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Magdalena Duda-Seifert NOŚNIKI PAMIĘCI MNIEJSZOŚCI

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Magdalena Duda-Seifert NOŚNIKI PAMIĘCI MNIEJSZOŚCI PRACE KOMISJI KRAJOBRAZU KULTUROWEGO ISSN 1896-1460 e-ISSN 2391-5293 DISSERTATIONS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE COMMISSION www.cultural-landscape.us.edu.pl No. 43 (1) 2020, 51–72 DOI 10.30450/202003 Magdalena Duda-Seifert University of Wrocław, Poland Department of Regional Geography and Tourism Institute of Geography and Regional Development e-mail: [email protected] NOŚNIKI PAMIĘCI MNIEJSZOŚCI ŻYDOWSKIEJ W PROCESIE PRZEKSZTAŁCANIA W DZIEDZICTWO. STUDIUM PRZYPADKU TRÓJMIASTA VEHICLES OF MEMORY OF JEWISH MINORITY IN THE PROCESS OF HERITAGISATION. CASE STUDY OF TRICITY, POLAND Streszczenie Pamięć zbiorowa utrwalona w krajobrazie może stać się źródłem zasobów dla tworzenia współczesnego dziedzic- twa kulturowego obszaru miejskiego. W przypadku gdy unicestwiona zostaje społeczność, zamieszkująca dane terytorium, proces ten może zostać podjęty przez współczesnych mieszkańców. Celem artykułu jest ocena stopnia zachowania i przekształcenia w miejsca pamięci potencjalnych nośników pamięci na obszarze trzech powiatów grodzkich wchodzących w skład Trójmiasta. Badania oparto o metody analizy literatury, lokalnych mediów, wybra- nych mediów społecznościowych oraz źródeł informacji turystycznej, których rezultaty zweryfikowano następnie w badaniach terenowych. Wyniki wskazują na różny przebieg procesu wytwarzania i zachowania materialnych nośników pamięci o historii Żydów w trzech miastach. Fazę identyfikacji zasobów uznano za zrealizowaną, podczas gdy faza transformacji w postaci nadawania nośnikom znaczeń poprzez upamiętnienia i organizację wydarzeń ma bardzo ograniczony zasięg. Próba oceny fazy inkorporacji, czyli przyznania im rangi dziedzictwa pozwoliła stwierdzić, że proces ten zaczął się dopiero i dotyczy jedynie pojedynczych nośników Abstract To create a modern cultural heritage of a certain area, the collective memory preserved in the landscape may be employed. In cases when the former citizens have vanished, this process can be undertaken by the contemporary inhabitants. This paper aims to evaluate both the state of the potential material vehicles of the historic memory and the advancement of the process of their heritagisation. The case study concerns the Jewish minority which used to live in three administrative units belonging to the Tricity metropolitan area in Northern Poland. The methods applied to the study include an analysis of literature, local media, selected social media, and sources of tourist information, while the results were verified through field research. The results prove that there is a different story behind the Jewish settlement in all three areas and the material vehicles of their memory have been preserved to different degrees, while the process of their heritagisation also differs. However, a transformation of the liminal landscape is advanced only in the case of the first phase of the identification of assets when attaching meaning to them has just started, and the last phase, understood as incorporation into heritage, is rare. Słowa kluczowe: nośniki pamięci, miejsca pamięci, mniejszość żydowska, dziedzictwo kulturowe, atrakcje turystyczne, Trójmiasto Key words: vehicles of memory, sites of memory, Jewish minority, cultural heritage, tourist attractions, Tricity 51 Magdalena Duda-Seifert WPROWADZENIE INTRODUCTION Pamięcią jako kategorią badawczą posługuje się wie- There are many fields of science that use ‘memory’ le dyscyplin nauki, takich jak antropologia kultury, as a research term, such as cultural anthropology, historia czy socjologia, a także geografia historycz- history, and sociology, but also historical geogra- na, geografia kultury i geografia turyzmu. Kiedy phy, cultural geography, and geography of tour- określone terytorium jest zamieszkane przez gru- ism. Within this term, the collective memory links pę osób o wspólnej przeszłości, łączy tę grupę tak together people who share the same territory and zwana pamięć zbiorowa. Krajobraz kulturowy może have a common past. Such a memory can be sup- utrwalać pamięć zbiorową, jednak w sytuacji, gdy ported by the cultural landscape. However, in the dochodzi do unicestwienia społeczności, pamięć case when the local community has been annihilat- może zaniknąć pomimo trwania krajobrazu (Popio- ed, it is also its memory that may vanish, notwith- łek, Chłosta-Sikorska, Słaby, 2015). I taki właśnie standing the survival of the landscape (Popiołek, problem napotykamy w odniesieniu do mniejszości Chłosta-Sikorska, Słaby, 2015). And this is exactly żydowskiej zamieszkującej przed drugą wojną świa- the situation of the Jewish people who lived in many tową wiele miast Europy Środkowej, w których to Central European cities before the Second World miastach procesu przywracania pamięci o ich daw- War. Due to the Holocaust, it is mostly contempo- nych mieszkańcach może podjąć się grupa, która rary residents who can eventually undertake a pro- poczuwa się do takiego obowiązku z racji zamiesz- cess of restoring the memory of long-gone inhabi- kiwania tego samego terytorium. Celem artykułu tants because they live in the same area. This paper jest określenie zasobów potencjalnych nośników aims to define thepotential vehicles of memory for pamięci o mniejszości żydowskiej w Trójmieście the Jewish minority in the Tricity and evaluate the i ocena stopnia ich przekształcenia w dziedzictwo, degree of their integration into the actual heritage czyli uaktywnienia. Badany obszar jest szczególny of the area. It is both the annihilation of the natural ze względu na unicestwienie naturalnych spadko- heirs of the Jewish collective memory and the com- bierców pamięci zbiorowej społeczności żydowskiej plete transformation of the local population after i całkowitą wymianę ludności po wojnie (Blacker, the Second World War that make this an interesting 2019). W takiej sytuacji można zadać pytanie, kto case (Blacker, 2019). Inconsidering this, two ques- podejmuje działania na rzecz podtrzymania lub tions may arise as to who would work to sustain or przywracania pamięci w krajobrazie miasta i na ile restore these memories in the city landscape and proces ten jest zaawansowany. Autorka posługuje how far the process has already gone. This paper się metodą analizy literatury przedmiotu, materia- uses the qualitative research approach, including łów publikowanych w mediach oraz badań tereno- a literature review, analysis of media publications, wych przeprowadzonych w dniach 4-10 sierpnia and fieldwork executed on August 4th to 10th of 2019 r. Procedura badawcza odwołuje się do mode- 2019. The research procedure refers to the Turner lu Turnera (1975, cyt.za Czepczyński, 2010) i obej- model (1975 after Czepczyński, 2010) and includes muje trzy etapy. Za rozpoznanie zasobów uznano three phases. If certain places or buildings were istnienie dostępnych publikacji tematycznych po- mentioned in widely available Polish publications święconych historii Żydów w badanych ośrodkach. on the issue of Jewish history in the cities under W tym celu przeprowadzono kwerendę biblioteczną research, it would be considered as the accomplish- w poszukiwaniu tematycznych opracowań nauko- ment of the phase of identification. To verify this, wych i popularno-naukowych, zawierających opisy popular scientific literature was checked taking budynków i miejsc oraz wskazaniem ich dokład- account of the specific locations mentioned. After nej lokalizacji, a następnie poddano analizie cha- this, these buildings were analysed to ascertain rakter i wielkość tych zasobów. Za nadawanie no- their number and character. The second phase of śnikom znaczeń, a więc ich uaktywnianie uznano research considered attributing meaning to memory powstawanie materialnych upamiętnień, takich jak vehicles understood as the exemplification of the tablice i pomniki, lub działania z zakresu perfor- second phase of the heritagisation process. Either matyki, czyli organizowanie wydarzeń związanych the emergence of material commemorations, such as tematycznie z kulturą żydowską. Po trzecie, roz- plaques or memorials, or the organization of events poznanie ich zbadano na podstawie analizy ich devoted to Jewish culture were acknowledged as 52 Vehicles of memory of jewish minority… funkcjonowania jako atrakcji turystycznych i ele- the accomplishment of the second phase. Thirdly, mentów dziedzictwa żydowskiego w skali kraju. the final incorporation of memory vehicles into lo- W tym etapie wykorzystano metodę analizy danych cal heritage was signified by their functioning as dostępnych na stronie www.sztetl.org.pl, dokumen- either tourist attractions or elements of recognized tującej pod patronatem Muzeum Historii Żydów Jewish heritage in Poland. In this phase, the re- Polskich POLIN zachowane zabytki żydowskie search included an analysis of data on the website w Polsce, a także informacji popularnych dzienni- under the auspices of the Museum of Polish Jews ków lokalnych i portali miejskich dostępnych w In- POLIN, which documents Jewish heritage in Poland ternecie (www.gdansk.pl; www.gdynia.pl; www. (www.sztetl.org.pl). Additionally, the information sopot.pl). Przeanalizowano też treść przewodników provided by popular local newspapers and the of- turystycznych poświęconych ośrodkom Trójmiasta ficial websites of the three cities concerned has been (Omilanowska, Majewski, 1997; Rudziński, 2015) verified (www.gdansk.pl; www.gdynia.pl; www. oraz zabytkom żydowskim w Polsce (Kryciński, sopot.pl), together with tourist guidebooks devoted Olej-Kobus, Kobus, 2011) i w Europie Wschod- both to the Tricity (Omilanowska, Majewski, 1997; niej (Gruber,
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