burden, I know when I took up residence there the idea that the definition of “civilized” I know when I took up residence there the idea that the definition of “civilized” over twenty-five years ago, that Guilford life, attitudes, culture, and behaviors was over twenty-five years ago, that Guilford life, attitudes, culture, and behaviors was was the birthplace of America’s first theirs alone to make. was the birthplace of America’s first theirs alone to make. consul to Brazil, Mr. Henry Hill, who was consul to Brazil, Mr. Henry Hill, who was appointed by Thomas Jefferson in 1808 appointed by Thomas Jefferson in 1808 Brazilians have long recognized the Brazilians have long recognized the to represent the United States at the court to represent the United States at the court potential for that external vision potential for that external vision of Portugal which had just arrived in its of Portugal which had just arrived in its to prejudice the perception and to prejudice the perception and tropical American colony. In his letter tropical American colony. In his letter understanding of Brazi’s life, politics, and understanding of Brazi’s life, politics, and of introduction to Dom Joao, the Prince of introduction to Dom Joao, the Prince culture. I recall in 1968 or so, an issue of culture. I recall in 1968 or so, an issue of Regent, Hill spoke with admiration of Regent, Hill spoke with admiration of Veja, Brazil’s Time magazine, in which Veja, Brazil’s Time magazine, in which Brazil as a “country so favored by the gifts Brazil as a “country so favored by the gifts the cover had images of great figures the cover had images of great figures of nature,” and as American trade with of nature,” and as American trade with of Brazil’s history--Dom Pedro I, Ruy of Brazil’s history--Dom Pedro I, Ruy Brazil exploded with the opening of the Brazil exploded with the opening of the Barbosa, Getulio Vargas—speaking their Barbosa, Getulio Vargas—speaking their ports in 1808, Hill, first in Rio de Janeiro, ports in 1808, Hill, first in Rio de Janeiro, famous statements in cartoon character famous statements in cartoon character and then after 1810 in Salvador, Bahia and then after 1810 in Salvador, Bahia balloons but in English!! The cover was balloons but in English!! The cover was accompanied and guided the growing accompanied and guided the growing an announcement of an interior essay an announcement of an interior essay relationship between the two countries. relationship between the two countries. criticizing the “Brazilianists,” that is criticizing the “Brazilianists,” that is He remained in diplomatic service in He remained in diplomatic service in foreign observers (mostly Americans) foreign observers (mostly Americans) Brazil until 1815, and then retired to Brazil until 1815, and then retired to who were imposing their limited (mis) who were imposing their limited (mis) “Colombiana,” his beloved Bahian fazenda “Colombiana,” his beloved Bahian fazenda understandings of the country’s history understandings of the country’s history from where he raised his ten children from where he raised his ten children and culture on the way Brazilians and culture on the way Brazilians and continued to write and comment on and continued to write and comment on themselves saw their country. themselves saw their country. his adopted country as he accompanied his adopted country as he accompanied its complicated course from colony to an its complicated course from colony to an independent nation. independent nation.

brazilian studies in the united states | 97 brazilian studies in the united states | 97 While some of that fear was exaggerated, leadership of former faculty members While some of that fear was exaggerated, leadership of former faculty members it did reflect a certain cultural insecurity like the American Richard Morse and it did reflect a certain cultural insecurity like the American Richard Morse and and a disparity in economic and political the Brazilian Emilia Viotti da Costa was and a disparity in economic and political the Brazilian Emilia Viotti da Costa was power that has often laid just below pleased to organize this meeting with the power that has often laid just below pleased to organize this meeting with the the surface of Brazilian –Unites States collaboration of the Brazilian Ministry the surface of Brazilian –Unites States collaboration of the Brazilian Ministry relations. But much has changed-in of Education, but the participation of relations. But much has changed-in of Education, but the participation of both countries—since the 1960s. The scholars of many nationalities and from a both countries—since the 1960s. The scholars of many nationalities and from a papers in this volume are evidence broad range of institutions confirms the papers in this volume are evidence broad range of institutions confirms the of a significant modification in the increasing globalization of knowledge of a significant modification in the increasing globalization of knowledge approaches, the fields of study, the and the need for further study and approaches, the fields of study, the and the need for further study and methodologies, and the nature of and collaboration in the future by all of us methodologies, and the nature of and collaboration in the future by all of us degree of collaboration and cooperation fascinated by and hopeful for Brazil, the degree of collaboration and cooperation fascinated by and hopeful for Brazil, the between Brazilian and North American country of tomorrow, o país de amanha, between Brazilian and North American country of tomorrow, o país de amanha, humanists social and physical scientists, and for all its citizens. humanists social and physical scientists, and for all its citizens. legal scholars and diplomats. This legal scholars and diplomats. This meeting in which papers ranged from meeting in which papers ranged from constitutional law to cartography and constitutional law to cartography and from demography to neuroscience from demography to neuroscience and epidemiology is evidence of a and epidemiology is evidence of a broadening range of collaboration and broadening range of collaboration and common interests, but also of a growing common interests, but also of a growing parity in these collaborations and in the parity in these collaborations and in the levels of research, in part a result of the levels of research, in part a result of the significant changes in Brazilian higher significant changes in Brazilian higher education in the last half century. They education in the last half century. They perhaps also reveal a certain unloading perhaps also reveal a certain unloading of the fardo, by those of us who study of the fardo, by those of us who study Brazil; a kind of recognition both of Brazil; a kind of recognition both of the achievements of Brazil, but also in the achievements of Brazil, but also in recognition of the growing realization recognition of the growing realization of the fragility of our own political, of the fragility of our own political, educational, and social institutions. educational, and social institutions. The current challenges, environmental, The current challenges, environmental, democratic, economic, and social, democratic, economic, and social, that confront our two countries are that confront our two countries are broadly shared, and that more than broadly shared, and that more than anything provides for our common anything provides for our common interests. Yale University with its long interests. Yale University with its long history of Brazilian Studies under the history of Brazilian Studies under the

98 98 Brazilian Studies in the United States The Road Ahead

A conference at Yale University

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