Changing Land-Use Land-Cover of Pune City Chapter III
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Chapter III Changing Land-Use Land-Cover of Pune City Chapter III Changing Land-Use Land-Cover of Pune City 3.1 Introduction Urbanization is the process of transition from a rural to urban society (UNFPA, 2007). Urbanization as land cover, in the form of built-up or paved-over areas, occupies less than 2 percent of the earth's land surface (Grubler, 1994). Changes in the area of urban land occurred due to economic activities. This claim appears to support a misconception that urbanization can be ignored in land change studies (Heilig, 1994). In reality, urbanization affects land change elsewhere through the transformation of urban-rural linkages. Urban inhabitants within the Baltic Sea drainage depend on forest, agriculture, wetland, lake and marine systems that constitute an area about 1000 times larger than that of the urban area proper (Folke et al., 1997). Modem urban life-styles tend to raise consumption of land expected that 60 percent of the world's population will be urban by 2025 (United Nations Population Fund, 1991), Rapid urbanization is a result of natural growth of population and rural urban migration. The moving urban population from major city centers to urban fringe areas due to changing life style which emphasized on spacious, more comfortable and environment friendly living. It continues to grow and expand to accommodate the growing and complex demand of the land (UN- Habitat, 2008-09). Cities are nodes of mans greatest impact on nature, the paces where he has most altered the essential resources of land (Melvin and Thomas, 2003). The speed of urban fransition is making much of the present planning legislation obsolete and is putting pressure on administration (Stefanov, 2001). However; its benefits are increasingly balanced against ecosystems including degradation of environmental quality, especially loss of farmland and forests, and also socio economic effects 52 (Squires, 2002). In order to avoid such phenomena continuing to happen, particularly in the Pune city, city need to be properly planned and managed so that their growth or expansion can be controlled and managed in a sustainable manner. Land-use planning in urban areas is a part of the process of city planning. (Weng Q. and Quattrochi, D. A., 2006). It is basically concerned with the location, intensity and amount of land development required for various uses of space and functions of the city, e.g. Industries, wholesaling, business, housing, recreation, education, religious and cultural activities perform by the people (Desai, Patil, Mahale and Umrikar, 2009). Land-use is determined by land economics, social values and public interests. It is hoped that such management tool can spur moderately to higher densities, eventually achieving a more efficient and livable communities. Present study will be a basic framework for land-use planners, academicians and policy makers to formulate urban land-use policies and monitor urban land-use development. It highlights the integration of RS and GIS techniques in understanding and predictmg urban land-use and land-cover as applied to Pune city. 3.2 Globalization as a Source of growth A city is globalized if it has the ability to capture economic flows through linkage based strategies. In Pune globalization is mainly related to development in education establishment, offering new Information Technology industry. Introduction of BPOs establishment of shopping malls, the availability of local financial capital, high level price and high consumption due to over increasing standard of life. Due to Demand of local for more housing facilities, city expands ten times around old core. It is very difficult for city dwellers to travel for services, recreations and entertainment from longer distance. Therefore, each new area located on different directions started their facilities within their own wards. This is an end of application of all models for 53 Pune city. Globalization often drives governments to enhance the image of their cities a way of marketing to the World (Wu Fulong, 2001). In general terms, architecture plays a significant role in the development of the city. In the city most 'global' buildings exhibit new materials, mainly glass, concrete and steel; also addition live tents, arches, domes and wind-towers to elevations. These all characteristics found in Pune city. 3.3 The Effect of Global Neo-liberalism on urban growth Economic and socio-cultural interdependencies as consequences of globalization transform local political interaction between people and local power institutions. People from different countries and areas have been arrived in Pune city as a result the need of accommodation also has been changed and increased. The land values linked to newly merged villages in Pune city. Social segregation transform into Economic segregation in Pune city. The area around IT parks occupied by the IT professionals and due to multiplier effects other services started in and around newly built areas. The land use of city now is changed and city is growing in different directions, each area has their own development around a new changing land use. Table 3.1: Population Density in Pune Year Area- Sq. km Density/Sq. Km. 1961 138.94 5,204 1971 139.79 7,154 1981 147.66 9,346 1991 166.11 10,445 2005 227.68 12,000 Source: CDP-2001 54 Pune city is aerially expanding at an alarming rate. The density increased more than double from 1961 to 2005. The density is high as a result the congestion, slums pollution, poverty is increasing in the city 3.4 Monitoring Land-use and Land-cover Land resources constitute the most precious natural wealth on the earth (Samant and Subramanyam, 1998). Hence, the proper utilization of land resources is a matter of utmost concern to the people of a country. The proper utilization of land ensures that the resources are being utilized to the best advantage. Its improper utilization leads to waste and hence progressive deterioration and loss of quality of these vital resources. Increasing rapid urbanization is necessary to study and evaluate the land-use change in area (Singh M, 2004). The term land-use has direct related to human activities. It reflects the utilization of land for the different activities. People work on farms and ranches, clear forests, and work in factories and offices. In general, people earn their living from performing different activities on land (Abdullah Mah, 2000). Therefore, people are crowded into a small area within which they live and work (Clawson and Steward, 1965). Land-cover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies and rock or soil, artificial cover and other features resulting the land transformation. The observed physical cover, seen on the ground or through remote sensing, includes vegetation, which covers the earth's surface water, barren land or similar surfaces are included in land- cover (Vinay Kumar, 2002). 3.5 Needs of Study of Land-use and Land-cover Rapid urban development and increasing land-use changes due to population and economic growth in selected landscapes is being witnessed of late in India and other developing countries. The cities are expanding in all directions resulting in large 55 scale urban spatial growth and changes in urban land-use. The spatial pattern of such changes is clearly noticed on the urban fringe or city peripheral rural areas than in the city centre. In fact, this is reflected in changing urban land-use patterns. There is an urgent need to describe land-use changes for planning. In the recent times, Remote Sensing and GIS is gaining importance as vital tool in the analysis and integration of spatio-temporal data. The present research study highlights a co-ordinate significance of RS and GIS techniques in detecting land-use changes that have been experienced in last forty years in Pune city. 3.6 Urban Land-use The geographical distribution of land in urban areas is prime interest to the geographer, urban sociologist and city planners. The differentiations in land-use pattern in urban areas vary due to internal differentiation. The location of commercial establishments, administrative offices, factories and residences are included in land distribution (Abdullah Mah, 2000). Rapid increase in population and limited size of the urban areas, land-use changed. All these are dynamic characters to the urban land- use in comparison with rural areas. 3.6.1 Changing Land-use of Pune City The changing land-use effect of urbanization is becoming an increasingly important research issues in the context of the rapid urban growth of Pune city. The urbanization process usually creates highly visible changes such as urban sprawl, or landscape fragmentation (Roy and Giriraj, 2008). The vegetation and agricultural landscapes are radically fransformed by the built-up environment through the stock and flow of materials related to the construction industry. The urban population is also affect the changing landscape of Pune city. The city core in the western cities is always characterized by intensive land development, high rise buildings, government 56 offices, communication centers such as post and telegraph offices, commercial establishments, shopping complexes etc. Usually, residential land-use is found beyond the CBD whereas in case of Indian cities, even within the city core has substantial residential population (Badrawaj, R.K, 1974). In Pune city, in different period, recent economic establishment came up as a resuh land-use has change in every decade. 3.7 Land-use/Land-cover Classification for Pune city Land-use/land-cover analysis and preparation of land-use and land-cover map are the basic needs for urban planning. The land-use and land- cover map not only shows the existing conditions but also helpful in identifying some of the basic problems like transportation, essential services and also in assessing the fiiture trends and needs of land. The added advantages are that it provides a synoptic view, repetitive coverage and data in digital format, which is amenable to computer analysis (George Joseph, 1999).