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Orientalism – a Netflix Unlimited Series

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Orientalism – a Netflix Unlimited Series 930901-0313 Orientalism – A Netflix Unlimited Series A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of The Orientalist Representations of Arab Identity in Netflix Film and TV By: Stefan Maatouk Peace and Conflict Studies Bachelor’s Thesis Spring 2021 Supervisor: Ivan Gusic Stefan Maatouk 930901-0313 Abstract Orientalism was a term developed by post-colonial theorist Edward Said to describe the ways in which Europeans, or the West, portrayed the Orient as inferior, uncivilised, and wholly anti- Western. Netflix Inc., the world’s largest subscription based streaming service, which as of 2018, expanded its streaming venue to over 190 countries globally, is the wellspring of knowledge for many people. Through the multimodal critical discourse analysis of 6 Netflix films and television programmes (Stateless, Gods of Egypt, Messiah, Al Hayba, Sand Castle, and Fauda) the study examines the extent to which the streaming giant is culpable in the reproduction of Orientalist discourses of power, i.e., discourses which facilitate the construction of the stereotyped Other. The results have shown that Netflix strengthens, through the dissemination and distribution of symbols and messages to the general population, the domination and authority over society and its political, economic, cultural, and ideological domains. Using Norman Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis combined with a social semiotic perspective, this study endeavours to design a comprehensive methodological and theoretical framework which can be utilized by future researchers to analyse and critique particular power dynamics within society by exposing the dominant ideological world-view distortions which reinforce oppressive structures and institutional practices. Keywords: Netflix, Orientalism, Othering, Critical Discourse Analysis, Media, Power, Knowledge, Ideology, Hegemony Word Count:13,979 ii Stefan Maatouk 930901-0313 “There is nothing mysterious or natural about authority. It is formed, irradiated, disseminated; it is instrumental, it is persuasive; it has status, it establishes canons of taste and value; it is virtually indistinguishable from certain ideas it dignifies as true, and from traditions, perceptions, and judgments it forms, transmits, reproduces.” - Said, 1978 iii Stefan Maatouk 930901-0313 List of Abbreviations CDA – Critical Discourse Analysis IDFs – Ideological-discursive Formations WANA – West Asia North Africa iv Stefan Maatouk 930901-0313 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 RELEVANCE TO PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES RESEARCH........................................................................................ 3 1.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 A Look at Orientalist Discourse in Cinema ........................................................................................................ 4 1.5 DELIMITATIONS AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................................................... 5 1.5 THESIS OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 DISCOURSE .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Power & Knowledge: A Foucauldian Conceptualization of Discourse .............................................................. 7 2.1.2 Discourse as Social Practice............................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Ideology, Hegemony, and the Media ................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 ORIENTALISM AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE ‘OTHER’ ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Orientalism: A Post-colonial Culture ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Orientation Towards the Other ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 THEORY AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL ........................................................................................................................... 14 III. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES ................................................................................................................................. 16 3.2 FAIRCLOUGH’S THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL .......................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Text Analysis and Social Semiotics ................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Discursive Practice ........................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.3 Sociocultural Practice ....................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 CHOICE OF MATERIAL ............................................................................................................................................... 20 IV. ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 TEXT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 4.1.1 Exclusion, Inclusion, and Prominence .............................................................................................................. 22 4.1.2 Point of View ..................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.1.3 Construction of the Stereotyped Other .............................................................................................................. 26 4.1.4 A ‘Regime’ of Truth ........................................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 DISCURSIVE PRACTICE .............................................................................................................................................. 31 4.2.1 Intertextuality .................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.3 SOCIOCULTURAL PRACTICE ...................................................................................................................................... 34 4.3.1 Order of Discourse ............................................................................................................................................ 35 V. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS REVISITED ............................................................................................................................ 37 5.2 DISCUSSION AND POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .............................................................................................. 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 PRIMARY SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 SECONDARY SOURCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 v Stefan Maatouk 930901-0313 List of Figures Figure 1: (Jørgensen, et al., 2002:63) .................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2: (Said, 1978:28) ................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3: (Jørgensen, et al., 2002:68) ................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 4: (Incognita, 0:03:11) ...........................................................................................................................
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