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Magisterarbeit MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit „Die Faszination Chanels! Ihre Darstellung im Film und die Wahrnehmung durch modeinteressierte Menschen“ Verfasserin Angelika Veith, Bakk.phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 841 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik und Kommunikationswissenschaften Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch VORWORT Meine Affinität zur Mode verleitete mich im Sommer 2009, mir Anne Fontaines Kinodrama „Coco Chanel – Der Beginn einer Leidenschaft“ anzusehen. Für die anschließende Reflexion über Coco Chanel stand mir am selben Abend meine Mutter zur Verfügung, die mich begleitet hatte. Im Zuge unseres Gesprächs konstatierte ich ein steigendes Interesse an der Schneiderin und einen für mich noch nicht begründeten Personenkult. Ich war begeistert von der Vorstellung, aus ihrem Nachruf als „Befreierin der Frau aus dem Korsett“ und ihrer zweideutigen Darstellung im Film, die einerseits auf einer selbstbewussten und emanzipierten Frau und andererseits auf einer hart arbeitenden Schneiderin beruht, die Faszination ihrer Person wissenschaftlich zu hinterfragen. Nachdem kurze Zeit darauf ein zweiter Film über Coco Chanel und Igor Stravinsky veröffentlicht wurde, wusste ich, welche Medienanalyse den empirischen Teil meiner Arbeit leiten würde – die Filmanalyse, die mit Unterstützung einer Befragung zum gewünschten Ziel führen soll. Die Betrachtung des zweiten Films und einer Dokumentation gaben den entscheidenden Impuls, mein Vorhaben zu realisieren und meine Arbeit zu titeln. So widmet sich die bevorstehende Masterarbeit der Darstellung von Coco Chanel im Film und ihrer Wahrnehmung durch modeinteressierte Menschen. Obwohl bereits zahlreiche Schriften und etliche Artikel über Coco Chanel existieren ist der Grund, warum uns diese Person so stark im Gedächtnis bleibt, noch relativ unerforscht, was meine Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Themenbereich rechtfertigt. Viele (fashioninteressierte) Menschen akzeptieren die heutige Mode, hinterfragen sie jedoch kaum oder kennen die Schöpfer der Linie nicht. Meines Erachtens spielt das Sprichwort: „Kleider machen Leute“ eine wichtige Rolle in der heutigen Zeit. Doch die meisten Menschen wissen oft sowohl über die Historie, als auch über die unbewusste Magie, die der Mensch hinter den Kollektionen ausüben kann, nicht Bescheid. Anhand dieser Masterarbeit sollen diese Menschen aufgeklärt werden; insbesondere über jene Modeschöpferin, die der Frau „bequemere Mode“ ermöglicht hat. Ich widme diese Arbeit somit all jenen, die generelles Interesse an der Modewelt zeigen, damit sie erfahren, wer die bedeutende Designerin war, die unser Erscheinungsbild so stark geprägt hat. Zudem widme ich sie allen Chanel Kunden, die auch etwas über die Person hinter der Kleidung erfahren wollen; schließlich allen Designern, die zu dem Wissen gelangen möchten, wie Coco Chanel ihre Ideen von neuer Mode in den zwanziger Jahren transportiert hat. Die Beantwortung meiner Forschungsfrage könnte auch zukünftige Filmemacher und Autoren dazu anregen, ein neues Werk über Coco Chanel zu schaffen, das für die Gesellschaft verlockend ist, sich dem Medium hinzugeben. Nicht zuletzt widme ich die Arbeit der Werbe- und PR-Agentur von Chanel, für die es interessant zu erfahren wäre, auf welche Eigenschaften das Zielpublikum Wert legt, um die bisherigen Strategien zu verfeinern oder gar zu ändern. Ich bedanke mich allen voran bei meiner Mama, Elisabeth Veith, die bei mir durch unser erstes Gespräch das Grundinteresse an diesem Thema geweckt hat und ohne die ich den Film womöglich nie gesehen hätte; bei meinem Papa, Walter Veith, der mir beim Lesen der alten Druckschrift aus den zwanziger Jahren half und mich finanziell soweit unterstütze, dass ich diese Arbeit neben meinem Beruf vollenden konnte; bei meinem Freund Michael Seidl, der mich unterstützte, motivierte und inspirierte; bei meinen Geschwistern und Freunden, die in Gedanken immer bei mir waren und mit mir mitfühlten; bei meinem Betreuer Prof. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch für die umfangreiche, kompetente Betreuung, sowie bei allen Teilnehmern der empirischen Untersuchung. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Literaturgestützte Problemstellung und Zielsetzung der Arbeit .................. 1 1.2. Vorstellung der Forschungsfragen .............................................................. 3 1.3. Ablauf der Arbeit ......................................................................................... 4 2. Theoretische Aspekte ......................................................................................... 6 2.1. Die zwanziger Jahre ................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Gesellschaftspolitische Ereignisse ............................................ 6 2.1.2. Medienpolitische Ereignisse ...................................................... 8 2.2. .. Mode .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1. Begriffsbestimmung ................................................................... 9 2.2.2. Die Entstehung der Mode ........................................................ 14 2.2.3. Mode in den zwanziger Jahren ................................................ 15 2.2.4. Aspekte der Mode ................................................................... 18 2.2.4.1. Der Zeitaspekt ................................................................. 18 2.2.4.2. Der soziale Aspekt .......................................................... 19 2.2.4.3. Der sachliche Aspekt ...................................................... 20 2.2.5. Modetheorien .......................................................................... 20 2.2.5.1. Simmels Modetheorie ..................................................... 21 2.2.5.2. Trickle-Down-Theorie ...................................................... 22 2.2.5.3. Trickle-Up-Theorie ......................................................... 23 2.2.5.4. Zeitgeisttheorie ................................................................ 23 2.2.5.5. Randgruppen als Modeschöpfer ..................................... 23 2.3. Emanzipierung der Frau ........................................................................... 24 2.3.1. Begriffsbestimmung ................................................................. 24 2.3.2. Emanzipation in den zwanziger Jahren ................................... 25 2.3.3. Theorien zur Emanzipierung der Frau ..................................... 27 2.3.3.1. Liberaler Feminismus ...................................................... 27 2.3.3.2. Marxistischer Feminismus ............................................... 28 2.3.3.3. Kultureller Feminismus .................................................... 29 2.4. Coco Chanel ............................................................................................. 29 2.4.1. Biographie ............................................................................... 29 2.4.2. Das Unternehmen ................................................................... 34 3. Methodik ........................................................................................................... 35 3.1. Die Filmanalyse ........................................................................................ 35 3.1.1. Qualitative Untersuchung ........................................................ 37 3.1.2. Systematik der Analyse (nach Lothar Mikos) ........................... 37 3.1.2.1. Inhalt und Repräsentation ............................................... 38 3.1.2.2. Narration und Dramaturgie .............................................. 38 3.1.2.3. Figuren und Akteure ........................................................ 39 3.1.2.4. Ästhetik und Gestaltung .................................................. 39 3.1.2.5. Kontext ............................................................................ 39 3.1.3. Systematik der Analyse (nach Werner Faulstich) .................... 40 3.1.3.1. Gestalterische Mittel ........................................................ 42 3.1.3.1.1. Einstellungsgrößen ......................................................... 42 3.1.3.1.2. Einstellungsperspektiven................................................. 43 3.1.3.1.3. Achsenverhältnisse ......................................................... 44 3.2. Der Fragebogen ....................................................................................... 44 3.2.1. Quantitative Untersuchung ...................................................... 45 3.2.1.1. Fragetypen ...................................................................... 45 3.2.1.1.1. Offene Fragen ................................................................. 46 3.2.1.1.2. Geschlossene Fragen ..................................................... 46 3.2.2. Systematik der Analyse (nach Schnell/Hill/Esser) ................... 47 3.2.2.1. Internetgestützte Befragung ............................................ 47 4. Empirische Ergebnisse ..................................................................................... 50 4.1. Coco Chanel – Der Beginn einer Leidenschaft ......................................... 50 4.1.1. Filmdramaturgische Aspekte ................................................... 50 4.1.1.1. Daten .............................................................................
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