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Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia-Pacific for the 2030 Agenda

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Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia-Pacific for the 2030 Agenda ` SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT IN ASIA-PACIFIC FOR THE 2030 AGENDA Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Bangkok December, 2020 UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Page i ESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations and serves as the main economic and social development center for the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific. Its mandate is to foster cooperation among its 53 members and nine associate members. ESCAP provides the strategic link between global and country-level programs and issues. It supports the Governments of the region in consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meeting the region’s unique socio-economic challenges in a globalizing world. The ESCAP office is located in Bangkok, Thailand. Please visit our website at www.unescap.org for further information. The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members. UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Page ii SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT IN ASIA-PACIFIC FOR THE 2030 AGENDA Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Page iii © 2020 United Nations The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The opinions, figures, and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is acknowledged. The ESCAP Publications Office would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use may be made of this publication for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent or reproduction, should be addressed to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations, New York. United Nations publication issued by the Sustainable Transport Section, Transport Division, ESCAP. United Nations publication Copyright © United Nations 2020 All rights reserved Published in Thailand UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Page iv Acknowledgments The study was conducted under the management of Ishtiaque Ahmed, PhD, Economic Affairs Officer and the Officer-in-Charge, Sustainable Transport Section as the Project Officer; and Mr. Weimin Ren, Director of Transport Division. This report was prepared by Romain Pison, Senior Digital and Transport Specialist, Avantir, United States, with national case expertise and contributions of, in alphabetical order of the countries, Xumei Chen, Associate Professor, Director for Policy and Standard Division, China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Center (CUSTReC), China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Ministry of Transport, (China), Himani Jain, Principal Consultant, P4Planning Consultants, (India), Vadim Donchenko, Scientific Leader/First Deputy Director General, Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT), (Russian Federation), and Vu Anh Tuan, Director, Vietnamese-German Transport Research Centre (VGTRC), Vietnamese-German University (VGU), Vietnam. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Government of the Russian Federation for the generous funding for this study as well as their constructive suggestions. Experts from ESCAP and other international organizations have offered valuable comments on the development of this document. UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Page v ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1 URBAN TRANSPORT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN ASIA-PACIFIC.................................................................. 2 1.1 URBANIZATION AND MOTORIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 SUSTAINABILITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT .............................................................................................................. 18 1.3 URBAN ROAD SAFETY ....................................................................................................................................... 35 1.4 CONGESTION AND POLLUTION ............................................................................................................................ 44 1.5 CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE ...................................................................................................................... 53 1.6 DIGITAL CITIES AND SERVICES TO USERS ................................................................................................................ 63 2 GOALS FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT IN ASIA-PACIFIC ................................................................. 73 2.1 THE 2030 UN AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................... 75 2.2 THE 2030 UN AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT .......................................................................................... 80 2.3 UNESCAP SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX.............................................................................................. 85 3 FINDINGS AND LESSONS FROM FOUR COUNTRIES ...................................................................................... 90 3.1 CHINA ........................................................................................................................................................... 90 3.2 INDIA ............................................................................................................................................................ 92 3.3 RUSSIAN FEDERATION .................................................................................................................................... 100 3.4 VIETNAM ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 4 HOW TO MAKE URBAN TRANSPORT SUSTAINABLE IN ASIA-PACIFIC ......................................................... 107 4.1 OVERALL STRATEGIES TO BOLSTER SUSTAINABLE URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT .............................................................. 108 4.2 DECARBONIZE AND REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .......................................................................................... 123 4.3 LEVERAGE TECHNOLOGY AND DIGITAL INNOVATION .............................................................................................. 142 4.4 ENSURE SOCIAL INCLUSION AND SAFETY ............................................................................................................. 157 5 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................................ 167 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 172 UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards safe, green, smart and inclusive urban transport Page vi ABBREVIATIONS BAC: Blood Alcohol Concentration BRT: Bus Rapid Transit CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate CNG: Compressed Natural Gas CATS: China Academy of Transportation Sciences CCUD: China Center for Urban and Small-Town Reform and Development COVID-19: Coronavirus Disease 2019 CMP: City Mobility Plan CPI: Castor Performance Index DRT: Demand-Responsive Transport service GDP: Gross Domestic Product GHG: Greenhouse Gas ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability IEA: International Energy Agency IPT: Intermediate Para Transport ITS: Intelligent Transport System LEZ: Low Emission Zones MaaS: Mobility as a Service MOHURD: Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development MOT: Ministry of Transport MPS: Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China MRT: Mass Rapid Transit M2W: Motorized Two-wheelers NDRC: National Development and Reform Commission NEVs: New Energy Vehicles NMT: Non-Motorized Transport NTMDP: National Transit Metropolis Demonstration Project PMD: Personal Mobility Device PPP: Public Private Partnership QR: Quick Response RHA: Ride Hailing Apps SDG: Sustainable Development Goals TC: Transport Community TMC: Traffic Management Centers TOD: Transit-Oriented Development VRU: Vulnerable Road Users UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO: World Health Organization UN ESCAP - Recommendations towards
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