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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template

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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHELL-BASED CONSTRUCTION IN ST. AUGUSTINE By TREY ALEXANDER ASNER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF HISTORICAL PRESERVATION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 © 2020 Trey Alexander Asner To my friend and mentor Jean Wagner Wilhite Troemel (1921-2018) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere appreciation I would like to extend to the members of my thesis committee for their encouragement, enthusiasm, and guidance: from the Department of Design Construction and Planning, committee chair Prof. Morris Hylton III and co-chair Lect. Judi Shade Monk. I would also like to thank Dr. Linda Stevenson who also helped guide me throughout the completion of my degree. Special thanks are to be given to Charles Tingley, Bob Nawrocki, Chad Germany, and Claire Barnewolt of the St. Augustine research library who helped me acquire the archival information that was instrumental for my research. In addition, I would also like to thank Dr. Thomas Graham and David Nolan whose publications were crucial in my research. Finally, I would like to thank my brothers Jesse and Chase, my friends Roger and Sarah Bansemer, and my canine “Mr. Pim” who supported and motivated me throughout all stages of this research from inception to completion. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................20 2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................22 3 FOUNDING OF ST. AUGUSTINE: STRUGGLE FOR PERMANENCE AND THE BEGINNING OF SHELL-BASED CONSTRUCTION ........................................................23 Coquina Limestone .................................................................................................................23 The Discovery and Fight for Florida ......................................................................................26 Struggle for Permanence and the Introduction of Shell-based Construction .........................29 First Shell-based Modernization Period .................................................................................38 Slavery and Shell-based Construction ....................................................................................40 Characteristic of St. Augustine Architecture Post 1702 .........................................................42 Tabby ......................................................................................................................................47 Tabby Production and Uses ....................................................................................................51 1740 Siege by Georgia Governor James Oglethorpe .............................................................60 Spanish Loss of Florida and the Decline of Structural Tabby ................................................61 Spanish Return and American Takeover ................................................................................65 4 TABBY IN THE BRITISH COLONIES: A MATERIAL SPREAD THROUGH SLAVERY ..............................................................................................................................67 South Carolina ........................................................................................................................68 Architecture of Tabby Construction in South Carolina and Georgia .....................................70 James Oglethorpe and the Spread of Tabby into Georgia ......................................................75 Thomas Spalding: Savior of Tabby ........................................................................................81 5 COQUINA MASONRY OUTSIDE FLORIDA ....................................................................84 6 STRUCTURAL TABBY RETURNS TO FLORIDA AND COQUINA CONTINUES .......89 St. Augustine’s Beginning as a Sanitarium ............................................................................90 Slave Labor in Florida and Coastal Plantations ......................................................................91 Coquina and Plantations .........................................................................................................92 5 A Florida Tabby Plantation ....................................................................................................94 Markland Hall and the Coquina Aesthetic ..............................................................................96 The Gamble Mansion and the End of Slavery ........................................................................98 Freedmen Claim Tabby for Their Own Communities ..........................................................101 Adderley House: The Last Known Traditionally Built Tabby Structure .............................102 7 TABBY REVIVAL IN ST. AUGUSTINE AND GILDED AGE VISIONS .......................103 The Industrial Revolution and Tabby Revival ......................................................................103 Natural Cement .....................................................................................................................104 Portland Cement ...................................................................................................................109 St. Augustine: From Sanitarium to Winter Resort................................................................115 The Growth of Florida and the Transformation of St. Augustine ........................................117 Beginning of the Tabby Revival Movement: Tabby Floors .................................................120 and the Villa Zorayda ...........................................................................................................120 Franklin Smith: Originator of Structural Tabby Revival ......................................................120 The Villa Zorayda: The First Tabby Revival Structure ........................................................122 Merging of Coquina and Tabby Traditions: Tabby Becomes an Artificial Coquina ...........126 Smith’s Vision of a Concrete City: The Second Shell-based Modernization Period ...........129 Smith and the Gospel of Concrete .................................................................................130 The Allure of Tabby: Practical, Aesthetic Reasons and Terminology .................................131 Tabby Revival Residential Architecture ...............................................................................135 Henry Flagler Comes to St. Augustine .................................................................................138 Tabby Revival Commercial and Public Architecture ...........................................................142 An Old Tradition, New Technology, and the Reshaping of the Ancient City ......................146 Tabby Revival Forms and Processes ....................................................................................148 The St. Augustine Improvement Company and Veneer Block .....................................150 Source of Coquina and the Continuation of Black Labor .....................................................154 8 CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................................159 O’Brien House ......................................................................................................................159 Warden Castle .......................................................................................................................162 Horace Walker House ...........................................................................................................166 Drysdale House .....................................................................................................................168 Hotel Ponce de Leon .............................................................................................................170 Memorial Presbyterian Church .............................................................................................179 9 TABBY REVIVAL MASONRY BLOCKS, THE GROWTH OF ST. AUGUSTINE, AND THE MIDDLE CLASS ...............................................................................................184 St. Augustine Becomes A Waypoint ....................................................................................185 St. Augustine’s Population and Building Boom ...................................................................185 Tabby, Mass Production, and the Middle Class ...................................................................187 Manufacturing of Tabby Products ........................................................................................188 Tabby Revival Forms ...........................................................................................................191 Blocks and Wall Elements .............................................................................................191
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