Ж.И. Текова Russian Loanwords in Modern English Many Languages
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ies one may confi dently state that there are signifi cant infl uences of Egyptian culture on the developing unique monotheistic culture of ancient Israel. Библиографический список: 1. Astapova O.R. The sacred realm and royal priesthood in religious and politi- cal traditions of the Ancient Near East: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Israel: dissertation [Svyashchennoe tsarstvo i tsarstvennoe svyashchenstvo v religiozno-politiches- koitraditsii Drevnego Blizhnego Vostoka: Egipet, Mesopotamiya, Izrail’: diss. k. istor. n.], M., 2009. 364 p. 2. Korostovtsev M.A. Ancient Egypt and the cosmogony of ancient Jews [“Drev- nii Egipet i kosmogoniya drevnikh iudeev”] // Palestinskii sbornik. 1974. No. 25(88), pp. 20-31. 3. Brugsh G. All about Egypt [Vse o Egipte], Zolotoi vek, M., 2000. 672 p. 4. Sinilo G.V. The ancient literature of the Middle East and the world of Tanach [Drevnie literatury Blizhnego Vostoka i mir Tanakha], Flinta, MPSI, Moscow, 2000. 848 p. Ж.И. Текова 3 курс, Высшая школа политического управления и инновационного менеджмента науч. рук. доц. М.В. Крат Russian Loanwords in Modern English Many languages, including English, contain words most likely bor- rowed from the Russian language. Not all the words are of truly Russian or Slavic origin. Some of them co-exist in other Slavic languages and it is diffi cult to decide whether they made English from Russian or, say, from Bul- garian. Some other words are borrowed or constructed from the classical an- cient languages, such as Latin or Greek. Still others are themselves borrowed from indigenous peoples that Russians have come into contact with in the Russian or Soviet territory. Compared to other source languages, very few of the words borrowed into English come from Russian. Direct borrowing fi rst began with the con- tact between England and Russia in the 16th century and picked up heavily in the 20th century with the establishment of the Soviet Union as a major world power. Most of the loanwords are used to denote things and notions specifi c to Russia, Russian culture, politics, history, especially well-known outside Russia. Some others are in mainstream usage, independent of any Russian context. Balalaika (Russian: балала́йка) − a triangle-shaped mandolin-like musical instrument with three strings. It was developed in the 18th century 51 from the dombra, or domra, a round-bodied, long-necked, three-stringed lute played in Russia and Central Asia. Dacha (Russian: да́ча) − a country house or cottage in Russia. In ar- chaic Russian, the word “dacha” means something given. Initially they were small estates in the country, which were given to loyal vassals by the tsar. Typical Soviet dachas were small 600 square meters (0.15 acres) land plots, given by the state to city dwellers where people built their summer houses and grew little gardens. Marshrutka (Russian: “маршрутка”; Russian from «marshrutnoye taxi», Russian: “маршрутное такси”, literally “routed taxicab”) − a shared taxi used in the CIS and Bulgaria. In Kiev, Ukraine and probably in Russia too this is a public route city microbuses, middle-size and sometimes big buses which go usually faster than ordinary buses and more frequently, but do not have month abonent tickets and have less obligations to carry invalids, pensionaries etc. for free. The word “taxi” is used as Soviet legacy since in 1980’s similar to marshrutkas, usually small and comfortable Latvian RAF minibuses, in large cities (like Moscow) could stop by demand (like taxis), but on specifi c route (like ordinary buses) and cost more than an ordinary bus (15 kp instead of 5 kp). In mid 1990 in some cities small minibuses, usu- ally Russian GAZel, also could stop by demand. Now marshrutkas are rather small buses, but a word “taxi” is used sometimes, in offi cial cases. Sputnik (Russian: “спу́тник” – “satellite” (in space and astronomy), in Russian its initial meaning is “travelling companion” from s “co-” + put “way” or “journey” + noun suffi x -nik − person connected with some- thing; it means “satellite” when referring to astronomy related topics. With the help of the Internet and the mass media the number of Russian loanwords is increasing. These words are used in nearly all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, law, military, mass media, sport. Библиографический список 1. Амосова Н.Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М.: Изд-во литературы на иностранных языках, 1956. 218 с. 2. Hendrickson R. The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Checkmark Books, 1997. 754 p. 52.