i.t : «-44 •

.5f

^' I a:'

R 3 • Chapter -4 Phases in 's Development

From Kasba Pane to Cyber Pune

Pune's location was once considered less conducive for urban growth. But now Pune, the cultural capital of is rapidly metamorphosing into a commercial hub. This metamorphism has a very long history spanningoverlOOO years or more. Pune, which has been hailed as '"Happening City", has not only survived but it has also prospered continuously during the last 400 years. Up to the mid seventeenth century, Pune was one of many small garrison towns on the plateau. Within a century however, this fairly insignificant small town outstripped the older established towns in its respective region and emerged dominant. In the 19' and 20' centuries it had undergone significant changes and prospered in various fields. Referred to as Oxford of East for its educational tradition and Detroit of for its post independence industrial development, in the 21*' century, Pune is emerging as a ''Cyber City". The growth and development of Pune is quite interesting. It has seen many a rise and fall in its long and chequered history under different rulers at different periods. The growth phases of Pune have been divided into five different periods, so that one can understand the richness of its culture and reasons for its success.

4.1 Phases in Pune's Development Pune served not only as the proud capital of the Peshwas, who headed the formidable Maratha confederacy but was also the acknowledged capital of the region of Maharashtra and the symbolic centre of power for larger parts of India. The period from 1650 to 1817 was the first important phase in the urban development of Pune. The second phase beginning from the fall of Peshwas from 1818 to 1850 initiated by the confrontation of the Poona (Pune) government: one among the two major political powers in western India of the time. This confrontation resulted in the fall of Marathas, the Peshwas and the subsequent

78 British occupation of the large Peshawa dominions. Consequently, the political as well as the urban map of the region was altered. In the third phase, from 1851 to 1900, Pune became the seasonal capital of the Bombay Government and began to grow rapidly, profiting from the increasingly close links with its prosperous and powerful neighbour, Bombay (Mumbai). During this period, Pune acquired a new Indo-British structure, with the declining indigenous city, co-existing side by side with the slowly expanding British Military and Civil station. In the early twentieth century, in the fourth phase of its growth, actually the disparity between the indigenous city and the Camp was getting blurred and urban expansion was accelerated at all levels. After Independence, Pune's growth was driven by an industrial base and there was large-scale development of urban infrastructure under various MIDC and town-planning programmes. The prospect of employment and a safe, pleasant environment charm lured many people to the city. This has resulted in the uncontrolled urban sprawl we are witnessing at present. Pune today has emerged as one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities at the national level and ranks 8th with a population of more than 30 lakhs and an area of 246 km^. The following account will provide a brief sketch of Pune's growth and urban development considering five interesting milestones for a better understanding of its contemporary spatial structure, very necessary to plan for its future development.

4.2 Early and Peshwa Pune (Up to 1817):

The original nucleus of Pune was located in the immediate vicinity of the confluence of the Mula and Mutha. River confluences have traditionally been considered sacred by the Hindus and to this fact, is attributed the original name of Poona: Sanskrit "Punyapur" (Cleanser), which changed into Marathi "Pune" and the Bridsh "Poona". (Poona gaz, fl: 211, IH: 402; Gadgil, 1952). Pune that has a long history can be traced from the copper plate inscriptions of the Rastrakuta kings in the 8"^ and lO"^ century. After the Rastrakutas, Pune came under the Yadav Kings of Daulatabad. During the period from sixth to thirteenth century, Pune served as head quarters for Hindu dynasties that controlled the West Deccan Region. Later in 1294 AD it came under Mohammedan rule with Muslim invasion of the Deccan. In the early thirteenth century it was said to be only a small village containing fifteen huts

79 around the traditional temples. At the end of the thirteenth century the first traces of a market town called, 'Kasbe Pune' was developed by an Arab military governor by combining the villages of Kasarli and Kumbarli to its east. Pune remained largely a Muslim garrison town for over three centuries (Bhave, 1936 reprinted 1976,Gadgil, 1952). About 1630,the town of Pune came under a Hindu officer named Shahaji Bhosle as part of his hereditary estate or "Jagir" granted by the Muslim King of Ahmednagar. After Shahaji, his son succeeded in organizing the Hindu peasantry in the surrounding region against Muslim Kingdom. Gradually, Shivaji established the Maratha kingdom and crowned as the first Maratha King in 1674. After his death in 1680, Pune sank into political oblivion for several years. In 1708, the Moghul Emperor declared Shivaji's grandson Shahu as Maratha king at Satara. Several districts including Pune were granted to Shahu by the Moghul Emperor as his autonomous territory. Shahu appointed a Brahmin as his Prime Minister or 'Peshwa" (a Persian title used by the Muslim kings of the Deccan; Poona Gaz, 11) to look after the administration at Pune. Later 'Peshwa" became hereditary and the second peshwas BajiRao I made Pune as his residence in 1720. In 1726, Shahu granted him the town as a part of his 'Jagir" and thereafter, Pune became the permanent official seat of the peshwas for nearly a century. In 1749, Shahu left the future of the Maratha Kingdom in the hands of third Peshwa, who was the commander of Maratha forces. It was with the rise of Peshwa dynasty to power that the fortunes of Pune rose (Poona Gaz., IH: 405). But although Pune enjoyed political status and prosperity it did not enjoy peace. The military activities of the Peshwas brought reprisals and Pune was ruthlessly attacked several times: like that by the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1763, by Scindia (Maratha chiefs of Gwalior) in 1798, by Holkar (Maratha Chief of Indore) in 1803. In 1803,when the last Peshwa BajiRao U sought the British aid in a clash with Maratha chiefs, it resulted in the involvement of the British in Peshwa's affairs and after 1803, the British troops were officially stationed at Pune to protect the City (Poona Gaz., II: 281-82,369). The end of Peshwa rule came with decisive battle of Kirkee in November 1817,when the Peshwa's troops were defeated by the British

80 troops. Pune city left with only a small garrison and was occupied by the British forces in a smooth transition. (Meera Kosambi, 1980).

4.2.1 Physical growth and spatial pattern during first Phase: The fortified wall town of Muslim Kasba Pune formed the nucleus for later growth. The fort known as Kille Hissar fort was reserved for the garrison and the town's Muslim inhabitants. Beyond the inner wall, an outer wall surrounded the civilian Hindu population consisting of artisans, farmers and traders. In the earlyl630s, Pune came into Shahaji's (Shivaji's father) possession and soon after, his enemies attacked it and Pune was burnt and razed to the ground. However, Shahaji made Pune as seat in 1636, and the town was reconstructed according to its proto type. Small suburban settlements emerged outside the Kasba, and Pune enjoyed a brief period of peace and prosj3erity. (Poona gaz., HI: 339,402-3; Joshi, 1971). The kasba was surrounded by fringe of semi rural suburbs. To the east of Kasba, was the oldest suburb called Shahapur contained cultivators, gardeners, artisans and petty traders. To the north of the Shahapur was Astapur contained outcaste communities. The southern suburb of Malkapur was a settlement of traders, the eastern riverbank suburb of Murtazabad was predominated by Brahmins and to the south east of Kasba was Mohiyabad, added to it during the visit of Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb to Pune about 1700 (Gadgil, 1952).

The real growth of Pune dates from the time of Peshwa Bajirao I, when a systematic expansion of the town was under taken. Once the official status of Pune as a capital city was confirmed by the Peshwas and his nobles, the town started to grow organically by accretion. The growth of Kasba took place through the addition of new localities, which were known as 'Pur' or 'Pura' in the early stages and later raised, to the status of a 'Peth' (i.e. a large division of town). Gradually the peths grew to be a fairly self-sufficient. Often a peth was a small town, centering on the founder's mansion and containing one predominant temple, in addition to several others. (Gadgil, 1952). The old suburbs were annexed to the Kasba as its new peths. The old Muslim names of the peths were gradually changed to the Hindu names following the days of the week. (Local traditions trace the origin of these names to the customs of holding weekly markets in each peth on a specific day of the week.) Former Shahapur, Astapur, Mohiyabad, Murtazabad and Malkapur were renamed Somwar (Monday), Mangalwar (Tuesday), Budhwar (Wednesday), Shaniwar (Saturday), and Raviwar or Adiwar (Sunday) peths, respectively. A new peth called Shukrawar (Friday) was eatablished in 1734. (Gadgil, 1952). In 1739, Pune was described as a prosperous, crowded and well built town, with handsome houses and an impressive gun factory. (Poona gaz., HI: 405). The Town was further extended in the 1750's with the addition of five new Peths: Guruwar (Thursday) or Vetal peth, Ganesh peth, Ganj peth, Musafarjung peth and Nihal or Nagesh peth. The early growth of Pune was southward, bounded as it was by the river on the north, by the streams Nagasari and Manik nala in the east and by another parallel stream in the west, which was later, diverted and has disappeared completely. This was the main reason for the north-south direction of lines of communication in the city. The physical expansion of Pune, which had so far been largely southward, assumed an east-west direction in the late 1760's. In the east, the space between Nagzari and Manik nala was being brought under settlement. Bhawani peth was located in this area en route to Sholapur, in 1767. In addition to the Kasba and the eleven peths, two small localities called Karanpura and the Hashampura, both absorbed into the Sadashiv peth in 1769 came up. (Gadgil, 1952). Narayan peth was also established about the same time on a strip of land along the river, to the west of Shaniwar peth. (Poona Gaz.III: 280). The last phase in the extension of Pune, which transformed it into a city, began in the 1780's and seems to have resulted from its growing importance and the concomitant increase in trade due to royal patronage. In 1781, Ghorpade peth was founded and formed the southernmost extension of the city. To the north of Bhavani peth, Raste and Nana peths were established during 1785 and 1790 respectively. The Kasba and its seventeen peths, which constituted the indigenous city, almost until the end of the 19'*' century, were in place by 1790. By the end of the Peshawa period the compact structure of the city had changed a great deal, it was more dispersed. Thus Pune city was not laid out according any regular plan, as its growth was largely haphazard, with the new peths attached on to the existing ones like appendages. The peths were largely self- sufficient and often predominated in specific functions. Each peth had its own sets

82 of ethnic mix, shops, temples etc. There were separate residential enclaves for different castes based on purity, impurity principle. So that the city as a whole acquired a multi -nucleated cellular structure rather than a unified structure. The fate of Pune at the time was directly linked to the rise and fall of the Peshwas and under them (from 1726 to 1817) the city reached its fullest growth.

Table 4.1 Population of Pune from 1760-1901

Sl.No YEAR POPULATION 1 1760 40,000 2 1800 60,000 3 1815 130000 4 1850 85,000 5 1872 122082 6 1881 129550 7 1891 161390 8 1901 153320

POPULATION GROWTH

a l£ 80,000

Fig 4.1 Population growth of Pune

83 4.3 Indo British Poona *(1818-1850):

The defeat of the Peshwa and the subsequent British occupation of Pune dealt a staggering blow to the city, from which it began to recover only in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The event also altered the character of Pune basically and permanently. With a change in the balance of pxjwer and military tactics, the Maratha forts in western India were replaced by military cantonments. In many cases, the cantonment represented a kind of suburban growth, and thus one of the suburban changes that took place at the end of the 18''' century was the development of Cantonments. In 1818, Pune acquired both a military Cantonment and Civil Lines. With the establishment of the cantonment and the civil lines, the importance of Pune increased considerably. About 1822,another cantonment was established at Kirkee, four miles north west of the Pune cantonment, on the road to Bombay (Mumbai) (Poona gaz.. Ill: 357-58). At first, it was cavalry cantonment but later it became the centre for other troops. It became the headquarters for Bombay Sappers and Miners (B.E.G.) (Samita Gupta, 1985). The Cantonment was totally separated from the City physically and administratively. In terms of spatial structure the old and the new Pune showed a major difference in morphology. The land use of different kinds such as administrative, military, commercial and residential were mixed in the indigenous city, whereas functional separation of land use was clearly visible in the British sections, with specially demarcated areas for administrative, military and commercial purposes. The old city presented a picture of haphazard, unplanned physical growth and congestion, with clusters of houses lining narrow crooked streets. The houses in the city ranged from the traditional grand 'wadas' to simple huts. In contrast to the city, the British sections were meticulously planned, had broad straight tree lined streets, and were very sparsely populated. The population of the city was largely homogeneous and indigenous to Maharashtra whereas the population of the British sections was either foreign or immigrant Indian. Thus, in spite of physical proximity, the City and the British Cantonment remained largely isolated from each other being poles apart culturally.

* Note: Ojficially the name Poona was changed to Pune in 1962

83a N

Khumbar Ves t cause way

Scale: 1.5 inch lo 1/2 Mile

Fig 4.2 Punein1300AD

References 1 Inner Fort 2. Potters' Gate 3. Kedar Gate 4. Lai Mahal 5 Maval gate 6 Old Stream

Site for later Shanlwar Wada" \ OM stream Mohiabad g Hindu Temple

Scale: 1 cmtolOOOFeet

Fig 4.3 Pune about 1650

Source: Town planning and Valuation Department (4.1), Bombay and Poona hv Meera Kosamhi, 1980(4.2)

84 Scale: 1.5 inch to 1/2 Mile

Fig 4.3.1 Pune in 1651 AD

Ghorpadi

To Sholapur

Vanavdi

Scale: 3cm to 1 Mile

Fig 4.4 Pune city and Environs, about 1815

Source: Town planning and Valuation Department (4.2.1), Bombay and Poona by Meera Kosamhi, 1980(4.3)

85 N t

Vrideshwar 5

Onkareshwar /

S^e: 2cm to 50()mts \^

Jakate Put

Later Saniwar weda s|fe Kedarves (AD 1738 Scale; 1.6 cm to 100 mts

Fig 4.5 Pune in early 17 century

Note: 'Ves' denotes gate or entrance Source: Pune, Queen of the Deccan (Jaymala Diddee, Samita Gupta 2001)

86 N t

Scale: 1.5 inch to 1/2 Mile

Fig 4.6 Pune about 1703

N t

About 1700

1700-1760

1760-1817

Fig 4.7 Growth of Pune, 1700 -1817 Source: Town planning and Valuation Department (4.4), Bombay and Poona by Meera Kosambi, 1980(4.5)

87 Growth of peths

N t

Scale; 1 inch lo 6(X) mts

Fig 4.8 Growth of peths (1300-1789)

1 Kasba(1300) 10 Ganesh (1755) 2 Shaniwar (Before1610) 11 Narayan (1761) 3 Raviwar (Before 1610) 12 Bhavani (1767) 4 Somwar (Before1610) 13 Musafarjang (1768-1831) 5 Mangalwar (1663) 14 Sadashiv(1769) 6 Budwar(1703) 15 Ghorpade(1781) 7 Shukrawar(1734) 16 Rasta (1783) 8 Guruwar (1750) 17 Nana (1789) 9 Nihal (1755) 18 Ganj (1789) (Redev.1789)

Source: CDSA. Pane (1991) As refin Pane, Queen of the Deccan (Jaymala Diddee ,Samita Gupta 2001)

88 N t

Fig 4.9 PuneCity in 1881

\Jo Bombay

To Bqmba

adnagar

To Miraj

Scale; 1.5 cm to 2 Km

Fig 4.10 Pune City in 1885

Source: Bombay and Poona by Meera Kosambi. 1980(4.7), Town planning and Valuation Department (4.8)

89 4.3.1 Urban Expansion During 1851-1900:

After the mid-nineteenth century Pune started to grow at a steady pace. The arrival of the whole Bombay government at the beginning of the monsoons soon changed the morphology of the city. Two major events that shaped the civic growth of the Pune took place in the 1850s. The great Indian Peninsula railway reached Pune (1858) and the city acquired a municipality. The expansion of the civil lines resulted in the formation of a suburban municipality in 1884. A new ward, Shivaji nagar was created in 1891, to the northwest of the city, enclosing part of the Bhamburda village, and this ushered in the new development of the city beyond the river as the garden suburbs. By the end of the nineteenth century, the City and the British sections were no longer separated by open spaces, but appeared to be a single continuous settlement through the dichotomous urban morphology remained intact. The two halves, continued however, to represent distinct functions, spatial patterns and ethnic characteristics. During this period, other than the physical expansion of the city, some changes were taking place like the horizontal mobility initiated by the cantonment.

4.3.2 Growth After 1900

The first fifty years of the 20*'' century were the seminal years for Pune, during which it had prepared itself unknowingly for a new future, after independence. From the way, the city had grown throughout the second half of the IQ"' century, it became evident that further development could only take place across the river, unless it was to extend to the south in a linear way. The barrier of the river had remained a hindrance for too long. From 1880 to 1920, the growth of the city received a set back due to the spread of epidemics like plague and influenza. In spite of a bridge across the river Lakdipul (1761) and the establishment of the Fergusson College in 1896, there was not much residential development across the river till the 1920s. In the plan of the city municipality, which was adopted in 1917, the importance of constructing a new bridge was recognized. The Navapul or Lloyds Bridge was therefore a part of the scheme. The development across the river was accelerated

90 when a new bridge was built across it in front of Siianiwar wada in 1924. The move across the river became official and planned development took place when the villages of and Bhamburda (/ Shivaji Nagar) were incorporated into the City limits in the same year. From 1920, till the Second World War, was a period of rapid spatial extension of the city. The next two decades after the war were eventful. Plots for middle class housing, public play grounds; schools, gardens and markets were reserved. There were provisions for metalling and widening of roads as well as to improve communications within the city. East-west roads like Laxmi road and Tilak road were developed during this time. The thirties and forties saw a building boom in all areas. This was also the age of housing estate and the first small double or triple storey housing blocks. Construction of bungalows and housing colonies also transformed the western wards. Infilling process replaced large agricultural spaces on either side of the road by middle class housing. In the old core and other peths too urban renewal took place. Pune became the important centre for making of films in the 1930s and 40s. A large piece of land in the western suburb was taken up by the Prabhat Film Company, which was moved from Kolhapur to Pune by V. Shantaram (This is now FTII -Film and Television Institute of India). The underground drainage and sewage treatment scheme began in the 1920s continued to make progress throughout the next twenty years. The municipality worked issues like over waste disposal for the whole city, including the cantonment and suburban municipalities. Electric streetlights made their appearance in large numbers in the thirties and the first public bus service began in 1941, started by a private company called Silver Jubilee Motor Transport.

The Partition of the country after Independence put an enormous strain on the city and its infrastructure, with the arrival of the refugees from Pakistan. They settled in the edge of the city, towards the more cosmopolitan Camp, and in the leftover spaces, literally sandwiched between the Maharastrian and non-Maharastrian speaking areas. The unparalleled speed with which large numbers of displaced people poured in brought the first serious strain to the city's infrastructure. The temporary refugee camps soon became ram shackled colonies, like the ones in village, on the outskirts of Pune. In 1949, in recognition of its importance as an education center, the University of Pune was started. With its traditional importance as a military center Pune was selected as the home of the National Defence Academy. Another academic Institution, the National Chemical Laboratory was set up in 1949. The same year the city got its own All India Radio station. In the fifties, a number of state and central government offices were also set up in Pune.

4.4 Towards an Industrial city (Growth after 1950 - Post Independence period): With in a few years after Independence the city also got a Sports stadium {Nehru Stadium), a large auditorium {Bal Gandharv Rang Mandir). These improvements were due to the most important civic event that took place in 1950; the Pune municipality was raised to the status of a Corporation. Another type of planned development, influenced by the gird pattern of the cantonment was seen in the areas between Deccan gymkhana and Ganeshkhind road. This attracted the professional class, bureaucrats and other civil servants working in the government administrative offices in the civil lines. It attracted middle class residences to the areas between Deccan gymkhana and Ganeshkhind road. These planned developments also include Koregoan Park and Bund garden, which later developed as elite areas. There was also an expansion of the municipal limits from a mere 44km2 to 139 km^ when the Corporation was formed. This brought a large rural segment into the city limits, giving rise to duality in urban development.

4.4.1 The Industrial City: The city's traditional academic-cum-administrative character notwithstanding the fifties and sixties heralded a change in Pune's role to that of an industrial city. This occurred through the rapid improvement of infrastructure, particularly road constructions and widening, growth of public transport and improvement in health care, through the control of epidemics. The decision to restrict further industrial growth in Bombay, which had reached a saturation point, also pushed industrialization and the industrial units towards Pune. Its proximity and communication links with Bombay, its congenial climate, its educated and skilled workforce and the availability of basic infrastructure made it an obvious choice for the location of new industries.

92 Pune City with two Cantonments and Suburban Municipality

N t

Ghorpadi

Scale: 3.5 cm to 8 furlongs

Fig 4.11 Pune in 1937

Canal Railway \ Cantonments

Road Sub-urban Municipality ' ! City

Source.D.R. Gadgil, 'Ponna-sncio-Economic Survey',1952, GIPEVol No.25, Pune, Part II As refin Pune, Queen of the Deccan (Jaymala Diddee, 2001)

93 Pune's growth- Post Independence Period

To Ba-ramati

Scale; 1.5 cm to 2 Km

Fig 4.12 Rune about 1950

Source: Town Planning and Valuation Department

94 Slums in Pune with dates of origin

Km

Slums with dates of origin

f< Pre-1940 1966-1980

T 19645-1965 # 1981-1996

^^M River /\/ Road

Fig 4.13 Slums in Pune

Note: Absence f Slums near Pune and cantonment areas

Source: Pune Municipal Corporation as referred in 'Pune, Queen of the Deccan' (Jaymala Diddee, Samita Gupta, 2001)

95 The establishment of Public Sector Hindustan antibiotics at Pimpri in 1953 and Messrs Kirloskar oil Engines (1946) at Khadki, already pointed to the future. Other units began to move in the 1960's Ruston and Hornsby Cooper Engineering works and other Swedish and German companies like Sandvik, Buckau-wolf, Atlas- CopCo, Alfa Laval and KSB pumps. But it was the big giants like Telco, Bajaj and other multinationals like Philips, which put Pune on the Industrial map of the country. This decade set the stage for Heavy Industries and High Technology, which have come to dominate the economic character of Pune today. This was the time, when suburban development started around Pune city (V J Malse, 1990). There is also a concentration of vehicle manufactures which came about in the 1970s and 1980s, with the Tatas, Bajaj Auto, Mahindras and Kinetic engineering together employing over 50,000 workers, making Pune, the Auto Capital of the country. Besides the engineering sector, basic metals, electronics, chemicals, paper, plastic, glass and petroleum products employ an impressive number of work force. Pune's industrial development has some peculiarities. It has a diversified structure and is not dependent on one manufacturing type alone. Location wise to the northwest of the city lies the Pimpri-Chinchward--Dehuroad industrial belt in a linear stretch along the Bombay - Pune highway. To the east, on the road to Ahmednagar are the engineering industries at Ranjangaon. Towards the south are industries coming up along the Satara road, while within the city they are concentrated along the Karve and Shanker Seth roads and in the Parvati and Gultekdi areas.

4.4.2 The First Urban Sprawl of Pune: Up to 1960, Pune remained the Second Capital of the State as the monsoon session of the State Legislature was held here. The face of the city changed suddenly in the 1960s. By the afternoon of 12"^ July 1961, due to incessant rain a huge amount of water unleashed by the collapse of the Panshet dam upstream reached Pune, over topping the bridges and destroying homes. The old city along of the river Mutha literally crumbled. Following the floods, the compact form of the city dispersed and it begun to rapidly sprawl outwards into the countryside. This led to an overnight mushrooming of new residential colonies on all sides of Pune, especially

96 in , Parvati and Bibewadi areas. A number of people could not return to their ancestral homes now lying in ruins, and colonies, which were flood-affected. People sprouted almost overnight near Parvathi, on the Satara road (Sahakamagar) and at Kothrud, which soon become a heaven for many who had found the old city too restrictive and congested. It is seen that, it is usually the young who wish to move out of the decaying wadas and the crowded alis or lanes to the fresh air of Kothrud, leaving behind the older generation. This development marked the first urban sprawl which took place in the earlier sixties after the city leapt across the river and extended to Deccan and Erandwana area in the West, Shivajinagar towards the East, Parvati towards the South and the cantonment areas in the North. In the next two decades, Kothrud became the fastest growing suburb in Asia, figuring in the Guinness Book of Records in 1988. As the city suddenly broke its bounds, it became absolutely essential to control and channalize urban growth. Later in the seventies, the urban sprawl intensified and spread further along all the major communication lines. On the western side the sprawl extended up to Kothrud, towards the east to Yerwada and Lohgaon, towards the south Bibwewadi, , Wanwori and towards the north and Aundh (V J Malse, 1990). Today the sprawl has moved still further. For example, along the western side it extended up to , Uttamnagar and beyond . As middle class residences move outward, the flow of rural migrants was moving into the slums. These slums came up on the periphery of the middle class localities along, railway tracks, along the riverbanks and in the interstices of developed areas; they continued to grow, creeping up the hill slopes and in any vacant area that was available. These enclaves became the starting points for further growth of old low-income localities in the city and in the incorporated villages and offered shelter for brick-kiln, quarry workers and other labourers. Stand-by settlements came up at Erandwane, kothrud, where early industries began and at Hadapsar and Khadki, due to availability of employment opportunities in these areas. By 1976 the slums housed more than a quarter million. Today 40% Pune's population lives in the slums. As industry developed and people were absorbed in the factories the percentage of people engaged in agriculture in the Pune metropolitan region fell. As Pune

97 expanded and the agricultural land around it became urbanized, farmers either moved out or became laborers in the new factories. Pune witnessed two types of immigration; the rural folk who are absorbed in informal labour in service oriented jobs and the highly qualified professionals from other states. When the process of sub urbanization spreads to the distant suburbs, with inadequate public transport Pune soon became the ideal market for the motorized two wheelers of all kinds. The decision to create a flood- control line, where no buildings were allowed ultimately led to the city turning its back to the river and the slums soon colonized the lifeline of the city - the riverfront.

4. 5 Pune- Development Plan: The old Bombay Town-Planning act (1954) was replaced by, the Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act (MRTP) of 1966. This was in response to the unrestricted industrial growth in the Bombay-Pune region and the felt need to have a more integrated and coordinated development of the metropolitan region falling within the influence of Bombay. Under the MRTP act, the state government had established a special area known as Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR), and set up a planning authority board for a new development Plan. The Regional Plan for the Pune Metropolitan Region was sanctioned in 1971. At that time itself, it was recognized that some city-oriented development spilling over into the fringes beyond the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) limits was inevitable. Substantial housing development proceeded without proper planning and permission in the fringes of the PMC. This was by and large devoid of or largely lacking in facilities and amenities necessary for good urban living. It was, therefore, decided that the fringe villages should be brought into the ambit of the adjacent Municipal Corporations as these alone will be better able to provide the inputs necessary for improving the quality of life of existing residents, remove the current shortcomings of the un regulated development that has emerged, restructure and control future development on orderly lines. Accordingly, under notification in 1997, 38 fringe villages contiguous to the PMC limits were merged in the Pune Municipal Corporation. Meanwhile on 17 November 2001, the State Government revised its earlier notification and excluded fifteen villages fully and five villages partly from

98 the PMC limits. At present only 23 fringe villages have been merged with in the PMC, in which 18 villages, were fully merged and five villages, were partly included. Development Plan (DP) for these 23 villages was approved by the City Improvement Committee (CIC) and General body on December 27 2002. 4.6 Present Scenario: According to Crane (1955), there are three types of cities namely an administrative centre, manufacturing centre and a coastal trade emporium produced by historical urbanism. Of these three types, Crane recognizes, Pune as an administrative centre, a city largely dependent on the ruler and sensitive to change in his fortunes. Pune as a typical administrative centre rose to prominence as the capital of Peshwas. The Prosperity of Pune was totally dependent on its ruler and this was demonstrated by its decline soon after the Peshwa's fall, and the effect of New British Urbanism created a new Pune alongside the old city. With respect to the cultural role of the city (Redfield and Singer, 1954) Pune may be identified as an indigenous Administrative- Cultural city. But today, it plays altogether a different role as in some case, it is a prospering city for all IT oriented and service related activities and in some case as an alternative to saturating Mumbai and in some ways a better option than Bangalore and Hyderabad.

Pune's industrial growth barely spans three decades. This growth was accelerated mainly because of its proximity and easy accessibility to Bombay and owing to the restrictions imposed by the state government on further industrial expansions in Bombay. Today, several National and Multi Nafional Companies have chosen Pune to base their operations and have tied up with local companies. The electronic and software industry has flourished due to the availability of trained and capable manpower in plenty. The software development park and 100 per cent of EOU, NIC, and C-DAC have created an excellent infrastructure, which is at the real core of the software industry. Recently the IT industry has been viewing Pune to be a better prospect over Bangalore. PMC with the director of industries has announced special benefits to attract and facilitate the entry of software industry in Pune. A separate zone has been allotted, speedy clearances and infrastructural facilities are being offered to woo these projects. Because of that, Pune has attracted around 43 per cent of the industry in this sector. Skilled manpower, good infrastructure, high

99 percentage of talented youth from all over India, is making Pune, obviously a preferred choice over other cities in the years to come.

The number of companies setting up their branches in the city has registered a stupendous rise in the couple of years. This is because the government has taken various steps to promote entrepreneurship and to the development of Pune as an emerging metro. The development of Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) at Hinjewadi, International Convention Centre (ICC) - country's only composite business centre, coming up along the Senapati Bapat road and the construction of an International airport at Chakan, which received a nod from the Ministry of Defence, are likely to sustain the industrial boom. The number of branded foods and coffee outlets have mushroomed, the number of multiplexes has gone up to three, BPO firms are increasing day by day and the city has become a choice destination for job hunters. ^^'1JD^X& The Multi National Companies with their base at Pune are bringing along hordes of young professionals. There is a healthy demand for apartments and as a result, residential complexes have started coming up on the city's outskirts, where the land cost is relatively low. Luxuries have been replaced by utility features in schemes, which targeted at middle and higher-middle income groups and society- building based on cultural backgrounds of customers has increased. Apart from the heavy influx of professionals, easy availability of low-interest (7.5 to 8.25%) Home Loans and the Punekars's gradual shift from the old city areas to the newly developing ones are factors helping the builders' cause. The Punekar is slowly but surely moving to areas like Erandwane, Kothrud, Karvenagar, and Malwadi and along the , Shankarsheth and Solapur roads, where prices of new flats are in the range of Rs 1,000 to Rs 2,000 per sq.ft and that of the old ones in the range of Rs 900 to Rs 1,500 per sq.ft. The Price goes down as the distance of a residential society goes up from down town Deccan and old city areas. More and more Mumbaikars are buying properties in Aundh, Baner, and Pirangut areas, for their proximity to the Pune-Mumbai express way. While those looking for cosmopolitan neighbourhood are investing in Yerwada, Vimananagar, Wanowarie, Kondhwa, LuUanagar, Salunkhe Vihar, KalyaniNagar, Boat club road areas and extensions of . Those from the higher

100 income group are buying flats in Erandwane, Aundh, KalyaniNagar and Salunkhe Vihar, wiiere the cost of property is Rs 2,000 per sq.ft and above. With the city expanding horizontally, row houses and bungalows have become affordable. Areas like Kondhwa, Undri, Pisoli and Mohammedwadi where residential and commercial spaces are cheap attract more people from the crowded city.

4.7 A simple Model of Pune's development: After discussing the growth in detail, Modelling of the milestones in Pune's spatial growth was given a thought, to give a better insight to comprehend its development in a lucid way. In the early period of Pune's growth, was purely controlled by the geographical factors. As the Kasba developed near the Sangam of Mula and Mutha Rivers, these rivers formed its north and western boundaries and the town could grow only towards south. Even though the streams along the eastern side were not the major impediments for its growth, the city did not spread much towards the east. Since the city was compact, the transportation was mostly pedestrian and horse drawn palkhies were used. During Peshwa period, the city was charcterised by Peths and Wadas of caste based neighborhoods. This Physical and spatial arrangements of the city were the unique products of particular society, and culture operating within a given distribution of power. After the British conquest, and the development of Poona and Khadki Cantonments, the indigenous city was crammed in between these two cantonments. After 1920, construction of bridges across the rivers, construction of new roads in the east-west direction, reinforced the growth along western side. Development of Deccan Gymkhana took place and bicycles, tongas, and automobiles, buses were the means of transport. Development of Town planning schemes and suburban Municipality led the middle class developments across the river in the western side of the city. After Independence, establishment of Public sector industries and many Central Government organizations transformed the city into an Industrial city. After the flood in 1961, the compact nature of the city was dispersed. People started moving away from the core, because of the loss of their property as well as for

101 safety. With advent of automobiles in a larger scale and their affordability by the middle-income class, the city started spreading rapidly. This rapid development went beyond the urban limit and the need was felt for channelising its growth. Nearby fringe villages were brought into city limit and development plans were prepared for an organized development. The city skyline was changed with high-rise buildings and ornamental style was reintroduced. Because of poor Public transport, the city is now crowded with two wheelers, cars, six seaters, and taxies and getting more polluted. The recent report submitted in the parliament positioned Pune as 13"^ most polluted city (T'in Metros) in India (Times of India dated 23Aug 2005). In addition to natural growth, migration also contributes to major share for city's high population growth and its sprawling. Not only the youth of Maharashtra but also those from other parts of the country look up to Pune for employment opportunities. The faith in the city's potential to provide jobs is so deep rooted, that parents from all over India are sending their wards to Pune, not for education alone, as was the trend earlier, but for a better life. For example, Pune is heading towards becoming the first Wi-Fi (Wireless connectivity that allows internet access within the area) city in the World. Pune has been selected because it is smaller compared to Hyderabad and Bangalore. Another added advantage is that it has been selected to develop one of the "Economic growth clusters" out of five cities at the national level. At the same time, over the last two years Pune has established itself as a world-class centre for IT. The City has no more remained a pensioner's paradise, in its new avatar, it has metamorphosed into one for a prosperous life.

102 c o ra > o c U c

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Q ^ .^ B£YO^^ Growth of Pune

Fig 4.13 Growth of Pune (1820-2001)

1820 1950 - 1970

1820-1890 •• 1970-2001

1890-1950 11 After 2001

Source: www.punemahanagarpalika (website of Pune Municipal Corporation)

104 In short, Pune started its career as a small garrison town like thousands of others and grew to prominence under the Marathas and the Peshwas until the 18'^ century. After British conquest and occupation Pune lost its earlier Capital city functions and became the new administrative and military centre in the IQ'*" century. Because of its tradition of learning it emerged as the largest educational centre in Western India. It was only during the post independence era that the establishment and rapid growth of Industry took place at Pune, which initiated the Industrial development of the 20th century. In the 21^' century, Pune is poised to become the IT hub of the future. Thus Pune had undergone a complete makeover during different periods of its urban revolution, spreading its tentacles far and wide. This brief profile of major phases in Pune's growth will help to understand the causes for the rapid growth of Pune during past decade and its chances of further growth in near future. This rapid growth had altered most of the rural land in the rural fringe. A detailed study of land use and land cover of Pune city had been attempted in the next chapter.

105