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Decwindows Program Digital Technical Journal -9 . -- . Digital Equipment Corporation Volume 2 Number 3 Summer 1990 - Editoill Jane C. Blake, Editor Barbara Lindmark, Associate Editor Richard W. Beane, Managing Editor Circulation Catherine M. Phillips, Administrator Suzanne J. Babineau, Secretary Production Helen L. Patterson, Production Editor Gaye Tauo, Typographer Peter Woodbury, Illustrator and Designer Advisory Board Samuel H. Fuller, Chairman Robert M. Glorioso John W. McCredie .. Mahendra R. Patel F. Grant Saviers Robert K. Spitz William D. Strecker Victor A. Vyssotsky The Digital TecbnicalJournal is published quarterly by Digital Equipment Corporation, 146 Main Street ML01-3lB68, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754-2571. Subscriptionsto theJournal are $40.00 for four issues and must be prepaid in U.S. funds. University and college professors and Ph.D. students in the electrical engineering and computer science fields receive complimentary subscriptions upon request. Orders, inquiries, and address changes should be sent to theDigita1 TecbnicalJournalat the published-by address. Inquiries can alsobe sent electronically to [email protected]. Single copies and back issues are available for 116.00 each from Digital Press of Digital Equipment Corporation, 12 Crosby Drive, Bedford, M~01730-1493. Digital employees may send subscription orders on the ENET to RDVAX::JOURNAL or by interoffice mail to mailstop ML01-3lB68. Orders should include badge number, cost center, site location code and address. U.S. engineers in Engineering and Manufacturing receive complimentary subscriptions; engineers in these organi- zations in countries outside the U.S.should contact theJournal office to receive their complimentary subscriptions. All employees must advise of changes of address. Comments on the content of any paper are welcomed and may be sent to theeditor at thepublished-by or network address. Copyright 0 1990 Digital Equipment Corporation. Copying with- out fee ispermittedprovided that such copies are made for use in educational institutions by faculty members and are not distributed for commercial advantag& ~bsthctin~with credit of Digital Equip- ment Corporation's authorship is permitted. All rights reserved. The information in this Journal is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this Journal. Documentation Number EY-E756E-DP The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: ALL-IN-I, CDA, DECnet, DECstation 3100, DECwindows, DECwrite, Digital, the Digital logo, MicroVAX, ULTRIX, VAX, VAX 8000, VAX8650, VAXC, VAXSCAN, VAXcluster, VAXset, VAXstation, VAXstation 100, VAXstation 2000, VAXstation 3100, VAXstation 354013520, VAXstation IIIGPX, VAXstation 8000, VMS,xu]. Apple 11, Hypercard, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark and Ms-windows is a trademark of Cover Design Microsoft Corporation. This issuefeaturespapets on DECwindows archdtecture and osI2 and Presentation Manager are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. applications. Our cover design is a dispkay of several windows called OSF/Motif is a trademark of Open Software Corporation. up on a VAXstation3500 srreen. The DECwindows applications used to mate the dispkay are DECwrite, DECpaint, and DECitnuge. Postscript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The cover was designed by David Combetg of the Cgborate Design X Window System is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Group with technical &tancejEom VictorBabl of the Image Technology. S'Adwnced Demlopment Group. Book production was done by Digital's EducationalServices Media CommunicationsGroup in Bedford, MA. I Contents 7 Foreword Richard Treadway DECwhdows Program 9 An Overview of the DECwindows Architecture Scott A. McCregor 16 The Sample Xll Server Architecture Susan Angebranndt and Todd D. Newman 24 Development of the XU1 Toolkit Leo P. Treggiari and Michael D. Collins 34 The DECwindows User Interface Language Stephen R. Greenwootl 44 The Evolution of the X User Interface Style Thomas M. Spine and Jacob L. VanNoy 5 2 PEX: A Network-transparent Three-dimensional Graphics System Randi J. Rost, Jeffrey D. Friedberg, and Peter L. Nishimoto 64 XDPS: A DispCay Postscript System Extension for DECwindows Christopher A. Kent 7 4 The Development of DECwindows VMS Mail Michael R. Ryan and James H. VanCilder 84 Ethernet Performance of Remote DECwindows Applications D~nesh~Mirchandani and Prabuddha Biswas I Editor's Introduction ?'he style of user interaction with computers is then addressed by Tom Spine and Jake VanNoy. As they point out, the xu1 style represents a change in approach for Digital to modern, graphic, direct- manipulation user interfaces and to consistency across applications. xu1 has evolved to provide a consistent means of user interaction for applica- tions across the VMS, ULTRIX, and MS-DOS systems. Extensions to the X architecture are the topics of two papers. PEX, an extension of X to support the PHI<;S standard, is the subject of a paper by Randi Rost, Jeff Friedberg, and Peter Nishirnoto. The Jane C. Blake authors describe some unique features of PEX and Editor present the major design decisions made in its development. Digital This issue of the Technical Journal focuses Chris Kent is the author of a paper about XDPS, on Digital's DECwindows program, its architecture, another extension supported by DE<:windows. and applications for the window environment. The XDPS was jointly developed by Digital and Adobe DECwindows program begins with the X Window Systems Inc. to integrate the X imaging model and System, which was developed at MI1' with the sup- Display Postscript. As Chris explains, XDPS was port of Digital and IBM. Papers herein describe how designed to give application programmers the best as Digital's engineers have built on X as well con- features of the X and Postscript systems. tributed to related industry standards that help to Our last two papers address the topics of appli- ensure compatibility across systems. cation developn~entfor the DECwindows environ- Involved early in both the X Window and the ment and explain how the performance of such DECwindows projects, Scott McGregor describes applications can be measured. The implementation the DECwindows architecture as an upwardly com- of DE<:windowsVMS mail is an example of an appli- patible superset of X. In his overview paper for this cation clevelopment effort described here by Mike issue, Scott reviews aspects of the X design and the Ryan and Jim VanGilder. Among the develop- significant enh;~ncementsmade by Digital in the ment issues discussed is the coordination needed development of its DECwindows program. between the VMS and ULTRIX mail applications The backbone of this program is the X11 protocol developers to design a common interface for both for which Digital has developed a sample server mail applications. implementation. In their paper, Susan Angebranndt Dinesh Mirchandani and Prabuddha Riswas then and Todd Newman review the development of the prescnt the results of a study made to determine XI1 server, which is the basis for all Digital product whether distributed DECwindows applications servers. Now publicly available, the X11 server is have an impact on the Ethernet network. The also a sample for all developers of X server product authors developed a simulation model running on implementations. a local area VAxcluster (LAVc) on the Ethernet to Several layers above the XI1 server is the Xlll predict the limiting system configuration in this toolkit. Leo 'Treggiari and Mike Collins discuss this scenario. set of run-time routines and application develop- I thank John Hurd of the DECwindows pro- ment tools, which is the primary programming gram and Jesse Grodnik of the Western Software interface to DECwindows applications. This toolkit Laboratory for their help in preparing this issue. was chosen as the base programming interface for thc Open Softwarc Foulidation's Motif toolkit. The Xlll toolkit contains hundreds of attributes, actions, and widgets, which can contain thousands of lines of code. Steve Greenwood relates how the user interhce 1;inguage (UIL) was developed to manage the complexity of the toolkit. UIL pre- serves the conceptual simplicity of the toolkit by ;illo\ving applic:ttion clevelopers to specify inter- faces without writing the multitude of code lines normally required. Biographies I Susan Angebramdt A consulting engineer for the Open Systems Group in Digital's Western Software Laboratory, Susan Angebranndt was the project leader for the sample XI1 server. Susan also worked on the team that designed and implemented the Display PostScript extension for the DECwindows X servers. She joined Digital in 1986 and is a graduate of Carnegie-Mellon University (1980) with a B.S. in applied mathematics. Prabuddha Biswas Prabuddha Biswas joined Digital in 1985 after receiving a B.Tech from IIT, Delhi, India, and an M S from the University of Massachusett~ Among the projects with which he has been involved are the performance analysis and modeling of software systems for the Business and Office Systems Engineering (BOSE) Group and characterization of file system activity from com- mercial I10 traces. Prabuddha has applied for a patent and has authored papers for presentation to IEEE, ACM, and CMG conferences He has received
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