Chapter III

Changing Land-Use Land-Cover of City Chapter III

Changing Land-Use Land-Cover of Pune City

3.1 Introduction

Urbanization is the process of transition from a rural to urban society

(UNFPA, 2007). Urbanization as land cover, in the form of built-up or paved-over areas, occupies less than 2 percent of the earth's land surface (Grubler, 1994).

Changes in the area of urban land occurred due to economic activities. This claim appears to support a misconception that urbanization can be ignored in land change studies (Heilig, 1994). In reality, urbanization affects land change elsewhere through the transformation of urban-rural linkages. Urban inhabitants within the Baltic Sea drainage depend on forest, agriculture, wetland, lake and marine systems that constitute an area about 1000 times larger than that of the urban area proper (Folke et al., 1997). Modem urban life-styles tend to raise consumption of land expected that

60 percent of the world's population will be urban by 2025 (United Nations

Population Fund, 1991), Rapid urbanization is a result of natural growth of population and rural urban migration. The moving urban population from major city centers to urban fringe areas due to changing life style which emphasized on spacious, more comfortable and environment friendly living. It continues to grow and expand to accommodate the growing and complex demand of the land (UN- Habitat, 2008-09).

Cities are nodes of mans greatest impact on nature, the paces where he has most altered the essential resources of land (Melvin and Thomas, 2003). The speed of urban fransition is making much of the present planning legislation obsolete and is putting pressure on administration (Stefanov, 2001). However; its benefits are increasingly balanced against ecosystems including degradation of environmental quality, especially loss of farmland and forests, and also socio economic effects

52 (Squires, 2002). In order to avoid such phenomena continuing to happen, particularly

in the Pune city, city need to be properly planned and managed so that their growth or expansion can be controlled and managed in a sustainable manner.

Land-use planning in urban areas is a part of the process of city planning.

(Weng Q. and Quattrochi, D. A., 2006). It is basically concerned with the location,

intensity and amount of land development required for various uses of space and

functions of the city, e.g. Industries, wholesaling, business, housing, recreation, education, religious and cultural activities perform by the people (Desai, Patil, Mahale

and Umrikar, 2009). Land-use is determined by land economics, social values and public interests. It is hoped that such management tool can spur moderately to higher densities, eventually achieving a more efficient and livable communities. Present

study will be a basic framework for land-use planners, academicians and policy makers to formulate urban land-use policies and monitor urban land-use development.

It highlights the integration of RS and GIS techniques in understanding and predictmg urban land-use and land-cover as applied to Pune city.

3.2 Globalization as a Source of growth

A city is globalized if it has the ability to capture economic flows through

linkage based strategies. In Pune globalization is mainly related to development in education establishment, offering new Information Technology industry. Introduction

of BPOs establishment of shopping malls, the availability of local financial capital,

high level price and high consumption due to over increasing standard of life. Due to

Demand of local for more housing facilities, city expands ten times around old core. It

is very difficult for city dwellers to travel for services, recreations and entertainment

from longer distance. Therefore, each new area located on different directions started their facilities within their own wards. This is an end of application of all models for

53 Pune city. Globalization often drives governments to enhance the image of their cities a way of marketing to the World (Wu Fulong, 2001). In general terms, architecture plays a significant role in the development of the city. In the city most 'global' buildings exhibit new materials, mainly glass, concrete and steel; also addition live tents, arches, domes and wind-towers to elevations. These all characteristics found in

Pune city.

3.3 The Effect of Global Neo-liberalism on urban growth

Economic and socio-cultural interdependencies as consequences of globalization transform local political interaction between people and local power institutions. People from different countries and areas have been arrived in Pune city as a result the need of accommodation also has been changed and increased. The land values linked to newly merged villages in Pune city. Social segregation transform into

Economic segregation in Pune city. The area around IT parks occupied by the IT professionals and due to multiplier effects other services started in and around newly built areas. The land use of city now is changed and city is growing in different directions, each area has their own development around a new changing land use.

Table 3.1: Population Density in Pune

Year Area- Sq. km Density/Sq. Km.

1961 138.94 5,204

1971 139.79 7,154

1981 147.66 9,346

1991 166.11 10,445

2005 227.68 12,000

Source: CDP-2001

54 Pune city is aerially expanding at an alarming rate. The density increased more than double from 1961 to 2005. The density is high as a result the congestion, slums pollution, poverty is increasing in the city

3.4 Monitoring Land-use and Land-cover

Land resources constitute the most precious natural wealth on the earth

(Samant and Subramanyam, 1998). Hence, the proper utilization of land resources is a matter of utmost concern to the people of a country. The proper utilization of land ensures that the resources are being utilized to the best advantage. Its improper utilization leads to waste and hence progressive deterioration and loss of quality of these vital resources. Increasing rapid urbanization is necessary to study and evaluate the land-use change in area (Singh M, 2004).

The term land-use has direct related to human activities. It reflects the utilization of land for the different activities. People work on farms and ranches, clear forests, and work in factories and offices. In general, people earn their living from performing different activities on land (Abdullah Mah, 2000). Therefore, people are crowded into a small area within which they live and work (Clawson and Steward,

1965). Land-cover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies and rock or soil, artificial cover and other features resulting the land transformation. The observed physical cover, seen on the ground or through remote sensing, includes vegetation, which covers the earth's surface water, barren land or similar surfaces are included in land- cover (Vinay Kumar, 2002).

3.5 Needs of Study of Land-use and Land-cover

Rapid urban development and increasing land-use changes due to population and economic growth in selected landscapes is being witnessed of late in and other developing countries. The cities are expanding in all directions resulting in large 55 scale urban spatial growth and changes in urban land-use. The spatial pattern of such changes is clearly noticed on the urban fringe or city peripheral rural areas than in the city centre. In fact, this is reflected in changing urban land-use patterns. There is an urgent need to describe land-use changes for planning. In the recent times, Remote

Sensing and GIS is gaining importance as vital tool in the analysis and integration of spatio-temporal data. The present research study highlights a co-ordinate significance of RS and GIS techniques in detecting land-use changes that have been experienced in last forty years in Pune city.

3.6 Urban Land-use

The geographical distribution of land in urban areas is prime interest to the geographer, urban sociologist and city planners. The differentiations in land-use pattern in urban areas vary due to internal differentiation. The location of commercial establishments, administrative offices, factories and residences are included in land distribution (Abdullah Mah, 2000). Rapid increase in population and limited size of the urban areas, land-use changed. All these are dynamic characters to the urban land- use in comparison with rural areas.

3.6.1 Changing Land-use of Pune City

The changing land-use effect of urbanization is becoming an increasingly important research issues in the context of the rapid urban growth of Pune city. The urbanization process usually creates highly visible changes such as urban sprawl, or landscape fragmentation (Roy and Giriraj, 2008). The vegetation and agricultural landscapes are radically fransformed by the built-up environment through the stock and flow of materials related to the construction industry. The urban population is also affect the changing landscape of Pune city. The city core in the western cities is always characterized by intensive land development, high rise buildings, government

56 offices, communication centers such as post and telegraph offices, commercial establishments, shopping complexes etc. Usually, residential land-use is found beyond the CBD whereas in case of Indian cities, even within the city core has substantial residential population (Badrawaj, R.K, 1974). In Pune city, in different period, recent economic establishment came up as a resuh land-use has change in every decade.

3.7 Land-use/Land-cover Classification for Pune city

Land-use/land-cover analysis and preparation of land-use and land-cover map are the basic needs for urban planning. The land-use and land- cover map not only shows the existing conditions but also helpful in identifying some of the basic problems like transportation, essential services and also in assessing the fiiture trends and needs of land. The added advantages are that it provides a synoptic view, repetitive coverage and data in digital format, which is amenable to computer analysis

(George Joseph, 1999). All the above mentioned analysis elements are employed to identify various urban land-use features and assess their significance.

Pune city develop to perform a range of functions, which increase in size and completing with urban growth. The range of functions consists for a combination of industrial, commercial, service and administration activities, the absolute and relative importance of which is associated with historical development. As the fiinctions of the city shift from secondary activities to tertiary activities in development series, urban land-use structure has undergone a profound change. Urban growth at the fringe and urban renewal in the inner city appear at the same time, the spatial pattern of the city is transforming from a uni-center to a multi nuclei one. Modem urbanization results in profound changed in the landscape.

57 Figure 3,1: Land -use/ Land-cover for Pune city in 1979

Legend •^^^ Canal lndustnal_Area Roads ^B *^'"s ^•'—^ Riatway ^^B Agricultute ^^1 \Atater_bodies ^H River j_ Transport I I Boundary rj 7J; Public_Utility

Figure 3.2: Land -use/ Land-cover for Pune city in 1981

Legend

Roads ^^1 River •-^^^ Rialway ^H Public_Utility ^^ Cand j^B tndus^al_Area 1 1 Commercial Are; •• HDIs 5 Km if ^^1 V\ibter_bodies Boundary Transport AQilcultule

According to the characteristic of urban land-use land-cover in Pune, this research tends to classify land-use categories including collecting regional factors and characteristics. Therefore, the image was classified into ten major classes.

During 1970's, the urban activities spilled beyond the erstwhile city limits and it was felt that for comprehensive and integrated planning, a metropolitan region

58 converging on Pune be defined. Accordingly, the Pune metropolitan region was defined in July, 1967. Earlier, the city area of Pune Municipal Corporation was 18.3 percent of the Pune Urban Agglomeration, while about 45 percent was consists for village areas, 9 percent occupied by cantonment area and 17 percent consists for the town area. In 1997, area of PMC's increased by 14,611 hectares, it include 10 census towns and 26 villages, bringing the land extent more than 46,713 hectares. This

increased the PMC's share in the PUA to 58.75 percent. However, the city forms a mere 31.28 percent of this area, the rest being villages (45.7 percent), and towns

(23.02 percent). It is clear that the expansion of the urban area into neighboring towns and villages needs to be checked regarding planning. At present, after delusion of few newly added villages, the PMC area is increased to 243.96 sq. km. Within PMC, the newly added villages show a predominance of agricultural activities and some forest land. Farmers of these villages have sold their land at higher prices and builders purchases the Agriculture land in order to buih apartments. The agricultural land transformed into urban areas and displaced many farmers, who lost their source of

livelihood and settled dovm in the informal sector of the city. This unskilled farmer's doest get the proper jobs in the formal sector with proper salaries as a result they

included in the landless poor category of economic lader. The river bed is spared with slums. The land-use pattern of the city reveals a dense core with commercial and residential areas bisected by the river. The southern bank of river having the older parts of the city has a haphazard high-density development, while the cantonment areas to the north have comparatively low densities.

59 Figure 3.3: Land-use Distribution in 1966

^"""1^ a Residential AI • Industries M D Communication \^^ ^v 49.55 \ D Agriculture • Semi Rjblic 48.41 • Rjblic Utilization Y Area in Sq.Kn^^^^J • Vacant D Cantonment • hils • Transportation i nVteter mmy • No Cover

Source: Town Planning Department, Pune, 1966.

Figure 3.4: Land-use Distribution in 1979

• Residential • Industnes /#^'*C»^ D Communication / / ^'"•'I^* n Agriculture • Semi Public • Public Utilization {^ ArBa(Sq.Km.) C^^^^ 1 • Vacant D Cantonment ^•-^ y^ • Hills • Transportation \^ig:y D Water • Recreation

Source: Town Planning Department, Pune, 1979.

Figure 3.5: Land-use Distribution in 1981

^ • Residential ^"in^^^ • Industnes pj"L \ n Communication /^ S N. 6252 \ D ^riculture • Semi Public D Public Utilization 1 43.68 ^ Area in Sq. Km. / / • Com-2 D Cantonment • Hills • Transportation D Water ^ • Recreation

Source: Town Planning Department, Pune, 1981.

60 Figure 3.6: Land-use Distribution (1997and 2007)

1997 area in percent 2007area In percent

• Airport 1 Air port 0.34 8.11 I Under construction area • Under construction area

• Agriculure • Agriculure

• Road • Road

• Garden • Garden 4.24 I Settelment I Settelment

• Drainage Drainage

1 Water r. Water

Vegetation Vegetation

Source: For 1997-2007 LISS III Image analysis.

To comprehend the existing land-use pattern of Pune city, it is necessary to study the past fifteen year's land-use pattern. Therefore, the land-use pattern of Pune was studied from 1966 to 1981 with the help of toposheets and town planning maps.

The current (recent) status of land-use land-cover categories was taken from the satellite imageries, classified into different land-use/land-cover classes based on

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) data. The general land-use/land-cover classification scheme used at for this study has three different levels. It is based on the spatial resolution of the satellite data used. Level - I classification included very broad categories such as built-up land, agricultural land, water bodies, forest, wastelands etc.

Figure 3.7: Change Detection of land-use from 1966 to 2007 1966-1979 1979-1981 1997-2007

3 J.IC^ ii^Al IlLI ^. y^^/^y^-y^y ,.^^«^^^^i^:7<^

Source: l.Town Planning Department, Pune (1966, 1979 and 1981) 2. For 1997-2007 LISS III Image analysis. 61 In the overall analysis, it observed a substantial increase almost 5 times in the area of vacant land from 1966 to 1979. Due to which the area under residence and indusfrial use in 1979 appeared less in comparison to 1966. The residential land-use of 25 percent is less in 1979 and the same use increased by 30.26 percent in the 2007

land-use map. This may be possible as Pune's population was rapidly increasing during this period the land under vacant category was in 1979 appeared as residential has included for settlement category in 1981, due to large scale growth of national level and other commercial / industrial uses and high volume of migration, residential growth occurred very fast in all directions.

Urban land features has change in both core urban area and in urban rural fringe. In case of Pune, growth of the city had been rapid during the sixties and hence the land-use has been studied for different periods, such as 1966, 1979, 1981, 1997. In broad terms, between 1966 and 1979, the major change was detected in the vacant land-use category and significant change in agricultural and commercial use. Except for these three, all other uses showed a decline from 1979 to 1981, except for agricultural and commercial use all other categories were showing considerable increase in the area and interesting vacant land-use had disappeared in 1981. In the year 1966, agricultural land-use was 16.64 Sq.km. of the total area of the city and it increased to 23.07 mile in 1979 fiirther declined to 10.03 mile in 1981. The reason is

farmers started keeping their land barren to sale for commercial purpose.

62 Figure 3.8: Land-use / Land-cover Classified IRS 1 D LISS III Image (1997)

•r '•^i Mi- f

l^l&*''^

" Legend ^1 V\tater 1 1 Ganlen ^^1 vegetation 1 Drainage • f 1 Under constnjction | ] Baiian area 0 3 6 12 Km ^^1 Settlement Air port HH Road ^nculture

Source: Classified IRS 1 D LISS III

Figure 3.9: Land-use / Land-cover Classified IRS 1 D LISS III Image (2007)

Legend

^B VV&ter I I Garden

^^1 vegetation | | Drainage

j [ Under construction | | Barran area

^^1 Settlement | | Air port

^^1 Road ) I Agricutture

Source: Classified IRS 1 D LISS III

63 This classification is used only for comparing the changes that took places in the built up area from 1979 - 1980 (Topographical map from Survey of India). To classify 1997 and 2007 land use of Pune city Liss III images have been used.

The overall result is increase in the built up area and related changes in the urban land-use patterns, causing loss of productive agricultural lands, forest cover, other forms of greenery active in surface water bodies, depletion in ground water aquifers and increasing levels of air and water pollution; causing environmental problems. Thus, the problem of expanding of city centers is complex and complicated. Driving forces can be slow with long term, which decides the boundaries of sustainability. Changes are generally driven by a combination of factors that work progressively and factors that happen irregularly (Lillesand, Keifer, 2000).

Table 3.2: Land-use / Land-cover Classes for 1997 and 2007

Land-use 1997 2007

/ Land-cover Classes Area (%) Area (mile) Area (%) Area (mile)

Water 1.25 1.26 2.40 2.41

Vegetation 19.41 19.49 18.92 19.00

Under Construction 8.11 8.14 13.94 14.00

Settlement 26.10 26.11 30.26 30.39

Road 11.67 11.72 11.70 11.75

Garden 4.24 4.26 4.77 4.79

Drainage 7.30 7.33 4.64 4.66

Barren land 15.66 15.72 7.97 8.00

Airport 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34

Agriculture 5.92 5.95 5.08 5.10

Total Area 100 100.43 100 100.43

64 According to the land-use/land-cover classes mansion in the above table shows that 1.25 percent area is covered with the water bodies in 1997 and it increased up to 2.40 percent in 2007. The probable cover of increased water bodies is due to increased in demand of water for different purposes. Total 19.41 percent area is covered by the Vegetation in 1997, but due to the man made activities the area was reduced and remain 18.92 percent in 2007, because of increased population and migration towards the urban centers change the pattern of land-use/land-cover in the city. The area use for the under construction increased many folds during last ten years. The 8.11 percent of the area is covered by the under construction in 1997 and it increased up to 13.94 percent in the year of 2007. Likely with the construction the area covered by the settlement in 1997 was 26.10 percent and it increased in 2007 up to 30.26 percent.

The area under transportation (Road) and Drainage network covered 11.67 percent and 7.30 percent respectively in the year of 1997, because of increased of human settlement and industrialization makes the over burden on available Road transport and Drainage system. In 1997, there was 5.92 percent and in 2007, 5.08 percent of land under Agriculture which is under constant pressure from the urban expansion. In 1997, Barren land was 15.66 percent and in 2007, it is 5.08 percent. The salient feature of this land transformation is that Pune city has recorded significant decrees in Built up area and this may be due to population growth.

3.8 Kappa Statistics

The kappa analysis is a discrete multivariate technique of use in accuracy assessment. The kappa analysis yields a KHAT statistic that is a measure of accuracy.

65 Table 3.3: Kappa Statistical Assessment

Class Name Kappa (1997) Kappa (2007)

Unclassified 0.9185 0.9715

Garden 0.0000 0.6622

Road 0.7024 0.0000

Airport 0.0000 0.5918

Drainage 0.6622 0.0000

Agriculture 0.9055 0.7449

Vegetation 0.6625 0.4932

Barren area 0.9623 0.8148

Water Body 0.4966 0.0000

Settlement 1.0000 1.0000

Under construction area 0.9101 1.0000

Total 0.8774 0.8568

The general consensus is that kappa values greater than 0.75 are considered to have a high degree of agreement beyond chance. Values below 0.40 have a low degree of agreement and values between 0.40 and 0.75 represent a fair to good level of agreement beyond chance alone (Annette M. Green, Westat, Inc.).

The Kappa statistical value is 0.87, for 1997 and 0.85, for 2007, it is considered to have a high degree of agreement beyond chance.

3.9 Ward wise Land-use Land-cover Analysis

The Wards are the boundaries defined by Municipal Corporation for planned development of the city. Every decade there is change in the area of Pune city. Fringe villages have been merged in the main city. Municipal Corporation suddenly declares

66 the merging of villages around city. As soon as it declared, the prices of land have

hiked. Villagers/farmers lured by the builders, farmer's sale their land at high rate as per their perception but loose their means of livelihood. Though, less educated

farmers doesn't have knowledge of maintain the economy. They spend the money

unwisely, after couple of years they become landless labour without skill. This phenomenon forcefully makes them labourers in the unorganized sector of city. As against this builders developed the land into multistory apartments and sale the houses

(Flats) at higher rates to the city dwellers. The original villages without amenities,

infrastructure and plans include in the city. That area remains underdeveloped. The following graphs indicate the ward wise Land- Use in Pune city.

Figure 3.10: Ward wise map of Pune city

67 3.9.1: Ward wise Land-use of Pune city

Figure 3.11: Land-use Distribution

Land Us« of Aundh Area Land Use of Karveroad Land Use of Gholeroad

Vegetation Falow 3%

BVtgMion BVcgcMion Vegetrtion F^w f " // K • Filow -jy^ 0% IF Aw ^ ._16% ^™ WatertKKfes 1 • Falow OWsMMxiH Barrefi/' 3VW«t>«tK OWattfbocies 48% S*- DHIi •His Barer ^ ^^^^ ,4.^ • BuAip IBdbp • Buiup BuiHup Eu'fjp 64'« DBanm 18% ; IBantn DBatTHi

Land Use of ^arvenagar LandUseofYerawada LandUseofYerawada

FalM f""* WaiatodiM FaHow u^grtiodies Vegefatffi r^"*- VejeMiM r^/ 2% r SVegMban iVigiMion IVtgAtoo m / Hi! 10% / Hais iFdCM iFakw IFalow

OVWKbMlM i^a^Buiitup 3Wat»(t«ci« OWatnbodK

]HI$ GHis OHfe Barer ' " ^^^ 21% IBulbjp Barren • Biikii) 59". 6a% BEUntn IBairm IBantn

LandUseofSangamwadi Land Use of Kasbapetfi Land Use of Vishrambaugwada

fata. Falow Faltow .0% Vegetation ^

Vejeuikn A 0V«9«talkin .Walefbodies ovegetation 1t« /(WeitKidiK 1% J / '* • Faiow iFilow l^ 1% IFakw Banen^ ^ His DWaMwin OWalerboits •WitMtioiivs • 9% OhOs •KIs 52% ^^^^^^H DHis

Bwa 13% • Buikip Suittup • Buitup m IGuiup an iSmn 1 50% •Sunn IBanafi

LaiKlUseOfTilakroad LandUseOf8ibvewadi LandUseOfSahakamagar

.Watefbodie' Ve9«^lion ^^ /^ « Falow . Fallow VegetJiai ^5% OVtgeWion Vegetatron ^i DVtgetation •Vtgotalni | 11% / 1!% f IFikw iFalow j •Falow -|- 0>Wale*o*5 7 ^^^Waterbodies aWitHtxxtes \ Bara^^^^^ 3% DWatffbodies 1 aWateftKKiK QHIs GHIs QHIs

•-•-—^^^^, 6% "-^^^^•^B VHIIIS BuiHup iBuiup IBujbip .iM •Bl*p 24% IBrnn •Bwef) 24% jlBimn 1

The diagram shows that the barren land occupied maximum land use cover in

Aundh area (2617.45 acres). Whereas, water bodies cover minimum (20.29 acres)

land in comparison to other areas. In Karveroad area, there are no water bodies,

barren land (746.41 acres) constitutes maximum land use cover. The barren land

68 (673.14 acres) and water bodies (24.91 acres) consists the maximum and minimum land-use cover in Ghole road area. It was noted that in Warje Karvenagar area, barren land (868.59 acres) and fallows (8.19 acres) constitute maximum and minimum land use cover respectively.

Although there is plenty (286.14 acres) of built up area in Dholepatil Road, water bodies (37.44 acres) covered minimum land space. Barren land still occupied maximum land use cover. Like in most wards of Pune, barren land in has maximum (1373 acres) land use area and water bodies cover minimum (14.14 acres) land. Barren land and fallow land in area occupied 1099.32 acres and 33.55 acres land use-cover. Sangamwadi shows a peculiarity in the sense despite occupying the space of (35.54 acres); the hill area has minimum land use. Almost all wards have maximum barren land available for further development like Industrial, educational facilities.

Water bodies and fallows, built-up area consists optimum land use cover.

Vegetation in this area has minimum land cover. In Kasbapeth area, the built up area and vegetation occupy 231.84 acres and 39.60 acres land use cover respectively.

Barren land in Vishrambuagwada was noted to be covering the 445.34 acres land use whereas Fallow land covers the least land in the same area. As in almost all wards of

Pune barren land in Tilak road and Bibvewadi occupied most (1466.28 acres) land use cover. On the other hand Water bodies in this area shows minimum (81.42 acres) contribution land use. It was significant to note that there are virtually no water bodies in Sahakamagar area. Built up area consists the second largest land- use cover. An overview of classification land-use in all wards of Pune indicates that barren land constitutes a major part of land use. This land can be used for residential use and use for social reforms.

69 3.10 Conclusion:

Land use and land cover change analysis of Pune city has been carried out

using multi-temporal data of IRS LISS-III of 1997 and 2007. The study demonstrates the significant change especially in vegetation, under construction sites and barren

land. The urban growth and increasing demand of housing, barren lands have begn transformed into under construction sites of residential areas. Enormous increase in

population and settlements has spread all over the area including fringe areas. The

original villages without amenities, infrastructure and plans include in the city. Those

areas remain underdeveloped. Before the declaration of merger government and

planners should prepare the proper plan for newly merged villages. The building of

sustainable plan for next 50 years is an urgent need for the Pune city.

70