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(2020), Hollowing out and Revitalising a Post-Socialist City Centre

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(2020), Hollowing out and Revitalising a Post-Socialist City Centre Geographia Polonica 2020, Volume 93, Issue 3, pp. 341-360 https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0177 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl HOLLOWING OUT AND REVITALISING A POST-SOCIALIST CITY CENTRE: VACANT COMMERCIAL PREMISES IN ZAGREB Petra Radeljak Kaufmann1 • Slaven Kliček2 • Filip Bišćević1* • Dino Dokupil1* • Davorin Jašinski1* • Marijan Begonja1* • Doroteja Harjač1* • Tamara Bosanac1* • Silvija Komes1* • Lana Slavuj Borčić1 • Marko Stančec2 • Mislav Zuanović1* • Linda Korpar1* 1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science University of Zagreb Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb: Croatia e-mails: [email protected] (corresponding author) • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] • tamarabosanac@outlook. com • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] • [email protected] 2 Association “Cyclists’ Union” Ribnjak 3, 10000 Zagreb: Croatia e-mails: [email protected] • [email protected] Abstract The problem of vacant commercial premises has been present in some central areas of transitional cities of Central and Eastern Europe, which have decayed in parallel to spatially uneven urban development pro- cesses and/or suburban expansion. This research aims to contribute to systematic analysis of the reasons for abandonment of commercial premises in the centre of Zagreb and exploration of revitalisation strategies, with an emphasis on the significance of citizen participation for successful planning and management of the city. The research was undertaken in two phases in May, 2016. The first included mapping of vacant commercial premises on selected streets in Zagreb’s centre. Next, using a non-probabilistic sample, a questionnaire survey was carried out face-to-face and online (N = 200). The results of the questionnaire survey showed the respond- ents’ awareness of the complex set of reasons underlying the occurrence and expansion of this phenomenon in the city centre and the need for urban regeneration, including a stronger regulatory framework at the city level. Key words vacant commercial premises • city centre • questionnaire survey • mapping • Zagreb 1 Authors marked with (*) were students at the Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb at the time the majority of the research work was done. 342 Petra Radeljak Kaufmann et al. Introduction urban areas (Hebar, 2016), similarities and differences in approaches to urban regenera- Vacant premises are a global issue that is pre- tion in Vienna and Zagreb (Jakovčić, Franz, sent in diverse forms in cities in most indus- & Buzjak, 2016), and the social dimension trial and especially post-industrial states, of urban regeneration (Svirčić Gotovac, 2010). which has often called for specific interven- In the contemporary era, vacant spaces are tions or approaches to revitalisation (Hall, being regarded with new interest, as a part 2002). The awareness regarding the threat of the concept of sustainable urban plan- posed to the vitality and viability of town and ning (Matković, 2016). The most important city centres by the exodus of retail, which has strategic development documents for Zagreb resulted in numerous vacant spaces instead at the city administration level devote many of shops (Adams, Disberry, Hutchison, pages to Zagreb’s identity potential, cultural & Munjoma, 2002; Gorter, Nijkamp, & Klam- heritage, management of urban properties, er, 2003), has also led to specific regulatory and brownfield revitalisation (City of Zagreb, measures (e.g. Gorter et al., 2003; Guimarães, 2017 and 2012). 2018) and regeneration strategies. However, multiple questions emerge with This problem has characterised transi- regard to the present state and potential tional cities of Central and Eastern Europe, of vacant commercial spaces in the urban in which some central areas have been core. Should these spaces be revitalised? allowed to decay in parallel to spatially une- How? What should be the role of different ven urban development processes and/or actors in this process? Most importantly, suburban expansion. This is related to a lack how do citizens – creators and consumers of proper tools that urban actors could use of urban space – view the issue of vacant in housing renovation, brownfield redevelop- spaces? As noted by Scott & Kühn (2012), ment, infrastructure improvement, and his- regeneration in many cities of Central and toric preservation (Stanilov, 2007a). In Croa- Eastern Europe ‘is conditioned by struggles tia, the problem has been magnified by the to develop more decisive planning and policy turbulent economic conditions of the last frameworks with which to coordinate devel- 30 years caused by the crisis of traditional opment processes’ (p. 1103). Furthermore, industries in the 1980s, consequences of the it is important to take a deeper look into 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence how local actors see potential for long-term (Homeland War), processes of transformation regeneration strategies (Scott & Kühn, 2012). and privatisation within an ill-defined legal This research was conducted in two steps. framework during the transition period, the First, a functional analysis of the vacant com- global economic crisis of 2008, as well as the mercial premises on selected streets in the wid- increasing emphasis on creating economic er city centre of Zagreb was undertaken using growth via orientation toward the service sec- mapping and field observations to determine tor. The results of this are visible in the urban the extent and the character of vacant spaces. landscape, functional and physiognomic Next, a questionnaire survey was undertaken changes, and changes in the identity of cities with the intent to explore residents’ views in Croatia (See Jakovčić, 2006; Poljičak, 2014; of the main reasons for the abandonment Svirčić Gotovac, 2010; Tonković, 2015). of commercial premises and potential for their The problem of vacant spaces and revitalisation. Keeping in mind the challenges approaches to urban regeneration in Zagreb related to including stakeholders, where issues have been examined from various angles, of power relations are also raised, a question- such as the influence of the process of retail naire survey potentially has a role of including decentralisation on business functions and “silent voices” and contributing to participa- premises in the city centre (Jakovčić, 2006), tory decision-making (Damurski, Pluta, Maier, examples of projects aimed at revitalising & Andersen, 2019: 99). Geographia Polonica 2020, 93, 3, pp. 341-360 Hollowing out and revitalising a post-socialist city centre: Vacant commercial premises in Zagreb 343 In the following sections, we examine the diversification of firms, the increasing capi- underlying reasons for abandonment of com- talisation of the industry and diversification mercial premises and define revitalisation of goods, the decreasing number of retail- strategies with regard to citizen participation. ers, and the decreasing number but increas- After a description of research methods and ing size of shops (Adams et al., 2002; Gorter the study area, the structure of vacant com- et. al, 2003). This resulted in appearance mercial premises on the researched streets of hypermarkets in early 1960s (originating is demonstrated. The following section pre- in France and spreading quickly to West Ger- sents attitudes of respondents in relation many and the United Kingdom) and regional to the issue of vacant premises in Zagreb’s shopping centres on the edge of cities (e.g. city centre. The final section incorporates in West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, discussion and conclusion. in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s, and in France, Spain, and Portugal in the The causes of abandonment 1990s) (Guy, 1998). Structural changes in the of commercial premises business model of retailing companies have been accompanied by significant changes A spectrum of processes have been affect- in behaviour and priorities of consumers ing European cities with temporally and (Adams et al., 2002). The aforementioned spatially differentiated effects, contributing changes affected post-socialist countries to spread of vacant (commercial) spaces as well after 1989. The retail business sec- in the urban cores. Among the most notable tor is the fastest changing sector for most ones is a trend of retail businesses relocating post-communist economies and consumer to cheaper, easier to reach locations on the shopping behaviour and habits are changing edges of cities, which was observed in many in tune with this (Spilková, 2003; Križan, Bilk- (Western) European1 countries in the second ová, Kita, & Siviček, 2016). As Bilková, Križan, half of the 20th century (Guy, 1998). As Gort- & Barlík (2016) noticed, a notable bearer er et al. (2003) noticed, several developments of changes in consumer habits was the con- can be identified from the 1960s onwards struction of big shopping centers that were that have made the city centre a less appeal- a novelty in shopping. Hypermarkets, special- ing shopping location than peripheral loca- ised hypermarkets, and commercial centres tions. Some examples are the decline in the came to be built on the outskirts of the city accessibility of city centres, the lack of park- as well as in the city core, along thoroughfares ing facilities, the shortage of shopping floor and near important residential zones outside space (both
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