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Public Buildings and Urban Planning in Gdańsk/Danzig from 1933–1945

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kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 1 Ja!oda ?a5@ska-Kaczko &ublic .uildin!s and Brban &lannin! in "da#sk/$anzi! fro% 193321913 Few studies have discussed the Nazi influence on ar- formation of a Nazi-do%inated Denate that carried chitecture and urban lanning in "dańsk/Danzig.1 Nu- out orders fro% .erlin. /he Free Cit' of $anzi! was %erous &olish and "erman ublications on the city’s formall' under the 7ea!ue of Nations and unable to history, %onu%ent reservation, or *oint ublications run an inde endent forei!n olic') which was on architecture under Nazi rule offer only !eneral re- entrusted to the Fe ublic of &oland. However) its %arks on local architects and invest%ents carried out newl' elected !overn%ent had revisionist tendencies after 1933. +ajor contributions on the to ic include, a and i% le%ented a Jback ho%e to the FeichK %ono!ra h b' Katja .ernhardt on architects fro% the a!enda <0ei% ins Feich=. 4ith utter disre!ard for the /echnische 0ochschule $anzig fro% 1904–1945,2 rule of law) the new authorities banned o osition .irte &usback’s account of the restoration of historic and free ress) sought to alter the constitution) houses in the cit' fro% 1933–1939,3 a reliminary %ar!inalized the Volksta!) and curtailed the liberties stud' b' 4iesław "ruszkowski on unrealized urban of &olish and 8ewish citizens) the ulti%ate !oal bein! lanning rojects fro% the time of 4orld 4ar 66)1 their social and econo%ic exclusion. 6n so doin!) the which was later develo ed b' &iotr Lorens,3 an ex- Free Cit' of $anzi! sou!ht to beco%e one with the tensive reliminary stud' and %ono!ra h b' 8an Feich. $aniluk) who offers an insi!ht into construction in- 4ith successful efforts for the consolidation of Nazi vest%ents b' the Nazi &art' and the 4ehrmacht.9 6n- structures and a !rowing number of %e%bers, a large dividual a ers are also available, b' :nna &erz on number of art' offices were launched across the the architecture of the 'outh hostel at .iskupia ";rka Free Cit' of $anzig. 6nitially, however, robably due to <.ischofsberg=)> b' 8a!oda Za5@ska-Kaczko on the financial reasons, architecture ranked low on the Nazi seaside bathing beach,A and b' 8acek Friedrich, who a!enda. &art' !atherings were held in cafLs, offers interpretations of selected construction ro- canteens, and sports arenas. /e% orary offices were jects.9 established in rented flats, which in turn were decor- Bntil 1930) the Nazi &art' was on the frin!es of ated with lacards, banners, and the ima!es of the olitical life in the Free Cit' of $anzi! <Freie Dtadt Führer.12 :t the sa%e time) articular weight was !iv- $anzi!=.10 6n the autu%n of 1930) in the da's reced- en to the visual side of art' rallies, speeches, and ing the arlia%ent <Volksta!= election) :dolf 0itler arades. a ointed :lbert Forster the "auleiter of the Free Cit' of $anzi!.11 : %an still under thirt' and the "da#sk/$anzi! fro% 193321939 Feichsta! +e%ber fro% .avaria s earheaded the /he Nazi &arty’s rise to ower in the cit' aved the unification of feudin! factions) which secured an wa' for %ajor initiatives that were funded b' "er- electoral success Gsu ort !oin! u fro% 1H to %any.13 "auleiter :lbert Forster acted as the arty’s 19HI. /hree 'ears later) the Nazi &art') at superior to the &resident of the Denate GHermann lo!!erheads with the %inorit' Denate Ga local Fauschning) re laced b' :rthur "reiser in 1934)) all executive bod' with additional owers as a Nazi organizations, and Nazi-controlled directors at %unici al officeI) insti!ated a sna election) which ublic institutions; he also used his informal connec- the' won after a owerful ca% ai!n with 31H of the tions to ush forward architectural invest%ent ro- vote G2Ath +a' 1933I. :s a result) the Nazi &art' won jects. 6nvest%ent lans for the cit' of "dańsk/Danzig the Volksta! %a*orit') which also led to the were designed to address real and enduring needs ?a5@ska--aczko &ublic .uildings and Brban &lanning in "dańsk/$anzi! fro% 1933–1945 kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 2 such as the availabilit' of land for develo %ent and a Führer’s bust) the lafond featuring swastika- !rowing de%and for residential housin! or better pub- e%blazoned %ouldings. Dculpted ele%ents were lic transport.11 /hat said) the' also reinforced the rovided b' Franz Lehmann-Sie!%undsburg) who osition of the art' and the "auleiter in the years fol- delivered a number of co%%issions to $anzig-based lowing their rise to ower. :ccording to official ro a- Nazi structures.19 :s ointed out b' Krause in his !anda) a number of new invest%ents after 1933 were dissertation on the %akeover of the theatre in 1936, brou!ht to the cit' not so %uch b' Forster, b' the the new building was to ex ress Jthe Nazi Führer himself) which was the best evidence to rove %ove%ent’s intentions to foster cultural life in the uninterrupted unit' of "erman $anzig with the $anzig.” "auleiter Forster rendered a considerable Feich and a articular concern the Nazi art' had for service to the cit' in this respect.20 their Jfellow countrymen” <Volks!enossen=. 7ocal :lbert Forster was a self-professed devotee Jto the ress freOuently Ouoted "auleiter Forster, who ro%- %ission of %onument reservation,” which led to the ised the develo %ent of new buildings: an o era redevelo %ent of historic houses in the +ain City. house and a theatre) an indoor swim%ing ool, a rally $ubbed as Jrestoration”) the rocess had be!un well arena) art' buildings, workers’ housin! estates, and before the Nazi &art' rose to ower in the city.21 6n his a %otorway. /he re orts also laced special e% has- introduction to the album sum%arizing restoration is on the fi!ht a!ainst une% lo'%ent.13 activities fro% 1933–1939, Forster asserted that Jfro% 6n early 1934, a *ob creation ro!ra%%e Gworth 9 our rise to ower, the Nazi %ove%ent has ut a tre- %illion $anzig !ulden) was launched) which led to the %endous effort and care into fostering the cultural re- develo %ent of a new theatre building in /arg 4@- vival and restoration of $anzig) once fashioned in !low' <Kohlenmarkt=.19 Pne of the largest invest%ents stone and a former Hanseatic city.” For decades, the in Nazi-ruled $anzig) the building was develo ed to cit' had seen %isconce tions, dila idation, and ra% up sup ort fro% local elites and !ain the deface%ent of unifor% patrician faQades with nondes- Führer’s a roval. /he conce t of the building’s ex- cript extensions and %akeovers.22 .arrin! conserva- terior ca%e fro% &rofessor Ptto Kloe el,1> while the tion officers and their inventory activities,23 local archi- interior was designed b' local architects Ptto Frick tects and lecturers of the /echnische 0ochschule and Heinrich Pries.1A $ee%ed obsolete and unservice- $anzig) too) launched owerful initiatives to alter sev- able) the old Neoclassical building was de%olished. In eral dozen faQades and) artially, also interiors of 1935, a building of similar elevation and !eo%etry rivate houses in %ajor streets in the cit') including was co% leted. /hat said) it was nearly twice as large ulica $ługa <Lang!asse=) $ługi /arg <7anger +arkt=) and with a different floor plan and different fra%e (tim- P!arna <Hunde!asse=) Chlebnicka <.rotbRnkengasse=) ber fra%ing was sup lanted with a %etal fra%e filled +ariacka <Frauengasse=) Sw. $ucha <Heili!e-Geist- with bricks). /he front elevation was extended in "asse=) and $ługie &obrzeTe <Lange .rücke=.21 : width and thrust forwardN the avant-corps followed number of elevations saw their ortals shifted. /heir the Doric order; the oblate se%i-circular do%e was re- windows, too) were altered in size and co% osition, laced with an ellipsoidal one. /he interior was !ables resha ed) lasters atched or strip ed off) rovided with a spacious vestibule) the auditorium stoo s restored) and signboards and eclectic fin-de- was extended in width and de th, and a new back- siècle orna%ents cleared away. Pld and da%a!ed ar- sta!e and tra door syste% was %ounted) as well as chitectural ele%ents were often re laced with sim ler new lighting and heating syste%s. /he auditorium and %ore austere details. 6ntended as a throwback to walls were lined with blue satin, the seats were the heyda' of the cit' during the Hanseatic eriod) rovided with cobalt blue upholstery, and the balus- so%e of the% nonetheless lacked su ort in historic trade was decorated with a %eander orna%ent. Dilk icono!ra h'. $es ite their self- roclai%ed Jrestora- lush curtains and a crystal bronze chandelier G300 k! tionK <4iederherstellun!=) local architects followed their in weightI were also %ounted. /he richly decorated notions of histor' rather than the actual architecture lobb' was rovided with %arble ilasters and the fro% the era, or they did so to so%e extent at least. ?a5@ska--aczko &ublic .uildings and Brban &lanning in "dańsk/$anzi! fro% 1933–1945 kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 3 :s art of the restoration rocess, a small building at offered access to the courtyard. /he brick extension ulica &iwna 11 <8o engasse= was %ade over in spring was accentuated b' a illared ortico on the axis of 1939.
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    Truth About Camps | W imię prawdy historycznej (en) https://en.truthaboutcamps.eu/thn/poles-under-german-occu/15596,Poles-under-German-Occupation.html 2021-09-25, 22:48 Poles under German Occupation The Situation and Attitudes of Poles during the German Occupation The Polish population found itself in a very difficult situation during the very first days of the war, both in the territories incorporated into the Third Reich and in The General Government. The policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Executions, resettlements, arrests, deportations to camps, and street round-ups were a constant element of the everyday life of Poles during the war. Initially the policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Food rationing was imposed in cities and towns, with food coupons covering about one-third of a person’s daily needs. Levies — obligatory, regular deliveries of selected produce — were introduced in the countryside. Farmers who failed to deliver their levy were subject to severe repressions, including the death penalty. Devaluation and difficulty with finding employment were the reason for most Poles’ poverty and for the everyday problems in obtaining basic products. The occupier also limited access to healthcare. The birthrate fell dramatically while the incidence of infectious diseases increased significantly.
  • Goebbels' Wortgewalt

    Goebbels' Wortgewalt

    Goebbels’ Wortgewalt: Der Klang der Vernichtung Eine ideologiekritische Analyse der Sprache im Nationalsozialismus anhand der Linzer Rede vom 15. März 1942 Diplomarbeit Zur Erlangung des Magistergrades der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Studienrichtung: Politikwissenschaft Studienkennzahl: A-300 Matrikelnummer: 0304415 Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Walter Manoschek eingereicht von Christoph Wendler Wien, Oktober 2010 „Hitler hat den Menschen im Stande ihrer Unfreiheit einen neuen kategorischen Imperativ aufgezwungen: ihr Denken und Handeln so einzurichten, daß Auschwitz nicht sich wiederhole, nichts Ähnliches geschehe.“ (Adorno 1966, 358) Diese Arbeit ist all jenen Menschen gewidmet, auf deren Erkenntnissen mein eigenes Wissen fußt. I II Prolog Meiner Diplomarbeit seien zuallererst ein paar Dankesworte vorangestellt, da der Arbeitsprozess, der schlussendlich zu ihr hinführte, nicht im luftleeren Raum erfolgt ist, sondern eine lange Vorgeschichte aufweist. Ohne mehrjähriges Studium wäre mir das Verfassen dieser Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen. Das eigene Wissen zu vertiefen braucht Muße. In einer Gesellschaft aber, in der Zeit in engerem Sinne kostbar ist, denn „Zeit ist Geld“, setzt dies auch eine materielle Basis und Absicherung voraus. Mein besonderer Dank gebührt daher meinen lieben Eltern, Eva-Maria und Michael Wendler, für ihre großzügigen finanziellen Zuwendungen, die mich über all die Jahre davor bewahrt haben, meine Arbeitskraft zu Markte tragen und verkaufen zu müssen, sodass ich mich voll und ganz auf die Kopfarbeit konzentrieren konnte. Auch meinen Großeltern möchte ich an dieser Stelle recht herzlich dafür danken. Sie alle nahmen mir den Druck, der ansonsten wie ein Alp auf dem Intellektuellen lastet. So konnte ich meinen theoretischen Interessen und politischen Ambitionen unbeschwert nachgehen, und das in einem Maße, wie es den meisten Menschen in der kapitalistischen Vergesellschaftung zweifellos unmöglich ist.