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Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina

Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina

Ars Judaica 2010 81

, took , took 14, no. 2 maskilim oots oots Historia Lwowskiej maskilim AJS Review al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of (literally, “educated”), the “educated”), (literally, , traditionalist opponents of , traditionalist opponents of maskilim (History of the L’viv Progressive ) Progressive Synagogue) (History of the L’viv mitnagdim Hasidim were considered by the epowej 2 The array of Jewish groups included the adherents of the adherents of The array of Jewish groups included (Autumn, 1989): 185. (L’viv, 1937), 30–40 (Polish); Marsha L. Rozenblit, “The Struggle over (L’viv, Religious Reform in Nineteenth-Century ,” English translation has been published. see Majer Bałaban, from the Stadttempel of Vienna; Synagogi Post˛ , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R loyal Habsburg subjects of the Mosaic faith. Many of the Mosaic faith. Many Jews loyal Habsburg subjects by in promoting this move, inspired played active roles to as it contributed in their eyes the Enlightenment, – other However, the modernization of Jewish society. to hold fast to quite numerous – groups of Jews preferred This split led to their traditional beliefs and practices. and even more construction of Progressive, traditionalist, in specific identities in Jewish sacred architecture and . the Enlightenment, or Hasidim, and the the Hasidim. The enlightened Jews welcomed Austrian- the Hasidim. The enlightened Jews nineteenth century, German culture in the first half of the identity and gradually shifted towards a Jewish-Polish in a later period, especially after 1873, when the Polish the end Towards autonomy of Galicia was established. resistance to assimilation of the nineteenth century, and Zionism gained increased, and Jewish nationalism In Galicia, Reform popularity among educated Jews. , the movement preferred by the the shape of a moderate Progressive denomination. Its the shape of a moderate Its Progressive denomination. followers preached in German, later also in Polish, and and decorum in dignity, paid much attention to order, their liturgy. 2 2 followed the advice of their moderate brethren The Reformers in L’viv a harmful obscurantist sect. They followed their own a harmful obscurantist sect. They followed their own from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from (Jews in (Jews in (Jewish (Jewish Sergey R. Kravtsov R. Sergey kehillot of Galicia and Bukovina and of Galicia znice murovane na ziemiach dawnej znice murovane na ziemiach dawnej . Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish Identities in Architecture in Synagogue Identities Jewish c gospodarcza na tle rozwoju demograficznego s´ . Zydzi na Rusi Czerwonej w XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII Zydzi na Rusi Czerwonej w XVI i pierwszej połowie XVII (Gates of Heaven: Masonry in the Lands (Gates of Heaven: Masonry Synagogues in the Lands 1 Bramy Nieba: Bó Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in In Galicia and Bukovina, territories that fell under that fell under In Galicia and Bukovina, territories Defining the inferior status of Jewish communities by communities by Defining the inferior status of Jewish Rubra in the Sixteenth and the First Half of the Seventeenth Century: Economic Activity against the Background of Demographic 1975), 21–25 (Polish); Maria and Kazimierz Development) (Warsaw, Piechotka, Rzeczypospolitej 1999), 58–61 (Polish). An of the Old Commonwealth) (Warsaw, wieku: Działalno´ Austrian rule during the late eighteenth century, the the century, Austrian rule during the late eighteenth meaning. The urban landscape lost much of its sacred power of the Christian clergy was now limited, and the monasteries – “parasitic” in the eyes of the new The traditional rulers – were stripped of their property. framework of Jewish self-government had been formally dismantled with the abolition of the self-governing authorities) in 1789. Now, Jews became Jews became self-governing authorities) in 1789. Now, 1 1 Maurycy Horn, means of architecture was an objective of the dominant of the dominant means of architecture was an objective until its society in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Catholic supremacy partition in 1772. In the urban space, height, and was emphasized by the dominant location, The clergy and refinement of churches and monasteries. of synagogues in burghers tried to prevent construction which Christian the town centers and on streets on they held their churches were located and where height and processions; they also limited synagogue design was tried to ensure that synagogues’ exterior unpretentious. The present article discusses how Jewish identities were discusses how Jewish identities were The present article the synagogue architecture of the constructed through of the Habsburg Empire – Eastern easternmost provinces – until World Galicia (hereafter Galicia) and Bukovina I. War 82 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov their liturgy, Hasidimusedthe Sephardi (Spanish)rite and influenceonJewishreligious andeverydaylife.In contemporaries bytheirunprecedented magnificence the traditionalJewishlifestyle andwhosecourtsamazed spiritual leaders,the Fig. 1. Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission The of the walled city, TheGreatSynagogueofthewalled 1799–1801. fromsouth-east,between Photograph 1924and1931. National MuseuminL’v Fig. 2. Projectofredoubt,theater, andhotel inL’viv, ar

zaddikim . Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars , whoproclaimedfidelityto from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ chitect Mörz, 1784. Central Historical Archives Historical chitect inL’viv 1784.Central Mörz, ofUkraine Ashkenazi rite,perceiving itasancientandhencethe and eighteenthcenturies.The circles andpenetratedeastern Europeintheseventeenth with LurianicKabbalah,which originatedinSephardi in ordertoreconciletheirancestralAshkenazicustoms , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , mitnagdim al of of al JewishArt followedtheir oots iv Ars Judaica 2010 83 In such In such 6 oots oots The interior layout of The interior layout of al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of (Oxford, 1999), 541. L’viv’s (Oxford, 1999), 541. L’viv’s 7 (Proceedings of West Ukrainian Ukrainian (Proceedings of West 22 (1854), 271. Dictionary of Architecture ) as an assembly hall rather than a fortification, see James Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish ridotto Similar upper-tier oculi were constructed in the Great Similar upper-tier The same architectural device – oculi above tall round- The same architectural device – oculi Stevens Curl, Reduta was designed and built, along with a hotel and theater, by the by the Reduta was designed and built, along with a hotel and theater, city architect Mörz (or Mörtz, whose first name is unknown), in the “Do istorii teatral’nykh Vuitsyk, see Volodymyr Castrum Square of L’viv; Buildings in L’viv), (On the History of Theater budynkiv u L’vovi” Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsii Visnyk Institute for Conservation) 14 (2004), 171–72 (Ukrainian); Vuitsyk, “Budivel’nyi rukh,” 123–24. center of Bukovina. For the construction date of the synagogue, see Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums Italian , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R the tall round-headed windows to let more daylight into into to let more daylight windows the tall round-headed those forms, echoed hall. The oculi, the prayer 1784 at the built in or the Redoutensaal, of the Reduta, in 1848 which burnt down and L’viv, Castrum Square of public Redoutensaalen, century, (fig. 2). In the eighteenth for dancing and musical events, were assembly halls used in German-speaking lands. especially popular halls, the upper register of square, round, or oval windows of square, round, or oval windows halls, the upper register additional or merely provided gallery, lit the musicians’ featured elegant oval oculi, of L’viv daylight. The Reduta the synagogue were less playful, being but the windows of size, and rhythm delicately emphasized round; their shape, in relation to the neighboring magnitude the synagogue’s by the latest dwellings. Thus, Baroque forms, tempered uniformity, building regulations promoting Neoclassicist of L’viv. survived in the synagogue architecture Synagogue of in 1853. this synagogue followed the “Polish” four-pier scheme, scheme, four-pier this synagogue followed the “Polish” the On the exterior, slightly increasing its central bay. the oculi, and a edifice combined late Baroque features, portico- mansard roof with a Neoclassical monumental The oculi only gave like vestibule containing the staircase. section, women’s light to the upper floor of the two-story that gave and thus remained a mere plaster decoration being evenly a measure of consistency to the structure, on the building ditributed over other facades elsewhere (fig. 5). headed windows – was introduced into another Ashkenazi the Great Suburban Synagogue of L’viv. house of prayer, This revered synagogue was built in 1624–32, probably 7 7 The city of Chernivtsi, Czernowitz in German, was the administrative from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from and and , 241 , 241 reduta , the four- , between Danzig, between bimah , ed. Isadore Twersky , ed. Isadore Twersky . As each religious group . As each religious the synagogue was attached the synagogue was attached 5 shtiblekh Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Memoirs of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Together with its traditionalist Ashkenazi with its traditionalist Ashkenazi Together 4 and smaller Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in These religious and ideological divisions could divisions could and ideological These religious 3 kloizn European Jewish Society during the 19th Century,” in European Jewish Society during the 19th Century,” Aspects of Modern Jewish History East and West: (Cambridge, MA, 1985), 7. Ukrainian geographic names are given as primary ones, while alternative names are mentioned in notes. Second Half of the in the XVIII stolittia” (Building Activity in L’viv Eighteenth Century), (L’viv, 2001), 116–17 (Ukrainian). (L’viv, to a block of apartment buildings; it consequently to a block of apartment buildings; it consequently matched their height, and acquired regulated street facades. Another novelty was the oculi pierced above pier and nine-bay interior layout of the prayer hall, and the prayer hall, and pier and nine-bay interior layout of divided the the tripartite division of its walls. Pilasters by tall round- synagogue facades into even bays, pierced also featuredheaded windows on three sides. The synagogue the construction law some design novelties resulting from of every project of 1780, which demanded confirmation by the Police Directorate: liturgy, it retained a number of customary architectural number of customary architectural it retained a liturgy, the late sixteenth features, coined in the from to the eighteenth centuries: the central 3 3 of and German Jewry in East See Bartal, “The Image 4 the present Hereafter, German: Lemberg, Russian: L’vov. Polish: Lwów, druhoi polovyny 5 “Budivel’nyi rukh u L’vovi Vuitsyk, Volodymyr An early synagogue constructed in L’viv under Austrian under Austrian An early synagogue constructed in L’viv walled city (1799– rule was the Great Synagogue of the 1801, fig. 1). Baroque Survival and Revival true one. hardly exist side by side in the same synagogue building. building. the same synagogue side by side in hardly exist prayed in two rites seldom the followers of the Therefore, the “great” synagogue. Usually, the same “great” communal while the Ashkenazi place of prayer, synagogue remained congregation, and the served the Progressive a “Temple” own houses of study and prayer: the Hasidim built their bigger pursued its own ideals and customs, which were reflected and customs, which were reflected pursued its own ideals worship, one may speak of diverse in their houses of sacred architecture of Galicia and identities in Jewish for self-expression increasingly Bukovina. The initiative than from the emerged from the Jews themselves, rather host society. 6 6 (equivalent to the Polish For the definition of “redoubt” 84 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov State ArchivesState ofL’viv Region designbyCross-section, reconstruction Michael Gerl,1870. Fig. 3. TheGreatSuburbanSynagogueofL’viv, 1624–32. Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , south-west (photo: Sergey Kravtsov, 2004) Fig. 5. National MuseuminL’viv fromsouth-west, in1870.Photograph 1921.reconstructed Fig. 4. The Great Synagogue of Chernivtsi, 1853. View from 1853.View TheGreatSynagogueofChernivtsi, TheGreatSuburbanSynagogueofL’viv, 1624–32, al of of al JewishArt oots Ars Judaica 2010 85

12 14 which which Halyts’ka Halyts’ka 13 . Zółkiew. Zółkiew. oots oots Ohel Yesharim Maor ve-Shemesh the 10 al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of and the 11 and a ’s house within a house within a and a rabbi’s , 290–94. beit midrash Bramy Nieba Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish , 45. (The Halich Gate) 34–35 (1997): 7 (Ukrainian) (Gelston (The Halich Gate) 34–35 (1997): 7 (Ukrainian) (Gelston The Great Synagogue of . Photograph from south-east, before The Great Synagogue of Belz. Photograph from south-east, before Much more integral usage of Baroque forms was forms was Much more integral usage of Baroque Brama was “great” as name). The Ohel Yesharim misspells the architect’s “Batei a communal one, but comparatively small in size; see Zohar, kneset,” 461. The Polish name of the suburb is Bogdanówka. Synahohy Nathanson and R. Mordechai Ze’ev Segal Ettinger. , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R 12 Zohar, “Batei kneset,” 454; Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova,” 7; Boyko, 7; Boyko, “Batei kneset,” 454; Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova,” Zohar, 12 11 Joseph Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova” (Synagogues of L’viv), (Synagogues of L’viv), Joseph Gelston, “Synahohy L’vova” 11 Belza. in Polish: Belz in Polish: Bełz; in : 13 (Light and Sun, Ps. 74:16; 1903, by Salomon Riemer). (Light and Sun, Ps. 74:16; 1903, by Fig. 7. PAN IS I. Warsaw, War World had been constructed in 1692 with its nine-bay layout, had been constructed in 1692 with its nine-bay layout, an attic wall and tall round-headed windows (fig. 8). (1886, by Leonard Warchałowski), 14 Piechotka, 14 The synagogue of Belz stood apart from the town center, The synagogue of Belz stood center, apart from the town surrounded by a The fenestration scheme made these structures identifiable The fenestration scheme made these structures with their as Jewish, and established visual affiliation “great” predecessors. (1834–43, fig. 7): made at the Great Synagogue of Belz it replicated the Great Synagogue of Zhovkva, (Tent of the Upright, Prov. 14:11) of the Bohdanivka of the Bohdanivka 14:11) of the Upright, Prov. (Tent suburb (1902, by Jan Ertel), from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from ) in ) in Here, Here, 8 kloizn , 165–66. Journal of the Society Synahohy , Part 1, ed. Nathan M. Gelber adashim Synagogue in L’viv, 1841–44. 1841–44. adashim Synagogue in L’viv, . (Synagogues of L’viv) (L’viv, 2008), 2008), (L’viv, (Synagogues of L’viv) (Sabbath Observers) Synagogue (Sabbath Observers) Synagogue Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art 64, no. 3 (September, 2005): 319–24. 64, no. 3 (September, synagogues of L’viv, including the including the synagogues of L’viv, Synahohy L’vova mitnagdic Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in the Mefarshei ha-Yam of Lwia Street vicinity of Lwia Street vicinity the Mefarshei ha-Yam Shomrei Shabbat 9 The Jakub Glanzer, or the Belz H The Jakub Glanzer, Towards the end of the nineteenth and during the end of the nineteenth and during the the Towards synagogue referred to a halachic commentary (1828) by R. Yosef Shaul synagogue referred to a halachic commentary (1828) by R. Yosef Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora: A Memorial Library of Countries and Communities; Series, Lvov Volume (, 1956), 458 (Hebrew); Oksana Boyko, of Architectural Historians 72–73 (Ukrainian); Sergey R. Kravtsov, “Juan Bautista Villalpando and “Juan Bautista Villalpando 72–73 (Ukrainian); Sergey R. Kravtsov, Sacred Architecture in the Seventeenth Century,” 10 Region, col. 2, reg. 2, file 204. The name of the State Archives of L’viv Reconstruction design by Włodzimierz Podhorodecki, 1912. State Archives of of 1912. State Archives WłodzimierzReconstruction Podhorodecki, design by Region L’viv 8 8 Oksana Boyko, by Giacomo Medleni. It was reconstructed by architect by architect by Giacomo Medleni. It was reconstructed Michael Gerl as late as 1870 to accommodate an extra (figs. 3, 4). floor for small groups of worshipers Fig. 6. barbers’ (1878), twentieth centuries, this feature became popular among twentieth centuries, this feature became popular among the smaller the function of the oculi changed to that of lighting the that of lighting the the function of the oculi changed to upper oculi as at prayer rooms. Apparently, upper-floor and both the walled the “great” synagogues of Chernivtsi had become recognizable signs of city and suburb of L’viv simply functional an Ashkenazi synagogue, rather than hall. devices meant to illuminate the prayer 9 9 “Batei kneset ve-‘kloizen’” (Synagogues and Zeev Zohar, 86 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov 15 Oksana Boyko,“HebreiBelzataistoriyapostannyasynahoh”(Jewsof founded bythe the “great”synagogueoftown,Belzwas traditional Fig. 8. and thefollowersof of GalicianHasidism. the emergingBelzdynasty, andsoonbecamethecenter (Belz andLandofBelz),vol.1(Belz, 2004),104–6(Ukrainian). Belz andHistoryoftheErectionSynagogues), in TheGreatSynagogueofZhovkva,fromsouth-west (photo: 1692.View Sergey Kravtsov, 2006) shulhoyf Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission

zaddik . (synagoguecourtyard).Thoughbuiltas R.ShalomRoke’a Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars 15 Thesynagogue’s congregation . zaddik sawthemselvesasthe h (1779–1855)of . Belz iBelz’kazemlya from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ

triumphal archesforgreeting theemperor(1892–94),to . Itfoundabroad range ofusesinL’viv, from half ofthenineteenthcentury fromwesternandcentral into GaliciaandBukovinainthesecondintroduced old-fashioned Baroquesurvivalstylefortheirsynagogue. ha-Dat political work,publicationofthenewspaper municated thisviewbyvariousmeans:communaland true guardiansofJewishfaithandtradition.Theycom- , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , The Neo-Baroque,orBaroquerevivalstyle,was (Voice oftheHoldersFaith),and byusingan al of of al JewishArt Kol Ma oots hzikei . Ars Judaica 2010 87 In In of of

20 (In the (In the admor oots oots Historia Lwowskiej Historia Lwowskiej ziah – Lvov . al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of Initially, it followed the Ashkenazi the Ashkenazi it followed Initially, Be-sod yesharim ve-edah: pirkei ha-historiah ve- 19 , 29. (Belz the New). It was built by a childless (Belz the New). It was built by a childless as the sectarianism was not welcomed by by as the sectarianism was not welcomed epowej 21 Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish . Zydaczów; Yiddish: Zidichov. Zydaczów; Yiddish:

Reconstruction was carried out in 1912 by Polish Reconstruction was carried out in 1912 by Polish . Hadashim 22

In 1912, the Neo-Baroque style was chosen for was chosen for In 1912, the Neo-Baroque style rabbi), the title of a Hasidic rabbi. zikhronot min ha-gdollah be-kehillot Yisrael be-Gali zikhronot min ha-gdollah be-kehillot Yisrael Council of the Upright and in the Assembly: Chapters from the History and Memories of the Magnificence of the Jewish Communities in (Bnei Braq, 1969), 102–9; Bałaban, Galicia – L’viv) Synagogi Post˛ , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R merchant, Jakub Glanzer, in 1841–44, as his private his private in 1841–44, as merchant, Jakub Glanzer, possession (fig. 6). be seen as a Neo-Baroque development of the older and of the older and be seen as a Neo-Baroque development from the Great more restrained saw-tooth forms known 10). Synagogue of Zhovkva (figs. 7, 8, and called of L’viv, renovation of the largest Hasidic synagogue Belz , 21 Polish: 21 the twentieth century, Hasidic formal control over this Hasidic formal control over this the twentieth century, synagogue ended and it came under the auspices of the although it retained its Sephardi communal authority, rite. 22 Zeev Fischer-Schein, 22 rite, despite Glanzer’s esteem for the Hasidic rite, despite Glanzer’s the authorities: they preferred to deal with one Jewish with one Jewish the authorities: they preferred to deal the divisions within group. After the official approach to the congregation Jewish community became less negative, the changed the liturgy to the Sephardi rite and, finally, synagogue was taken over by the Hasidim of Belz. from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from Its two- Busk: toldot Busk: toldot 17 Lwów: Ilustrowany Lwów: Ilustrowany The Old Synagogue of ’, late 17th–early 18th eighteenth century, western extension western of late 19th late 17th–early 18th eighteenth century, The Old Synagogue of Sokal’, Its construction, Its construction, and Belz, the later and Belz, the later 16 (our master, teacher, and and teacher, (our master, 18 Fig. 10. IS PAN Warsaw, Photograph 1931. from north-west, before century. and Hasidim within the com- Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art adonenu morenu ve-rabbenu mitnagdim Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in (L’viv: Illustrated Guide) (L’viv, 2001), 64 (Polish). Illustrated Guide) (L’viv, (L’viv: (Bus’k: History of Its Jews) (, 1962), 40 (Hebrew). Aviv, (Bus’k: History of Its Jews) (Tel after The Great Synagogue of Bus’k, yehudehah date of the synagogue (after 1881), see Nathan M. Gelber, date of the synagogue (after 1881), see Nathan M. Gelber, przewodnik 20 A contraction of 20 extensions acquired a wavy, sinuous skyline, which might extensions acquired a wavy, story western annex, crowned with a high and exotically shaped parapet wall, concealed the traditionalist nine-bay prayer hall. In synagogues at Sokal’ 18 Polish: Sokal. 18 “Batei kneset,” 466–68; Jurij Biriulow, Zohar, 19 16 Polish: Busk. 16 On conflict within the Jewish community of Bus’k, and the construction 17 the aristocratic Sapieha and Potocki palaces (1868 and palaces (1868 and the aristocratic Sapieha and Potocki an opera house 1889–90, respectively), a casino (1897), buildings of (1895–1900), and the numerous apartment to synagogues, the prosperous bourgeois. It was applied similarity of too. For a number of reasons, including formal attributes and long periods of construction, in a number of Baroque survival and revival overlapped new structures, the new Galician synagogue buildings. In were applied to the imported plasticity and dynamism This was traditional Baroque forms of some synagogues. extensions, evident mostly in the treatment of synagogue as at the Great Synagogue of Bus’k. Fig. 9. View postcard from south-west, 1881. begun in 1866, progressed slowly because of disagreement begun in 1866, progressed slowly because between the munity, and was finished only after 1881 (fig. 9). munity, 88 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov and establishing theidentityofmanytraditionalist,Hasidic, roles insynagoguearchitectureofGaliciaandBukovina, attic wall. “great” synagoguesofL’viv –andagracefulBelz-related round-headed windows–amotifborrowedfromtwo with richBaroquedecoration,andoculiabovethe usable past. their customsandfoundarchitecturalpatternsin 23 Boyko, Czasopismo Techniczne SynagoginaplacuRybimwe Lwowie,” słów oniedoszłejrestauracyi “Kilka designbyreconstruction Julian Zachariewicz, 1896,inZachariewicz, Fig. 11. Bethhaus” (German-IsraeliteHouseofPrayer)reveals The Neoclassicistsynagoguecalled“Deutsch-israelitisches Baroque designer. aprominentNeo- Podhorodecki, architect Włodzimierz oaaCe ˛ Romana Ciel in L’viv (1911–12,incollaborationwith sculptorPiotrWójtowicz);see apartment buildingofthebankerEdward Landauat19SykstuskaSt. wastheNeo-Baroque remarkable Neo-BaroqueworkbyPodhorodecki Lwowskiej SynagogiPost˛ Synagogue anditspresidentin1898–1904.SeeBałaban, others, byDr. JacobDiamand,theboardmemberofProgressive mieszkaniowej LwowaXIXiXXwieku Thus, the Baroque survival and revival played persistent Thus, theBaroquesurvivalandrevivalplayedpersistent mitnagdic TheTemple Synagogue,L’viv, architect Lewicki, 1840–46, Synahohy Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission atkowska andLiliaOnyszczenko-Szwec, communitieswhichsoughtcontinuityof , 134–41.Podhorodecki’s designwassigned,among 14,no.5(1896):60–61pl.6,fig.7 23 Podhorodecki suppliedthesynagogue Podhorodecki Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars epowej , 142–44,180–82,234.Themost (DetailsofDwellingArchitecture Detal architektury Historia from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ mitnagdim enlightened circles,hewashatedbybothHasidimand assimilation toofficiateinthecity. Favoredwithin adherent ofReform,JewishEnlightenment,andGerman invited R.AbrahamKohn(1807–48),arigorous the Biedermeierelegance. of thesynagogue’s domeanditsapse’s roofboreatouchof partnership withAloisPichl),thoughthesinuousskyline in L’viv, theSkarbekTheater(1837–42,designedin not differgreatlyfromthatofanotherworkbySalzmann centralized domedmass(fig.11).ItsNeoclassiciststyledid L’viv’s synagoguelookedimpressiveduetoitsmonumental, bimah synagogues followedtheReformpattern,inwhich featuring askylitovalprayerhall.Intheirlayout,both Seitenstettengasse (1824–26,byJosefKornhäusel), ontheStadttempel attheVienneselargely modeled official JohannSalzmannin1843–46. token ofintegrationintocontemporarysociety. then foundsuitablefortheendsofReformJudaismas a became theofficialnorminMetternich’s Austria,andwas by theEnlightenmentasa“universal”and“timeless”style, under thesupervisionofarchitectand It wasdesignedin1840byacertainLewickianderected city’s oldestCatholicChurch,St.JohntheBaptist(1260). suburb, outsidetheformalJewishquartersandcloseto located inthemidstofOldMarketSquare L’viv’s German-IsraeliteHouseofPrayerwashighlyvisible, synagogues ofthePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth, synagogue onthoseofVienna andPrague. thenewcommittee proclaimeditsintentiontomodel since thelatenineteenthcenturycalledProgressive style andlocation,theGerman-IsraeliteHouseofPrayer, committee, whichwascomprisedofwealthy changes undergonebyGalicianJudaism.Itsbuilding 27 Biriulow, 26 Ibid., 30. 25 Ibid., 25. 24 Bałaban, 28 See DominiqueJarrassé, , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , (Polish). in L’viv, NineteenthandTwentieth Century)(Gda´ (Paris, 2001),138. wasshiftedtowardstheTorah ark.Ontheexterior, Historia LwowskiejSynagogiPost˛ as“German,ignorant,andnon-kosher.” Lwów , 30. Synagogues: ArchitectureandJewish Identity 27 Neoclassicism,oncechosen epowej al of of al JewishArt , 30–40. 26 Itsinteriorwas nsk, 2006),167–68 25 Baudirektion oots Unlikethe maskilim 28 24 Inits The ,

Ars Judaica 2010 89

, 33 Allgemeine Allgemeine maskilim oots oots was adopted was adopted The contemporary The contemporary 30 Allgemeine Bauzeitung al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of Rundbogenstil The 29 Under the influence of Its design became widely known due Its design became widely known due Sefer zikkaron le-, Boryslaw ve-hasvivah 32 31 Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish (1840): 205–58 pls. 349–53. The Great Synagogue in Drohobych, 1844–63. View from west 1844–63. View from west The Great Synagogue in Drohobych, Bauzeitung (Memorial to the Jews of Drohobycz, Borysław and Surroundings) (Tel (Memorial to the Jews of Drohobycz, Borysław and Surroundings) (Tel ground plan appears on the 1959), 31 (Hebrew). The synagogue’s Aviv, detailed map of Drohobych in 1855, see Central Historical Archives of col. 186, reg. 10, file 494, fol. 10. in L’viv, Michael Gelber, ed., Michael Gelber, , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R and construction methods. Hübsch proposed this style and construction methods. Hübsch proposed this style function for any for every kind of building in Germany, or religious affiliation. by Jewish architect Albert Rosengarten for a synagogue for a synagogue by Jewish architect Albert Rosengarten constructed in in 1836–38. Jewish reviewer praised it as an apt conjunction of apt conjunction of Jewish reviewer praised it as an “occidental” layout “oriental,” Byzantine style with the of Roman basilica. 32 [Albert] Rosengarten, “Die neue Synagoge in Cassel,” [Albert] Rosengarten, “Die neue Synagoge in Cassel,” 32 to its publication in the Viennese to its publication in the Viennese this pattern was adopted in Galicia for the Great Synagogue of Drohobych as early as 1844–63 (fig. 13). Fig. 13. 2006) Kravtsov, Sergey (photo: Proposed by an educated minority, and being a German and being a German Proposed by an educated minority, enlightened design, it was well suited to the situation in the community of Drohobych, where the “oriental” 33 Polish: Drohobycz. For the synagogue’s construction date, see Nathan construction date, see Nathan Polish: Drohobycz. For the synagogue’s 33 of 1840 (fig. 12).

from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from , ed. Allgemeine Allgemeine (January 5, (January 5, (, 1828), (Karlsruhe, 1828), The Dictionary of Art , proposed by German Rundbogenstil Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums In welchem Style sollen wir bauen? Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, Meaning Synagogues of Europe: Architecture, History, was derived neither from Enlightenment was derived neither from Enlightenment Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in (1840), 205–58 pl. 350 Synagogue in Kassel, Albert architect main façade, Rosengarten, Jane Turner, vol. 27 (New York, 1996), 334–36. 1996), vol. 27 (New York, Jane Turner, 1839): 11–12. (Cambridge, MA, 1985), 313–16. Gemeinde-Anstalten,” passim; Michael J. Lewis, “Rundbogenstil,” in 29 Heinrich Hübsch, 29 architect and theoretician Heinrich Hübsch (1795–1863) The in the third decade of the nineteenth century. Rundbogenstil classicist doctrine nor from historicist revivalism, but as an adjustment to the German climate, building materials, The early developments of the movement which would which would The early developments of the movement the Baroque soon dismiss Neoclassicism and overshadow in the 1840s. This survival style, surfaced in Galicia trend started with the Rundbogenstil 1836–38, in [Albert] Rosengarten, “Die neue Synagoge in Cassel,” 1836–38, in [Albert] Rosengarten, in Cassel,” “Die neue Synagoge Bauzeitung from was purposefully alienated Synagogue or the Temple, which were situated the traditionalist synagogues of L’viv, whether inside or in the midst of the Jewish quarters, outside the walled city. Fig. 12. 30 Carol H. Krinsky, Carol H. Krinsky, 30 31 “Kassel, 1. November [1838]. Neue Synagoge. Land-Rabbinat. Land-Rabbinat. “Kassel, 1. November [1838]. Neue Synagoge. 31 90 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov 36 On historyoftheGreatSynagogueinStryi,demandsHasidim, 35 Polish: Stryj. with a decorative components may have stood fortheSephardi, decorative componentsmayhavestood a fireof1886(fig.14). 34 34 On relationsinthecommunityofDrohobych,seeGelber, Ashkenazi andSephardi(Hasidic)parties. couldstand for thedisparateand “occidental”modes postcard north-west, Fig. 14. which the in thearchitectureoftheirsingleGreatSynagogue, basilicas. Thus,thecommunityforgedaunifiedidentity older nine-bayscheme,onlyremotelyresemblingRoman as wasthecaseinsynagogueofStryi, horseshoe ,ortrefoil,cusped,andpointed cases, theroundarchesweretransformedintoMoorish in Galiciansynagoguearchitecture.Inanumberof Rundbogenstil traditionalist brethern. Weiss eds., le-Drohobych geograficzny KrólestwaPolskiegoiinnych krajówsłowia´ see BronisławChlebowskiandWładysław Walewski, eds., 77 (Hebrew).Onthefireof1886 andsubsequentreconstruction, and Avigdor Rotfeld,eds., ShimonRosenberg, and theresultingAshkenazirite,see NatanKodish, Galicia) (Jerusalem,1980),162–63(Hebrew). Holocaust ofWorld War II),vol.2: the JewishCommunitiessinceTheirEstablishmentanduntilafter ha-shniyah yehudiyyim le-minhivvasdamve-adle-a During thesecondhalfofnineteenthcentury, The Great Synagogue in , reconstructed ca.1886,viewfrom reconstructed TheGreatSynagogueinStryi, Rundbogen (TheBookoftheCommunities,Poland:Encyclopaedia Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission maskilim Pinkas ha-kehillotPolin:en 72;Dnt ˛ , 27–28;DanutaD archedbandsunderwentsignificantchange exterior, itsinteriorlayoutemployedan foistedtheirculturaltasteon Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars 36 Sefer Stryj Inthiscompilation,theoriental abrowska, AbrahamWeiss, andAharon (TheStryiBook)(Tel Aviv, 1962), . z Gali iklopedyah shelha-yishuvimha- har sho‘atmil . . z iah Ha-Mizra 35 remodeled after after remodeled nskich 34 Sidebyside hemet ha-olam . (Geographical Sefer zikkaron hit . (Eastern Słownik from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ Galician-Jewish identity. initially aniconofGermanness,wasadaptedtorepresent was familiarwithIslamicarchitecture. and polychromeeffectsofByzantinearchitecture;Förster acquainted withandenthusiasticaboutthebrickwork 37 Wagner-Rieger,Renate 40 40 Renate Wagner-Rieger andMaraReissenberg, 39 Stefan Muthesius,“[untitledreview]:RenateWagner-Rieger andMara Inge Podbrecky,38 “Austria,Architecture,1848–c.1890,”in oppressive apparatusofthestate. form ofNeoclassicismwasrejectedasasymbolthe called “theViennese Renaissance.” a versionofthenewstyle,whichHansenpretentiously Theophilus vonHansen(1813–91),managedtocreate 1851) andin-lawsLudwigvonFörster(1797–1863) representatives ofRomanticHistoricism,thepartners(till Romantic ; Neoclassicism withanewtrend,calledinlaterliterature a newgenerationofViennese architects.Theyreplaced The revolutionarySpringofNations1848promoted Romantic Historicism the literally Spanish,rite.Byaddinganorientalaspectto and railwaystationstoGreek-Catholicchurches. which wereusedforarangeofpublicedifices,frombarracks in theByzantineandrelatedArabwayofbuilding,” villa, managedto“expresstheromantic,andadoptforms hired byBaronAdolfPereirain1846–47todesignhis made itdissimilartootherapplicationsofthe Sephardi ritesinthesamesynagogue,andconcomitantly theconflictbetweenAshkenaziand visually overrode community anditsarchitectachievedtwogoals:they , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , ed., of Art (Warsaw, 1890),434(Polish). Dictionary ofthePolishKingdomandOtherSlavicCountries),vol.11 Society ofArchitecturalHistorians Epoche, vol.4SectionVIII)(Wiesbaden, 1980),” Reissenberg, 1971), 95–102. 1980), 33. Wiener Ringstrasse, BildeinerEpoche,vol.4SectionVIII)(Wiesbaden, Thus themeaninganddesignof Rundbogenstil Vienna: ArtandArchitecture , ed.JaneTurner, vol.2(NewYork, 1996),786–87;RolfToman, Theophil vonHansen , thatwas Wiens Architekturim19.Jahrhundert 37 atthistime,thedoctrinal (Cologne,1999),162. , 42,no.1(Mar. 1983):80–81.

occidental byitsorigins,the (Die Wiener Ringstrasse,Bildeiner al of of al JewishArt 38 39 Theophil vonHansen Theoutstanding Hansenwaswell 40 Thepartners, Rundbogenstil The Journalofthe Rundbogenstil oots The Dictionary (Vienna, (Die , , Ars Judaica 2010 91 oots oots al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R Inwalidenhaus in L’viv (1855–60, fig. 16). Like another (1855–60, fig. 16). Like another Inwalidenhaus in L’viv seminal structure of Romantic Historicism, the Viennese (1869–83, by Friedrich von Schmidt), which Hall Town combined Flemish, Italian, and German references in its and Förster’s overall Gothic Revival design, Hansen’s projects eagerly employed details from the Habsburgs’ with the addition of historical domains, and Italy,

from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from Allgemeine Bauzeitung Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in However, in the post-1848 projects Hansen and in the post-1848 projects Hansen and However, The Waffenmuseum in Vienna, main façade, Theophilus von Hansen, 1852–56 (photo: Sergey Kravtsov, 2007) Kravtsov, Sergey Hansen, 1852–56 (photo: in Vienna, main façade, Theophilus von The Waffenmuseum 41 Königstetten im Tullnerboden nächst Wien,” nächst Wien,” Königstetten im Tullnerboden (1849): 107. English translation of the quote by Rudolf Klein. Förster employed their style in such imperial projects as Förster employed their style in such imperial projects as fig. 15), and the (1852–56, in Vienna the Waffenmuseum 41 [Ludwig von Förster], “Die Baron Pereira’sche Willa aus der Herrschaft Willa [Ludwig von Förster], “Die Baron Pereira’sche 41 thus poetically expressing their client’s Sephardi Jewish Sephardi Jewish thus poetically expressing their client’s roots. Fig. 15. 92 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov the JewishadaptationofRomanticHistoricism. and inDohányStreetBudapest(1854–59)exemplify synagogues intheLeopoldstadtVienna (1856–58) in centralVienna (1857),orasynagogue.Förster’s Churchof Gumpendorf(1849),theGreekOrthodox of theirclients,includingtheEvangelicalcommunity style wascapableoffine-tuningtosuittheidentities the AustrianEmpire. Romanic Historicismthusbecameamulti-facetedstyleof their tripartitecomposition of masses,whichfollowedthe Byzantine andRomanesque components,andthrough with Moorishelementsfrom SpainandItalyaswell was achievedthroughdecorating thesesynagogues facets fromtheBalkansandelementsofRomanesque. Due toitssyntheticnature,Förster’s andHansen’s Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission Fig. 16. Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars TheInvalidenhaus inL’viv, Theophilusvon Hansen,1855–60(photo: Sergey Kravtsov, 2007) 44 This from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ 43 42

42 For theprogramofViennese Town Hall,seeAnthonyAlofsin, 43 Ludwig Förster, “DasIsraelitischeBethhausinderWiener Vorstadt architecture, which had passed from God toAdam,Cain, architecture, whichhadpassedfromGod architectural theoryalreadyemphasizedthecontinuity of them totheprecedingconcepts.Seventeenth-century Historicism maybevirtuallyreconstructedbycomparing ofJesus. the crucifiedbody on plans, whichatthetimewerethoughttobemodeled comparisons betweensynagoguesandcruciformchurch sequences attheTemple ofJerusalem.Thisavoidedany 44 44 Rudolf Klein, , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , and ItsAftermath,1867–1933 When BuildingsSpeak:Architecture as LanguageintheHabsburgEmpire Leopoldstadt,” The theoreticalfoundationsofAustrianRomantic The GreatSynagogueofBudapest Allgemeine Bauzeitung (Chicago,2006),20–23. (1859):14–16pls.230–35. al of of al JewishArt (, 2008), passim. (Budapest,2008),passim. oots Ars Judaica 2010 93

(1851). oots oots al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of Jehuda ben Halevy German Architectural Theory and the Search for German Architectural Theory and the Search for Wren’s “Tracts” on Architecture and Other Writings on Architecture and “Tracts” Wren’s (Cambridge, 1995), 65–66. Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish In the decades following Förster’s and Hansen’s and Hansen’s In the decades following Förster’s (Cambridge, 1998), 128–29. Modern Identity , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R the modern Jewish identity as “other,” though related to co- the modern identity as “other,” Jewish existent national identities and, in Jewish eyes, co-equal. innovations, Romantic Historicism penetrated Bukovina buildings were designed by the and Galicia. Chernivtsi’s architects Josef Hlávka (1831–1908) Vienna-educated and Julian Zachariewicz (1837–98). Hlávka adjusted the new style to the Orthodox church of Sts. Basil, Gregory, and John Chrysostom, and to the Orthodox Metropolitan residence (1864–73, fig. 17), using remote Byzantine, 45 Lydia M. Soo, Lydia 45 46 Mitchell Schwarzer, 46 47 See, for instance, Heinrich Heine’s poem See, for instance, Heinrich Heine’s 47 y, and John Chrysostom Josef in Czernivtsi, architect y, from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from In the In the 45 This feeling This feeling 47 Structures built Structures built 46 The Metropolitan Church of Sts. Basil, Gregor of Sts. The Metropolitan Church Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Fig. 17. 2004) Kravtsov, Sergey 1864–73 (photo: Hlávka, Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in by Romantic Historicists expressed opposing ideas: they by Romantic Historicists expressed opposing ideas: they emphasized historicity and the mutual relatedness of cultures and architectural schools. In the mid-nineteenth of culturally a feeling of a shared cultural destiny, century, of tradition and historically interwoven East and West, and future, was poetized and romanticized. not only helped to formulate the “Moorish” (supposedly not only helped to formulate the “Moorish” (supposedly Jewish) version of Romantic Historicism, but it also shaped and Seth, to the Babylonians and Egyptians, Phoenicians and Seth, to the Babylonians and Egyptians, and Jews, and then to the Greeks and Romans. second half of the eighteenth century, the culmination the culmination second half of the eighteenth century, of the classical architectural canon in ancient Greece was deemed absolute. In German Neoclassicist theories, the Greek canon stood entire for the expression of the development of world architecture. 94 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov details. employed Gothic,Romanesque,andArmenianmedieval of theApostlesPeterandPaul(1869–75,fig.18)he Jews ofChernivtsi,theconstructionplanswerejoyfully design wasenthusiasticallyacceptedbytheenlightened of God.” andimageto “excludeanyimitationofhumanebody a tripartitelongitudinallayout,reiteratinghisdesire Förster, hecombinedmostlyMoorishdecorationwith 50 Julian Zachariewicz,“Israelitischer Tempel inCzernowitz,” 49 Ibid., 57. 48 Dagmar Redl,“PomizhVidnem iChernivtsiamy:Dostanovlennia Romanian features. Romanesque, Gothic,Renaissance,Moorish,andregional the sanctuaryofJerusalemTemple. of opensky, andthusofacourtyard,whichpreceded to Jewisharchitecture,andattributeditameaning the architectclaimthatcupolawasashapealien Synagogengasse withitsGreatSynagogue. edifice placedclosetothecitycenter, farawayfrom Chernivtsi (1873–78,figs.19,20),amonumental to theTemple oftheJewishProgressive Communityof about itsmeaning. this cupolainhisarticleof1882,butremainedsilent explained varioustechnicalmatterswhendiscussing feature whichFörsterhadneverusedinsynagogues.He 53 Zachariewicz stated:“Abyzachowa´ 52 Ibid. 51 Ibid., 49. apse] witharelevantportal,placed ontheoppositesideofcupola presenter [Zachariewicz]designsthe entrancetothesanctuary[i.e., keep theexistingcupola,which Jewishstylecannotendure,the temple whilereconstructingthesynagogue, and,ontheotherhand,to by dziedziniecdlawiernych”(InordertopreservefeaturesofSolomon’s głównego po stronie przeciwnej wn˛ głównego postronieprzeciwnej dzisiejszegowej´ portalem,umieszczonym naprzeciw odpowiednim Bauzeitung której stropwedługprojektumana´ restauracyi bó Rychlo (Chernivtsi,2003),55(Ukrainian). Architektonische ErbeinCzernowitzderÖsterreichischenPeriode Historicist ArchitectureintheImperialandRoyalMonarchy), (Between Vienna andChernivtsi:OnEstablishmentInfluenceof i vplyvuistorychnoiarkhitekturytsisars’ko-korolivs’koimonarkhii” nie znosistyl Zachariewicz introduced acupolaintohisTemple,Zachariewicz introduced a 49 51 ZachariewiczappliedFörster’s stylisticconcept , 47(1882):48–49pls.28–32. Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission zydowski, projektujeprelegentwej´ . znicy, zdrugiejza´ . 52 48 Onlyinhisstatementof1896did IntheArmenianCatholicChurch Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars s stronyocali´ sladowa´ tz ouy ijc o ou ˛ kopuły.etrza kopuł Miejscepod c cechy´ c strop nieba, przedstawiał c stropnieba,przedstawiał ou ˛ c kopuł w ˛ swi 53 scie dosanktuariumz atyni Salomonaprzy Zachariewicz’s sne ˛ e istniej 50 Following c˛ ac Allgemeine , ed.Petro a, której scia Das from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ a, is tobefoundintheNew regime. religions harmoniouslycoexistundertheenlightened empire embracingbothEastandWest, inwhichdiverse standing RomanticHistoricismasastylecreatedforan comment givesusanadditionalcluetowardsunder- design tooearly, ca.1850. now asuburbofChernivtsi.Hasidictraditiondatesits the synagogue[…],alittlepieceofOrient.” a gorgeousedifice,andnearby–magnificentcupolaof Metropolitanresidence, before youreyes:the[Orthodox] “Would youliketoseeacornerofByzantium?Hereitrises praised thecityofChernivtsiinfollowingwords: Karl EmilFranzos,anassimilatedJewish-Germanwriter, 55 Karl EmilFranzos, 54 Herman Sternberg,“Zur GeschichtederJudeninCzernowitz,” 57 Even, Itzhak 56 Yiddish: Sadagora. Friedmann, sonofR.IsraelRuzhyn(fig.21)inSadhora, the Christianchurchesparticipatedinitsinauguration. greeted, andcontributionsflowedinfreely;clergyofall of themagnificentSadhoraHasidiccourtwithitsregal meaning ofitsstyleoscillatesbetweentheuniqueidentity forthebranchsynagoguein Chortkiv.as amodel The in Chernivtsi,and1881,whentheSadhora necessary fortheMetropolitanresidencebecameavailable technical capabilitiesrests between1864,whenmodern , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , Europy (Polish); EleonoraBergman, Year), 29 styczniar.b.” (ReportonMeetingHeldJanuary29oftheCurrent d. courtyard forthebelievers);see“Sprawozdaniezezgromadzeniaodb. according totheproject,hasstandforsky, wouldrepresentthe from theactualmainentrance.Thespaceundercupola,which, 1962), 32. Geschichte derJudeninBukowina Nineteenth andEarlyTwentieth Centuries)(Warsaw, 2004),36(Polish). Trend inArchitectureofCentral-EasternEuropeanSynagoguesthe archives disprovedhisauthorship oftheSadhora of architecture.However, thepresentauthor’s enquiryintoHansen’s 1850, onlytheleadingViennese thiskind architectscouldproduce Court: MemoriesandStories)(NewYork, 1922),84–85(Yiddish). In further study. project either. Authorshipandprecisebuilding dateofthis Klenovský’s studiesindicatethatHlávka was notconnectedtothis A remarkablerenditionofRomanticHistoricism Czasopismo techniczne rdooWcone I apc ˛ Srodkowo-Wschodniej wXIXinapocz ' Funem rebenshoif:zikhroinesunmaises Aus Halb-Asien (Technical Magazine)14,no.5(1896):58 Nurt maureta´ 57 Kloiz Areliableconstructiondate (,1901),252. , ed.HugoGold,vol.2(Tel Aviv, ofR.Avraham Ya‘akov al of of al JewishArt atku XXwieku nski warchitekturzesynagog (FromaRabbi’s oots Kloiz kloiz (TheMoorish kloiz . Jaroslav served 55 This await 54 56

Ars Judaica 2010 95 oots oots al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish The Temple Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect Julian Zachariewicz, Julian Zachariewicz, Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect The Temple Fig. 20. 1894. Vienna,1873–78. Photograph from south-west, Nationalbibliothek , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from , 47 (1882): pl. 29 Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Armenian in Czernivtsi, interior of the , architect Josef Hlávka, 1869–75 (photo: Vladimir 1869–75 (photo: in Czernivtsi, Josef Hlávka, Armenian interior Catholic Church of the cupola, architect Fig. 18. 2007) Levin, Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in Allgemeine Bauzeitung Allgemeine The Temple Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect Julian Zachariewicz, Julian Zachariewicz, Synagogue in Chernivtsi, architect The Temple

Fig. 19. in Tempel 1873–78, southern “Israelitischer in Julian Zachariewicz, façade, Czernowitz,” 96 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov Hager is lessknown.ItwasfoundedbyR.Mena sacred buildingsinneighboringCernivtsi. lifestyle andSephardirite,itscompetitionwithother Fig. 21. Chortkiv (fig.22). kloiz compare theSadhora feature ofthesethreesynagogues. SeveralHasidicstories symmetrical extensionsflanking theporch,isacommon bunch. “Moorish style”wasnolongerattractiveforthisHasidic the orientalexpressionofSadhorawasomitted;that is, Freidmann inVyzhnytsia (fig.23). Jan MarcinCie Between 1881and1885thePolishrailwayengineer, the An unusualT-shaped groundplan,formedby The Sadhora admor of R.Israel’s son,R.DavidMosheFriedmannat KloizofR.Avraham Ya’akov fromsouth-west, Friedmann, 1860s–80s.Photograph ca.1914. Sadhora, Nationalbibliothek Vienna,

( Zema . toanarchpriest. Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission h . Zaddik, 1830–84), a . ´ s likowski (1842–1927),constructedthe Kloiz 59 Thehistoryofthesecondreplica Kloiz Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars wasreplicatedatleasttwice. totheJerusalemTemple, and 61 Theseaccountsprobably son-in-law of R. Israel son-in-law ofR.Israel 60 Inbothreplicas, 58 hem Mendel . from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ 60 Romanian:Vijnit They maywellrefertotheshapeof reflect morethanthemessianicfervorofnarrators. 62 The T-shaped Temple layoutoftheHerodian hasbeenknownto 61 Even, 59 Aleksander CzołowskiandBohdanJanusz, 59 58 On thelifestyleof theSadagoracourt,seeDavidAssaf, (Middot 4:7). “The sanctuarywasnarrowbehindandwideinfront” Templethe descriptionofHerodian intheMishnah: , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , called CzortkówinPolish. Władysław Konopczy´ of Oppyck: translation oftheMishnaictractate MiddotbyEmperorConstantine European theologiansandarchitects since1630,duetotheLatin in 1926), 177(Polish);Walerian Charkiewicz,“Cie´ Tarnopolskiego The LifeandTimes ofRabbiIsraelRuzhin Polski SłownikBiograficzny Funem rebenshoif Masek (HistoryandMonumentsofTernopil Province)(, 62 , a; Yiddish: Vizhnitz. _ et midotmi-Talmud Bavlihocest,Talmudis Babylonici nski, vol.4(Cracow, 1938), 69–70.Chortkivis , 3,83,153. (PolishBiographicDictionary),ed. Przeszło´ al of of al JewishArt (Stanford,2002),271–72. kloiz s´ slikowski JanMarcin,” c izabytkiwojewództwa , whichevokes oots The RegalWay: Ars Judaica 2010 97 The The 65 oots oots al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of . hem Mendel Hager of Vizhnitsa, by unknown unknown of Vizhnitsa, by hem Mendel Hager Photograph from south-west, postcard Photograph from south-west, Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish The Israelite Hospital, L’viv, 1898–1902, architect Kazimierz Kazimierz 1898–1902, architect The Israelite Hospital, L’viv, Kloiz of R. Mena A restrained oriental style for the Progressive Synagogue , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R Fig. 24. Photograph from early twentieth Street. view from Kleparowska Mokłowski, Historical Museum L’viv century, Fig. 23. late 19th century. architect, structure was plainly plastered, no brickwork was exposed, and a masonry lattice imitated a jali. The centers of round-headed openings and niches were elevated above The their imposts to imbue the edifice with oriental flavor. most exotic elements of the synagogue, its four tall turrets in the third largest Galican city, Ivano-Frankivs’k, was Ivano-Frankivs’k, was in the third largest Galican city, architect, Wilhelm proposed by a well-known Viennese Stiassny (1842–1910), in 1894–95 (fig. 25). from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from . Zanna (Leiden, (Leiden, 1 (1974): 16–27. (History of the Progressive (History of the Progressive JJA , 88. Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art . zydowski we Lwowie” (The Jewish Hospital in zydowski we Lwowie” (The Jewish Hospital in (The Third City in Galicia: Stanisławów and Its (The Third City in Galicia: Stanisławów and Its epowej w Stanisławowie [L’viv] 108 (1902): 4 (Polish). [L’viv] Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in

Synagogues of Europe Trzecie miasto Galicji. Stanisławów i jego architektura w okresie w okresie miasto Galicji. Stanisławów i jego architektura Trzecie 64 Wschód Kloiz of R. David Moshe Friedmann in Chortkiv, architect Jan Marcin architect in Chortkiv, Moshe Friedmann Kloiz of R. David The Jews of L’viv, by contrast, felt comfortable felt comfortable by contrast, The Jews of L’viv, 63 Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the Jews the Jews the end of the nineteenth century, Towards 1630). European Jews referred the Mishnah for drawing plans and 1630). European Jews referred the Mishnah for drawing plans and see Rachel Wischnitzer, in Jerusalem even earlier; sections of the Temple “Maimonides’ Drawings of the Temple,” codex Middoth sive De mensuris templi, unà cum versione Latina, additis, codex Middoth sive De mensuris templi, unà cum versione Latina, additis, præter accuratas figuras, commentariis, quibus tota templi Hierosolymitani illustrantur variaque Scripturæ S. loca structura ... explicatur, Architecture in the Period of Galician Autonomy) (Cracow, 2008), 2008), Architecture in the Period Autonomy) (Cracow, of Galician 125–28 (Polish). Komar, Komar, autonomii galicyjskiej Synagogue in Stanisławów) (Stanisławów, 1939), 19–45 (Polish); Synagogue in Stanisławów) (Stanisławów, L’viv), L’viv), Dzieje synagogi post˛ ´likowski, 1881–85. Photograph from south-west, postcard 1881–85. Photograph from south-west, ´likowski, of many central European countries shied away from shied away from of many central European countries otherness stand the “Moorish” style, which made their out. with this style well into the twentieth century. It was It was century. with this style well into the twentieth Kazimierz applied by Polish architect and theoretician Hospital in Mokłowski (1869–1905) to the Israelite Street (1898–1902). The perspective of St Anna L’viv this structure focused on the exotic cupola of the hospital; dominated the skyline of the neighborhood (fig. 24). The style” aroused the admiration “pure Moorish hospital’s the historian Majer of a contemporary Jewish reviewer, Bałaban. Fig. 22. Cies 63 Krinsky, Krinsky, 63 64 Majer Bałaban, “Szpital 64 65 Polish: Stanisławów. For its Progressive Synagogue, see Leon Streit, For its Progressive Synagogue, see Leon Streit, Polish: Stanisławów. 65 98 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov location outsidethehistoricalJewishquarters. dominated theskyline,andaccentuatedsynagogue’s crowned withcantedoniondomesandStarsofDavid, by CharlezChipiez. fromtheimageofTemplemodel createdin1887 definition oftheJewishstyle.Zachariewiczderivedthis of L’viv, heproposedamorehistorically-based andstricter by theclient.Noconvincing contemporaryaccount styles. Zachariewicz’s bolddesign was,however, rejected built inamixtureofancient EgyptianandAssyrian author GeorgesPerrot,the Temple couldhavebeen statement of1896. Gothic, Roman,etc.”conventionalstylesinhispublic it inarandominventorygroupingtogether“Moorish, public. Onceitsdevotee,Zachariewiczpejorativelylisted among professionalarchitects,ratherthantheJewish Dissatisfaction withthe“Moorish”styleemerged Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission Henryk Podd˛Henryk Fig. 25. 67 ForthereconstructionofTemple 68 AccordingtoChipiezandhisco- Temple SynagogueinIvano-Frankivs’k, architect Stiassny, Wilhelm 1894–95,viewfromsouth-east.Photograph Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars ebski, 1933,Warsaw, ISPAN 66 from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ 68 Sergey R.Kravtsov, “ReconstructionoftheTemple byCharlesChipiez 67 “Sprawozdanie zezgromadzenia”(note53above), 58. 66 The Temple occupied theplotofaGreek-CatholicChurch,dismantled Jewish architectureofGaliciainthe1900s;thismovement A newtrend,NationalRomanticism,emergedinthe National Romanticism culturally constructedpresent. the congregation,whichemphasizedpoliticallyand too sharplywiththeprogressiveself-identificationof suppose thatthehistoricistandexoticexpressionbroke explains thecommunity’s retreat,butwemayreasonably , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , and ItsApplicationsinArchitecture,” Quarterly) 1(1995):18(Polish). Kwartalnik ArchitekturyiUrbanistyki in 17thand18thCenturies:SpatialCompositionItsSymbolism), ijegosymbolika”(Stanisławów XVII-XVIII wiekach:układprzestrzenny in 1815;seeSergiejR.Krawcow(SergeyKravtsov),“Stanisławóww (ArchitectureandUrbanBuilding AJ 4(2008):25–42. al of of al JewishArt oots Ars Judaica 2010 99 oots oots al of Jewish Art Art Jewish al of The details that Awin that Awin The details 73 , ed. Leon Reich (L’viv, 1910) [unpaged] (L’viv, , ed. Leon Reich . Zydowski

Polska architektura sakralna w poszukiwaniu stylu (The Jewish Almanac), ed. Leon Reich (L’viv, (The Jewish Almanac), ed. Leon Reich (L’viv, (Architect) 40 (1909): 395 pl. 33–34 (Russian). nski, Almanach Zodchiy . Zydowski (Polish in the Quest for National Style) Jewish Identities in Synagogue Architecture of Galicia and Bukovina of Galicia Architecture Synagogue Identities in Jewish 74 z, 2000), 152 (Polish). The Old Cemetery Synagogue in L’viv, reconstruction design by Józef reconstruction design by The Old Cemetery Synagogue in L’viv, Almanach 1910), 245. in Kharkiv),” narodowego (Łód´ and Architecture” (forthcoming). in , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R during his studies at the Royal Polytechnic University University Polytechnic studies at the Royal during his 26). in 1906–07 (fig. of Munich Fig. 26. ca. 1910, in Awin, employed in 1909 to represent “a synagogue in a Polish in a Polish “a synagogue in 1909 to represent employed oculi above round-headed windows town” showed the characteristic of synagogues of L’viv (fig. 27), which were by steep mansard roof, appreciated from 1801, and a Polish. This theoretical proposal was Mokłowski as truly details. It bore local “Jewish” features, free of any oriental from which revitalizing motifs” seen as “the healthy, could opinion, in Awin’s the new Jewish architecture, be born. 72 Cf. Krzysztof Stefa´ 72 on Jewish Art idem, “Józef Awin “Reconstruction”: 38–39; Kravtsov, 73 74 Oskar Aleksandrowicz, “Do naszych ilustracji” (About Our Illustrations),

69 from the publisher, Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journ Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars the publisher, from The Jewish party . znicach drewnianych w znicach drewnianych w 72 Szyszko-Bohusz, like Szyszko-Bohusz, like 71 (Folk Art in Poland) (1903), (Folk Art in Poland) (1903), , 352–53. Ars Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Kilka słów o dawnejszych bo Sztuka ludowa w Polsce Sztuka ludowa Foundation (www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission permission with (www.rtrfoundation.org) Foundation Published Published in Another Polish architect and theorist, Alfred Alfred Another Polish architect and theorist, 70 (Few Words on Old Wooden Synagogues in Poland) (Cracow, Synagogues in Poland) (Cracow, on Old Wooden (Few Words 1895), vol. 1, 5, 13; ibid. (Cracow, 1903), vol. 3, 5–6 (Polish); Kazimierz 1895), vol. 1, 5, 13; ibid. (Cracow, Mokłowski, 324–443. Polsce proektov zdaniia khoralnoy sinagogi v g. Khar’kove (Opinion of the proektov zdaniia khoralnoy sinagogi v g. Khar’kove (Opinion of the Jury on the Competition Proposal for Building of the Choral Synagogue other Polish architects, sought “the native style” which native style” which other Polish architects, sought “the of architecture – would reinstate the Polish character had allegedly been including that of Polish Jews – that lost under the partition of the country. to this discourse was represented by the L’viv architect architect the L’viv to this discourse was represented by (1883–1942), who recognized and theorist Józef Awin style from the the necessity for construction of a Jewish with some modifications. though According local legacy, due to its nearly to him, the legacy survived in the ghetto by a Jewish total isolation, and it could be revivified architect owing to his subconscious ethnic affiliation, but without slavish application of historicist details. projects that proposed the use of raw stone Some of Awin’s cladding were close to the German National Romantic was able to absorb this style style of the 1900s. Awin Szyszko-Bohusz (1883–1948), proposed Polish Baroque Polish Baroque Szyszko-Bohusz (1883–1948), proposed even for as an ideal pattern for synagogue architecture, a “Choral” Progressive synagogue. 69 Mathias Bersohn, 69 was related to the growing national awareness of the of the national awareness to the growing was related By that Empire. the Austro-Hungarian peoples inhabiting intention had expressed their of architects time, a number architecture into the Polish to integrate synagogue In this regard, a modestnational curriculum. attempt by Mathias Bersohn (1823–1908) Jewish-Polish art historian of the old woodento define some features synagogues as by met with harsh criticism original Jewish characteristics Mokłowski, who saw these structures the aforementioned of Polish architecture. exclusively as monuments 70 Mokłowski, 70 According to Mokłowski, the wooden synagogues were the woodenAccording to Mokłowski, synagogues were manors; he saw Polish noblemen’s only surrogates of as genuine Polish the steep multi-tiered roofs of both attic walls elements, unlike the imported Italianate and seventeenth and sunken roofs of the late sixteenth century. 71 Marian S. Lalewicz (Lialevich), “Otzyv komissii sudey po konkursu Marian S. Lalewicz (Lialevich), “Otzyv komissii sudey po konkursu 71 100 Ars Judaica 2010 Sergey R.Kravtsov Zydowski . Fig. 27. architecture ofGaliciaandBukovinahasledfromthe Constructing Jewishidentitiesinthesynagogue AsynagogueinaPolish town, architect JózefAwin, 1909,in , ed.LeonReich (L’viv, 1910)[unpaged] Published in Published Foundation(www.rtrfoundation.org) with permission Ars Judaica: The Bar-Ilan Journal of Jewish Art Jewish of Journal Bar-Ilan The Judaica: Ars Almanach from from publisher,the Ars Judaica:The Bar-Ilan Journ

continuity. these referencesgainedauthorityandpromoted of Jerusalem.Borrowedfromsynagoguetosynagogue, architecture wereexplicatedbyreferencestotheTemple milieu. ExclusivelyJewishcomponentsofsynagogue various degreesofintegrationintothePolishorAustrian nominations, forsignsofmutualcompromise,and looked forcleardistinctionsbetweenseparateJewishde- follow establishedcanonsforrelatedcongregations;it the sharedpast.Synagoguearchitecturetendedto ofthehostnations,emphasizing with thegloriousperiods Progressive congregationsassociatedtheirarchitecture Vienna. Thetraditionalistgroupsandthelessrigorous Stadttempel, theProgressivesynagogueofmetropolitan their“German-JewishHouseofPrayer”onthemodeled destinations. TheProgressiveJewsinGalicianL’viv present backtomeaningfulhistoricalandgeographical , 6 (2010), 81–100 and reprinted at The Routes to R to Routes The at reprinted and 81–100 (2010), 6 , al of of al JewishArt oots

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