Chapter II Chronological Developement of Pune City Chapter II Chronological Developement of Pune City 2.1 Introduction Pune's location was once considered less conducive for urban growth. But now pune, the cultural capital of Maharashtra is rapidly metamorphosing into a commercial hub. This metamorphim has a very long history spannin over 1000 years or more. Pune, which has been hailed as ^'Happening City", has not only survived but it has also prospered continuously during the last 400 years. Up to the mid seventeenth century, Pune was one of the main small garrison town on the plateau of Maharashtra. Within a century, however, this insignificant small town outstripped the older established towns in its respective region and emerged dominant city (Deshpande CD., 1978). In the 19"^ and 20"^ centuries it had undergone significant changes and prospered in various sphers. Referred to as Oxford of East for its educational tradition and Detroit of India for its post independence industrial development, in the 21^' century, Pune is emerging as a '''Cyber City". The growth and development of Pune is quite interesting. It has seen many rise and fall in its long history under different rulers at different periods. The growth phases of Pune have been divided in to five different periods, so that one can understand the richness of its culture and reasons for its success (Parasnis D.B., 1921). Therefore an attempt has been made to study Pune city. 2.2 Urbanization at the Global Level In 2008, humankind achieved a moment's milestone for the first time in history; half of the world's population that is 3.3 billion lived in urban areas. The world's population is becoming increasingly urbanized. The rate has been rather rapid 17 during the recent decades. While, 29 percent of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1950, the corresponding figure for 1995 is around 45 percent. The proportion of urban population in the world is expected to reach 61 percent by 2025 (Chandna, 2006). More than 60 percent of the populations of Europe, North America and Latin America are already lived in urban areas. Asia and Africa remain predominately rural, with 40 percent and 38 percent, respectively of their populations living in urban areas. However, if current trends are continuing, half of Africa's population will be urban by 2050. In Asia, the urban transition will occur even earlier, owing to rapid urban grow1;h rates in China, a country that is expected to be more than 70 percent urban by 2050 (UN- Habitat, 2008-09). Table 2.1: World: Percent Urban Population Continent 1975 1995 2004 2025(est.) North America 57 68 79 79 South America 64 78 79 88 Europe 67 74 74 83 Oceania 72 70 72 75 Asia 25 35 39 55 Africa 25 34 35 54 World 38 45 48 61 Source: World population Data sheet, 2004 The rapid growth of urbanization in the world is accompanied by a change in the urban structure. The large cities are increasing their share in the total urban population. In 1950, 12 percent of world's urban population lived in large cities, each having a population of more than 4 million, the corresponding figure for 1980 was only 16 percent (Verma L.N., 2006). Altogether, small, intermediate and large cities from the global South and North grew at 1.83 percent from 1990 to 2000. This means, the world's urban population will increase to almost 5 billion in 2030 and it further increased to 6.4 million by 2050. One of the most striking features of the global urban 18 pattern is the degree of urban population lives in mega cities that dominates the global urban systems (Martin P. Brockerhoff, 2000). Figure 2.1: Urbanisation of World World Urbanization 70 60 50 % of urban 40 Population 30 20 ^ 10 0 1800 1900 1950 1975 2000 2025(est.) YEAR'S Source: World population Data sheet 2004, World geography book, Lexington 2.3 Urbanization in India The study of Indian urbanization has been increased during the last 100 years when reliable data was available from the regular decadal census. The view-points of the researchers vary considerably, since as Bose has rightly pointed out, "the city is like a mirror and each person sees in it the image of his own discipline" (Bose A., 1978). The salient features of the process of urbanization in India are its slow pace and fluctuating characteristic accompanied by rapid urban growth (million cities). McGee referred to it as "pseudo-urbanization" because "the process has not been similar to the one that occurred in advanced countries at comparable stages of industrialization and economic growth" (McGee, 1967). It has also been labeled as "over urbanization" since at comparable levels of urbanization, the developed countries had a greater proportion of their labour-force engaged in non agricultural activities (UNESCO, 1957). This view has, however, been challenged on the ground of analysis of causes and consequences of urbanization in India (Sovani N.V., 1966). 19 There is a strong relationship between level of urbanization and economic development among the states of India (Mohan R., 1985). Education, industrial location, commercialization of agriculture and dispersal of urban services were considered to exert a major influence on the patterns of urbanization in the country. Table 2.2: India: Growth of Urban Population (Percent), 1901-2011 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 10.85 10.29 11.18 12 13.86 17.30 17.98 19.87 24.30 25.72 27.08 31.16 Sou rces: d ;nsus of India, 1961,1971, 1981,1991 2001, provisional Census of-2011. Figure 2.2: India- Stages of Urbanization ^ 35 5 30 Acceleration Stage 1= 25 20 Initial Stage I 15 ft 10 5 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010* YEAR Initial Stage: Less than 25 percent urban population. Acceleration Stage: 25 percent to 70 percent urban population. According to 1901 census, only 10.85 percent people lived in the urban places. By 1911, the proportion declined to 10.29 percent. The reason behind this decline is increase in mortality due to epidemics like plague, cholera, small pox, Influenza, Malaria, etc. people moved from cities to near by villages. These epidemics were brought under control during the decade 1911 to 1921. The percentage therefore 20 increased to 11.18 in 1921. It slowly continued to increase till 194. It increases to 12 percent in 1931 and it further rose to 13.86 percent in 1941. As a result of the partition of the country in 1947, large number of refugees came to India. A number of colonies were established in the vicinity of large cities to accommodate the refiagee migrants. Consequently swelling of urbanization has been experienced in India. According to 1951 census, the proportion urbanization increased to 17.30 percent. The change in definition of urban places decided by the census of India, even then the proportion did not change significantly during the decade 1951-1961. After 1961, industrialization, improvement in transportation and education helped to increase urbanization till date. In 1971, the proportion increased to 19.87 percent. The same trend continued even after 1971 and by 1991, in India, 25.72 percent of the total population lived in urban places (Becker, CM., 1992). In 2011, as per census of India, the urban population increased more than 31 percent to population; however, it indicates relatively low level and pace of urbanization. India just entered in the acceleration stage of urbanization curve. In India, people prefer to live in million cities. Therefore, million cities are getting more crowded and Pune is one such city. Table 2.3: India- Statewise Urbanization (Percent) State / Union Territory Percent Urban (Percent) Year 1981 1991 2001 2011 India 24.3 26.01 27.08 31.16 Andhra Pradesh 23.32 26.84 27.48 33.49 Arunachal Pradesh 6.56 12.21 20.89 22.67 Assam 9.88 11.08 12.91 14.08 Bihar 12.47 13.17 13.37 11.30 Goa 32.03 41.02 49.89 62.17 Gujarat 31.1 34.4 37.41 42.58 Haryana 21.88 24.79 29.01 34.79 21 State / Union Territory Percent Urban (Percent) Himachal Pradesh 7.61 8.7 9.8 10.04 Jammu and Kashmir 21.05 23.83 24.99 27.21 Kamataka 28.89 30.91 34.06 38.57 Kerala 18.74 26.44 25.97 47.72 Madhya Pradesh 20.29 23.21 24.82 27.63 Maharashtra 35.03 38.73 42.48 45.23 Manipur 26.42 27.69 24.11 30.21 Meghalaya 18.07 18.69 19.69 20.08 Mizoram 27.7 46.2 49.49 51.51 Nagaland 15.52 17.28 17.24 28.97 Orissa 11.79 13.43 15.03 16.68 Punjab 27.68 29.72 34.02 37.49 Rajasthan 21.05 22.88 23.4 24.89 Sikkim 16.15 9.12 11.08 24.97 Tamil Nadu 32.95 34.2 44.25 48.45 Tripura 10.99 15.26 17.1 26.18 Uttar Pradesh 17.95 19.89 21.04 22.28 West Bengal 26.47 27.39 27.96 31.89 Chandigarh 93.63 89.69 89.74 97.25 Delhi 92.73 89.93 93.64 97.50 Daman and Diu 36.75 46.86 36.28 75.16 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 6.67 8.47 22.89 46.62 Lakshadweep 46.28 56.29 44.5 78.08 Pondicherry 52.28 64.05 66.61 68.31 A.