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Diapositiva 1 Ictiofauna del Banco de Galicia Composición taxonómica y aspectos biogeográficos ICTIOFAUNA DEL BANCO DE GALICIA: COMPOSICIÓN TAXONÓMICA Y ASPECTOS BIOGEOGRÁFICOS Autor: Rafael Bañón Díaz TESIS DOCTORAL Universidad de Vigo Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal VIGO 2016 Índice ÍNDICE 1. Agradecimientos........................................................................................ 2 2. Motivación e Interés del estudio................................................................ 4 3. Objetivos.................................................................................................... 6 4. Resumen.................................................................................................... 7 5. Introducción General................................................................................. 16 5.1.- Área de estudio. El banco de Galicia como monte submarino.................. 17 5.2.- Antecedentes.............................................................................................. 20 5.2.1 Antecedentes en la explotación de los recursos......................................... 20 5.2.2 Antecedentes en la investigación científica............................................... 22 5.3.- Características oceanográficas................................................................... 24 5.4.- Marco geomorfológico del banco de Galicia............................................. 26 5.5.- Taxonomía íctica y nomenclatura.............................................................. 29 5.6.- Código de barras de ADN.......................................................................... 31 5.7.- Comentarios del doctorando...................................................................... 35 5.8.- Bibliografía................................................................................................ 37 6. Composición taxonómica y aspectos biogeográficos de la ictiofauna del banco de Galicia........................................................................................ 45 6.1.- Listado faunístico de la ictiofauna del banco de Galicia: especies vulnerables y aspectos biogeográficos....................................................... 46 6.2.- Especies del género Apristurus (Elasmobranchii: Pentanchidae) en el banco de Galicia........................................................................................ 50 6.3.- Composición de especies de la familia Halosauridae (Notacanthiformes) en el banco de Galicia............................................... 52 6.4.- Composición de especies y casos de hiperpigmentación en el género Lepidion (Gadiformes: Moridae) en el banco de Galicia.......................... 77 6.5.- Composición de especies de la familia Bathygadidae (Osteíctios: Gadiformes) en el banco de Galicia........................................................... 81 6.6- Bibliografía................................................................................................ 83 7. Conclusiones.............................................................................................. 93 8. Anexos....................................................................................................... 95 - 1 - Agradecimientos 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agora de vello gaiteiro, no es fácil lanzarse a realizar una tesis doctoral a ciertas edades, pero con un poco de entusiasmo, bastante de esfuerzo y algo de necesidad, hemos logrado llegar al final del largo y tortuoso camino. Mi primer agradecimiento va dirigido a la misma Mar, culpable de casi todo lo que soy y sin la que no entendería la vida, y por añadidura a los mariñeiros, con los que llevo compartiendo media vida en barcos y océanos polo mundo adiante (boa xente). Gracias a mi familia, a mis padres y hermana, a Clara y Aldán (estudia vago), que me aguantaron y sufrieron mis largas ausencias. En especial a mi padre, culpable de meterme el gusanillo de la mar desde muy temprana edad. Gracias a mis directores de tesis Alejandro y Alberto, sin cuyo apoyo y orientación no sería posible su finalización. Por suerte o por desgracia he recorrido numerosas instituciones y centros de investigación y compartido diversión, trabajo, barcos y campañas de investigación con numerosos compañeros y amigos. En el IIM-CSIC de Vigo realicé mis primeras campañas al bacalao y la platija, y allí conocí y sigo conociendo a Antonio, Germán, Fran, Rosa, Alex, David, Gonzalo, Jaime, Garci, Ángel, Marigel, Cristina, Eva, Iramaia, Mima, Mariña, Sonia y Loli. Gracias a todos por vuestra amistad y ayuda y por el trato exquisito que siempre me han dado en este centro, aún si pertenecer a él, un claro ejemplo a seguir. Mi siguiente paso fue por el Instituto Español de Oceanografía de Vigo, donde seguí realizando campañas pesqueras a NAFO y Malvinas. Gracias a Carmen Gloria y Mikel, compañeros en el proyecto de especies profundas, a Gersom, Isa, Itxaso, Neli, Hortensia, Julio, José Luís, Pablo, Xulio, Ángeles, Lola ("hermana"), Esther, Conchi, Lupe, Begoña, Valentín, Fernando (cabra, te quiero), María, Montse, Balta, Ana, Mima, Santi y a todos los demás, gracias por todo. Gracias al personal del Instituto Español de Oceanografía de Santander con los que también compartí campañas, trabajo y alguna que otra fiesta. Gracias a Alberto, Antonio, Fran, Enrique, Marián, Cristina, Paco, Olaya, Susana, Izaskun, Pablo, Jorge, - 2 - Agradecimientos Isa y demás personal, gracias a todos. A Juan Carlos una dedicación especial por su amistad, su ayuda y colaboración pasada presente y futura. Gracias a la Consellería do Mar de la Xunta de Galicia, por permitirme hacer las campañas de INDEMARES cuando aún estaba contratado con ellos y en especial a mis ex compañeros de la UTPB, José Manuel, Alberto, Fernando, Jorge, Carmen, Manuel, Luisa, Romi, Araceli y Bea, por todos los años pasados juntos. Gracias a Sandra, David e Iago, del Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología de la Universidad de Vigo, por su trabajo, aportaciones y enseñanzas en el fascinante mundo de la taxonomía molecular. Gracias a Jorge, Clara, Nieves, Belén, Auri, Antonio e Isa por vuestra amistad, las cervezas, viajes y charlas compartidas. - 3 - Motivación e interés 2 MOTIVACIÓN E INTERÉS DEL ESTUDIO La biodiversidad marina o diversidad biológica marina es el término que define la variedad de seres vivos que habitan el medio marino. Los océanos, con una extensión de 361 millones de km2 (el 71% del planeta), son el lugar donde surgieron las primeras especies animales hace 640 millones de años, representan un espacio para la vida 300 veces superior al del sistema terrestre y constituyen el hábitat de millones de especies. Actualmente existen unas 275.000 especies de organismos marinos, pero se estima que aún quedan por descubrir alrededor de 1.400.000. Cada año se descubren unas 1.600 nuevas especies y se calcula que se necesitarán entre 250 y mil años para inventariar todas, con el riesgo que, para entonces, muchas puedan estar ya extinguidas. Galicia presenta una alta biodiversidad biológica marina. Las condiciones oceanográficas y biogeográficas, junto con la extraordinaria variedad de hábitats costeros y oceánicos existentes configuran un medio marino muy complejo, con una flora y fauna marinas enormemente diversas. El número de especies marinas en Galicia está aún por determinar. En aguas de la plataforma continental española se han descrito, hasta el momento, cerca de 1.000 especies vegetales y más de 7.500 animales. En cuanto a las especies de peces marinos, los últimos estudios establecen en 954 las especies de la península y Baleares y más de mil si sumamos las especies canarias. Galicia cuenta con el ilustrado más destacado de la época en el ámbito de las ciencias marinas, José Andrés Cornide y Saavedra (A Coruña, 1734-Madrid, 1803), quien puede considerarse el padre de la ictiología en España. En 1788 publicó Ensayo de una historia de los peces y otras producciones marinas de las costas de Galicia, arreglado al sistema del caballero Linneo. En este trabajo se citan aproximadamente 65 especies, que constituyen el primer listado de peces marinos de Galicia. Con el paso de los años y las aportaciones de numerosos investigadores e instituciones, este número se ha incrementado notablemente hasta las 398 especies inventariadas en el 2010. Sin embargo, existe un claro desequilibrio entre el alto grado de conocimiento de la ictiofauna litoral y de plataforma y el escaso conocimiento que se tiene de la ictiofauna del talud, llanura abisal y montes submarinos. Las profundidades marinas albergan uno de los mayores reservorios de la biodiversidad marina, pero también constituyen uno de los ecosistemas más - 4 - Motivación e interés desconocidos, debido a las dificultades y el reto tecnológico que supone su estudio. Sólo los taludes continentales ocupan el 8,8 por ciento de la superficie mundial, frente al 7,5 por ciento de las plataformas continentales y los mares de aguas poco profundas. La ictiofauna marina profunda de Galicia, entendida como aquella que habita habitualmente a profundidades mayores de los 400 m, era escasamente conocida hasta hace relativamente poco tiempo. En 1996 el Instituto Español de Oceanografía de Vigo comienza un proyecto de prospección de especies comerciales en el talud de la plataforma gallega. Los resultados de este proyecto dan lugar a un amplio listado de especies, con aproximadamente 40 especies profundas nuevas para la ictiofauna gallega e incluso española. La montaña submarina del banco de Galicia, con su cima a 625 m de profundidad,
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