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Home , Mutha River, Pune, Puneshwar, Pune district, Pune Metropolitan Region

Chapter II

Chronological Developement of City Chapter II

Chronological Developement of Pune City

2.1 Introduction

Pune's location was once considered less conducive for urban growth. But now pune, the cultural capital of is rapidly metamorphosing into a commercial hub. This metamorphim has a very long history spannin over 1000 years or more. Pune, which has been hailed as ^'Happening City", has not only survived but it has also prospered continuously during the last 400 years. Up to the mid seventeenth century, Pune was one of the main small garrison town on the plateau of

Maharashtra. Within a century, however, this insignificant small town outstripped the older established towns in its respective region and emerged dominant city

(Deshpande CD., 1978). In the 19"^ and 20"^ centuries it had undergone significant changes and prospered in various sphers. Referred to as of East for its educational tradition and Detroit of for its post independence industrial development, in the 21^' century, Pune is emerging as a '''Cyber City". The growth and development of Pune is quite interesting. It has seen many rise and fall in its long history under different rulers at different periods. The growth phases of Pune have been divided in to five different periods, so that one can understand the richness of its culture and reasons for its success ( D.B., 1921). Therefore an attempt has been made to study Pune city.

2.2 Urbanization at the Global Level

In 2008, humankind achieved a moment's milestone for the first time in history; half of the world's population that is 3.3 billion lived in urban areas. The world's population is becoming increasingly urbanized. The rate has been rather rapid

17 during the recent decades. While, 29 percent of the world's population lived in urban

areas in 1950, the corresponding figure for 1995 is around 45 percent. The proportion

of urban population in the world is expected to reach 61 percent by 2025 (Chandna,

2006). More than 60 percent of the populations of , North America and Latin

America are already lived in urban areas. Asia and Africa remain predominately rural,

with 40 percent and 38 percent, respectively of their populations living in urban areas.

However, if current trends are continuing, half of Africa's population will be urban by

2050. In Asia, the urban transition will occur even earlier, owing to rapid urban

grow1;h rates in China, a country that is expected to be more than 70 percent urban by

2050 (UN- Habitat, 2008-09).

Table 2.1: World: Percent Urban Population Continent 1975 1995 2004 2025(est.) North America 57 68 79 79 South America 64 78 79 88 Europe 67 74 74 83 Oceania 72 70 72 75 Asia 25 35 39 55 Africa 25 34 35 54 World 38 45 48 61 Source: World population Data sheet, 2004

The rapid growth of urbanization in the world is accompanied by a change in

the urban structure. The large cities are increasing their share in the total urban

population. In 1950, 12 percent of world's urban population lived in large cities, each

having a population of more than 4 million, the corresponding figure for 1980 was

only 16 percent (Verma L.N., 2006). Altogether, small, intermediate and large cities

from the global South and North grew at 1.83 percent from 1990 to 2000. This means,

the world's urban population will increase to almost 5 billion in 2030 and it further

increased to 6.4 million by 2050. One of the most striking features of the global urban 18 pattern is the degree of urban population lives in mega cities that dominates the global urban systems (Martin P. Brockerhoff, 2000).

Figure 2.1: Urbanisation of World

World Urbanization

70 60 50 % of urban 40 Population 30 20 ^ 10 0 1800 1900 1950 1975 2000 2025(est.) YEAR'S

Source: World population Data sheet 2004, World geography book, Lexington

2.3 Urbanization in India

The study of Indian urbanization has been increased during the last 100 years when reliable data was available from the regular decadal census. The view-points of the researchers vary considerably, since as Bose has rightly pointed out, "the city is like a mirror and each person sees in it the image of his own discipline" (Bose A.,

1978). The salient features of the process of urbanization in India are its slow pace and fluctuating characteristic accompanied by rapid urban growth (million cities).

McGee referred to it as "pseudo-urbanization" because "the process has not been similar to the one that occurred in advanced countries at comparable stages of industrialization and economic growth" (McGee, 1967). It has also been labeled as

"over urbanization" since at comparable levels of urbanization, the developed countries had a greater proportion of their labour-force engaged in non agricultural activities (UNESCO, 1957). This view has, however, been challenged on the ground of analysis of causes and consequences of urbanization in India (Sovani N.V., 1966).

19 There is a strong relationship between level of urbanization and economic

development among the states of India (Mohan R., 1985). Education, industrial

location, commercialization of agriculture and dispersal of urban services were

considered to exert a major influence on the patterns of urbanization in the country.

Table 2.2: India: Growth of Urban Population (Percent), 1901-2011

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

10.85 10.29 11.18 12 13.86 17.30 17.98 19.87 24.30 25.72 27.08 31.16

Sou rces: d ;nsus of India, 1961,1971, 1981,1991 2001, provisional Census of-2011.

Figure 2.2: India- Stages of Urbanization

^ 35

5 30 Acceleration Stage 1= 25

20 Initial Stage

I 15 ft 10

5

0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010* YEAR

Initial Stage: Less than 25 percent urban population. Acceleration Stage: 25 percent to 70 percent urban population.

According to 1901 census, only 10.85 percent people lived in the urban places.

By 1911, the proportion declined to 10.29 percent. The reason behind this decline is

increase in mortality due to epidemics like plague, cholera, small pox, Influenza,

Malaria, etc. people moved from cities to near by villages. These epidemics were

brought under control during the decade 1911 to 1921. The percentage therefore

20 increased to 11.18 in 1921. It slowly continued to increase till 194. It increases to 12 percent in 1931 and it further rose to 13.86 percent in 1941. As a result of the partition of the country in 1947, large number of refugees came to India. A number of colonies were established in the vicinity of large cities to accommodate the refiagee migrants.

Consequently swelling of urbanization has been experienced in India. According to

1951 census, the proportion urbanization increased to 17.30 percent. The change in definition of urban places decided by the census of India, even then the proportion did not change significantly during the decade 1951-1961. After 1961, industrialization,

improvement in transportation and education helped to increase urbanization till date.

In 1971, the proportion increased to 19.87 percent. The same trend continued even after 1971 and by 1991, in India, 25.72 percent of the total population lived in urban places (Becker, CM., 1992). In 2011, as per census of India, the urban population

increased more than 31 percent to population; however, it indicates relatively low

level and pace of urbanization. India just entered in the acceleration stage of urbanization curve. In India, people prefer to live in million cities. Therefore, million

cities are getting more crowded and Pune is one such city.

Table 2.3: India- Statewise Urbanization (Percent)

State / Union Territory Percent Urban (Percent)

Year 1981 1991 2001 2011 India 24.3 26.01 27.08 31.16 23.32 26.84 27.48 33.49 Arunachal Pradesh 6.56 12.21 20.89 22.67 Assam 9.88 11.08 12.91 14.08 Bihar 12.47 13.17 13.37 11.30 32.03 41.02 49.89 62.17 31.1 34.4 37.41 42.58 Haryana 21.88 24.79 29.01 34.79

21 State / Union Territory Percent Urban (Percent)

Himachal Pradesh 7.61 8.7 9.8 10.04 Jammu and Kashmir 21.05 23.83 24.99 27.21 Kamataka 28.89 30.91 34.06 38.57 Kerala 18.74 26.44 25.97 47.72 20.29 23.21 24.82 27.63 Maharashtra 35.03 38.73 42.48 45.23 Manipur 26.42 27.69 24.11 30.21 Meghalaya 18.07 18.69 19.69 20.08 Mizoram 27.7 46.2 49.49 51.51 Nagaland 15.52 17.28 17.24 28.97 Orissa 11.79 13.43 15.03 16.68 Punjab 27.68 29.72 34.02 37.49 21.05 22.88 23.4 24.89 Sikkim 16.15 9.12 11.08 24.97 Tamil Nadu 32.95 34.2 44.25 48.45 Tripura 10.99 15.26 17.1 26.18 17.95 19.89 21.04 22.28 West Bengal 26.47 27.39 27.96 31.89 93.63 89.69 89.74 97.25 92.73 89.93 93.64 97.50 Daman and Diu 36.75 46.86 36.28 75.16 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 6.67 8.47 22.89 46.62 Lakshadweep 46.28 56.29 44.5 78.08 Pondicherry 52.28 64.05 66.61 68.31 A. and N. Islands 26.3 26.8 32.62 35.67 Source: Census of India 1981, General population Tables, part Il-A (I) Series 1; Census of India 1991,2001,2011.

22 Figure 2.3: India-Level of Urbanization (Statewise)

The level of urbanization varies widely across the states and Union Territories of the country. According to the 2011 population census, the state of Delhi tops the list with more than 97 percent of the population living in the urban areas followed by

Goa (62 percent), Mizoram (51 percent), Tamil Nadu (48 percent) and Maharashtra

(45 percent). In contrast, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Orissa, Bihar (including

Jharkhand) and Uttar Pradesh (including Uttarakhand) are the least urbanized states with the proportion of urban population ranging between 10 to 21 percent. The level of urbanization has also been found to be relatively low in Kerala (47 percent). In almost all Union Territories of the country, the level of urbanization is very high it is higher than the national average except Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Some of the Union

Territories like Chandigarh and Pondicherry have city dominance and their rural population is very less which leads to very high proportion of the urban population.

As per above discussion, it is found that, population concentrated in few urban places, states and territory. To compute the accurate concentration Gini concentration

Index have been used.

23 2.3.1 Gini Concentration index in India (2011) Table 2.4: Gini Concentration index in India (2011) Class Towns Population Localities P L P L P I 441 178224290 0.085 0.622 0.085 0.622 00 00 II 496 34451500 0.096 0.120 0.81 0.74 0.11 0.06 III 1388 42119280 0.269 0.147 0.45 0.89 0.33 0.16 IV 1561 22593015 0.302 0.079 0.75 0.97 0.67 0.44 V 1041 7889668 0.202 0.028 0.95 0.99 0.92 0.74 VI 234 841936 0.045 0.003 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.95 Total 5161 286119689 3.02 2.35 Source: Census of India 2011 and Author = [i:xiyi+ l]-[i:xi+ 1 yi]

=3.02-2.35

The Gini concentration index = 0.67

The distribution pattern corresponds largely with the physiographic conditions of the region. The number of concentration of towns shall explain themselves about their low and high concentration. The region on the whole represents a high degree of

imbalance in the distribution of population among the settlements of different population size groups. In India also reveals a high degree of the imbalance in terms of urban population in different states. The degree of the inequality has been measured numerically through Gini concentration index. Its value lies between Zero and 1. Zero denotes complete equality, whereas, 1 denotes complete inequality. The

Gini concentration index for India is 0.67 which is near to 1 indicating highly unequal distribution of urban population. The Gini concentration index is very high which is clear from the fact that the area has only one class (I) urban centre i.e. Pune city which absorbs 62.17 percent urban growth. The existing distributional pattern of the

24 settlements may be attributed to the opportunity of jobs, educational facilities and industrialization in the city.

2.4 Urbanization in Maharashtra

As per 2011 census, Maharashtra is one the most urbanized States in India. In

2011, out of total population 11,23,72,972 over 45 million people lived in urban areas.

During the five decades from 1961 to 2011 the urban population of the State has grown at a rapid rate than the total population. Hence, the urban sector is highly significant in the State. This is reflected in other urbanization indicators too. For example, the share of urban in total growth of population has been increasing very fast and has exceeded 50 percent since 1981 (Verma L.N., 2006). During British period capital of Maharashtra became main Industrial center; consequently

Maharashtra State became one of the urbanized States in India.

Table: 2.5: Total Urban Population and Percentage in Maharashtra Total Urban Percentage of Year Population Urban Population 1901 32,17,202 16.59 1911 32,48,989 15.13 1921 38,57,326 18.50 1931 44,56,730 18.60 1941 56,65,111 21.11 1951 92,01,013 28.75 1961 1,11,62,561 28.22 1971 1,57,11,211 31.17 1981 2,19,93,594 35.03 1991 3,05,41,586 38.69 2001 4,10,19,734 42.40 2011 5,08,27,531 45.23 Source: Cen sus of India (1901-20 11)

25 Figure: 2.4: Urban Population in Maharashtra

Maharashtra: Percentage of Urban Population

50 I 40 I-

I a 20

Q.

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Year

According to 2011 census, Maharashtra represents a highly urbanized state with 45.23 percent of the population in urban areas which is higher than National average 31.16 percent. Out of the total urban population, about half of the urban population in the state was concentrated in seven million cities. Among the first 15 million cities of India, three are from Maharashtra viz. (Rank 1), Pune (Rank

8) and (Rank 13).

As per 2001 census, the highest grov^h of population among the million plus cities was recorded for Municipal Corporation (94.60 percent) in

Maharashtra, which is a part of the . (Pune city 62.17 percent), included in the same metropolitan region is also witnessing a very high rate of urbanization).

This is mainly due to the rapid growth in the IT sector. All cities in India were not able to respond to the demands of these new service industries. This is evident from the fact that the larger Metros of India (Mumbai, Delhi, and ) have not been as successfiil as the second rank cities i.e. , , Banglore and

Pune which are florished due to IT industry.

26 2.4.1 Primacy Index for Cities of Maharashtra (2011)

In some countries, the urban population is highly concentrated in a single city

or urban agglomeration. The most populous city of each country accounts for the

highest proportion of the urban population in that city which such a city is called

primate city and the phenomenon is called primacy. Its degree of primacy is measured

by the proportion of the urban population living in that city (UN, 2003). The extent of primacy of an individual city, a few cities depends on size of a country and stage of

development. Large countries tend to have small primacy indices than the smaller ones (Schaltzt et al., 1997).

Table 2.6: Primacy Index for Cities of Maharashtra (2011) City Population (2011) Mumbai 12478447 Pune 3115431 Nagpur 2405421 1818872 -Chinchwad 1729359 1486973 1171330 95118 646801 550564 549283 Total 1,44,25,152 Source: Census of India 2011 CI PI = iCk k2 = 124784^

= 2 X 0.86

PI = 1.72 27 The phenomenon of primacy is (1.72) extremely strong in the Maharashtra state (Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Thane, Pimpari-Chinchwad, Nashik, Aurangabad,

Kolhapur, Amravati, Nanded and Solapur). It shows that population is highly concentrated in the Mumbai and Pune cities. It indicated that concentration of urban population in the largest city had increased over time. The development occurce and infrastructural advancements are made available here which attracts people from different State.

2.5 Urbanisation in Pune

Pune will soon acquire the status of being a metropolitan city in India.

According to Assoc ham (Gadgil, 1952) report on 'The 8"^ emerging metro city in

India' it owes its upgradation to a fast development pace in the area of infrastructural facilities, friendly business environment, education avenues and employment opportunities.

Pune occupied first position overall though it needs to improve on transportation, social infrastructure and financial services. Pune or the city of virtues is the second capital of Maharashtra. The city of Pune has been at the helm of affairs since the ancient times. This home town of Marathas was the cradle of

Bhosale. Various edifices standing tall in Pune tell the story of the glorious past of this city.

28 Table 2.7: Population of Pune

Year Population of Pune 1951 400902 1961 794052 1971 1029466 1981 1202848 1991 1566651 2001 2540069 2011 3115431 Source: Census of India (1951-2001)

Figure 2.5: Population of Pune city

3500000 -f

3000000 -

2500000 - ^

2000000 - ^ • Area (sq. km.) 1500000 - • Population 1000000 - • 1 500000 -

0 ^^xxU O O •-< to 00 to in r^ '-t •—1 in 00 CTi ro ro m r^ 00 00 O O 00 00 00 O O O O o o o o o

Between 1976 and 1981, the population of Pune city grew by 16.7 percent.

From 1981 to 1991 it grew by 30.2 percent. Between 1991 and 2001, the growth has doubled to 62.17 percent. In comparison, has a growth rate of 30.58 percent, while the state is experiencing the growth rate of 22.5 percent. These trends are likely to continue in fiiture. The larger urban agglomerations are getting over crowded and fast sprawling in a haphazard and unplanned manner. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the past and present growth trends of this rapidly growing city, for effective urban management and sustainable development.

29 2.6 Phases of development of Pune

The available historical records do not furnish a separate history of Pune City till the 17* Century (Gadgil, 1945). In prehistoric times, like the rest of the Deccan,

Pune region is said to have formed part of the Dandakaranya (Gaikwad, 1888) or

Dandaka forest, suggesting that the region was inhabited by the tribal. Pune is one of the historical cities of India with a glorious past, an innovative present and a promising future (Oturkar, 1951). After 1950 the Pune Municipal Corporation administers the city. Its boundaries extend over four hundred square kilometers and it has a population of close to four million. Thus, Pune city has been developed into a

Pune metropolitan area, just equal in area to that of Greater Mumbai. It is located 192 km (by rail) and 160 km (by road) from Mumbai and is 559 meters above the mean sea level. Being surrounded by beautiful hills and the fort, it has a temperate climate. Water, which is plentifiil, is supplied to the city from Panshet, Khadakvasla and Varasgaon dams all located about thirty kilometers away from Pune.

According to a local tradition, Pune was a hamlet in 613 A. D. consisting of about fifteen huts (Parasnis, 1921). It is quite probable that Pune at that time was a small village situated on a raised ground, slightly away from the Mula-Mutha confluence, occupying the southern part of the present Kasba ward. This was the original nucleus a small village community.

Opinions differ about the precise location of the nucleus. It seems that it was around the temples of 'Ganapati' and 'Kedareshwar' that the town really developed.

The four oldest temples of Pune are Narayaneshwar, , Kedareshwar and

Ganapati. The Kasba Ganapati, which was situated at the entrance of the Town, has the oldest structural remains. Close to these temples laid the houses of the earliest

'patils' and 'watandars' of Poona. The locations of these religious edifices suggest

30 that the original nucleus was at some distance from the river Mutha. This view is also supported by the absence of old '' on the river (Gadgil, 1945).

2.7 Pre- Period (13'" to 16'*' Century)

Initially a Hindu village, the settlement was radically transformed with the arrival of in the late 13* century. The Muslims, realizing the strategic importance of the town, located as it was on the ford of the - used it as a military base (Gazetteer 1884, Gadgil, 1945). The settlement was fortified and a mud wall was built around the town. The walled portion of the town known as 'Juna Kot' formed a small rectangular space within which lived the Royal family and a few

Muslim villagers.

Figure 2.6: Pune in 1300 AD

Khumbar Ves Cause Way .)

l^cV ' /

i N

1 ^ Scale: 1.5: Inches to 1/2 Mile

During the Muslim period, Pune was called 'Kasbe Pune''; the population around the fort was small as it consisted only of the Muslim army and a few villagers.

The Hindu cultivators, fraders, officials and lived outside the fort. During the Muslim period the town continued to grow

31 Figure 2.7: Pune in 1650 AD

1 Inner Fort 2 Potters Gate Site for later Shaniwar Shahapur 3 Kedar Gate Moniabad 4 Lai Maiia Hindu Tampld««"^«P"'' 5 Gate 6 Old Stream

Scale : 1 cm to 1000 Feet

Three new wards were added to the existing Kasba ward and in 1595 it was conferred as a '' on the ancestors of Shivaji. In 1637 the city consisted of four wards; kasba, the original town within the old town wall, Murtazabad, the present shanwar founded by Murtaza Nizam Shah and Malkapur, the present Raviwar, founded by Malika Amber. The Shahpura, the present Somwar (Monday) ward, was also an old ward which is mentioned as early as 1610 (Gadgil, 1945).

Figure 2.8: Pune in 1651 AD

Scale : 1.5 Incli to 1/2 Mile

32 2.8 Maraths Period (if to the beginning of the 19"" century)

The town, even in its initial stages of growth was a victim of the conflicts between the rulings dynastic and was razed to ground more than once. The status of the town was, however, restored later by the subsequent rulers; Agriculture was encouraged in the surrounding area. Rent-free land for five years was given to cultivators. This, once again, encouraged people to come and settle in the town which they had abandoned a few years ago. Law and order were gradually established and everything possible was done to resettle the city. The arrival of Shivaji and his mother in the city, led to increase of social life and activities in Pune. Their residence with above mentioned temple-complex in its vicinity became the focal point in the urban landscape.

Though there were four wards (Kasba, Shanwar, Raviwar and Somwar) at this time the most important was undoubtedly the Kasba, inhabited by the ruling family of

Shivaji, and others of considerable importance.

Figure 2.9: Pune in Early 17*'' Century

Jakate Pul

am bare "r^ ny/Chawadi legend I Later Shanivaf^^a site V^^- ILu ^^s*"' | | Kiite_HiMf VZ/y/y/V/yyyA \ Kasabi^'v' vjhar GanpatT KldarVes —Roads ^^1 River Scale : 1.6 cm to 1 Km

33 During the second half of the 17 century Pune continued to change its masters between the Moghals on the one hand and the Marathas on the other. In 1664, however, Shivaji shifted his capital to Raigad as he found Pune too vulnerable to the attacks. During this period 'Mangalwar' (Tuesday) ward, on the eastern bank of

Nagzari, was added to the four already existing wards. The town, however, could not develop much because of the political disturbances in which it continually changed its rulers.

With the virtual disintegration of the Moghal power and the rise of the

Maratha power under the , Pune witnessed a period of stability and was made the capital of the Peshwas. This heralded a beginning of a period of prosperity for the town. One of the essential factors for the growing importance of Pune was the fact that the choose to reside permanently here, and so the town came to possess all the prestige and advantages of a capital. The area of the town increased with the arrival of immigrants. Many traders and artisans came to the city and settled permanently (Khairkar, 2007). with other regions was encouraged and the food supply, which could no longer be raised adequately in the vicinity, therefore was imported. A period of comparative peace and stability led to the building of new temples, palaces and large buildings or 'wadas'. Social amenities gradually increased and improved. Pune then comprised six wards, the original Kasba, Raviwar (Sunday),

Shaniwar (Saturday), Budhwar (Wednesday), Mangalwar and Somwar (Gadgil,

1945). A new and prominent element in the morphology of the town that appeared at this time was the Royal palace the castle of 'Shanwarwada', which in due course became the centre of the political and socio-economic life of the town.

34 Figure 2.10: Pune in 1703 AD

Legend

Road Scale : 1.5 cm to 1/2 Km ^^1 River

The annual congregation of Brahmins organized by Peshwas to honour the learned became a factor that brought people of traditional learning to Pune. Thus, the town possessed as intelligential which was known for its learning and upright attitude.

The influx of artisans and craftsmen necessitated the extension of the city and a new ward was added in 1734. This was Shukrawar ward to the South of Budhwar and

West of Raviwar.

The water courses to the east and to the west of the original town almost forced the development of the city in a north-south direction during the 17"' and the first half of the 18* century. Apart from the existence of streams, the main arterial route in the city naturally lay north-south and was governed by the location of the fort.

This route through its branches connected Pune with Sinhagad and Purandar.

In the 18* century, Pune developed into a prosperous city, though it did not possess the imposing building and monuments typical of a capital (Sawant, 1978).

35 2.9 Urbanization between 1761-1817

In 1761, the Marathas suffered a defeat at Panipat and the consequent chaos

and disorder that resulted in the decrease of the population of the city. However, this

was a temporary phase (Khairkar, 2007). The war of Panipat (1761), which was a turning point in the Maratha history, leading eventually to the fall of the Maratha

empire (Sardesai, 1953).

The recovery of the 'Marathas' from the shock defeat at 'Panipat' showed

itself in increasing revenue and population of the town. To accommodate the

increasing population, the town forced itself eastward beyond 'Nagzari' rivulet, bringing about the development of the present Bhavani ward. The expansion to the

South and West resulted in the well-laid out part of the tovm, the present Sadashiv ward(Sawant, 1978).

Despite the family feuds among the Marathas, the city grew and had a population of about 1,50,000 in 1780 (Gazetter of the 1885). At the end of the 18 century, the city grew considerably. The Ghorpade, Ganj and Rasta wards represented the extensions of the city, which had grown to such an extent that a proper drainage system became an absolute necessity and was provided in 1782.

Underground masonry drains were for the first time constructed in 1782. (Gazetteer,

1884).

In 1786, the British, to take care of their interest, decided to keep a permanent representative at the Maratha capital and sent Charles Malet at Pune, who was permitted by the Peshwa to build the British Residency outside the city. The establishment of the British residency introduced a new element in the cultural life of the city. Two more aqueducts Fadanvis and Chaudhari were constructed to provide

36 water to the city. Around 1875, the four aqueducts namely, , Rasta, Fadanavis and Chaudhari supplied 1.3 million gallons of water per day to the city.

Figure 2.11: Growth of Pune 1700 TO 1817

Legend Road I River About 1700 About 1700-1760 Scale : 1.5 cm to 1/2 Km About 1760-1817

An old Maratha and English record indicates that around this time it is surmised that the city was prosperous (Namjoshi, 1785, Capt. Moor., 1791-92). At the end of the 18'^ century. Immigrants came not only from nearby places but also from the distant parts of the country. These people introduced different languages and dialects, different social and religious customs (Ranade M.G., 1900).

The rise of the British and the declining glory of the Peshwas in the early 19* century results the conditions in the city very unstable, and for sometime there was chaos and disorder. The city, with its 18 wards was still fairly prosperous. It was said to be about three miles long and two miles broad with 1, 40,000 houses and approximately six lakhs of people. The streets were extremely narrow and fiill of shops selling merchandise from all over India, China and Europe. Houses were often three to four storeys high but without structure and symmetry, though differing from one another in shape, size and colour. (Bhave V.K., 1936)

37 Internal rivalries among the Marathas continued and brought misery to the

city. The 'Holkar' plundered the city and several big houses were pulled down in the

search for treasures. Even the Peshwa's palace did not escape this fate. As if the

political situation were not bad enough, in 1803 Pune and the Deccan were

experienced one of the worst famines on record. Murder, loot, plaghe and famine are

certainly not conducive to development of a city. Due to such forces, the city did not

develop further. New wards were not added in the early 19"^ century. Once the famine

was over and the peace restored, Bajirao, the last Peshwa, thought of beautifying the

city. Between 1803 and 1813 he built four palaces. These were, strictly speaking, not

imposing palaces as one would imagine but only dignified well-built residences. The

Shanwarwada the original royal residence, which was burnt subsequently, was

replaced by Shukrawarwada and the Vishram-Bag Wada (Gadgil, 1945). The growth

of Pune for some years in the early 19* century was uninterrupted and guided by the

Peshwas, but it did not last. There had developed the bitter feeling of antagonism

between the Mrathas and the British which erupted in 1817 and the Marathas lost to

the British in an open battle (Sawant, 1978). By the end of the Peshwa period the

compact structure of the city had changed a great deal, it was more dispersed, as its

growth was largely haphazard. Each peth use self sufficient had its own sets of ethnic

mix, shops, temples etc.

2.10 The British Period (1818-1947)

In November 1818, the British occupied the city and deeply concerned about the security of their rule paid more attention to strengthening the and virtually neglected the city. The two cantonments Kirkee and Pune guarded the city from two sides (Gadgil, 1945). Thus, 1817 marked the end of an old era and the 1818

38 beginning of a completely new period in the development of the city (Joshi R.V.,

1971).

Figure 2.12: Pune in 1881

I ~x^ ^ Somavrar ^ Kasba ^K Shanlwar {> **" na Budhayat' Ra^ws^ Nana "^ '--' ' ^ ^^"~ —2 cf 1 • •' / Bhavani" r-" Gan^sh Nana ^^f Sadashiv ihukrawar \ 0f^ \ f

The Maratha to the British rule was a change for stability, though it had as adverse effect on the growth and life of the city in the first few years in British rule.

The patronage of the king and the royal court, the city depended for its growth on the needs of the royal court and the army. The British, on their side, developed the cantonments and left the city uncared for. In first few years it presented a dismal and impoverished appearance (Sawant, 1978).

Figure 2.13: Population Density in 1881

39 The city that the British took over from the Maratha was small, covering probably little more than two square miles, indifferently built and open, defenceless and was more like a large village than a city. The population of the city exceeded I,

50,000. The city however, was not large for the capital of an empire. After the addition of the cantonments the city did not expand further till well into the twentieth century, when many suburbs grew up around the city (Gadgil, 1945).

Figure 2.14: Pune in 1885

To Bombay

To Bombay To

To

olapur

Scale : 1.5 cm to 2 KM

British rule brought rapid and favourable changes in the city. The political stability was highly disturbed it restored by the British dominant sovereign power in the subcontinent. At the end of the 18'*' century was establishment of two cantormients

(MalseV.J, 1990) "^ - |^( ( 23

40 Figure 2.15: Population Density in 1931

Figure 2.16: Pune in 1937

Yarwada il

Ghorpadi

41 2.10.1 Development of the Cantonments 2.10.1. A - Poena

The present day cantonment of Pune dates from after the Battle of Kirkee in

1817. In 1803, when General Wellesley entered Pune with the Peshwa (Gadgil, 1945) to reinstate him formally to the throne, the British troops remained permanently in

Pune till February 1948, the last British soldiers left India. The place where they encamped is known as 'Garpir' from the shrine of an old Muslim saint. At that time, between the cantonment and the city was a considerable stretch of open country, fields and gardens.

In 1818, social peace and political tranquility were restored in Pune and it was no longer necessary for the troops to remain in camps. To accommodate these troops it was necessary to arrange a cantonment which led to the formation of the present military station of Pune. The cantonment grew on the sites of four villages' direction

Ghorpadi, Wanowari, Mali and Munjeri. The villages of Ghorpadi and Wanowari were important from the strategic point of view and froops were placed at both these points in order to guard the communication routes to Ahmednagar from Ghorpadi and to and Sholapur from Wanowari.

Fiure 2.17: Pune Contonment and Khadaki Cantonment

Legend River I I I Singal Line Railway I I I I Railway_line Road I I Pune Outer Boundary

6 Mile

10 Kilometer

42 The cantonment developed from the beginning was more or less on western lines. Cantonment, in fact, is typical of all Indian cities with a garrison and Pune in this respect was no exception. It came into being primarily to serve one purpose - that of a military station.

Many reasons were responsible for people migration to works the city. As the

Cantonment acquired a larger permanent civilian population, the number of shops increased. The increase in population, both civil and military, due to multiplier effect attracted more shops of greater variety and led to the development of an independent market, growth of many recreational centers, bars and cinema houses; the Cantonment in due course became a westernized suburb of the Pune city, more important in its functional status as an area inhabited and patronized by Government officials, civil servants. Military officers and a host of others who claimed to belong to the ruling elite (Diddee and Gupta, 2001).

Since the development of the suburbs including the Park a few further changes only took place within the cantonment and in many respects the Pune cantonment remains the same as it was.

Figure 2.18: Zone Boundries

Legend

^H Inner Zone ^^1 Middle Zone 1 I Outer Zone

43 B) Kirkee Cantonment

The Kirkee cantonment grew almost simultaneously with the Pune cantonment. Kirkee lies about four miles North-West of the Pune cantonment on the road to Bombay (Pune Gaz.) and it is bounded on two sides by the river Mula. It was on the famous battle field of Kirkee that the last battle of the last Peshawa was fought and lost to the British. After the Battle of Kirkee, British troops moved to the present

Pune cantonment. The present Kirkee cantonment founded in 1822. The Bazaar was established in the same year. Slowly Military hospital came up the Royal Artillery

Riding School, a Station Library and number of churches. All activities at Kirkee were of military nature. As it grew in importance from a military point of view, it acquired a railway station of its own. An Ammunition factory was buih in 1869 on the site of the old Kirkee village. This move resulted in many Europeans coming to

Kirkee with their families as they were permanently employed at the factory or the

Arsenal, which was shifted to Kirkee from Bombay (Mumbai).

Figure 2.19: Chronological Development of Pune city (1600 to 1820)

Legend

I Rivw y.-y^ Dewloped 1600 lo 1700 1600 .Puna City in 1200 ^j Developed 1700 lo 17&> Scale in feet I Developed 1200 to 1600 f Developed 1764101820

44 Figure 2.20: Growth of Pune city (1820-2001)

Legend 1820 I 11970 - 2001 W^ 1820 -1890 IH After 2001 1890 -1950 ^ Rivers I ^1950-1970

2.11 Growth of the city in 20^" Century

The opening years of the 20*^ century were rather missrable and fiiU of challenges for the city because of a plague epidemic between 1880 and 1920. As a result of the epidemic and severe famine of 1897 the population of the city municipal area decreases by about 7,000 during the decade 1891-1901. There was an actual increase in the population of the suburban municipal area and also of the suburbs.

This was due to the fact that people fled from the city to the surrounding parts in order to escape from the epidemic, especially towards the Bhamburda and Erandavana

(Now Shivajinagar and ). These were small villages just across the river Mutha. Today, they have become regular and important parts of the city proper with their own houses, good roads, public playgrounds, schools, gardens, markets and other amenities as well as to improve communications within the city.

Pune grew from an area of 7.74 sq. km. in 1857 to 243.96 sq. km in 2001 i.e. it has increased by 236.82 sq. km in the last 144 years. In 1985, the area of old PMC was 166.11 sq. kms, which increased to 368.69 sq. kms. in 1997, with the inclusion of

45 the 36 villages. In the wake of these bad years came the First World War, which

diverted all the attention to war rather than the growth of the city. The post-war years,

however, brought some changes. A number of schemes concerned with basic urban

amenities were taken up. An introduction of an underground drainage scheme is one

of them. The Pune cantonment and suburban municipal area in 1919, construction of

Shivaji Bridge joining Shivajinagar with old city across river Mutha, introduction of

electricity in the city in 1920 and construction of important arterial east-west roads

like the Laxmi road and the Tilak road in 1925, considerably helped the growth of the

city.

The political stability and improvement in law and order situation during the

British period led to a population increase. And the city, which was already over

crowded, became more congested and took a leap on to the other bank of river Mutha.

There was not much scope for development on the east because of the existence of the

cantonment. Undeveloped areas to the South and South-West were too far away from the core of the city and the railway line. While, Shivajinagar and Erandavana the area just on the opposite bank of river Mutha were nearest to the core and very near to the

railway line and so were preferred for the developement. These areas did not develop

much till the beginning of the 20"' century because in the absence of a bridge across

the river Mutha, the communication between the old core and this part was not easy.

Construction of two bridges, and Shivaji, connecting this area with the Core

in the first quarter of the 20"' century considerably helped the development of this

area.

The development, on the left bank of the river Mutha which was hitherto

neglected, started with the building of a number of public institutions like

Meteorological Station, Civil Courts, Pune Station of , the College of

46 Engineering, etc. The growth was encouraged by providing a railway station at

Shivajinagar on the Bombay- Pune railway line. Opening of the local bus service in

1940, simplifying the problems of public conveyance between the old and the new

Pune, also helped the development of Shivajinagar and Erandavana.

All communities which could afford a higher standard of living came to this area. The most significant factor in the planned development of this area -

Shivajinagar, Erandavana was the infroduction of the Town Planning Schemes by

Pune Municipal Corporation in the year 1930. Thus, this area came to be an upper middle class locality.

In the last 40 years the city has grown in the North-West direction.

Establishment of the University of Pune at Ganeshkhind in 1949 and the National

Chemical Laboratory on the road to in 1950 considerably accelerated the growth of the city in this direction. This area is farther away from the core and is mainly occupied by better class residences and by educational institutions.

The growth on the southern side of the city was relatively slow, obviously because the area represented the far end from the Railways. Dearth of space in the area between the old city and the Railways forced the city to expand towards South where the first development took place between 1930 and 40. This is continued, and today the area is still active in its development. This development, in a large measure, was promoted by the construction of the Tilak Road connecting with

Sambhaji Bridge and establishment of educational institutions like the S. P. College.

Large scale movement of the population from old core to this part after the Panshet flood disaster in 1961 considerably stimulated the development in this direction. This part is mainly given to middle class residences and to recreational purposes.

47 Figure 2.21: Pune in 1950

To Bombay _ joAlandL To Ahmednagar

To

To '-•9«"<'

Riatway

ToNDA /r^sinhagad Canat

Rivef Scale : 1.5 cm to 2 KM |^ eajnoaiv

In a span of 60 years from 1881 to 1941, the population of Pune increased steadily from about 1 lakh to about 2.76 lakhs. The installation of the Defense industries near Pune, mainly during the Second World War, resulted in the sudden increase in the population of the Pune city. There was an additional influx of reftigee population as a result of the partition of the country, inmiediately after the

Independence in 1947. Besides the influx of the reftigee population, some population rise was also due to the extension of the limit of the corporate area to include the suburban municipal area in 1950. The organization of the city-automobile transport services proved a very significant factor in the expansion of the city. The growth, which was hitherto limited to the outskirts of the old city, took a leap and isolated suburbs and residential colonies began to develop (Sawant, 1978).

2.12 Post-Independence Era and Industrial city (Growth after 1950)

After the independence Pune continued to grow (Nalawade S.B., 2002). In this time the city also get along a sport stadium and Bal-Gandharv auditorium. In the areas between Deccan Gymkhana and Ganeshkhmd road urban growth are increasing due

48 to partition of the country in 1947, a large number of refiigees came from Pakistan and Sinddhi colonies were established to rehabilitate them in the vicinity of Pune in

1947. Sindhi colonies were established at Aundh, Pashan, and Pimpri (Khairkar,

2007). Further Pune city expand due to many public and private establishments.

Figure 2.22: Chronological Development (1820 -1970)

^^ Developed BET 1820 & 1890 Road WM, Developed BET 1890 & 1960 River \:::\ Developed BET 1950 & 1970 PoonaCity in 1820

There is also a concentration of vehicle manufactures which came about in the

1970's and 1980's, with the Tatas, , Mahindras and Kinetic engineering together employing over 50,000 workers, making Pune, the Auto Capital of the country. Besides the engmeering sector, basic metals, electronics, chemicals, paper, plastic, glass and petroleum products employ an impressive number of work force.

Pune's industrial development has some peculiarities. It has a diversified structure and is not dependent on one type alone. Development of industries during the last 30 years giving rise to plenty of job opportunities atrective large scale migration has greatly helped the recent development of the city.

49 Figure 2.23: Suburbnization of Pune city

/I ***^

HSbv^ i''Uk!\ Shikrapur Whdg.an >

^•M^^L^ J^W^^

Cvld ^"^ rMka ^Lxo . vM r^^css^' V ^^S'''vHjS^H

''^^^M ,^ if^^yy/z/j Lori &^m/M >>, % irx- xwx Legend

• • • Railway Sinhagad \'jM,\ vwl ^^m Road m Poona MuncipalCarporationArea \ W\ ^^^^^ A li^Ay} Commuting area by S.T. Buses

^^^ Commuting area by Local Buses S

Suburbanization refers to spread of urban 'conditions' towards the countryside. This has been brought about by the haphazard and unplanned development of the countryside. The agriculture lands of the peripheral villages are converted for industrial and residential use and this attracts people living in metropolitan built-up area who are looking for chepar and larger accommodation

(Siddhartha and Mukherjee, 2006). As far as sutable growth Pune city is growing towards North West direction along Railway and Roadside. Main reason behind it is this route goes towards Mumbai. The city is increasing slowly in all directions though sunurbanization.

2.13 Pune Development Plan

The Bombay Town Planning Act 1915 was made applicable to the city in

1916 and the Municipality undertook the preparation of a Town Planning Scheme to control the development of the area on the left bank of Mutha River and on the West and North of the old core of the city. The town planning scheme was finalized in

1930.

50 The Bombay Town Planning Act 1954 made it obligatory on every civic

authority to prepare a Development Plan for the entire area within its jurisdiction.

Accordingly a fresh Development Plan was prepared and submitted to the State

Government in 1964 and was subsequently sanctioned in 1966.

Under the MRTP act (1966), the state government had established a special

area known as Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR), and set up a planning authority

board for a new development Plan. Accordingly, under notification in 1997, 38 fringe

villages contiguous to the PMC limits were merged in the Pune Municipal

Corporation. Meanwhile on 17 November 2001, the State Government revised its

earlier notification and excluded fifteen villages fully and five villages partly from the

PMC limits. At present only 23 fringe villages have been merged with in the PMC, in which 23 villages. Development Plan (DP) for these 23 villages was approved by the

City Improvement Committee (CIC) and General body on 2002. (PMC, 2003) This will be further discussed in the subsequent chapterts.

2.14 Conclusion

This chapter reveals that Pune city has been constantly expanding since the

medieval ages. The peshwas made this city into a state capital. During British period,

Pune city became the capital of the Bombay presidency. Thus, Pune had

undergone a complete makeover during different periods of its urban revolution, city

spread far and wide. This brief profile of major phases in punes growth will help to

understand the causes for the rapid growth of Pune during past decades and its

chances of further growth in near future. After the independence of India in 1947, the

city experienced further growth. It became a hub of economic activity and

industrialization because of its strategic location.

51