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Digital Equipment Corporation Records http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8t72p80 No online items Guide to the Digital Equipment Corporation records Finding aid prepared by Bo Doub, Kim Hayden, and Sara Chabino Lott Processing of this collection was made possible through generous funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, administered through the Council on Library and Information Resources' Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives grant. Computer History Museum 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View, CA, 94043 (650) 810-1010 [email protected] April 2017 Guide to the Digital Equipment X2675.2004 1 Corporation records Title: Digital Equipment Corporation records Identifier/Call Number: X2675.2004 Contributing Institution: Computer History Museum Language of Material: English Physical Description: 1,239 Linear feet,611 record cartons, 357 manuscript boxes, 56 newspaper boxes, 169 periodical boxes, and 150 other box types Date (bulk): Bulk, 1957-1998 Date (inclusive): 1947-2002 Abstract: The Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) records comprise DEC’s corporate archives, with material dating from 1947 to 2002. The bulk of the collection was collected and created during the company’s years of operation from 1957 to 1998. DEC, founded by engineers Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, was one of the largest and most successful computer companies in the industry’s history. Widely recognized for its PDP and VAX minicomputer product lines, by 1988 DEC was second only to IBM as the world’s largest computer company. This collection holds the papers of DEC’s executives, engineers, and personnel -- including the personal collections of founders Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson. Also included are DEC’s administrative records and material relating to product development and engineering, with committee meeting minutes, correspondence, internal newsletters, product proposals, and engineering drawings. Most of DEC’s publications, such as manuals, promotional and sales material, and technical reports, are represented in this collection as well. Lastly, DEC’s large corporate photo library and archive remains intact as a part of this collection, holding tens of thousands of original product photographs, portraits of DEC personnel, images showing client applications of DEC products, brochures, and historical files with visual documentation of the company’s beginnings and milestones. In 1998, DEC was acquired by Compaq, ending its run as a company, though many of its groundbreaking technologies went on to sell under different branding and influence subsequent directions of computing and its industries. Languages: The collection is primarily in English, with small amounts of material in Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, and Ukrainian. creator: Digital Equipment Corporation. Access Restrictions The collection is open for research. Publication Rights The Computer History Museum (CHM) can only claim physical ownership of the collection. Users are responsible for satisfying any claims of the copyright holder. Requests for copying and permission to publish, quote, or reproduce any portion of the Computer History Museum’s collection must be obtained jointly from both the copyright holder (if applicable) and the Computer History Museum as owner of the material. Preferred Citation [Identification of Item], [Date], Digital Equipment Corporation records, Lot [#], Box [#], Folder [#], Catalog [#], Computer History Museum. Note: For this collection the lot number citation will either be X2675.2004, X3149.2005, or X7042.2014. Immediate Source of Acquisition The majority of this collection was a gift of the Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) in 2004 (X2675.2004). Smaller parts of the collection came from DEC employees Timothe Litt in 2005 (X3149.2005) and Richard Best in 2011 (X7042.2014). Biographical/Historical Note Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was one of the largest and most profitable computer companies in the world, initially known for its modules, then for its PDP and VAX families of computers, and finally for the Alpha microprocessor. DEC was founded in Maynard, Massachusetts, by engineers Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, who had previously worked together at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. It operated from 1957 to 1998. Olsen and Anderson started the company with financial backing from Georges Doriot, one of the United States’ first venture capitalists, and DEC was the first successful venture-backed computer company. Olsen served as DEC’s president until 1992 and ran the company with a complicated decentralized management style that pitted product groups against each other for corporate resources. Anderson served as DEC’s executive vice president until he was forced out in 1966 after a falling out with Olsen over the direction of the company. At the time of DEC’s founding, computers were large, complicated to use, and expensive. Olsen and Anderson wanted to produce alternatives to those large mainframes: computers that were powerful and had real-time interactivity, but were smaller, easier to use, and much more affordable. Mindful that investors were not backing computer companies at the time, Guide to the Digital Equipment X2675.2004 2 Corporation records their business plan was divided into two phases that de-emphasized computer production. Phase one focused on the manufacture and sale of electronic modules to be used in test and prototyping environments; phase two focused on using those modules in the design of a fully interactive computer system. Ultimately, DEC’s focus would be on minicomputers for laboratory, business, and research use customized for clients and including long-term service and technical support contracts with DEC. For its first two years, DEC developed its successful module business. In 1959, DEC’s first minicomputer, the Programmed Data Processor, or PDP-1, was designed and produced, with the first unit sold in 1960. It was a groundbreaking computer because of its low cost and its fostering of direct user interaction. DEC released dozens of other PDP-family minicomputers over the next decade, becoming the market leader in minicomputers by a large margin. In 1977, DEC introduced a new line of computers -- developed as an extension to the PDP-11 -- called VAX, or Virtual Address Extension. The incredibly successful and influential VAX family of computers implemented a 32-bit complex instruction set computing (CISC) architecture and could run DEC’s proprietary operating system VAX/VMS (later OpenVMS) and UNIX. The VAX family included high performance models, mainframes, workstations, and MicroVAX minicomputers. In the early 1980s, DEC began development of a 64-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture to replace VAX. What started as several small RISC projects at DEC formed into one, PRISM, which was canceled just before completion. Alpha development started soon after and was based on PRISM concepts. The Alpha architecture, introduced in 1992, was implemented as a line of microprocessors. DEC produced other technologies besides computers. It sold a wide variety of peripherals including magnetic tape and disk memory subsystems, dot matrix printers, and graphics displays. DEC was also focused on networking and produced several systems, including Ethernet, DECnet, and VAXclusters. DEC also created the early search engine AltaVista in 1995. Additionally, DEC produced software that was mostly proprietary to DEC machines. As microcomputers emerged in the 1980s, Olsen was resistant to DEC developing them, believing that most people would not want computers in their homes and that personal computers (PCs) were mostly used for non-serious purposes, like games. However, in response to IBM’s PC (1981), DEC released several personal computer systems: the Professional series, DECmate II, Rainbow 100, and VAXmate. DEC’s personal computer efforts did not take off like the IBM PC, however, because of DEC’s high prices, poor marketing, and insistence on making its machines and software proprietary and thus incompatible with other companies’ products and peripherals. DEC’s PDP-11 and VAX systems continued to sell well, however, but competitors were actively working to create cheaper computers. In 1988, DEC was second only to IBM as the world’s largest computer company. By 1990, however, the United States was in a recession and DEC’s business began to falter. This loss in revenue was attributable to several factors: There was disagreement within DEC as to the direction the company should take as workstations, personal computers, and open computing became more popular. DEC chose to focus on developing a large mainframe, the VAX 9000, and continued to produce proprietary software and hardware, missing the opportunity to take advantage of the personal computer and workstation revolution. Many at DEC felt the VAX 9000 could not recoup its design and manufacturing costs; this turned out to be true. As DEC concentrated on the VAX 9000, competitors produced workstations that were far less expensive and more powerful. As DEC’s business waned, there were several attempts within different areas of the company to boost DEC’s viability with new products and technologies. Following DEC’s traditional management model, these different factions were competing against each other and unfortunately no successful products came from those efforts. In the early 1990s, after steadily falling sales, DEC implemented the first layoffs in the company’s history. In 1992, the DEC board forced Olsen to resign, appointing Bob Palmer as CEO
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