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FBE Tez Yazim Kilavuzu İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ LEVANT DENİZİ (DOĞU AKDENİZ) KUZEYDOĞUSUNUN ÜST KITA YAMACI BALIKLARININ DAĞILIMLARI Cem DALYAN Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Hidrobiyoloji Programı Danışman Prof.Dr. Neslihan BALKIS II. Danışman Doç. Dr. Lütfiye ERYILMAZ Haziran, 2012 İSTANBUL İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ LEVANT DENİZİ (DOĞU AKDENİZ) KUZEYDOĞUSUNUN ÜST KITA YAMACI BALIKLARININ DAĞILIMLARI Cem DALYAN Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Hidrobiyoloji Programı Danışman Prof.Dr. Neslihan BALKIS II. Danışman Doç. Dr. Lütfiye ERYILMAZ Haziran, 2012 İSTANBUL Bu çalışma İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yürütücü Sekreterliğinin 4378 numaralı projesi ile desteklenmiştir. ÖNSÖZ Doktora öğrenimim sırasında her konuda yardımcı olan danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Neslihan BALKIS’a, tez çalışmalarım boyunca desteğini esirgemeyen her zaman yanımda olduğunu hissetiren yardımcı danışman hocam Doç. Dr. Lütfiye ERYILMAZ’a, Bu çalışmamın uygulama kısmını destekleyen ve üyesi olmaktan gurur duyduğum üniversiteme, Arazi çalışmalarında her hazırlığımıza yardımcı olan, bir buçuk yıl boyunca tüm evi laboratuvar gibi kullanmamıza izin veren annem Emel DALYAN ve babam Cabir DALYAN’a, her zaman desteklerini hissettiğim kardeşlerim Eser DALYAN ve Caner DALYAN’a, Hava şartları, çalışma alanının uzaklığı gibi türlü nedenlerle doğan sıkıntılarda yardımlarını esirgemeyen Hatay Tarım İl Müdürlüğü görevli personellerinden Eray ÖZDEMİR ve Ufuk SAKALLI’ya, İstatistiki analizler ile ilgili yardımlarını esirgemeyen Yrd. Doç. Dr. Çetin KESKİN ve S. Ünsal KARHAN’a, Çalışma sırasında yararlandığımız balıkçı teknelerinde çalışan ve isimlerini sayamadığım tüm personele, Yoluma ışık tutan sevgili eşim Eda DALYAN’a işime ve hayallerime gösterdiği saygı dolayısıyla sonsuz teşekkürü borç bilirim. Bu çalışmadaki katkılarından dolayı dostum Emre YEMİŞKEN’e şükran borçluyum. Mayıs, 2012 Cem DALYAN i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ I İÇINDEKILER ......................................................................................................... II ŞEKIL LİSTESİ....................................................................................................... III TABLO LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... V SEMBOL LİSTESİ .................................................................................................. VI ÖZET....................................................................................................................... VII SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... VIII 1. GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................1 2. GENEL KISIMLAR ...........................................................................................6 3. MALZEME VE YÖNTEM ............................................................................... 18 4. BULGULAR ...................................................................................................... 26 4.1. ÇALIŞMADA ELDE EDİLEN BALIK TÜRLERİ ................................................ 26 4.2. TROL ÇEKİMLERİNDE ELDE EDİLEN TÜRLERİN BOLLUK DEĞERLERİ .... ……………………………………………………………………………………………..32 4.3. TÜRLERE AİT SIKLIK-BASKINLIK DEĞERLERİ ............................................ 40 4.4. TÜRLERİN DERİNLİĞE BAĞLI DAĞILIMLARI ............................................... 45 4.4 ÇEŞİTLİLİK, ZENGİNLİK, DÜZENLİLİK VE BASKINLIK İNDEKSLERİ ...... 49 4.5. TROL ÇEKİMLERİNE AİT SAYISAL VERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ...... 55 4.5.1 Trol Çekimleri Arasındaki Benzerlik ...................................................... 59 4.5.2. Derinliğe ve Örnekleme Dönemlerine Bağlı Stresin Ortaya Konması .. 65 5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ .................................................................................. 71 KAYNAKLAR .......................................................................................................... 79 EKLER ...................................................................................................................... 91 EK – 1. LEVANT DENİZİ ÜST KITA YAMACINDA BUGÜNE KADAR ELDE EDİLMİŞ TÜRLER ......................................................................................................... 91 EK – 2. ELDE EDİLEN TÜRLERİN FOTOĞRAFLARI .............................................. 96 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ............................................................................................................ 108 ii ŞEKİL LİSTESİ Şekil 2.1 : A - Antakya Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde sergilenen ve Harbiye (Hatay) bölgesinde çıkarılan “Balıklar Mozayiği”. B – Levant Denizi’nin kuzeydoğusundan 400 m derinlikten elde edilen M. merluccius türüne ait bir birey ................................................................................................. 6 Şekil 3.1 : Levant Denizi’nin kuzeydoğusunda üst kıta yamacında trol çekimlerinin yapıldığı çalışma alanı ..................................................... 19 Şekil 3.2 : Trol çekimleri sonucu elde edilen materyalden genel görünüm........... 20 Şekil 3.3 : Bolluk-Biyokütle Eğrisi’nin yorum grafikleri [Yemane ve diğ. (2005)’den değiştirilerek kullanılmıştır] ............................................... 24 Şekil 4.1 : Sıklığı % 25’ten fazla olan türleri gösteren grafik ............................... 43 Şekil 4.2 : % 1 ve üzeri baskınlığa sahip türlerin yüzde dağılımları ..................... 44 Şekil 4.3 : Toplam biyokütle içindeki yüzde değerleri % 1 ve üzerinde olan türler ............................................................................................................. 44 Şekil 4.4 : 100 m’lik derinlik aralıklarında gerçekleştirilen trol çekimleri için hesap edilen ortalama a) tür sayısı (S), b) km2 başına düşen birey sayısı (N), c) Margalef tür zenginliği indeksi (d), d) Pielou’nun düzenlilik indeksi (J'), e) Shannon–Wiener tür çeşitliliği indeksi (H'), f) Simpson baskınlık – çeşitlilik indeksi (1-λ) ......................................................... 51 Şekil 4.5 : a) Tür sayısı (S), b) elde edilen türlerin toplam birey sayısı (N), c) Margalef tür zenginliği indeksi (d), d) Pielou’nun düzenlilik indeksi (J'), e) Shannon–Wiener tür çeşitliliği indeksi (H'), f) Simpson baskınlık – çeşitlilik indeksi (1-λ) değerlerinin derinlik ile regresyonu (üssel ifadesi) ............................................................................................................. 53 Şekil 4.6 : Örnekleme dönemlerine göre hesaplanan ortalama a) tür sayısı (S), b) km2 başına düşen toplam birey sayısı (N), c) Margalef tür zenginliği indeksi (d), d) Pielou’nun düzenlilik indeksi (J'), e) Shannon–Wiener tür çeşitliliği indeksi (H'), f) Simpson baskınlık – çeşitlilik İndeksi (1-λ) ... 55 Şekil 4.7 : Derinlik aralıklarında birim alan (km2) başına düşen toplam birey sayıları ................................................................................................. 57 Şekil 4.8 : Derinlik aralıklarında birim alana (km2) düşen biyokütle (g) değerleri 58 Şekil 4.9 : Örnekleme çalışmasının gerçekleştirildiği dönemlere ait birim alana (km2) düşen toplam birey sayısı ............................................................ 58 Şekil 4.10 : Örnekleme çalışmasının gerçekleştirildiği dönemlere ait birim alana (km2) düşen biyokütle (g) değerleri ...................................................... 59 iii Şekil 4.11 : 200 - 800 m derinlik aralığında 30 trol çekiminin Bray-Curtis Benzerlik analizine dayalı kümeleme dendogramı ( : 450 m derinliğin üzerindeki trol çekimleri, : 450 m’den sığ bölgedeki trol çekimleri) ............................................................................................. 60 Şekil 4.12 : 200 – 800 m derinlik aralıklarına göre 30 trol çekimi ile gerçekleştirilen parametrik olmayan çok boyutlu ölçekleme (MDS) analizi ................... 61 Şekil 4.13 : 200 – 800 m derinlik aralığında 28 trol çekiminin Bray-Curtis Benzerlik analizine dayalı kümeleme dendogramı “ ” sembolü ile 450 m derinliğin üzerindeki trol çekimleri, “ ” sembolü ise 450 m’den sığ bölgedeki trol çekimleri) ...................................................................... 63 Şekil 4.14 : 200 – 800 m derinlik aralıklarına göre 28 trol çekimi ile gerçekleştirilen parametrik olmayan çok boyutlu ölçekleme (MDS) analizi ................... 63 Şekil 4.15 : 200 – 299 m derinlik aralığı için elde edilen “Bolluk - Biyokütle Eğrisi” ............................................................................................................. 65 Şekil 4.16 : 300 – 399 m derinlik aralığı için elde edilen “Bolluk - Biyokütle Eğrisi” ............................................................................................................. 66 Şekil 4.17 : 400 – 499 m derinlik aralığı için elde edilen “Bolluk - Biyokütle Eğrisi” ............................................................................................................. 66 Şekil 4.18 : 500 – 599 m derinlik aralığı için elde edilen “Bolluk - Biyokütle Eğrisi” ............................................................................................................. 67 Şekil 4.19 : 600 – 699 m derinlik aralığı için elde edilen “Bolluk - Biyokütle Eğrisi” ............................................................................................................. 67 Şekil 4.20 : 700 – 800 m derinlik aralığı için
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