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The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada

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THE CONQUERORS OF THE NEW KINGDOM OF GRANADA By JOSE IGNACIO AVELLANEDA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Or DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1990 Copyright 1990 by Jose Ignacio Avellaneda To Ippolita Monica Silvana Carolina Ignacio Hipolito ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Murdo J. MacLeod, my chairman, for his patience and cooperation thoroughout the lengthy process of writing this dissertation. I would also like to thank my committee members, Professors Lyle N. McAlister, David Bushnell, Michael V. Gannon, and Michael E. Moseley, who helped to shape my work. Others from the Department of History of the University of Florida and other academic institutions devoted their energies to guide my efforts; among these I owe a debt of gratitude to Professors Peter Boyd-Bowman, Sylvia Broadbent, German Colmenares, Jeffrey D. Needell, Darrett B. Rutman, and Juan A. Villamarin, who helped me in broadening my understanding of history and archaeology. Financial support for part of my research came from the Vining Davis/Curtis Wilgus grants, the Department of History at the University of Florida, the Spain-Florida Alliance, and the Instituto de Cooperacion Ibero-Americano . To these organizations I am indebted. My research was carried out in the archives of Colombia and Spain. I would like to thank in Colombia Mrs. Pilar Moreno de Angel, Dr. Hedwig Hartmann, and Dr. Jorge Palacios Preciado, directors of the Archivo Nacional de Colombia, Archivo Central del Cauca, and Archivo Regional de Boyaca, respectively, and their able staffs, for their valuable archival assistance. I would also like to thank Mrs. Rosario Parra, director of the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, and her staff, for their personal iv attention including the answering of so many letters requesting copies of documents or additional information. I am also indebted to my friends who have seen me through these years of graduate study and for their criticisms and help. I am especially thankful to Robin Lauriault who attempted to explain the intricacies of the English language while correcting parts of this dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank my dear family without whose support I would not have had the courage of make the sacrifices inherent in graduate study at this point in life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x ABBREVIATIONS xi ABSTRACT xiv CHAPTER 1 ANTECEDENTS OF THE EXPEDITIONS 1 Early Antecedents of the Expeditions 2 Antecedents of the Conquering Expeditions 5 Events Preceding Gonzalo Jimenez’s Expedition 6 Events Preceding Nikolaus Federmann’s Expedition ... 17 Events Preceding Sebastian de Belalcazar’s Expedition . 24 Relation of These Expeditions With Others of the Americas . 27 Notes 30 CHAPTER 2 THE EXPEDITIONS 33 Organization 33 Internal Relations 35 External Relations 40 Description 44 Gonzalo Jimenez’s Expedition 44 Nikolaus Federmann’s Expedition 50 Sebastian de Belalcazar’s Expedition 53 Jeronimo Lebron’s Expedition 55 Lope Montalvo de Lugo’s Expedition 60 Alonso Luis de Lugo’s Expedition 62 Causes of Death Among the Conquerors 66 Persons Traveling to the New Kingdom Outside the Expeditions 72 Notes 75 CHAPTER 3 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONQUERORS 79 Their Numbers 80 Places of Birth 81 Year of Birth 86 Race 89 Africans 89 Amerindians 93 Jews 94 Mestizos 95 Moors 95 Gender 96 Notes 99 CHAPTER 4 BACKGROUND OF THE CONQUERORS 100 Education 100 Religion 110 Experience in Europe Ill Experience in the Indies 112 Economic Means 114 Social Class 126 Notes 139 CHAPTER 5 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW KINGDOM .... 141 The Municipal Government: The Founding of Cities 141 The Provincial Government 154 Political Influence of the First Colonizers 155 Notes 161 CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 163 Encomenderos and Encomiendas 164 Trades and Professions 176 Farmers 177 Merchants, Traders, and Carriers 180 Artisans 183 Miners 185 Scribes and Minor Official Employees 187 Professionals 189 Priests 190 Notes 194 vii CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION—THE NEW SOCIETY 196 Marital Unions 197 White Society 202 The Meaning of Hidalguia in the New Kingdom of Granada 205 Other Members of White Society 222 Indian Society 226 Prehistory 228 Ethnohistory 228 Social Organization 232 Castas 242 Africans 242 Mestizo 244 Mulatto 248 Notes 250 CONCLUSIONS 256 The Expeditions —Chapters 1 and 2 256 The Conquest—Chapters 3 and 4 264 The Early Colonization—Chapters 5 to 7 266 APPENDIX A THE CONQUERORS OF THE NEW KINGDOM OF GRANADA ... 274 APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURVIVORS 332 APPENDIX C PUBLIC POSTS HELD BY THE CONQUERORS 344 APPENDIX D ENCOMENDEROS AND THEIR ENCOMIENDAS 352 APPENDIX E MARITAL UNIONS AND NUMBER OF CHILDREN 360 BIBLIOGRAPHY 369 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 379 viii LIST OF TABLES 1. Number of Conquerors Who Departed, Arrived, and Identified Survivors 81 2 . Spanish Region or Country of Origin of the Conquerors 84 3. Origins of the Conquerors of the New Kingdom as Compared with those of Panama in 1519, Mexico in 1519, and Peru in 1533 . 86 4. Ages of the Conquerors Upon Arrival to the New Kingdom 88 5. Age Groups of the Conquerors of the New Kingdom and Peru .... 89 6. Number of Conquerors Who Could Sign Their Names 104 7. Signature Signing Ability of the Conquerors of the New Kingdom and Peru 105 8 . Experience in the Indies Prior to Arrival to the New Kingdom . 114 9. Economic Categories of the Conquerors 125 10. Tentative Social Classification of the Conquerors 130 11. Revised, Yet Incomplete, Social Classification 132 12. Social Classes of the Conquerors of Panama, 1519-1522 .... 135 13. Final Social Classification of the Conquerors of the New Kingdom 138 14. City Populations around 1570 154 15. Number of Times the Colonizers Were Alcaldes and Regidores . 159 16. Condensed Number of Marital Unions and Number of Children . 201 LIST OF FIGURES 1. The Province of the New Kingdom of Granada 3 2. The Routes of the Expeditions 47 3. The Indian Nations of the New Kingdom 230 x . ABBREVIATIONS AG I Archivo General de Indias , Sevilla, Spain AHP Archivo Historico de Popayan, Popayan, Colombia ANC Archivo Nacional de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia ARB Archivo Regional de Boyaca, Tunja, Colombia de Antiguedades Bogota, Colombia BHA Boletin Historia y , CDP Enrique Otero D’ Costa, Primer libro de actas del cabildo de la ciudad de Pamplona en la Nueva Granada. 1552-1561 (Bogota, 1950) CDQ Jose Rumazo Gonzalez, Libro primero de cabildos de Quito, 2 vols (Quito, 1934) ciudad de Tunia. CDT Enrique Ortega Ricaurte , Libro de cabildos de la 1539-1542 (Bogota, 1939) CGP Carmen Gomez Perez, Pedro de Heredia v Cartagena de Indias (Sevilla, 1984) CJA Coronel Joaquin Acosta, Compendio historico del descubrimiento v colonizacion de la Nueva Granada en el siglo decimo sexto (Paris, 1848) CPI Cristobal Bermudez Plata, Catalogo de pasaieros a Indias . vols., I, II, III (Sevilla, 1940-46); Luis Romera Iruela and Maria del Carmen Galbis Diez, vols., IV, V (Madrid, 1980); Maria del Carmen Galbis Diez, vols., VI, VII (Madrid, 1986) DF Dario Fajardo, El regimen de la encomienda en la provincia de Velez (Bogota, 1969) DIHC Juan Friede, Documentos ineditos para la historia de Colombia (1509- 1550 . 10 vols. (Bogota, 1955-60) EAF Eduardo Arcila Farias, El primer libro de la hacienda publica colonial de Venezuela. 1529-1538 (Caracas, 1984) EOD Enrique Otero D’ Costa, El cronicon solariego (Bucaramanga, 1972) xi . EOR Enrique Ortega Ricaurte, Libro de acuerdos de la audiencia real del Nuevo Reino de Granada . 2 vols (Bogota, . 1947) , ERT Ernesto Restrepo Tirado, "Documentos del Archivo de Indias " BHA vol. XXVI (1939), pp. 237-274, 293-335, 484-498, 679-765; XXVIII (1941), pp. 30-99, 501-560. FAL Fray Alberto Lee Lopez, "Cabildos de la Ciudad de Tunja. Libro Segundo," I- Archivos 1:1 (Jan.-Jun. 1967), pp. 5-91; II- Archivos 1:2 (Jul.-Dec. 1967), pp. 225-307; III- Archivos 2:3 (Jan. 1968-Dec. 1970), pp. 3-10; V- Archivos 4:5 (Jan. -Dec. 1972), pp. 7-49 FAZ Fray Alonso de Zamora, Historia de la nrovincia de San Antonino del Nuevo Reino de Granada . 4 vols. (Bogota, 1980) FDHNR Juan Friede, Fuentes documentales para la historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada. 8 vols. (Bogota, 1975-76) FPA Fray Pedro Aguado, Recopilacion historial . 4 vols. (Bogota, 1956) FPS Fray Pedro Simon, Noticias historiales de las conauistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales . 7 vols. (Bogota, 1981-82) GC German Colmenares, Encomienda v poblacion en la provincia de Pamplona. 1559-1650 (Bogota, 1969) GFO Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, Historia general v natural de las Indias, 5 vols. (Madrid, 1959) GHA Guillermo Hernandez de Alba, "Primicia Documental del Archivo de la ciudad de Bogota, " Boletin cultural v bibiografico 11:10 (1968), pp 51-70 JC Juan Castellanos, Elegias de varones ilustres de Indias . 4 vols. (Bogota, 1955) JF1 Juan Friede, Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada a traves de documentos historicos (Bogota, 1960) JF2 Juan Friede, Los Welser en la conauista de Venezuela (Caracas- Madrid, 1961) JFO Juan Florez de Ocariz Genealogias del Nuevo Reino Granada . 3 , de vols. (Bogota, 1943-55). The genealogical trees are included in the first edition only, 2 vols. (Madrid, 1674-76) JMG Jose Manuel Groot, Historia eclesiastica v civil de la Nueva Granada . 5 vols. (Bogota, 1889-93) xii JOB Jose de Oviedo y Banos, Historia de la conauista v poblacion de Venezuela . 2 vols (Caracas, 1982) . JRF Juan Rodriguez Freile, El carnero (Bogota, 1977) JRPV Academia Nacional de la Historia, Juicios de Residencia de la provincia de Venezuela : I- Los Welser (Caracas, 1977); II- Juan Perez de Tolosa y Juan de Villegas (Caracas, 1980) LFP Lucas Fernandez de Piedrahita, Noticia historial de la conauista del Nuevo Reino de Granada .
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  • 84354859013.Pdf

    84354859013.Pdf

    Biomédica ISSN: 0120-4157 Instituto Nacional de Salud Casas-Vargas, Andrea; Romero, Liza M.; Usaquén, William; Zea, Sara; Silva, Margarita; Briceño, Ignacio; Gómez, Alberto; Rodríguez, José Vicente Diversidad del ADN mitocondrial en restos óseos prehispánicos Biomédica, vol. 37, núm. 4, Septiembre-Diciembre, 2017, pp. 548-560 Instituto Nacional de Salud DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v34i2.3377 Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=84354859013 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Casas-VargasBiomédica 2017;37: A, Romero548-60 LM, Usaquén W, et al. Biomédica 2017;37:548-60 doi: https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v34i2.3377 ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL Diversidad del ADN mitocondrial en restos óseos prehispánicos asociados al Templo del Sol en los Andes orientales colombianos Andrea Casas-Vargas1, Liza M. Romero1, William Usaquén1, Sara Zea1, Margarita Silva2, Ignacio Briceño3,4, Alberto Gómez3, José Vicente Rodríguez5 1 Grupo de Genética de Poblaciones e Identificación, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia 2 Museo Parque Arqueológico de Sogamoso, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sogamoso, Colombia 3 Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia 4 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia 5 Laboratorio de Antropología Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Introducción. El ADN antiguo que se extrae de los restos óseos humanos permite analizar la composición genética de las poblaciones precolombinas y determinar las dinámicas poblacionales que dieron origen a la diversidad de las poblaciones contemporáneas.