DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Minicomputers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

HISTORY OF MINICOMPUTERS DDP-19 DDP-116 DDP-124 2898550 570000 The first computers considered to be minicomputers, CCC 160 DDP-25 DDP-316 DDP-416 the DEC PDP-1 and the CDC 160A, were intro- 156250 2500000 CDC DDP-24 160A DDP-224 DDP-516 duced in 1960, but the actual term was not applied to 1000000 156250 525000 1041666 computers until 1970: In the era of the miniskirt and NOVA NOVA 800 NOVA 2 ECLIPSE S/100 NOVA 3 NOVA 4 ECLIPSE MV/8000 ECLIPSE MV/4000 ECLIPSE MV/7899 the Mini Cooper automobile, the PDP-8/e became DATA GENERAL 1000000 1250000 1250000 2500000 1818182 4545454 5000000 3125000 the first machine to be labeled a minicomputer. The NOVA 1200 NOVA 1220 NOVA 840 ECLIPSE MV/10000 ECLIPSE MV/15000 term has been applied in retrospect to a computer 833333 1250000 7142857 11764706 SUPER NOVA that fits the following general guidelines: It is intended 1250000 for a single user or small group of users, it is physically PDC 808 208 ALPHA 8 ALPHA LSI LSI 3 LSI 4 SCOUT COMPUTER small (at least compared to a mainframe system), and PDC 816 216 808 ALPHA 16 NAKED MINI LSI 2 LSI 05 LSI 90 sells for a fraction of the price of a mainframe (often AUTOMATION 125000 625000 6666666 at least an order of magnitude less). Minicomputers PDP-4 LINC-8 PDP-8I PDP-11/20 PDP-11/10 PDP-11/03 PDP-11/34 PDP-11/23 PDP-11/24 VAX-11/730 PDP-11/73 VAX 8200 PDP-11/83 VAX 6000 PDP-11/93 VAX 7000 VAX 4000 MODEL 108 were a separate cabinet that communicated with the DEC 111111 625000 666667 833333 6450000 1111111 2222222 3333333 1333333 3703704 15000000 5000000 18000000 35714286 20000000 170900000 100000000 Digital Equipment Company user through a teleprinter or video terminal; later, the PDP-1 PDP-7 PDP-8S PDP-8L PDP-8E PDP-11/45 PDP-11/70 PDP-11/60 VAX-11/725 PDP-11/53 VAX 6300 PDP-11/94 terms “workstation” and “personal computer” would 200000 571428 125000 625000 833333 1000000 3333333 4000000 3703704 15000000 16666666 20000000 apply to machines with integrated video interface and PDP-5 PDP-9 PDP-9L PDP-15 PDP-8M PDP-16/76 PDP-8A VAX-11/780 VAX-11/750 VAX-11/785 VAX 8800 VAX 6200 VAX 10000 VAX 4000 MODEL 705A 166667 1000000 666667 2500000 833333 2500000 666667 5000000 3125000 7518796 22222222 12500000 90909090 111111111 a directly-connected keyboard. PDP-8 PDP-11/55 PDP-11/04 VAX-11/782 VAX 8650 PDP-11/84 VAX 4000 VAX 4000 MODEL 700A 625000 3333333 3333333 5000000 18181818 18000000 35714286 100000000 As market demands for computing power grew, mini- PDP-12 PDP-11/40 PDP-15/XVM PDP-11/44 VAX 8600 VAX 8250 VAX 9000 computers soon seemed less “mini”, with some 625000 7142857 1000000 5555556 12500000 6250000 62500000 weighing hundreds of pounds and drawing consider- 2116-A 2114-A 2100 21MX 1000 MODEL 80 able power. New categories such as “supermini” ap- HP 625000 1020408 peared in the trade press to describe these machines 2115-A 2114-B 2114-C 3000 3000CX 3000-LL 1000 1000A 500000 500000 5712486 5712486 571486 571486 that often served a large number of people in an oce or academic department. By comparison, mainframe HUGHES HCM-201 H330 HCM-205 HCM-231 computers supported a hundred users or more, HCM-202 H3118 H3324 HM4118 H4400 HDFM through both timesharing and batch-processing ser- vices. 1130 1800 SYSTEM/360 MODEL 20 SYSTEM/3 MODEL 10 SYSTEM/3 MODEL 15 IBM 277778 500000 277778 657895 657895 The first microprocessor-based systems were often International Business Machines SYSTEM/7 SYSTEM/3 MODEL 8 still referred to as minicomputers, and products from 2500000 657895 companies such as DEC tried to maintain the aes- MODEL 2 MODEL 5 MODEL 70 MODEL 50 7/16 8/32 thetic of their long-successful product lines. The INTERDATA 333333 1000000 1000000 3333333 success of products like the Altair 8800 and Apple II MODEL 3 MODEL 15 MODEL 80 MODEL 55 5/16 6/16 quickly defined a new and distinct class of computers, 555556 and by the end of the 1980s minicomputers of what- MODEL 4 MODEL 1 MODEL 74 MODEL 85 7/32 8/16 ever construction were passing into history. 666667 1000000 1333333 1333333 SYSTEM 10 300 400 450 750 DIGITAL SCIENTIFIC 1666667 1666667 SINGER META 4 ND 812 SYSTEM TEN 110-1,3,5 550 KEY NUCLEAR DATA 12000000 500000 PRIME SYSTEM IV/70 200 SYSTEM TEN 110-4 500 650 COMPUTER HUGHES RAYTHEON 500000 1666667 1666667 AUTOMATION IBM SEL 703 706 CCC TEXAS INSTRUMENTS RAYTHEON 571429 1111111 CDC INTERDATA 250 440 520 RAC-230 RAC-251 404 RDS-500 PACKARD BELL DATA GENERAL DIGITAL SCIENTIFIC SDS RAC-250 SINGER VARIAN DEC FOUR PHASE 810-A 840-MP 980 980B SEL 32 NUCLEAR DATA BUNKER-RAMO SEL 571429 1000000 4000000 1666667 HP PRIME MICRODATA 820 810-B 86 960 GRI COMPUTER TEXAS 840-A 1333333 1666667 1000000 INSTRUMENTS 571429 88 9400 980A 960B CAN BE SEEN IN PB 250 610 611 622 I V-73 V-70 LIVING COMPUTER MUSEUM COLLETION PACKARD BELL 1536000 620 612 PROCESSOR SPEED SDS MEASURED IN INSTRUCTIONS PER SECOND VARIAN PB 440 SIGMA 2 520 I 620 I 620 F V-75 200000 333333 666667 555556 1333333 3333333 300 133 400 BR-1018 1600 BUNKER-RAMO 156300 1000000 625000 1000000 MICRODATA SLOW MEDIUM FAST SUPERSONIC 130 230 340 BRIC-1 800 GRI-909 GRI-99 3200 GRI COMPUTER 333333 478000 909090 1136363 2272727 3333333 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996.
Recommended publications
  • Validated Products List, 1995 No. 3: Programming Languages, Database

    Validated Products List, 1995 No. 3: Programming Languages, Database

    NISTIR 5693 (Supersedes NISTIR 5629) VALIDATED PRODUCTS LIST Volume 1 1995 No. 3 Programming Languages Database Language SQL Graphics POSIX Computer Security Judy B. Kailey Product Data - IGES Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 July 1995 QC 100 NIST .056 NO. 5693 1995 NISTIR 5693 (Supersedes NISTIR 5629) VALIDATED PRODUCTS LIST Volume 1 1995 No. 3 Programming Languages Database Language SQL Graphics POSIX Computer Security Judy B. Kailey Product Data - IGES Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 July 1995 (Supersedes April 1995 issue) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown, Secretary TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY Arati Prabhakar, Director FOREWORD The Validated Products List (VPL) identifies information technology products that have been tested for conformance to Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) in accordance with Computer Systems Laboratory (CSL) conformance testing procedures, and have a current validation certificate or registered test report. The VPL also contains information about the organizations, test methods and procedures that support the validation programs for the FIPS identified in this document. The VPL includes computer language processors for programming languages COBOL, Fortran, Ada, Pascal, C, M[UMPS], and database language SQL; computer graphic implementations for GKS, COM, PHIGS, and Raster Graphics; operating system implementations for POSIX; Open Systems Interconnection implementations; and computer security implementations for DES, MAC and Key Management.
  • VAX 4000 V96-2.3—10 Feb 1997

    VAX 4000 V96-2.3—10 Feb 1997

    TM VAX 4000 V96-2.3—10 Feb 1997 DIGITAL Systems and Options Catalog Product Description VAX 4000 systems provide commercial systems performance, high availability, and a compact footprint. They support a wide range of applications and options, including FDDI networks and Q-bus peripherals. System enclosure supports internal storage and Q-bus expansion through a B400X expansion cabinet. VAX 4000 systems come in three packages: Desktop Model 106A, Desktop/Deskside Model 108, and Pedestal/Deskside Model 505A/705A DSSI and Ethernet adapter chips—each driven by a 10-MIP on-chip RISC processor—are tightly integrated on the CPU module with direct access to memory. Digital's DSSI to SCSI HSD10 storage solutions replace DSSI RF36 disk technology in all VAX 4000 systems. Digital’s HSD10 DSSI-to-SCSI controller. mounted internally in system cabinet, supports standard RZxx SCSI storage on VAX 4000 systems while still supporting DSSI clustering. External StorageWorks HSD10 controllers are supported. VAX 4000 Model 106A offers performance of 10-ns NVAX chip. Systems achieve 215 transactions per second (TPS). With internal support for the HSD10, DSSI-to-SCSI controller, VAX 4000 customers can take advantage of low-cost, more flexible and open StorageWorks solutions. VAX 4000 Model 108 offers identical performance, is compatible with Model 106A, but is housed in a new Desktop/Deskside minitower enclosure. In addition, these systems offer enchancements in the memory and storage capacity, supporting up to 512 MB of standard SIMM memory and six storage devices in the system enclosure. VAX 4000 Model 505A and 705A offer 12 ns and 9 ns performance, respectively in a Q-bus Pedestal package.
  • VAX 4000 Model 300

    VAX 4000 Model 300

    VAX 4000 Model 300 Technical Information Order Number: EK-,337 AA-TI-001 VAX 4000 Model 300 Technical Information Order Number EK-337AA-TI-001 digital equipment corporation maynard, massachusetts First Printing, March 1990 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software, if any, described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software or equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies. Restricted Rights: Use, duplication or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(l)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013. © Digital Equipment Corporation 1990. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A The Reader's Comments form at the end of this document requests your critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. COMPACTape DSSI ULTRIX DDCMP !VIS UNffiUS DEC Letterprinter VAX DEC direct Letterwriter VAX 4000 DECnet MicroVAX VAXcluster DECserver PDP VAX DOCUMENT DECsystem 5400 Professional VAXELN DECUS Q-bus VAXlab DECwrlter ReGIS VMS DELNI RQDX VT DELQA ScriptPrinter lM DEQNA ThinWire mOmOOmD DESTA Amphenol is a trademark of Amphenol Corporation. Bell is a trademark of Bell telephone companies.
  • HP Openvms Cluster Software SPD 29.78.27

    HP Openvms Cluster Software SPD 29.78.27

    Software Product Description PRODUCT NAME: HP OpenVMS Cluster Software SPD 29.78.27 This Software Product Description describes Versions a mix of AlphaServer and VAX or AlphaServer and In- 6.2–1H3, 7.1–1H1, 7.1–1H2, 7.1–2, 7.2, 7.2–1, 7.2– tegrity server systems. In this SPD, this environment is 1H1, 7.2-2, 7.3, 7.3–1, 7.3–2, 8.2, 8.2–1 and 8.3 of the referred to as an OpenVMS Cluster system. following products: Systems in an OpenVMS Cluster system can share pro- • HP VMScluster Software for OpenVMS for Integrity cessing, mass storage (including system disks), and Servers other resources under a single OpenVMS security and management domain. Within this highly integrated en- • HP VMScluster Software for OpenVMS AlphaServers vironment, systems retain their independence because (through V8.3) they use local, memory-resident copies of the OpenVMS operating system. Thus, OpenVMS Cluster systems • HP VAXcluster Software for OpenVMS VAX (through can boot and shut down independently while benefiting V7.3) from common resources. • HP OpenVMS Cluster Client Software for Integrity Servers Applications running on one or more systems in an OpenVMS Cluster system can access shared resources • HP OpenVMS Cluster Client Software for Al- in a coordinated manner. OpenVMS Cluster soft- phaServers (part of NAS150) ware components synchronize access to shared re- sources, allowing multiple processes on any system in • HP OpenVMS Cluster Client Software for VAX the OpenVMS Cluster to perform coordinated, shared (through V7.3) (part of NAS150) data updates. Except where noted, the features described in this Because resources are shared, OpenVMS Cluster sys- SPD apply equally to Integrity server, AlphaServers and tems offer higher availability than standalone systems.
  • Validated Processor List

    Validated Processor List

    NISTIR 4557 Programming Languages and Database Language SQL VALIDATED PROCESSOR UST Including GOSIP Conformance Testing Registers Judy B. Kailey Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 April 1991 (Supersedes January 1991 Issue) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY John W. Lyons, Director NIST > NISTIR 4557 Programming Languages and Database Language SQL VALIDATED PROCESSOR LIST Including GOSIP Conformance Testing Registers Judy B. Kailey Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology National Computer Systems Laboratory Software Standards Validation Group Gaithersburg, MD 20899 April 1991 (Supersedes January 1991 Issue) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY John W. Lyons, Director lib t TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Document Organization 1 1.2.1 Language Processors 1 1.2.2 Contributors to the VPL 2 1.2.3 Other FIPS Conformance Testing Products 2 1.2.4 GOSIP Registers 2 1.3 FIPS Programming and Database Language Standards 3 1.4 Validation of Processors 3 1.4.1 Validation Requirements 3 1.4.2 Placement in the List 4 1.4.3 Removal from the List 4 1.4.4 Validation Procedures 4 1.5 Certificate of Validation 4 1.6 Registered Report 4 1.7 Processor Validation Suites 5 2. COBOL PROCESSORS 7 3. FORTRAN PROCESSORS 13 4. Ada PROCESSORS 21 5. Pascal PROCESSORS 35 6. SQL PROCESSORS 37 APPENDIX A CONTRIBUTORS TO THE LIST A-1 APPENDIX B OTHER FIPS CONFORMANCE TESTING B-1 APPENDIX C REGISTER OF GOSIP ABSTRACT TEST SUITES C-1 APPENDIX D REGISTER OF GOSIP MEANS OF TESTING D-1 APPENDIX E REGISTER OF GOSIP CONFORMANCE TESTING LABORATORIES E-1 .
  • Openvms DCL Dictionary: N–Z

    Openvms DCL Dictionary: N–Z

    OpenVMS DCL Dictionary: N–Z Order Number: AA–PV5LG–TK April 2001 This manual provides detailed reference information and examples for Compaq OpenVMS DCL commands and lexical functions. Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the OpenVMS DCL Dictionary, Version 7.2. Software Version: OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3 OpenVMS VAX Version 7.3 Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas © 2001 Compaq Computer Corporation Compaq, VAX, VMS, and the Compaq logo Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. OpenVMS and Tru64 are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P in the United States and other countries. Microsoft, MS-DOS, Visual C++, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Intel, Intel Inside, and Pentium are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries. Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. All other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license. Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information in this document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind and is subject to change without notice. The warranties for Compaq products are set forth in the express limited warranty statements accompanying such products.
  • ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR's MANUAL Version

    ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR's MANUAL Version

    ALTAIR 8800 CLONE COMPUTER OPERATOR’S MANUAL Version 2.3, April 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 PART 1 – ALTAIR 8800 CLONE HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ......................... 2 PART 2 – CONFIGURATION MONITOR ............................................. 4 A. Floppy Disk Menu ....................................................... 4 B. PROM Menu .............................................................. 6 C. Serial Port Menu ....................................................... 7 D. Load .BIN or .HEX File ................................................. 9 E. Administration Menu .................................................... 9 PART 3 – TERMINAL EMULATOR ................................................ 14 A. Overview .............................................................. 14 B. TeraTerm Terminal Emulator ............................................ 14 C. Installing TeraTerm ................................................... 14 D. Configuring TeraTerm .................................................. 14 E. Using TeraTerm ........................................................ 15 PART 4 – ALTAIR 8800 DEMONSTRATIONS ....................................... 16 A. Kill-the-Bit Front Panel Game ......................................... 16 B. Loading and Using 4K BASIC from Paper Tape ............................ 18 C. Loading and Using 8K BASIC from Cassette .............................. 21 D. Loading and Using Disk BASIC from Floppy Disk ........................
  • MITS Altair 8800 Computer Systems Brochure

    MITS Altair 8800 Computer Systems Brochure

    MITS ALTAI 800 A Computer Concept Becomes an ex •ting reality. •••••••••• Contents ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Introduction •....•.•.•.•••••••••••• 3 Altair Systems .........•........•.. 5 The Ultimate System .......•....•.•. 7 The Possibilities .......•....•....• S User Applications ......•.......•.. 10 Altair Options ..........•..•...•.• ll Processor Description ........••.•. 14 Processor Instructions ............ l5 Questions &Answers ......••....•.• 17 1....................................................... .1 Warranty: 90 days on parts and labor fOf assembled units. 90 days on parts fOf kits. Prices, spec'ifications and delivery subject to change without notice. 6328 LINN, N.E .., P.O. BOX 8636, ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. 87108 505/265-7553 © MITS, Inc. 1974 PRINTED IN U.S:A. .. PIPE DREAM? Not too long ago, the thought of an honest, full-blown, high-quality computer that sells for less than $500 would have been considered a mere pipe dream. Everyone knows that computers are monstrous, box-shaped machines that sell for 10's and 100's of thousands of dollars. Pipe dream or not, MITS, the quality engineering company that pioneered the calcu­ lator market, has made the Altair 8800 a reality. It is the realization of that day when computers arc accessible to almost anyone who wants one. I The heart (and the secret) of the M ITS Altair 8800 is the Intel 8080 processor chip. Thanks to rapid advances in integrated circuit technology, this one IC chip can now do 3 what once took thousands of electronic components (including 100's of IC's) and miles of wire. Make no mistake about it. The M ITS Altair 8800 is a lot of brain power. Its parallel, 8-bit processor uses a 16-bit address. It has 78 basic machine instructions with variances up to 200 instructions.
  • Alpha and VAX Comparison Based on Industry-Standard Benchmark

    Alpha and VAX Comparison Based on Industry-Standard Benchmark

    Alpha and VAX Comparison based on Industry-standard Benchmark Results Digital Equipment Corporation December 1994 EC-N3909-10 Version 3.0 December 1994 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Digital conducts its business in a manner that conserves the environment and protects the safety and health of its employees, customers, and the community. Restricted Rights: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1 )(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227 7013. Copyright© 1994 Digital Equipment Corporation All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: AlphaServer, AlphaStation, AlphaGeneration, DEC, OpenVMS, VMS, ULTRIX, and the DIGITAL logo. The following are third-party trademarks: MIPS is a trademark of MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. TPC-A is a trademark of the Transaction Processing Performance Council. INFORMIX is a registered trademark of lnformix Software, Inc. OSF/1 is a registered trademark of the Open Software Foundation, Inc. ORACLE is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. SPEC, SPECfp92, and SPECratio are trademarks of Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. MIPS is a trademark of MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. All other trademarks and registered
  • M.Nlo Hrk, CA

    M.Nlo Hrk, CA

    vee P.t). b{)x JI() pa... k.~ca.~4-02~ N-.Proflt a... U.I.I"OSTAGE PAID ",""h No. 427 M.nlo hrk, CA Celiverto+ ~• jli • ~• N n z- 0 of m,. 3 m 0 'a m 0 c:: 0 _.M• I :::II -'U UI m 'U c» of 0 m 3: DI 3 m .... D ..lI D ~ ~ 111 u::: Not too long ago it became pouible for large scale chips to be made. Intel rolled the ball with the 800e. then rolled it some more with the 8(110. This year's real winner looks like being the PACE chip, from National Semiconductor. These things are oot easy to make. The difficulty of making them is lIflormoosly increased as they get bigger ••nd a 16 bit CPu is awful big. The $lory starts with a few enthusia$ls. a blackboard and a whole crew who doubted it could be made at all. Moby chip, as it was known, was oot a project for the faint hearted. The crooked tines on the blackboard soon became straight and well defined. Very. This is the beginning of the marks which OPtically define the position of every tiny facet of the chip to be. The precision of the whole process starts here, and hera also is the place where chips can be designed not to work - tNery line is checked and rechecked and ... Sometimes a particular person can make things when others can't. There Is the tale of the big manufacturer Now the magic begins. It starts with. sinlJle Cl'VSUI which was licensing a company in another country to of pure silicon.
  • PDP-11 Conventions Manual

    PDP-11 Conventions Manual

    DEC-II-HR6A-D PDP-11 Conventions Manual DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION • MAYNARD, MASSACHUSETTS 1st Edition September 1970 Copyright © 1970 by Digital Equipment Corporation The instructional times, operating speeds and the like are included in this manual for reference only; they are not to be taken as specifications. The following are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts: DEC PDP FLIP CHIP FOCAL DIGITAL COMPUTER LAB UNIBUS Contents Contents (cont.) Page Page APPENDIX A GENERAL MAINTENANCE APPENDIX E PRODUcr CODE FOR SOFTWARE PRODUcrS A.1 SCOPE A-I E.l INTRODUCTION E-1 A.2 TEST EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS A-I E.2 COMPUTER SERIES - [XX] -xxxx-xx E-1 A.3 INSTALLATION OF ECO's A-I E.3 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION - XX-[XXXX]-XX E-1 A.4 MODULE IDENTIFICATION AND LAYOUT A-I E.3.1 Major Category E-1 A.5 MODULE COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION A-2 E.3.2 Minor Category E-2 A.6 UNIBUS CONNECTIONS A-2 E.3.3 Option Category E-2 A.7 MULTIPLE BOX SYSTEMS A-2 E.3.4 Revision Category E-3 A.8 POWER CONTROL A-2 E.3.5 Minor Category E-3 A.9 SYSTEM UNIT REMOV AL/INSTALLATION A-2 E.3.6 Unique Designation Category E-3 A.10 MAINTENANCE TIPS A-3 E.4 DISTRIBUTION METHOD - XX-XXXX-[XX] E-3 A.10.1 Diagnostic Programs A-3 E.5 SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION E-3 A.10.2 KM 11 Maintenance Set A-3 E.6 TYPICAL EXAMPLE E-3 A.lO.3 Observation of Service Major State Operation A-3 APPENDIX F PDP-II GLOSSARY F-1 APPENDIXB LOGIC SYMBOLOGY APPENDIX G PDP-II STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS G-l B.l GENERAL B-1 B.2 LOGIC SYMBOLS B-1 B.2.1 State Indicator B-1 B.2.1.1 State Indicator Absent B-1 B.2.1.2 State Indicator Present B-1 B.2.2 Table of Combinations B-2 Illustrations B.2.3 Flip-Flop B-2 B.2.4 One-Shot Functions B-2 B.2.5 One-Shot Delays B-3 B.2.6 Schmitt Trigger B-4 B.2.7 Amplifier B-4 Figure No.
  • VAX VMS at 20

    VAX VMS at 20

    1977–1997... and beyond Nothing Stops It! Of all the winning attributes of the OpenVMS operating system, perhaps its key success factor is its evolutionary spirit. Some would say OpenVMS was revolutionary. But I would prefer to call it evolutionary because its transition has been peaceful and constructive. Over a 20-year period, OpenVMS has experienced evolution in five arenas. First, it evolved from a system running on some 20 printed circuit boards to a single chip. Second, it evolved from being proprietary to open. Third, it evolved from running on CISC-based VAX to RISC-based Alpha systems. Fourth, VMS evolved from being primarily a technical oper- ating system, to a commercial operat- ing system, to a high availability mission-critical commercial operating system. And fifth, VMS evolved from time-sharing to a workstation environment, to a client/server computing style environment. The hardware has experienced a similar evolution. Just as the 16-bit PDP systems laid the groundwork for the VAX platform, VAX laid the groundwork for Alpha—the industry’s leading 64-bit systems. While the platforms have grown and changed, the success continues. Today, OpenVMS is the most flexible and adaptable operating system on the planet. What start- ed out as the concept of ‘Starlet’ in 1975 is moving into ‘Galaxy’ for the 21st century. And like the universe, there is no end in sight. —Jesse Lipcon Vice President of UNIX and OpenVMS Systems Business Unit TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Changing the Face of Computing 4 CHAPTER II Setting the Stage 6 CHAPTER